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  • Why is India rethinking its Anaemia Policy?

    Central Idea

    • Anaemia questions are excluded from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6) due to concerns about accuracy, emphasizing the need for precise estimates to address India’s growing anaemia burden.
    • NFHS-5 data reveals a significant increase in anaemia prevalence in India, underscoring the urgency of accurate estimates to effectively tackle this public health challenge.

    National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

    • NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.
    • Three rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93.
    • The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, is the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.
    • IIPS collaborates with a number of Field Organizations (FO) for survey implementation.
    • The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health etc.

    Each successive round of the NFHS has had two specific goals:

    1.      To provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and

    2.      To provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues.

     Anaemia: A bigger menace

    • Anaemia is characterized by low red blood cells or haemoglobin levels, leading to symptoms like fatigue and weakness.
    • Iron deficiency is the primary cause, but deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12, and A also contribute.
    • Addressing nutritional deficiencies is crucial for prevention and treatment.

    Shift to DABS-I for Anaemia Assessment

    • The Health Ministry shifted anaemia assessment to Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I) for more accurate prevalence estimates.
    • DABS-I is a comprehensive dietary survey collecting individual data to assess food and nutrient adequacy nationwide.

    Reasons for Methodology Change

    • Concerns of Over-Diagnosis: Using WHO cut-offs may not suit the Indian population due to various factors that influence anaemia.
    • Inadequacy of WHO Cut-Offs: Country-specific cut-offs are needed as the WHO’s haemoglobin cut-offs may not reflect the Indian anaemia situation accurately.
    • Differences in Blood Sampling Methods: Venous blood sampling is more accurate than the capillary blood sampling used in previous surveys.

    Role of DABS-I Dietary Survey

    • DABS-I collects detailed dietary intake data to understand nutritional patterns and deficiencies contributing to anaemia.
    • It provides information on nutrient composition in foods from different regions, aiding targeted interventions.

    Prevalence of Anaemia in India

    • High Burden: Anaemia is a significant public health concern in India, with a high prevalence across different population groups.
    • Anaemia among Women: Data from national surveys indicate that a considerable percentage of women in India, particularly those in the reproductive age group, are affected by anaemia.
    • Anaemia among Children: Anaemia is also prevalent among children in India, with a substantial proportion experiencing this condition at a young age.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Nutritional Deficiencies: Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anaemia in India. Inadequate intake and absorption of iron, along with deficiencies in other key nutrients, contribute to the problem.
    • Socioeconomic Factors: Factors such as poverty, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate healthcare contribute to the high prevalence of anaemia in certain socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
    • Infections and Diseases: Certain infections, such as malaria and helminthiasis, and chronic diseases like kidney disease and cancer, can increase the risk of developing anaemia.

    Impact on Health and Well-being

    • Physical Symptoms: Anaemia can cause a range of physical symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function.
    • Maternal and Child Health: Anaemia in pregnant women increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. It can also lead to low birth weight and developmental issues in infants.
    • Impaired Growth and Development: Anaemia among children can hinder their growth, development, and overall well-being. It may affect cognitive function, school performance, and future productivity.

    Government Initiatives and interventions

    • National Nutrition Programs: The Government of India has implemented various programs, such as the National Iron+ Initiative and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, to address anaemia and improve maternal and child health.
    • Supplementation and Fortification: Iron and other micronutrient supplementation programs, along with food fortification initiatives, aim to enhance iron intake and combat anaemia.
    • Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns and educational programs focus on promoting nutrition, especially among vulnerable groups, and raising awareness about the importance of addressing anaemia.

    Challenges and Future Directions

    • Access to Healthcare and Nutritious Food: Improving access to quality healthcare services, affordable nutritious food, and clean drinking water is crucial in addressing anaemia in India.
    • Multisectoral Collaboration: Addressing anaemia requires collaboration across various sectors, including healthcare, nutrition, education, and social welfare, to develop comprehensive strategies and interventions.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of anaemia prevalence, intervention effectiveness, and progress towards targets are essential to track improvements and identify areas that require further attention.

