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  • QEP 2020: Quality Enrichment Program for UPSC Mains 2020 launched | Details inside | Enrollment open

    QEP 2020: Quality Enrichment Program for UPSC Mains 2020 launched | Details inside | Enrollment open

    Lectures covering 250+ most probable topics/themes (ethics case studies included), Mains Full-length test series, Mentorship, Habitat membership for Daily Answer Writing

    Click here to enroll

    Mains 2020 is close and time is a scarcity. Almost every aspirant was affected by Covid19 led shutdown and displacement. Preparation was disrupted on a massive scale, access to notes and material was restricted, and continuity was broken. Now, with less than 75 days left, we can’t afford to lose sight on our goal.

    At this point in time studying everything is not desirable neither is it feasible. You don’t have time to read everything, segregate what is important and what’s not, make notes, cover different dimensions, and then find a way to utilize that. What you need at this point in time is efficient and organized coverage of the most relevant topics for the IAS mains exam. With QEP we aim to help you achieve all this.

    What is QEP 2020?

    QEP or Quality Enrichment Program is an intensive and holistic program for IAS Mains 2020 GS papers. We aim to cover 250+ most relevant and probable issues with a 360-degree view, covering all dimensions of each and every topic. Not only you’ll learn and analyze these issues but will also understand how to utilize them via Daily Answer Writing and Mains Test Series.

    Why QEP?

    Current affairs in the IAS mains exam must be covered from an ‘issue perspective’ and almost all of them have multiple dimensions to it, various stakeholders involved, have interconnectedness, and can be solved with a multipronged approach only. This should reflect in your answers.

    QEP will help you enrich your pre-existing coverage and will add quality to it. With tests and mentorship, you will get an evaluation and necessary course correction. And we will provide daily answer writing to help you sharpen your answer writing skills and knowledge with our daily initiatives on Habitat.

    Comprehensive coverage of 250+ most relevant and probable topics/themes for UPSC mains 2020

    Coverage of topics/themes in QEP will have one and only one purpose – to enable you to write great answers for any question from a particular topic. You can leave your GS current affairs topic coverage to us and focus on answer writing and revising.

    All relevant topics/themes will get covered within a month leaving you with ample amount of time to revise them and practice answers multiple times.

    Mains FLTs 2020 – Test series

    Because you need to learn and practice answer writing as well. These 12 Full-length GS mains tests are going to be a part of QEP. More details here.

    One-to-one Mentorship

    After every test you can reach out to your mentor to discuss your test copies, understand the nuances of answer writing, find out the mistakes that you are committing, bringing necessary course correction and closing the learning loop.

    Membership to exclusive group on Habitat

    You’ll be assigned to a special group on Civilsdaily’s Habitat, it’s headed by Sajal sir and other faculty from Civilsdaily. This group also membered by UPSC rankers and in-service officers to guide you.

    Habitat is where everything comes together learning, doubt clearing, notes, references, mentor’s support, and a focussed community. You’re going to learn and discuss like never before.

    Here you are going to participate in Daily answer writing sessions, essay discussion and writing, ethics discussion, optional discussions, etc.

    That’s not all, we’ve Daily news analysis and Op-ed discussion sessions on Habitat as well. 

    UPSC IAS Mains test series 2020 2021

    Program Inclusion:

    1. 250+ most probable and relevant topics/themes comprehensively covered (including ethics case studies)
    2. Mains essential video lectures series (50+ hours)
    3. Mains FLTs 2020  – 12 tests
    4. Personal Mentorship – Post-test discussion
    5. Membership to the exclusive group on Habitat
    6. Daily answer writing and discussion, on most probable questions (min 6 questions)

    Click here to enroll

    Program will start from first week of November.

    Should you have more queries reach out to us at: hello@civilsdaily.com or +91 8929987787

    This is what our students have to say…

    Kunal Aggarwal Civilsdaily IAS UPSC Mains
    IAS Mains 2020 2021 UPSC Civilsdaily Mains Test series
    From Quora answer. (Read the full answer here)

    Mains Test Series Community: Testimonials

    For queries, reach out to us at +91 89299 87787 or hello@civilsdaily.com

  • Op-ed discussion on Habitat | 9:30 pm onwards | Today’s topic- United Nations at 75 | Join now (Link inside)

    Link of Habitat and instructions to join given below.

