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Atmanirbhar Bharat & the informal sector
The article highlights the important role the informal sector can play in the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Economic development through Atmanirbhar Bharat
- The vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat is rooted in the classical paradigm of economic development, based on demand injection in the economy via two sources, domestic and external.
- ‘Vocal for local’ exhorts a distinct and decisive shift in consumer preferences towards locally-produced goods and services.
- ‘Make for the world’ is more ambitious and resembles the export-led growth strategy adopted in East Asia.
- Thus, the Atmanirbhar Bharat categorically bestows the Indian economy with twin engines of growth.
Important role informal sector can play
- The strategy is based on an assumption of lack of adequate demand.
- So a prognosis of supply side with respect to the ability of domestic producers of goods and services to seize the opportunity at the requisite scale and scope is pertinent.
- The nature, character, structure and contributions of the informal sector require retrospection.
- The size of India’s informal sector is massive, it accounts for about 50% of GVA and a major share in the export basket.
- This position proffers it with growth opportunities emanating from domestic as well as external sources.
Constraints faced by informal sector
- Most firms are micro in size and deploy little capital.
- They have a small scale of production, substandard/unbranded quality of products, and localised scope of procuring raw material and marketing their products.
- They are vulnerable to business downturns and other market uncertainties, as reflected in high mortality.
- Their access to cheap, reliable and long-term credit sources is highly restricted.
- The sector also endures a lack of official identity and recognition of its existence and contribution.
Three transformations informal sector need to adopt
- Atmanirbhar Bharat promises enhanced demand for domestically-produced goods and services, but the exposure to stiff global competition, especially for informal sector units, is imminent.
- In such a scenario, the informal sector must embrace for three tectonic shifts with respect to internal transformation, strategic positioning and labour-market dynamics.
1) Internal transformation
- Enterprises must undergo drastic internal transformation, progressively converging at incremental formalisation through spontaneous and self-propelled transition into economically-viable units.
- It requires infusion of capital to ensure enhanced labour productivity and higher wages.
- A systemic disruption, fostering natural growth must be ushered in, which would also curb the birth of new informal enterprises.
- Moreover, internal consolidation in the sector via merger and acquisitions of units would bring benefits accruing from scale economies.
2) Strategic positioning
- Two, because the vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat exposes the informal sector to global competition, entrepreneurs must embrace the subtle art of strategic positioning in global mega-supply chains.
- They must pick their products and markets with utmost care, and engrain two mantras of success at the global stage in the DNA of their business strategies.
- Global mega-supply chains demand ultra-flexibility in production cycle in addition to heightened resilience to withstand headwinds emanating from not just domestic factors but also global.
3) Labour market dynamics
- The informal sector employs more than 80% of India’s workforce.
- The changes in the first two spheres i.e. higher capital intensity-led enhanced labour productivity and ultra-flexibility in production cycles may have severe repercussions on the availability and quality of jobs in India.
- To alleviate these concerns, the first assumption is that the proportionate increase in expected demand must be more than the enhanced labour productivity to at least retain the currently employed workers.
- To generate good quality jobs, diversification (both horizontal and vertical) must be encouraged.
- Vertical diversification entails products not just be partly produced or assembled in India, they must be the end-products of fully indigenised and integrated production and supply chains, from design to made in India.
- Horizontal diversification involves expansion into newer products and markets, smartly aligning with India’s comparative advantage of surplus labour.
Consider the question ” India’s vast informal sector is poised to play an instrumental, decisive and intriguing role in the vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat. But the sector, in its current form, appears severely constrained to harness the opportunities. In lights of this, examine the constraints faced by the sector and suggest the measures needed to transform the sector.”
Conclusion
The vision of the Atmanirbhar Bharat is an inflexion point for India’s informal sector, which stipulates adroit manoeuvring between contrasting forces of continuity and change.
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ESCAPE THE SNOOZE MODE IN YOUR UPSC-CSE PREPARATION
Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.(Also provided at the bottom of the article)
We talked to 8000+ aspirants in the last one year and their answers will surprise you.