  • OPEC+ decision on Oil Supply cut

    opec

    Central Idea

    • Saudi Arabia has decided to decrease its oil supply to the global economy.
    • This unilateral action aims to stabilize the declining crude oil prices.
    • Previous efforts by major oil-producing countries within the OPEC+ alliance to cut supply did not yield desired price increases.

    What is OPEC+?

    • The non-OPEC countries which export crude oil along with the 14 OPECs are termed as OPEC plus countries.
    • OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan.
    • Saudi and Russia, both have been at the heart of a three-year alliance of oil producers known as OPEC Plus — which now includes 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations — that aims to shore up oil prices with production cuts.

    Reasons for OPEC+ Production Cuts

    • Russian war: Oil prices rose significantly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
    • Previous major cut: The recent production cut is the largest since 2020 when OPEC+ members reduced outputs by 10 million barrels per day (bpd) during the Covid-19 pandemic.
    • Benefit to Middle Eastern states: The cuts are expected to boost prices, benefiting Middle Eastern OPEC+ members who have become significant oil suppliers to Europe after sanctions were imposed on Russia.

    Concerns for India

    • Fuel price hike: Despite importing cheap Russian oil, India has not seen a decrease in fuel prices.
    • Fiscal challenges: Rising oil prices pose fiscal challenges for India, where heavily-taxed retail fuel prices have reached record highs, threatening the demand-driven economic recovery.
    • Reliance on West Asian supplies: India imports about 84% of its oil and depends on West Asian countries for over three-fifths of its oil demand.
    • Potential impact on consumption-led recovery: India, as one of the largest crude-consuming countries, is concerned that production cuts by OPEC+ nations could undermine the country’s consumption-led economic recovery and negatively affect price-sensitive consumers.

    Back2Basics: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

    Description
    Founding September 14, 1960
    Member Countries Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
    Goal Coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries, ensure stability and predictability in oil markets, secure fair returns on investment for member countries’ petroleum resources
    Production Quotas Set production limits for member countries to manage oil supply and stabilize prices
    Market Monitoring Monitor global oil market conditions, supply, demand, inventories, and prices
    OPEC Meetings Regular meetings held every six months for member countries to discuss and negotiate oil production and pricing policies
    Pricing Policy Historically used the “OPEC basket” concept – a weighted average price of crude oil blends produced by member countries
    Influence on Prices OPEC’s decisions and actions can impact global oil prices by increasing or decreasing production levels
    Diminished Influence OPEC’s influence on oil prices has reduced due to factors like the rise of non-OPEC oil production, changes in global energy markets, and geopolitical developments
    Non-OPEC Cooperation OPEC cooperates with non-OPEC countries, notably through the “OPEC+” group, which includes Russia, to collectively manage oil supply levels and enhance market stability

  • Role of Evapotranspiration in Earth’s Dynamic Processes

     

    evapotranspiration

    Central Idea:  Evapotranspiration is a key process in Earth’s dynamic systems, impacting the movement of water and nutrients, influencing the water cycle, and providing crucial information for farmers to manage irrigation and water resources effectively.

    Understanding Evapotranspiration

    • Definition: Evapotranspiration refers to the movement of water from terrestrial surfaces into the atmosphere and is a crucial part of the planet-wide water cycle.
    • Water cycle and its connection to evapotranspiration: Evapotranspiration is an amalgamation of evaporation (water loss from soil) and transpiration (water movement and loss by plants), both of which contribute to the overall movement of water in the water cycle.
    • Breakdown of the term: Evapotranspiration encompasses the movement of water upward through plants and its subsequent loss into the air from exposed plant parts.