    Dear students,

    There will be a daily op-ed discussion by Ishika ma’am on Habitat. In these discussions, all the relevant dimensions will get covered from both mains and prelims perspective.

    Since, editorials and op-eds are essential but are ignored by many due to the complexity we will conducting daily sessions.

    Details of today’s discussion

    • Time and date: 9:30 pm
    • Venue: General group of Habitat
    • Today’s topic- UN at 75

    Instructions for joining Habitat

    1. Click here: Link for Habitat.
    2. Choose Web Application. (Mandatory)
    3. Click on ‘Register a new account’ and enter your details.
    4. Choose a username.
    5. That is it. Welcome to Habitat.

    For access through Mobile app:

    1. Install the Mobile application (click here) from your Appstore.
    2. Use the same email id and password as you used above.

    Should you encounter any issue in this process or you have a query, reach out to us at +91 89299 87787 or hello@civilsdaily.com

  • Reform land ceiling laws

    Land ceiling laws, enacted to deal with the problems of a bygone era, remains unchanged even in most of the States. This has given rise to different problems. The article suggests the relaxation of the ceiling acts to deal with the problem of land degradation and water depletion.

    Background of the ceiling laws

    •  India implemented land ceiling laws to deal with the ‘zamindars’ and impose landowning limits based on total production value of land—irrigated, grove, orchard, dry, etc.
    • Landholdings were scrutinised at individual and family level, and large farms were discouraged.
    • For most states, the ceiling ratio of dry-to-irrigated land is 3:1.

    Issues with the ceiling laws

    • In 2020, State land laws remain unchanged, trapping farm families in a negative ownership trap.
    • As with each generation, the average landholding of individuals reduces.
    • Dropping farm incomes, higher inputs costs, low sale price, soil degradation and water depletion erode production and farm value.
    • A progressive farmer hits production saturation due to limited land.
    • Contract farming has been no consolation either.
    • The result is that the Indian farm size is very small, 86% under two hectares, and is decreasing as the average size of operational holding has declined to 1.08 hectares in 2015-16 versus 1.15 in 2010-11 (Agricultural Census 2015-16).
    • The government is reticent on the Economic Survey’s recommendations to increase land ceiling limits.
    • Recently, Karnataka rescinded land limit reforms.

    How to deal with soil degradation and water depletion

    • 30% of India’s land is degraded, bad agri-practices threaten soil health, and water-guzzling crops like paddy, sugarcane, etc, have resulted in a water crisis in many places.
    • States must study soil conservation program of the US, which paid farmers subsidies for soil conservation or allowing land to be fallow.
    • States should incentivise farmers for agro-ecological plantations and agro-forestry by relaxing land ceiling limits for them.
    • State Acts may include organic plantations under exempt categories similar to tea/rubber plantations.
    • Native biodiversity based mixed orchards, from mahua to moringa, can be encouraged and exempted by state governments.
    • Policy change will have benefits—soil and water rejuvenation, increase in farmers’ incomes and new products for the free market.
    • The return of organic matter and biodiversity will sustain farmland productivity.
    • Plus APEDA predicts a $50 billion organic export 2030, but the cherry would be additional carbon credits.
    • If 10% of arable land converts to organic grove land, India will mitigate climate change and pollution.
    • Each hectare with 0.01% humus can store 80,000 litres of water. We need a central policy to bolster this drive.
    • Farmers may take over waste or degraded land, beyond land ceiling limits, and restore land as a carbon sink and produce more nutrition per acre.
    • As farmers will care for these lands, the government’s financial burden to restore wastelands will lessen.

    Consider the question “Land degradation threatens India’s future if not dealt with in time. In light of this, examine the reasons for soil degradation and suggest the ways to deal with it” 

    Conclusion

    As a nation, we have a choice to steer the bigger farms towards agro-ecology or allow industrial farms to take over rural India. The government needs to bring out a fourth Ordinance to free the land for healing the Earth.