Inconsistency in UPSC preparation is like getting up at 5 am. A night before you set up your alarm. The motivation to get up is high at this point. But in the morning, when the alarm rings, we swipe it to the right with a thought “IN 5 MINUTES…FOR SURE!!”. This snooze cycle usually continues for some time till we realize it is 8 am. Already a bad start to the day! To add to it, you will spend the whole day repenting upon not being able to get up early, instead of focusing upon the time we have. The same goes for UPSC preparation. You set your targets but one slight glitch and your whole preparation go off track. Till the time you yourself realize this mismanagement, it is a bit too late. Anxiety builds up, performance levels fall. You are not able to achieve even 10% OF YOUR TRUE POTENTIAL on the D-day.
WE ASKED 8000+ STUDENTS ONE SIMPLE QUESTION –
“WHAT IS THE BIGGEST OBSTACLE THAT YOU ARE FACING IN YOUR UPSC PREPARATION?”
YOU WILL BE ASTOUNDED THAT ONE ANSWER WAS COMMON IN REPLIES – INCONSISTENCY.
They are Consistently Inconsistent. Meaning, they go through these highs and lows in their preparation. They are able to study for days, week but they hit a sudden gap in preparation. Then, they find it very hard to come back. The good news is that we have the solution.
Click here to fill the Samanvaya form for 1-1 mentorship. We will call you within 24 hours.
Our philosophy behind MENTORSHIP is to get you out of this Snooze cycle. This ensures that you are the BEST VERSION of yourself in this journey. If you are under the impression that mentorship is weekly calls you attend, then you are mistaken, my friend. Trust us, your mentor will be your ‘FRIEND, PHILOSOPHER AND GUIDE’.
How Mentorship can fight inconsistency in preparation?
TO EACH THEIR OWN – Every aspirant is different. Their strengths and weaknesses are different. Their time availability is also different. Identifying this is important so you don’t end up making unrealistic targets and lose momentum. Your mentor will make sure you start slow but remain consistent to build your confidence. Making your schedule structured based on our experience of working with 2500+ students is our first priority.
TRACK YOUR PROGRESS – When you see yourself grow, it becomes easier to motivate yourself to push boundaries. Tracking your progress can happen in many ways like mentorship calls or chat sessions or by regular tests. The idea is to ensure that you don’t go off track in your preparation, and even if you do, we have your back.
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EVOLUTION – A constant guidance is important to bring consistency to your UPSC preparation. Guidance is not about clearing your doubts or asking you to study when you don’t. It is also about the evolution of your preparation. This is where you and your mentor work as a team. A constant effort to PLAN AND BUILD UP YOUR ABILITY to learn in a faster and more efficient way.
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TALK IT OUT – The biggest hurdle in achieving your highest level of consistency is the emotional part. Every now and then, you. surround yourself with negative thoughts, you feel scared and depressed. Instead of resolving these emotional issues, you avoid them as it seems like a waste of your precious time. You have to understand that ignoring emotional troubles does not solve them. What your doing is building an emotional time bomb that may burst a week before your mains or prelims! This is where your MENTOR AS A FRIEND comes in. All our mentors have been through this journey. We understand your fears and anxieties. So, TALK IT OUT.
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Don’t let inconsistency keep you away from your dreams.
Fill up the SAMANVAYA form given below. Let us know your problems and we will find a solution to it, just like our students say ” TOGETHER WE CAN AND WE WILL”.
