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Who takes responsibility when a Ship sinks?

Why in the News? Two recent maritime accidents off Kerala’s coast have spotlighted shipping safety, ecological risks, and the International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) role in global maritime regulation. About the International Maritime Organisation (IMO): Overview: The IMO is a UN specialised agency that regulates international shipping and aims to prevent marine pollution from ships. Establishment:… Continue reading

UN’s ICAO rated India above the global average.

Why in the News? India has earned top ratings from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for aviation safety, outperforming global averages in key areas. About the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO): Establishment: It is a specialised UN agency created in 1944 under the Chicago Convention. Headquarters: It… Continue reading

How DNA identification works?

Why in the News? Following the tragic crash of the Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner in Ahmedabad, authorities concluded the identities of the victims using DNA analysis. What is DNA? Overview: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that carries genetic instructions essential for the development, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms. Location in the… Continue reading

Defamation vs. Criticism: Drawing the Line in a Democracy ?

The UPSC often picks real-life legal or social conflicts and then asks aspirants to explore the constitutional principles behind them. In 2014, for example, it asked whether films in India stand on a different footing under freedom of speech. This article builds on a similar theme—how freedom of expression collides with defamation in the digital… Continue reading

[14th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Endgame of a 2,611-year-old Jewish-Persian enmity

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2019] What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples. Linkage: The article points out several trade and economic tensions between… Continue reading

The rot starts at the top of the aviation ladder

Why in the News? The tragic crash of Air India flight AI171 in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025, which killed over 300 people, is a shocking reminder of how poor aviation safety is in India. This is not a one-time event, but part of a long series of deadly air accidents over the years that… Continue reading

Brewing crisis: How climate change is unravelling India’s tea heartland

Why in the News? North Bengal’s tea gardens are in crisis, especially for women workers, due to climate change, pests, low wages, and reduced production, causing economic struggles and increased gender-based hardships. What challenges do women tea workers face due to climate change and poor labour conditions? Extreme Heat Exposure: Women work under open skies… Continue reading

Centre sets up Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells

Why in the News? Under the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA), the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has sanctioned the creation of District and State-level Forest Rights Act (FRA) Cells across 18 States and Union Territories. About Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA) Launch: It was launched in October 2024 by Ministry of… Continue reading

Shipki La Mountain Pass opened for Tourists

Why in the News? For the first time since India’s independence, the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh has been opened to domestic tourists, marking a historic shift in India’s border tourism strategy. About Shipki La Pass: It is a high-altitude mountain pass at 3,930 meters in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, on the… Continue reading

What are Black Boxes?

Why in the News? Authorities have recovered the black box from the crash site of the recent incident in Ahmedabad. About Black Boxes: Purpose: Black boxes are essential flight data recording devices used in aircraft to aid in accident investigation and flight safety analysis. Development: Australian scientist David Warren in 1954, developed the first practical… Continue reading

What is Merchant Discount Rate (MDR)?

Why in the News? The Finance Ministry has firmly denied recent online rumours suggesting that the government is planning to impose Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) charges on UPI transactions. About Merchant Discount Rate (MDR): Overview: MDR refers to the fee charged to merchants by banks or payment service providers for processing digital payments made via… Continue reading

Will India’s Aviation Sector Overcome Its Challenges to Reach New Heights?

Note4students: The Indian aviation sector became the world’s third-largest domestic aviation market. Big news from the Mains perspective. PYQs analysis gives us 2 possible lines of questioning: upcoming challenges for the sector to maintain the status quo or your comment on the evolution of aviation sector in India. Avoid writing generic pointers. Standard textbooks won’t… Continue reading

🔴[UPSC Webinar] How to add value in GS-3 answers to score 110 marks in UPSC 2026?| By Shubham Kaurav, AIR 291 | Join on 19th June At 7 PM

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[13th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Trump’s tariffs and a U.S.-India trade agreement

Urbanisation and the challenge of ideal transit solutions

Why in the News? India’s path to becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047 relies on transforming its urban areas, as over 60% of the population is expected to live in cities by the 2060s. What are the main challenges India faces in achieving efficient urban mobility? Insufficient Public Transport Coverage: Only 37% of urban residents… Continue reading

Is Bangladesh slipping into authoritarianism?

Why in the News? Bangladesh is seeing major political change as interim leader Dr. Muhammad Yunus delays elections to April 2026 and proposes the “July Proclamation” to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution. Why is the ‘July Proclamation’ seen as a threat to Bangladesh’s democratic foundations? Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: It is being pushed by an… Continue reading

Inflation and Food Prices: Can Rate Cuts and Falling Food Prices Sustain the Trend ?

N4S: This article explains the causes and control of food inflation in India clearly and simply. UPSC often asks questions that require linking causes of inflation with monetary policy measures, as seen in the 2024 question on food inflation and RBI’s policy effectiveness. Aspirants usually falter by not connecting theory with current data or by… Continue reading

Science behind right AC Temperature

Why in the News? The Union Ministry of Power is considering a policy to restrict the temperature range of new air conditioners (ACs) in India to between 20°C and 28°C. Important Facts and Keywords related to ACs: Efficiency Ratings: ACs have ratings like SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) or EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). A higher… Continue reading

AviList 2025: World’s First Unified Global Bird Checklist

Why in the News? The Working Group on Avian Checklists has released AviList, the world’s first unified global bird checklist to standardize bird classification and support global research and conservation. What is AviList? Overview: AviList is the first unified global checklist of bird species, officially launched on June 12, 2025. Who developed it: It was… Continue reading

Exercise KHAAN QUEST

Why in the News? The Indian Army has deployed it’s contingent to participate in Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025, a major multinational peacekeeping exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Concurrently, India is also set to conduct Exercise SHAKTI 2025 with France. About Exercise KHAAN QUEST, 2025: Overview: It is a multinational peacekeeping military exercise being held… Continue reading

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