    Source:-

    https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/reform-land-ceiling-laws-incentivise-farmers-for-agro-ecological-plantations-and-agro-forestry/2113635/

     

     

  • Politics and economics of farm bills

    Reforms in agriculture have been overdue. But the passage of farm bills by the Parliament has evoked opposition from several stakeholders. However, the passage of bills by the Punjab Assembly is the first from any State Assembly. The article explains how politics dominates agriculture reforms and its implications for economic growth.

    States trying the negate the farm bill passed by Parliament

    • By passing its farm bills, Punjab has become the first state to legislate to negate impact of legislation enacted by Parliament last month.
    • Other states like Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, could follow suit soon.
    • Notwithstanding whether President Ram Nath Kovind gives his assent to the state bills that undermine the central ones, the important issue is to determine how much of this conflict is about economics aimed at helping farmers and how much sheer politics.

    Issues with Punjab’s farm bills

    • Punjab’s farm bills prohibit private players from buying wheat and paddy below the MSP even outside the APMC markets.
    • It doesn’t apply to other crops, say maize, cotton, pulses and oilseeds that are under the ambit of the central MSP system.
    • The point is that this pertains only to wheat and paddy.
    • The bill could even have been extended to milk and vegetables by declaring local MSPs for them, but it didn’t do that.
    • Because the state government knows full well that it will create a fiasco in agri-markets, which might boomerang on it politically.
    • Law for wheat and paddy will not help farmers as the Centre already buys more than 95 per cent of Punjab’s wheat and paddy at MSP through the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and state procurement agencies.

    Economic roots of politics over MSP: Lessons from the past

    • Demand that MSP be made a legal instrument (rather than indicative) actually exhibit deep distrust of the private sector and markets.
    • In1972 government announced that the wholesale trade in wheat and rice (paddy) will be taken over by the government as traders were being unscrupulous in not giving farmers their due MSP and manipulating prices.
    • The first marketing season of the government takeover of wholesale wheat trade, in 1973-74, saw a major fiasco.
    • Market arrivals dropped, and wheat prices shot up by more than 50 per cent. It was a bitter lesson.

    Long overdue reforms in agriculture

    • Economic reforms in 1991 took some time to yield results, but, by the 2000s, India was taking 7 per cent.
    • But even the 1991 economic reforms bypassed agriculture marketing reforms.
    • It was only in 2003, a model act on agri-marketing was circulated to the states.
    • But that model act did not go far enough.
    • From 2004 to 2014 government did not pursue any major agri-marketing reforms.
    • In food government enacted the National Food Security Act in 2013, giving 5 kg wheat or rice to 67 per cent of the population at Rs 2/kg and Rs 3/kg.
    • A high-level committee (HLC) under Shanta Kumar was formed in 2014 to restructure the grain management system.
    • The committee suggested major changes, including cash transfers in the public distribution system, and overhauling the FCI’s operations and free markets to make the system more efficient.
    • But the government could not undertake bold reforms, except some marginal tinkering of labour rules in the FCI.

    Conclusion

    The COVID-19 crisis opened a window of opportunity to reform the agri-marketing system. The government grabbed it — this is somewhat akin to the crisis of 1991 leading to de-licensing of industry. Patience and professionalism will bring rich rewards in due course, not noisy politics.

  • Why India should consider the next US administration’s approach to China

    Though it is the election held in the US for the election of the US President, it is closely followed throughout the world given the dominant position of that country in the world and impact of the US Presidents decision on the world. This article analyses the implications for India in both the scenarios re-election of Trump or Joe Biden winning the election.

    Implications for India

    • Broader foreign policy decisions will have significant implications for India.
    • Particularly consequential will be how a second Trump administration or a Biden administration perceive and approach China and, relatedly, the question of America’s role in the world.
    • The outcome will depend on the choices that the next American president makes on key personnel and policies.