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Important Historical Sculpture/Tribes in India, Their festivals, and Culture
7th May 2021
Important Historical Sculpture and Paintings
Famous Sculpture/ Painting Era/ Dynasty Monument Bodhisattva Padmapani Gupta Period Ajanata Mahakapi Jataka Sunga Bharhut stupa Torso of Vishnu Gupta Period Mathura Stupa worship Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Yakshini Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Queen Maya’s dream Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Painting of Yashodahara,Rahul & buddha Gupta Period Ajanata Standing Buddha Gupta Period Sarnath Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura Standing Buddha Kushanas Gandhara Mara Vijaya Multiple period Ajanta Maheshmurthi Rashtrakuta Period Elephanta caves Shiva chasing boar Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Shiva killing Tripurasura Thanjavoor Dakshinamurthy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Ladies attending Parvathy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Krishna playing the flute Pundareekapuram temple Sheshashayana Vishnu Gupta Period Dashavtar temple Vishnu in Nara-Narayan form Gupta Period Dashavtar temple Arjun Penance Pallavas Mahabalipuram Statue of Suparshvanatha Pallavas Statue of Gommateshwara, Ganga Dynasty Shravanbelagola, Karnataka Yakshi Mauryan Period Didarganj Durga with eight arms shown in the act of defeating Mahishasura, Pallavas Mahishasura Mardini Cave, Mahabalipuram Ravana Shaking Mount Kailasha Rashtrakuta Ellora Nandi bull Cholas Brihadeshwara temple Kalyana Sundara Murthy Rashtrakuta Ellora Nayika Ganga Dynasty Lingraj temple Nataraja Cholas Brideshwar temple Manjira player Ganga Dynasty Surya Mandir,Odhisa Mohini Hoysalas Chennakeshava temple Pillars with horse rider Naykas Meenakshi temple Worship of Bodhi tree Mauryan Period Bharhut Animals worshipping Bodhi tree Sungas Sanchi Yakshini Sungas Sanchi Taming of Nalagiri elephant Mauryan Period Amravati Head of Buddha Kushanas Gandhara Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura Dwarfish Yaksha Pithalkoda caves Five Ratha Pallavas Mahabalipuram Vrikshika Sunga Sanchi Stupa Buddha’s Great departure Kushanas Gandhara Indra flying amid clouds together with celestial nymphs Gupta Period Ajanta The following table contains the tribes in India, significant aspects of their life, and festivals they celebrate.
Name of the tribe States/ Region Significant aspects related to the tribe Festivals Munda Chota Nagpur Plateu 1.Christianity is their main religion.
2..They speak Mundari which is austro-asiatic Language.Main festivals of Munda tribe are Mage Parab , Ind-Parab Jom-Nagoa or Jom Nawa ,Batauli ,Kolom Sing ,Phagu Festival ,Sarhul or Ba Parab ,Karam and Sohrai Festival Santhals West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam. 1.Santhals are the third largest tribe in India.
2.Santhals speak Santhali, which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language family. Santhals have their script called Olchiki, which was developed by Dr Raghunath Murmu in 1925.
3.Santhals have no temples of their own. They even do not worship any idols. Santhals follow the Sarna religion.Santhals mainly celebrate the Karam festival which falls in the month of September and October Angami Nagaland 1.Men wear shawls called white Mhoushu and the black Lohe. The women wear Mechala – the wrap around skirt and shawls of unique designs and patterns
2.Christianity is the major religion followed among the Angami tribal people
3.Angamis are quite popular for their woodcraft and artwork.Sekrenyi is the main festival celebrated among the Angamis in Nagaland. Bhils The central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Rajasthan. Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura. 1.Religion practice among the Bhils differ from place to place. Most of them worship local deities like Khandoba, Kanhoba, Bahiroba, and Sitalmata. Some of the worship Tiger God called ‘vaghdev’. They have no temples of their own.
2.Ghoomar is the most famous dance among the Bhils.
3.Than Gair is the religious dance drama performed by the men in the month of Sharavana (July and August)The Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated among the Bhils. This fair is held during the period of Shivatri (in the month of January or February) and is dedicated to Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva. On this occasion Bhils gather all together set up camps on the banks of the Som and Mahi river. Chenchus Chenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills, which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra Pradesh India. 1.Chenchus talk in Chenchu language with the Telgu accent. Their language is also known as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar or Choncharu.
2.Chenchus worship number of deities. They mainly believe in Bhagaban taru who lives in the sky and look after the Chenchus in all their doings. Another deity they worship is Garelamai Sama, who is the Goddess of forest.Khasis Khasi tribe is mainly found in the sate of Assam and the Khasi Jaintia hills in Meghalaya 1.Khasis speak Khasi, which is an Austro- Asiatic language. It is the part of the Mon-Khmer group of languages.