    Factors affecting Evapotranspiration

    • Rate of evapotranspiration: Several factors impact the rate of evapotranspiration, including solar radiation, day length, soil moisture levels, ambient temperature, wind conditions, and the amount of water vapour already present in the air.
    • Insolation and its effect: The intensity of solar radiation directly affects the rate of evapotranspiration, as it provides the energy needed to evaporate water from terrestrial surfaces.
    • Role of day length: The length of the day, soil moisture content, ambient temperature, wind patterns, and the moisture content of the air all contribute to the rate at which evapotranspiration occurs.

    Historical significance of evapotranspiration

    • Origin and age of the term: The term “evapotranspiration” has been in use for at least 86 years and was initially published with a hyphenated form.
    • Contribution of Charles Warren Thornthwaite in 1944: Thornthwaite, an American climatologist, defined and popularized the term “evapotranspiration” in 1944.
    • Relevance for farmers in estimating water needs for crops: Even today, evapotranspiration remains significant for farmers who utilize it to estimate the amount of water required to irrigate their crops effectively.

    Back2Basics: Water Cycle

    • The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement and circulation of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface.
    • Stages of the Water Cycle include:
    1. Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state, rising into the atmosphere.
    2. Condensation: The cooling of water vapor in the atmosphere, causing it to change from a gaseous state back to a liquid state, forming clouds.
    3. Precipitation: When condensed water droplets combine and fall from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
    4. Runoff: The movement of water on the Earth’s surface, flowing into streams, rivers, lakes, and eventually into the oceans.
    5. Infiltration: The process by which water seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.
    6. Transpiration: The release of water vapor from plant surfaces into the atmosphere.

     

  • (Meet IAS, Soham at 5 pm) 4-Day FREE UPSC Conclave (Online/Offline) for 2023-24 aspirants | Meet IAS Toppers (AIR 22, AIR 48, and more)

    (Meet IAS, Soham at 5 pm) 4-Day FREE UPSC Conclave (Online/Offline) for 2023-24 aspirants | Meet IAS Toppers (AIR 22, AIR 48, and more)

    This isn’t your ordinary Topper’s Talk. No over glorification, no generic gyaan. Only rank-proven strategies with proof.

    Click Here

    Only the most practical, time-tested, UPSC trend-proof preparation methods & our core team in this 4-Day UPSC IAS Conclave. Available for you to attend online or offline, make the best out of it by registering on the form above.

    PavanDutta (AIR 22), Aaditya Pandey (AIR 48), Soham Mandhare (AIR 218), and Mukund Chahar (AIR 273), all had different learning styles but were united in their no-nonsense, practical approach towards cracking the UPSC exam.

    They will share their last attempt notes, marks improvement strategies, and previous-attempt errors, so that you start your IAS Preparation on a solid footing.

    Civilsdaily Hall Of Fame 2022

    Join us for an exclusive 4-day conclave where UPSC 2022 IAS Toppers, including PavanDutta (AIR 22), Aaditya (AIR 48), Soham (AIR 218), Mukund (AIR 273) will guide the UPSC aspirants of 2023 and 2024 on their path to success.

    But this isn’t your ordinary topper’s talk or a conventional advice session.

    IAS 2022 Toppers (including AIR 22), Zeeshan sir, and Sukanya ma’am will be taking LIVE workshop | Register for the 4-Day Conclave today! Details below

    Who should attend this Workshop?

    • Aspirants who might not be clearing UPSC 2023 and want to understand and fill critical gaps in their preparation.
    • UPSC 2024 aspirants who will be starting from scratch
    • UPSC 2023 Mains aspirants who want to start mains prep at full throttle.
    • Aspirants who are struggling with time management
    • Aspirants who are not able to decipher the pattern and ‘new ways of UPSC’
    • UPSC 2024 aspirants who want effectiveness, efficiency, and consistency in their preparation

    Day 1: 20 mains answer writing commandments implemented by 250+ Rankers in UPSC 2022

    Live demonstration from UPSC 2022 toppers copies (Offline-Online)

    3nd June 2023 (Saturday), 5 P.M

    LIVE demonstration from ’22 Toppers Copies on your approaches if you’re writing your first Mains in 2023 or just started to answer writing for 2024.