    Analysing Trump administration’s approach to China from India’s perspective

    • The Trump administration’s more hawkish view of China broadly converges with Indian concerns about a rising China’s actions and intentions.
    • And it has facilitated the Trump administration to assign India an important role in its strategic framework, including through the Free and Open Indo-Pacific concept.
    • This has laid the basis for defence and security cooperation, helped to manage differences with Delhi on trade, Russia, Iran, and human rights, and vocal American support for India in the ongoing crisis with China.
    • Unlike India’s subtler approach to highlighting Beijing’s malign behaviour, the administration’s more explicit one has put a global spotlight on Chinese assertiveness.
    • However, there are aspects of President Trump’s China approach that have caused concerns in Delhi.
    • There has been concern about Trump striking a deal with Chinese leader Xi Jinping since summit in April 2017.
    • The administration subsequently pivoted to competition with China that summer.
    • Concerns have also been raised due to neglect in the Trump administration of developments related to Hong Kong, Xinjiang and Huawei/ZTE.
    • The other aspects of Trump’s China approach that have given Delhi pause are its ideological dimensions, as well as responses like tariffs that have hurt India too.
    • On the similar lines American withdrawal from international institutions and agreements that has served to benefit Beijing.
    • The China prism has had its limits — it has not, for instance, resulted in concessions to India on trade and immigration.

    What would be Joe Biden’s to approach towards China and implications for India

    • And there is recognition among most Democrats that the US-China relationship today is different from what it was in 2009, 2012 or 2016.
    • An Obama administration China hand noted that opinion in the US on approach to China has “moved from balancing co-operation and competition, to competition and confrontation”.
    • But what a Biden administration sees as the terms of strategic competition with China and how it might choose to blend in cooperation will have implications for India.
    • Its outcome will depend in part on the president’s views, who holds key foreign and economic policy positions, as well as Beijing’s approach.
    • India will closely watch how Biden might respond to any overtures from Beijing.
    • It will particularly worry about any signs that Washington would be willing to limit competition or criticism in return for Chinese cooperation on certain administration priorities.
    • More broadly, it will look at whether Biden administration’s Asia policy derives from its China policy or vice versa.
    • Other aspects of Biden’s preferred approach might suit India, for instance:
    • 1) acting collectively with allies and partners rather than unilaterally,
    • 2) Not imposing tariffs that hit allies and partners along with China,
    • 3) Recommitting to international organisations in ways that could blunt Chinese influence.
    • India might also broadly approve of — and could benefit from — the 3Ds of a Biden foreign policy: Domestic (renewal), deterrence, and democracy.
    •  If a Biden administration sees engagement with China on climate change, global health security and non-proliferation as a priority that will complicate the Indian government’s options and require adjustments.
    • Moreover, with either Trump or Biden, foreign economic policy choices and budgetary ones for example, spending at home versus abroad will have crucial implications for India.

    Conclusion

    India will need to consider what America’s choice on November 3 will mean for American power and purpose — because assessments of that could determine how Beijing decides to act in the region and globally.

  • This is why you score less in UPSC Essay | Avoid These Mistakes | Video link inside

    You get personal (one-to-one) mentorship by Zeeshan sir in Essay FLTs 2020. Click here for details of the Essay program for 2020

    Essay paper in UPSC mains exam is undoubtedly one of the most scoring paper. At the same time, it’s the most neglected as well. While one must write at least 20-25 essays before the actual paper, there are some mistakes committed by aspirants, that even rankers (appearing again) are not immune to.

    In this video, Zeeshan sir has checked and dissected the essay of a ranker (under 200 rank in UPSC’19). Through this video, Zeeshan sir will give you a glimpse of UPSC essay evaluation and his suggestions to improve the essay.

    About Essay FLTs 2020

    Click for more details

    How to write UPSC IAS essays?

    Program inclusion

    1. 5 FLTs
    2. Model essays
    3. One-to-one mentorship by Zeeshan sir
    4. Membership to exclusive Essay group on Habitat
    5. Notes and references on Habitat

    Price of the program

    • Rs. 4000 + taxes for Smash Mains 2020 enrolled students
    • Rs. 5000 + taxes for other students

    Note: Smash Mains 2020 students can ask for a payment link from our team/ping us on WhatsApp +91 8929987787

    Click here to enroll in Essay FLTs 2020

    Should you have any queries or doubts reach out to us at hello@civilsdaily.com or ping us on WhatsApp +91 8929987787.

  • (IAS 2021) November batches for Foundation 2021 and UAP 2021 launched | Enrollments are open

    (IAS 2021) November batches for Foundation 2021 and UAP 2021 launched | Enrollments are open

    Detailed Timetable for Foundation/UAP 2021 can be obtained from here

    Dear students

    With October almost gone, we have just 8 months or less for UPSC 2021 prelims. Enrollments are open for our November batch of Foundation 2021 and the UAP 2021 program.