2.Khasis have a matriachal society.
3.Most of the Khasis follow Christianity as the religion. The Khasi believe in the supreme creator God U Blei Nong-thaw.Nongkrem is the major festival celebrated among the Khasis. Bhuthias Bhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim around 16th century. In the northern part of the Sikkim where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. Majority of the Bhutias are concentrated in the dry valley of the North Sikkim. 1.Bhutia tribes usually speak Sikkimese.
2.The legal system among the Bhutias is termed as the Dzumsa, which means the rendezvous point of the common masses.
3. Bhutia male wear Bakhu which is a loose traditional dress with the full sleeves. While the women dress consists of Silken Honju, which is the full sleeves blouseLosar and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated among the Bhutia tribes. Gonds The Gonds are the tribal community mostly found in the Gond forests of central India. They are widely spread in the Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh 1.Gonds tribe speak Gondi language which is related to the Telgu and the other Dravidian languages.
2.Gonds have been largely influenced by the Hindus and for the long time have been practicing the Hindus culture and traditions. Gonds are the worshipers of Janani or the mother of creator.
3.Gusadi dance is the most famous dance perfomed by the Gonds.Gonds fair and festivals are influenced from the Hindu traditions. Keslapur Jathra is the important festival of the Gonds. Gaddis Himachal Pradesh. 1.The main occupation of Gaddi tribes is shepherding and they make their livelihood by rearing and selling sheeps, goats, mules and horses
2. They speak Gaddi langaugeThe Namagen dance is performed in the month of September to celebrate the autum. They were costumes which are largely woolen and studded with ornaments of silver. They are worn by women. Birhor Chattisgarh 1.They follow Hinduism and have their indigenous traditional beliefs. ‘Sing Bonga’, is regarded by the people as the supreme god.
2.Birhor tribe is one of the primitive tribes. They belong to the Proto-Australoid stock; linguistically, they originate from the Austro-Asiatic group.Garo Meghalaya 1.In Garo tribes, women are the owners of property thus making it a matrilineal society.
2.most of the Garos adopted Christianity. These tribes speak Garo language, which is also further divided into different sub-languages or dialects.Wangala is one of the significant festivals of these tribes This festival is celebrated after the harvest of crops as thanks giving ceremony to their deity Salijong Zeliang Nagaland 1.The Zeliang practice wet cultivation or Panikheti and terraced cultivation. They practice Jhum cultivation though they prefer Panikheti.
2.Many have accepted the religion of Christianity.The Hega festival is one of the most important and the largest festivals among the Zeliang community Rengma Nagaland 1.They belong to the Mongoloid racial stock. The Rengma is a patriarchal society therefore the line of descent is traced through the male side and property rights goes to the male line. 2.The Rengma tribes are agriculturists. They grow paddy through Jhum cultivation and wet cultivation.
3.Traditionally Rengma tribes are worshippers of supernatural beings. The Supreme god is known as Teronyu. Nyensug and Nyensugi are the next important god and goddesses who are worshipped for household wealth. Now most of the Rengma tribes are Christians
Ngada is the most important festival of Rengma tribes. It is celebrated after harvesting the crop or at the end of November or in the beginning of December. Actually it is a “Thanks giving” festival of the Rengma tribes Ao Nagaland The Ao Nagas are rich in their folk literature.
With the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century the Ao were some of the earliest converts to Christianity among the other Naga tribes.1. The Aos observe Moatsü Mong after the sowing is done. The festival provides them a period of recreation and entertainment after the stressful work of clearing fields, burning jungles, sowing seeds, cleaning up the Tsubu (wells) and repairs and construction of houses by elders of the Putu Menden, stretching over a week.
2.Aos have another festival called Tsüngrem Mong. It is celebrated in the eve of the harvest.Lushai Manipur/Mizoram 1.Lushai tribes have developed expertise in swimming and hunting. That they are good archers are apparent from the fact that they can nicely handle ‘Sairawkher’.