    He will also share a list of 20 commandments to help you score 440+ marks in Mains with a LIVE example. 

    What should you expect on Day 1?

    • How to be Mains’23 ready in 75 days after Prelims?
    • What should be your maiden approach if you have just started to answer writing for UPSC’24?
    • What are the very critical aspects you must include in your answer writing practice?
    • What are the 20 most important commandments that UPSC 2022 toppers implemented?
    • How to satisfy the demand of the questions?
    • When and where to insert diagrams, Maps, Etc.?
    • How to start and how to end every question?
    • Time management: How to manage & allot time to every single question?

    Don’t miss such an important LIVE session when UPSC Mains 2023 is knocking at the door. Register FREE

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    Day 2: AIR 22 and Sukanya Rana on Mastering GS-4 Ethics: UPSC 2022 Toppers’ Approach

    4th June 2023 (Sunday), 2:00 P.M

    By Sukanya Rana Ma’am, Civilsdaily Mains Program Head

    What you should expect on Day 2 with Sukanya Ma’am?

    • How did our UPSC’22 Rankers prepare for the GS-4 Ethics?
    • How to Complete the paper on time even if all questions are not known?
    • How to start case studies with core keywords inserted Introduction?
    • How to enrich your answers to case studies with the “My Vision”/” Thinkers” approach?
    • How to write ethics-oriented answers even though questions could have been asked in other GS papers?
    • Writing course of action of case studies in the most ethical ways along with a practical approach.
    • In the case of studies, you must provide practical solutions. How to frame your answers based on peripheral problems in a case study will be discussed.
    • How to use examples and can make our examples.
    • How to have a grip on recent trends in Ethics papers!

    Register for the Ethics LIVE Masterclass.

    Click Here

    Day 2: How to cope with Prelims 2023 failure & adapt yourself to the changing trends of UPSC Prelims

    By AIR-273, Mukund UPSC’22

    4th June 2023 (Sunday), 5:00 P.M

    What you should expect on Day 2?

    • What are the lessons to understand the patterns and trends in UPSC Prelims’23?
    • How to reboot/restrategize your Prelims’24 Prep?
    • How to fill critical gaps in your Prelims’24 preparation?
    • What’re the best ways to cope with the Prelims’23 failure and stay motivated for Prelims 2024 attempt?
    • Most Authenticate and important UPSC Prelims Hack when UPSC throws typical questions in Prelims Ques. Paper.

    Register here for the session

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    Day 3: Mastering time management with 12 months phase-wise study plan for UPSC 2024.

    By AIR-218, Soham Mandhare & Sukanya Rana, Mains Program Head, Civilsdaily

    5th June 2023 (Monday), 5:00 P.M

    What you should expect on Day 3?

    1. First phase – Studying the Core Subjects. How to read every topic in the syllabus from 2-3 sources in the first reading and prepare a 1-2 page note? And in your second reading, stick to only one source while using your notes as reference.

    2. Second phase – Studying Mains Specific Subjects & Optional. How to follow the ritual of reading, writing summaries, and answering topic-wise previous year questions?

    3. Discuss 2-3 Revision Strategies which you can follow. Why should you not go more than 20 days without revision?

    4. Live demonstration of making the perfect notes. How to not copy line-by-line of everything you read & only note down the 5 dimensions of a topic?

    5. Why is the Third phase of preparation the shortest of all? What should you ideally do after completing the Prelims and Mains subjects?

    6. Fourth phase. How to improve your accuracy 3 months before the Prelims exams?

    7. The 5th and Last phase. What must be done 3 months before the Mains exams?

    Book Your Slot

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    Day 4 with Zeeshan sir: How UPSC is testing Common Sense, Stress Response, and Risk Appetite in Prelims? How to prepare for UPSC Pre 2024?