    The recently held prelims 2020 has shocked veterans and baffled the first-timers. If anything this paper has taught is that you need to adapt to the expectations of UPSC and adopt a new approach.

    UPSC is changing. No more is it about isolating yourself and just doing current affairs, static, attending random classes, or reading a plethora of books. It’s time to bury the old ways for IAS preparation, for good.

    70+ selections in UPSC 2019

    Not only UPSC has a vast syllabus but it expects a certain level of intellectual, social, and emotional maturity from its aspirants. It’s a very complex task to come up with a study-plan/time-table that harmonizes every element and takes into consideration the return on investment on certain topics.

    We’ve just now launched the November batches for the following courses. It is the apt time you should start for IAS 2021. Any delay beyond this point will make things unmanageable for you.

    Foundation 2021

    It is a complete program for IAS 2021 which includes:

    MasterClasses -to ensure comprehensive coverage of all the portions of static syllabus along with an in-depth analysis.

    Ultimate Assessment Program – to evaluate your level of preparation through various tests- Prelims, Mains, Essay, Samachar Manthan, Decimate Prelims.

    A dedicated mentor to guide you through the maze of UPSC exam.

    Exclusive membership to Habitat our learning platform.

    Click here for more details on Foundation 2021

    For more details and discussion click here to fill the Samanvaya form

    Ultimate Assessment Program 2021

    Click here to get more details on UAP 2021

    A mentor guided assessment program to keep you on track at all times and bring in strategic interventions when and where required.

    Click here to fill the Samanvaya form to talk to us and discuss it with us.

    How are we going to approach?

    Broadly, six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam. The most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC; according to that planning and strategizing; then Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

    Through our mentorship-driven and personalized approach, we’re hell-bent on simplifying things for you. Hence, we have come up with a plan that you will instantly connect with you and give you a vibe that yes you can do it!

    1. Integrated Approach

    Preparation for Prelims and Mains is harmonized. You study a subject, attempt prelims tests and then attempt mains tests for the same. This leads to a solid preparation.

    Many institutes our there will not able to present an integrated approach. They offer separate timetables for prelims and mains confusing the students further. That’s not the case with us!

    2. Simplified Approach

    Our Time-table is the easiest to remember and follow. All test prelims, mains, and Samachar Manthan will be held on the weekend.

    • Prelims Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Saturday of every month.
    • Monthly Current Affairs Tests are held on the last Saturday of every month.
    • Mains Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Sunday of every month after the subject is complete.
    • Essay Tests are held on the 2nd Sunday of every month.

    3. Priority-wise Coverage of subjects

    We are starting with the most important subjects from the exam perspective first. These are very predictable + have a very high return on investment. They need to be mastered if one has to have a shot at the exam. Polity, Modern History, and Economics. The lower priority ones follow afterward.

    4. Logical Division of Topics

    Subjects have been divided into topics that logically fit together. Eg. for Polity we ask you to prepare in 2 parts – first, till Central Government and second, from State Government and beyond. This division is not ad-hoc and does not break the flow of your studies.

    5. Base and Advanced Sources

    We have divided the sources into 2 parts, Base Sources, and Advanced Sources. Base sources are those which you have to master. You should come to advanced sources only when you are thorough with the Base Sources.

    All this under the guidance of a dedicated mentor who will oversee your progress, help you strategies your preparation, plan it and make it measurable, help you analyze and evaluate your preparation; and introduce strategic interventions wherever and whenever required.

    Get enrolled in Foundation 2021 (click here)

    Get enrolled in UAP 2021 (click here)

    Should you have any query or want to have a discussion with a mentor please mention this course and write to hello@civilsdaily.com or reach out to us at 8929987787.

    If you wish to do a direct bank transfer, here are the details.