2.The way they dress shows that these Lushai tribes have got aesthetic sense. Lukhum is a special hat worn by the Lushai tribes. It is sharp in shape, mainly prepared from ‘bamboo splits’. Special open-hexagonal weave are used for weaving these hats.
3.For proper administration, the whole of the Lushai society are segregated into clans and castes, nicely run by a village head. Different is the way in which they practice the ‘Sakhua sacrifice’. These Lushai tribes are pious.There Bamboo dance(known as Cheraw dance) is very famous. Hmar Manipur 1.The society is patrilineal and patriarchal in nature.
2. Hmars worship supernatural beings. Pathien is the supreme god.
3.The Hmars depend on forest products. Their economy can be classified dually -traditional and subsidiary occupations.Chawn-lam, Dar-lam, Pheipheet-lam, Hrang-lam, Tinna-Hla-lam are the common dances of the Hmar community. All dances are based on the rhythmic tunes of musical instruments. Kuki Manipur Kuki Tribe of Manipur are mainly followers of Christianity and Judaism. Mizo Mizoram 1.The Mizos are of the Mongoloid racial stock with well built features.
2.They follow Christianity
3.The Mizos are mainly an agricultural people. Jhum cultivation is the traditional form of agriculture that is practicedThe Mizo celebrate many festivals among which Chapchar kut and Pavlkut are most important festivals. Chapchar kut is celebrated in the month of March. It is the spring festival celebrated. Pawl kut is a harvest festival celebrated in the months of December and January. Chakesang Nagaland Held in between March and April, the Tsukhenyi festival is one of the least known tribal festivals in India that is celebrated with great enthusiasm by the Chakesang Nagass Limboos Sikkim 1.Many Limbu follow a combination of Buddhism and their traditional beliefs.
2.There traditional group dance is called dhannach and is performed during marriage,death or any festivities
3.The traditional dress of Limboos are mekhli and TagaLepchas Sikkim 1.The Lepchas are the aboriginal inhabitants of Sikkim and they are mostly settled in North Sikkim. They are mostly Buddhist but many of them have now adopted Christianity
2. The traditional cloths of the Lepchas are woven in exquisite colour combinations. Men’s dress is called Thokro-Dum and the female’s dress is called Dumdyam or Dumvum.
3. The Lepcha trace their descent patrilineally. The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom.Apatani Aruanchal Pradesh 1.UNESCO has proposed the Apatani valley for inclusion as a World Heritage Site for its “extremely high productivity” and “unique” way of preserving the ecology
2. Women of the Apatani Tribe, in India’s Apatani plateau, are famous for the bizarre nose plugs they’ve been wearing since times long passed.They have two major festival- Dree and Myoko. Nyishis Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed.
2.Polygyny is prevalent among the Nyish.
3. The Nyishis, who traditionally wear cane helmets surmounted by the crest of a hornbill beak (known as pudum, padam), have considerably affected the population of this bird.
Several organizations, such as the Arunachal Wildlife and Nature Foundation and the Wildlife Trust of India, have been trying to stop the Nyishi hunting these birds in order to protect them from extinction. Nature reserves, such as the Pakke Sanctuary, are being set up to protect the birds, while artificial materials, such as fiberglass, have been introduced as an alternative to the hornbill beak in Nyishi dress.Nyokum is the festival celebrated by the Nyishi people, a religion which commemorates their ancestors. Adis Aruanchal Pradesh Adi dances vary from the slow, rustic and beautifully enchanting style Ponung (performed in Solung festival) to the exhilarating, exuberant thumps of Delong performed by Men in Etor festival. These dances have led to certain forms of dancing which jointly narrate a story, the Tapu (War Dance). In the Tapu War Dance, the dancers vigorously re-enact the actions of war, its gory details and the triumphant cries of the warriors. Yakjong is performed in Aran festival. The Adi celebrate a number of festivals, in particular their prime festivals are Aran, Solung, Etor.Solung, is observed in the first week of September for five days or more. It is a harvest festival performed after the sowing of seeds and transplantation, to seek for future bumper crops. Ponung songs and dances are performed by women folk during the festival Sema/Sumi Nagas Nagaland 1.The ‘Sumi Naga’ is one of the major Naga peoples in Nagaland, India. The Sumis mainly inhabit the Zunheboto district, although many have spread and is now living in a few more districts within Nagaland.