    Renowned for his innovative approaches to UPSC preparation, Zeeshan Hashmi sir is set to share his unique perspectives on UPSC prelims in our next session. The focus will be on how UPSC is not merely an examination of knowledge, but a test of common sense, stress response, and risk appetite. With the UPSC Prelims 2024 on the horizon, his insights are perfectly timed to help aspirants adapt their preparation strategies to these often overlooked aspects.

    What to Expect in This Session:

    • Detailed analysis of how UPSC tests candidates’ common sense in Prelims.
    • Strategies to develop and showcase your stress response skills during the examination.
    • Understanding the role of risk appetite in Prelims and how to optimally manage it.
    • Practical tips on how to enhance these skills in the run-up to UPSC Prelims 2024.
    • Real-life examples and anecdotes from past UPSC Prelims to illustrate these points.
    • An interactive Q&A session, where you can clarify your doubts and get personalized advice from Zeeshan Hashmi sir.

    Register here for the session by Zeeshan sir

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    Day 5 with Dimple ma’am: Mastering UPSC Current Affairs 5Hrs/Week regime (45 min/Day)

    By Senior IAS Mentor at Civilsdaily & UPSC Ranker 2022, Dimple Ma’am

    6th June 2023 (Tuesday), 7:30 P.M

    What you should expect on Day 4?

    • How to cover current affairs in 45 minutes/Day in Effective, Holistic, Minimalistic ways
    • How to read current affairs and revise faster.
    • What are the proven strategies to build current affairs analytical skills?
    • What are the right ways to utilize Newspapers and Fact heavy short Notes?
    • How to Master the Art of Current Affairs charged answer writing?
    • How to comprehend the solid Framework to retain and interlink GS topics
    • How to find the most relevant Current Affairs topics and pick points to make notes.
    • How to recall and recognize current affairs in Prelims, Mains, and Interview questions?

    Make your UPSC’24 Current Affairs Prep a cakewalk. Book Your Slot with 1-1 with Dimple Chouhan Ma’am

    Click Here

    The Conclave will place a special emphasis on the significance of strategy, encompassing various essential areas including time management, efficient study methodologies, and approaches to formulate a successful strategy for clearing the UPSC exam.

    IAS Rankers will offer unique, in-depth, and analytical sessions focusing on the core aspects of UPSC preparation – Prelims, Mains Answer Writing, Current Affairs, and the overall UPSC Strategy.

    Each day will be a deep dive into these critical areas of UPSC preparation, tailored to bring you practical insights, strategic wisdom, and expert advice from those who’ve walked the path and achieved outstanding results.

    Whether you’re targeting UPSC 2023 or 2024, this Conclave offers an unmatched opportunity to learn from the best and shape your preparation in the most effective way.

    CivilsDaily’s FREE Webinar package

    Post-webinar we will share important PDFs, timetable framework, and notes.

    • UPSC 2022 Toppers’ Timetable
    • Prelims 2024 Toolkit
    • Mains 2023-2024 Toolkit
    • Samachar Manthan FREE Module

    Other than this a strategy package will be emailed to you.

    What The Hindu opined about Civilsdaily Mentorship

    best coaching for upsc in delhi

    Register FREE for 4 Days UPSC Workshop by UPSC 2022 Rankers.

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  • Day 2 of UPSC Conclave | Meet AIR 22 , GVS Pavandatta at 2 pm & AIR-273, Mukund | Get Rankers’ Timetable and Mains Toolkit

    Day 2 of UPSC Conclave | Meet AIR 22 , GVS Pavandatta at 2 pm & AIR-273, Mukund | Get Rankers’ Timetable and Mains Toolkit

    📢Day-2 FREE UPSC Mains Workshop: Meet UPSC’22 Topper AIR-22, & Sukanya Rana Ma’am at 2 P.M And AIR-273 at 5 PM.