    A/C NAME: APEIROGON TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD
    A/C NO: 50200016012695
    IFSC CODE: HDFC0000922
    GSTIN: 07AAOCA0521B1ZA

    NOTE #1: BEFORE MAKING A DIRECT BANK TRANSFER, PLS CHECK THE FULL AMOUNT (INCLUSIVE OF TAXES). ONCE THE PAYMENT IS DONE, DROP A MAIL TO HELLO@CIVILSDAILY.COM WITH YOUR TRANSACTION ID AND COURSE JOINED
    NOTE #2: CIVILSDAILY’S PARENT COMPANY NAME IS APEIROGON TECHNOLOGIES. DON’T PANIC!

  • 26th October 2020| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

    Important Announcement:  Topics to be covered on 27th October-

    GS-1 The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the country.

    GS-2 Corporate Governance.

    Question 1)

    As an issue, land degradation of land is much more complex than it appears. Explain in context of its relationship with climate change. 10 marks

    Question 2)

    Elaborate on the transformation in India’s role at the UN from an outlier to the high table. What are the challenges India may face as a non-permanent member of the UNSC? 10 marks

    Question 3)

    What are the reasons for the decline in the millet production in India? What are the steps taken by the government to encourage its production? 10 marks

    Question 4)  

    Is there a connection between a person’s moral life and their quality of life? Discuss with suitable examples. 10 marks

    Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check  here: Click2Join

  • Kisan Suryodaya Yojana

    PM has launched the ‘Kisan Suryodaya Yojana’ aimed at providing day-time electricity to farmers in the State of Gujarat for irrigation and farming purposes.

    Try this question from CSP 2017:

    Q. The term ‘Domestic Content Requirement’ is sometimes seen in the news with reference to-

    (a) Developing solar power production in our country

    (b) Granting licences to foreign T.V. channels in our country

    (c) Exporting our food products to other countries

    (d) Permitting foreign educational institutions to set up their campuses in our country

    Kisan Suryodaya Yojana

    • Under the scheme, farmers will be able to avail power supply from 5am to 9pm for irrigation purposes.
    • Around 234 transmission lines are to be installed under the scheme. Each line is to carry the power of 66 KW. They are to be erected to a total length of 3,490 km.
    • Dahod, Patan, Mahisagar, Panchmahal, Chhota Udepur, Kheda, Tapi, Valsad, Anand and Gir-Somnath have been included under the Scheme for 2020-21.
    • The remaining districts will be covered in a phase-wise manner by 2022-23.

  • Room Temperature Superconductivity

    A study has shown that a new material superconducts at 15 degrees Celsius but at extremely high pressure.

    In India, we often get to hear about the transmission losses in DISCOMS. Such losses can be zeroed with the application of superconducting cables (which is practically impossible unless we find a normal working one). The phenomena, superconductivity, however, is not new to us, UPSC may end up asking some tricky statements in the prelims regarding it.

    What is Superconductivity?

    • A superconductor is a material, such as a pure metal like aluminium or lead, that when cooled to ultra-low temperatures allows electricity to move through it with absolutely zero resistance.
    • Kamerlingh Onnes was the first scientist who figured out exactly how superconductor works in 1911.
    • Simply put, superconductivity occurs when two electrons bind together at low temperatures.
    • They form the building block of superconductors, the Cooper pair.
    • This holds true even for a potential superconductor like lead when it is above a certain temperature.

    What is the new material?

    • A new material composed of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur superconducts at 15 degrees Celsius.
    • However, it needs ultrahigh pressure of about 2 million atmospheres to achieve this transition, putting off any thoughts of application to the future.
    • The pressure they needed was 267 Gigapascals (GPa), or 2.6 million atmospheres.
    • The pressure at the centre of the Earth is 360 GPa, so it is 75% of the pressure at the centre of the Earth.

    What are Superconductors?

    • Superconductors are materials that address this problem by allowing energy to flow efficiently through them without generating unwanted heat.
    • They have great potential and many cost-effective applications.
    • They operate magnetically levitated trains, generate magnetic fields for MRI machines and recently have been used to build quantum computers, though a fully operating one does not yet exist.

    Issues with superconductors

    • They have an essential problem when it comes to other practical applications: They operate at ultra-low temperatures.
    • There are no room-temperature superconductors. That “room-temperature” part is what scientists have been working on for more than a century.
    • The amount of energy needed to cool a material down to its superconducting state is too expensive for daily applications.

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