2.Sumi Naga tribe practiced kiti-do and were a headhunter as every other Naga tribals .Tuluni (July 8) is a festival of great significance for the Sumi. This festival is marked with feasts as the occasion occurs in the bountiful season of the year. Drinking rice beer indispensably forms as part of the feasts. Rice beer is served in a goblet made of bamboo or made from the leaf of plantain. This drink is called Tuluni which gives the festival its name. Konyak tribe Nagaland The Konyak are a Naga people, and are recognised among other Naga by their tattoos, which they have all over their face and hands; facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy’s head. They are called the land of Angh’s. They have the largest population among the Nagas. Aoleang is the biggest festival for the Konyak. They wear their traditional attire and sing folk song to celebrate the Aoleang festival. Reang Tripura 1.The Reangs are basically a semi-nomadic tribe who practice jhum (slash and burn) or shifting method of cultivation on the hill sides.
2. The Reang basically belonged to the Mongoloid group and speaks the Tibeto-Burmese language ‘Kau BruThe Hodaigri dance amongst the Reang (Bru) was usually performed on the occasion of Maikhlungmo rituals i.e. worship of Goddess of food grains and cotton especially during the month of September-October Mishing Assam 1.The Mishing tribe is the second largest tribe among the other tribes of North- East India.
2.Traditionally Mishing people live near the bank of river and they build their “Chang Ghar” with the help of timber bamboo, thatch, etc for comfort living.Mishing people are easy going, very simple living and are fond of festivals. The main festival is “Ali-Aye-Ligang” which is the most colourful spring festival held every year on first Wednesday of the month “Gimur polo”(Feb-March). Karbi Assam 1.The Karbis believes in animism which consists of such a belief in the role of spiritual beings in human life.
2. Various types of dances are performed by the youths during the performances of Chomangkan, the death ceremony and other socio-religious festivals. The Karbis have very limited number of musical instruments. A big drum called Cheng is their main musical instrument.A number of festivals are observed by the people belonging to Karbi tribal group. Like for instance, they celebrate ‘Chojun Puja’ or ‘Swarak Puja’, ‘Rongker’, ‘Chokk-eroi’, ‘Hacha-Kekan’, ‘Chomangkan’. Mikir Assam Kols Madhya Pradesh Most of these tribes are landless labourer. They prefer to live in groups near villages called Kolhan Bonda Odhisa The Bonda are an ancient tribe of people who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Odisha, India, Oarons Odhisa,Bihar and Jharkhand 1.Oraon also called Kurukh, aboriginal people of the Chota Nagpur region in the state of Jharkhand, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India.
2.Speakers of Oraon number about 1,900,000, but in urban areas, and particularly among Christians, many Oraon speak Hindi as their mother tongue.
3.It was long thought that the Oraons and the other tribals were animists, people who attribute a living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. This view has been discarded although amateur anthropologists still sort it out in articles, in popular magazines. The Oraons are not nature worshipers.Murias Chattisgarh 1.The Muria are an adivasi (scheduled tribe) of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. They are part of the Gondi people.
2.They have mixed-sex dormitories where adolescents are sent to practice premarital sex, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes serially.
3.The Muria are traditionally animists, with village and clan deitiesKorba Chattisgarh Famous for there Karma dance Sahariya Rajasthan 1.Sahariya Tribe is the only primitive tribe of the Rajasthan state
2.They follow Hindu religious practices and speak a dialect influenced by Hadoti.Irulas Tamil Nadu 1. They inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India
2.Early 20th century anthropological literature classified the Irular under the Negrito ethnic group.