    UPSC Topper AIR 22, GVS Pavandutta and AIR 273, Mukund will be LIVE on Day-2 | Details Below | Register now to connect with them👉

    CLICK HERE

    Only the most practical, time-tested, UPSC trend-proof preparation methods will be discussed with Sajal Sir & our core team in this 4-Day UPSC IAS Conclave. Available for you to attend online or offline, make the best out of it by registering on the form above.

    PavanDutta (AIR 22), Aaditya Pandey (AIR 48), Soham Mandhare (AIR 218), and Mukund Chahar (AIR 273), all had different learning styles but were united in their no-nonsense, practical approach towards cracking the UPSC exam.

    They will share their last attempt notes, marks improvement strategies, and previous-attempt errors, so that you start your IAS Preparation on a solid footing.

    Civilsdaily Hall Of Fame 2022

    UPSC Topper AIR 22 GVS Pavandutta and AIR 273 Mukund will be LIVE on Day-2 | Register now to connect with them

    CLICK HERE

    Who should attend this Workshop?

    • Aspirants who are sure to clear UPSC Prelims 2023 and want to score 130+ in GS-4 Ethics and Integrity.
    • UPSC 2024 aspirants who’ve already started Mains Prep from scratch want to follow the best approaches for Ethics Prep.
    • Aspirants who are struggling to find out the best and minimum sources for GS-4 Preparation.
    • Aspirants who want to solve ‘Case Studies like our 2022 Toppers
    • UPSC 2023-2024 aspirants who want to be Mains ready with minimum study sources.

    Seminar/Webinar Details:

    Topic: Mastering GS-4 Ethics: UPSC 2022 Toppers’ Approach to Score 130+ Marks

    Date: 4th June 2023 (Sunday),

    Time: Meet AIR-22 and Sukanya Ma’am at 2 P.M (online) & AIR-273 at 5 P.M (offline)

    Mode: Online (Zoom Meeting Link will be sent via registered Email Address)

    What you should expect on Day 2 with Sukanya Ma’am?

    • How did our UPSC’22 Rankers prepare for the GS-4 Ethics?
    • How to Complete the paper on time even if all questions are not known?
    • How to start case studies with core keywords inserted Introduction?
    • How to enrich your answers to case studies with the “My Vision”/” Thinkers” approach?
    • How to write ethics-oriented answers even though questions could have been asked in other GS papers?
    • Writing course of action of case studies in the most ethical ways along with a practical approach.
    • In the case of studies, you must provide practical solutions. How to frame your answers based on peripheral problems in a case study will be discussed.
    • How to use examples and can make our examples.
    • How to have a grip on recent trends in Ethics papers!

    Join Sukanya Ma’am (one of the mentors of 250+ rankers)

    CLICK HERE

    The workshop presents a unique chance for UPSC candidates aiming to clear the UPSC Mains 2023 exam as well as the UPSC 2024 exam in a single attempt. It offers a valuable opportunity to learn from the finest experts in the field and enhance their preparedness for the exam with a competitive advantage.

    The workshop will place a special emphasis on the significance of strategy, encompassing various essential areas including time management, efficient study methodologies, and approaches to formulate a successful strategy for clearing the UPSC exam.

    CivilsDaily’s FREE Webinar package

    Post-webinar we will share important PDFs, timetable framework, and notes.

    • UPSC 2022 Toppers’ Timetable
    • Prelims 2024 Toolkit
    • Mains 2023-2024 Toolkit
    • Samachar Manthan FREE Module

    Other than this a strategy package will be emailed to you.

    What The Hindu opined about Civilsdaily Mentorship

    best coaching for upsc in delhi

    Register FREE for Day-2 UPSC Workshop by UPSC’22 Rankers & Sukanya Ma’am (mentor of 250+ rankers) & Civilsdaily Mains Program Head.