3.Unlike the Negrito tribes in the Andaman Islands who have retained their language, Irular speak the Irula language, a Dravidian language that is closely related to Tamil, Yerukala, Sholaga and other Tamil languagesBadagas Tamil Nadu 1.The Badagas live in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. They speak the unwritten Badaga language and are the one of the social groups in Nilgiris
2.Thundu (a white piece of cloth) forms an integral part of the attire of Badaga women and as a cultural item, is presented to visiting dignitaries as a gesture of good will.Their important festival is Hethai Habba. Uralis Kerela 1.The Urali tribes like most of the tribes in south India, worship nature as Gods and inventor of the world. They consider the Sun as ‘the creator of all souls’ and moon as the mother of all creation.
2.The Uralis generally do not engage in inter-tribal marriage, instead they prefer to marry within their own tribe. It is custom amongst them to wear a sacred thread on special occasions like weddings and funerals.Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Jarawa are still at the primitive stage of life on earth. They entirely depend upon forest and sea for food. Wild boar and monitor lizard are consumed. Various kinds of fruit , honey and tubers are parts of their diet too.
2.The jarawas of both sexes go complete naked. However some ornaments made with shells and palm leaves are worn by them but these are not in the sense to cover their nudity.
This tribe has lived in the southeast part of Andaman but after the British regime they shifted to the western region of the island. They have forever been hunter gatherers in the true sense however things have changed since the 1990’s specially after the building of the old trunk road.Sentinelese Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Sentinelese people are said to be so hostile that their home has been named the ‘hardest place to visit’ in the world.The Sentinelese and other indigenous Andamanese peoples are frequently described as negritos,
2.They inhabit the North Sentinel island, and are the only remaining tribe in the Andamans to still maintain their isolation from the rest of the world. Nobody knows exactly how they look, the population or how they live. Since 1967, the indian governments with the help of anthropologists have tried to make contact with the tribe. They tried giving gifts of food, coconuts, etc but they were always met with hostility. The tribe showers arrows and stones at whoever comes near the island.
.Onge Andaman & Nicobar Island Onges are one of the most primitive tribes in India. They belong to the Negrito racial stock and they have been mainly seen near the Dugong creek in Little Andaman. They are dependent on the food provided by nature and are a semi-nomadic tribe.
The onge population fell post british colonization from 672 in 1986 to 92 in 1901 but has remained stable since.Shompen Andaman & Nicobar Island The Shompens, who live in the Great Nicobar island, are a semi-nomadic people. They wander in their forest and coastal habitat in search of fruits and games. There are two territorial groups among the Shompens; The habitation of Shompens is the Great Nicobar which is the largest among the Nicobar group of Islands. Like the Nicobarese, they belong to the Mongoloid race. Pangwal Himachal Pradesh. 1.These rugged people, who are Hindus, have their unique customs, traditions, and institutions. The native Pangwals and Bhotis are robust, hardworking, handsome people who keep the valley’s unique culture alive in folk songs, music and tribal dances. Music, dance and the locally brewed liquor ‘patar’, play a significant role in the life of the Pangwals. One of the major festivals celebrated towards the end of February is ‘Jukaru’ Sherdukpen Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Sherdukpen language is part of the Kanauri branch of the Tibeto-Burman family.
2.Bardo Chham is a folk dance of Sherdukpens, a small community of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh, Bardo Chham is based on the stories of good and evil. According to the local beliefs, there are both good and evil in mankind. The Sherdukpens mask themselves representing the different animals and dance to show an act of fighting the evil forces.Wattal tribe Jammu & Kashmir Dumhal dance is performed by Wattal tribe on special occassions Bhutias Sikkim 1.The Bhutia are a community of people of Tibetan ancestry, who speak Lhopo or Sikkimese, a Tibetan dialect fairly mutually intelligible to standard Tibetan
2. Singhi Chham or Kanchendzonga Dance is a dance form in Sikkim whereby the dancers perform in a lion costume that represents the snow lion. It is a dance of the Bhutia peopleTodas Tamil Nadu Tribals of Nilgiri hills
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[pib] Kerala presents its Annual Action plan under Jal Jeevan Mission
Annual Action Plan presented
- Annual Action Plan (AAP) on planning and implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) in Kerala was presented.
- Kerala State officials outlined the roadmap of the financial year 2021-2022 to the national committee via video conferencing.
- The State plans to achieve the target of ‘Har Ghar Jal’ by 2024.
- The State also plans to provide potable water in all quality-affected habitations by June 2021 through piped water supply or Community Water Purification Plants (CWPP).
- The national committee analysed and advised on the plan presented by the State.
- The committee emphasized the preparation of Village Action Plans and the constitution of Village Water &Sanitation Committee/ Pani Samiti as a sub-committee of Gram Panchayat with a minimum 50% of women members.
- Also, emphasis is required on Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance (WQM&S) activities to ensure Field Test Kit testing at Gram Panchayat level, Aanganwadi centres and schools.
About Jal Jeevan Mission
- Jal Jeevan Mission is the flagship programme of Government of India, which aims to provide household tap water connection to every rural household by 2024.
- Since announcement of the mission in August 2019, 4.17 Core new tap connections have been provided in the rural areas of the country during this period.
- As a result, 7.40 Crore (38.56%) rural households have tap water supply vis-à-vis 3.23 Crore (17%) in 2019.
- Efforts are made to dovetail all available resources by convergence of different programmes viz. MGNREGS, SBM, 15th Finance Commission Grants to PRIs, CAMPA funds, Local Area Development Funds, etc.
Allocation for the JJM
- In 2021-22, Rs. 50,000 Crore budgetary allocation has been made for Jal Jeevan Mission.
- In addition to this, there is also Rs. 26,940 Crore assured fund available under the 15th Finance Commission tied grants to RLBs/ PRIs for water & sanitation, matching State share and externally aided projects.
- Thus, in 2021-22, more than Rs. 1 lakh Crore is planned to be invested in the country on ensuring tap water supply to rural homes.
- This huge investment will give a boost to manufacturing activities, create employment opportunities in rural areas as well boost the rural economy.
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[pib] India-UK virtual summit strengthens STI cooperation
Enhance partnership in science, education, research and innovation
- The Prime Minister of India and the UK met virtually on 4 May 2021 and emphasised their shared commitment to an enhanced partnership in science, education, research and innovation.
- In keeping with this commitment, both the leaders welcomed the following:
- The new MoU on Telecommunications/ICT and the Joint Declaration of Intent on Digital and Technology.
- There was also the establishment of new high-level dialogues on tech.
- A new joint rapid research investment into Covid19.
- A new partnership to support zoonotic research,
- New investment to advance understanding of weather and climate science.
- There will be continuation of the UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI).
Key points to strengthen STI cooperation
- Enhance cooperation between India and the UK on strengthening the role of women in STEM at schools, universities, and research institutions through initiatives like Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) project.
- Develop collaborations between Industry, Academia and the Government to foster innovation among school students by focusing on teacher training, mentoring and sharing of global best practices through initiatives like the India Innovation Competency Enhancement Program (IICEP)
- Build on the two countries’ existing bilateral research, science and innovation infrastructure and governmental relationships to continue to support high-quality, high-impact research and innovation through joint processes.
- Forge partnership across the pipeline of research and innovation activity, from basic research to applied and interdisciplinary research.
- Leverage and build on existing, long-standing bilateral partnerships such as on education, research and innovation, to stimulate a joint pipeline of talent, excellent researchers and early-career innovators.
- Work together to share knowledge and expertise regarding artificial intelligence, scientific support to policies and regulatory aspects including ethics, and promote a dialogue in research and innovation.
- Through Tech Summits, bring together tech innovators, scientists, entrepreneurs and policy makers to work together on challenges including the norms and governance of future tech under the cross-cutting theme of ‘data’.
- Grow programmes such as the Fast Track Start-Up Fund to nurture innovation-led, sustainable growth and jobs, and tech solutions that benefit both countries.