    CLICK HERE

  • 3rd Jun 23 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1385]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1385]

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • From 9-to-5 to IAS Top Rank: Inspiring Success Story of AIR-49, Sanskriti | Civilsdaily Mentorship Student | Consult with her mentor

    Book your slot with AIR-49, Sanskriti’s mentor, and get her notes | free registration

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    Sanskriti Somani AIR 49 UPSC 2022
    Sanskriti Somani AIR 49 UPSC 2022

    Sanskriti Somani was a mentorship student under Sajal sir, Sukanya ma’am, and other mentors under the Smash Mains FLT program. 

    She improved GS marks drastically in the 2022 Mains.

    She had lost her 1st 2 attempts before enrolling in CD’s Mentorship Programme with Sajal Sir, Sukanya Ma’am. She says she was unable to comprehend the crucial details that must be worked on.

    She was relentless about improving himself in order to fulfill her dreams of becoming an IAS and serving the country she loves dearly.

    Sanskriti Somani has always wanted to join the civil service and help the populace. She got selected in Goldman Sachs after finishing her engineering degree but left this lucrative package.

    NOW, she put more emphasis on her IAS study and passed the exam on her 2nd try under Sajal Sir and other senior IAS mentors of Civilsdaily.

    She improved her marks in GS-1, GS-2, GS-3, and GS-4 in 2022 Mains.

    Book your slot with AIR-49, Sanskriti’s mentor, and get her notes | free registration

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    She attributed her success to Civilsdaily’s Mentorship

    • “Sajal sir and Sukanya Ma’am satisfied all of my doubts”-Sanskriti Somani
    • For mains, she regularly gave some effort to make the answer structure better under the guidance of mentors.
    • She started UPSC preparation 3 years ago. But, the first time, Sajal sir opened her eyes about Structuring Mains’s answers writing as per recent UPSC requirement.
    • She joined Civilsdaily’s Smash Mains online Program for mains.
    • She was meticulous about study materials. he consolidated his study materials and revised them as many times as he could.
    • Sajal sir and Sukanya Ma’am always guided her to remain patient and stay focused all the time. 
    • She always gets hand-holding mentorship support to improve his performance.
    • She learned to make his own notes.
    • From the very start, she wished she would continue her preparation under CD’s senior teachers and mentors.

    Book your slot with AIR-49, Sanskriti’s mentor, and get her notes | free registration

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    1. About Sanskriti Somani- Her UPSC journey

    NameSanskriti Somani
    FatherMANOJ SOMANI
    MotherKIRAN SOMANI
    ResidentDhar District. Madhya Pradesh
    SchoolingIn 2011, 10th CBSE from Kashyap Vidyapeeth
    In 2013, 12th from Arcadia Academy
    GraduationIn 2018:- B.Tech from Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi
    ExamUPSC 2022
    All India Rank49
    Attempts3rd
    Optional SubjectPolitical Science & International Relations
    JobGoldman Sachs

    She was an active student of Smash Mains + CivilsDaily’s Mentorship program and took guidance in all stages of preparation. She thanked CD’s senior mentors and faculties for his top rank on UPSC 2022 merit list.

    CLICK:- REGISTER (FREE) TO TALK TO SANSKRITI SOMANI’S MENTORS

    She improved her marks drastically in the 2022 Mains. Sanskriti shared her journey, motivations, up and downs, lessons learned, and her secret of what kept her going.

    It is yet another validation of CivilsDaily’s vision and approach to personalized mentorship.

    Book your slot with AIR-49, Sanskriti’s mentor, and get her notes | free registration

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  • The Need for Fact-Checking Units to Combat Fake News

    Fake News

    Central Idea

    • The IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 aim to tackle the dissemination of false or misleading information through the introduction of fact-checking units. In light of the detrimental impact of fake news, particularly during the Covid-19 crisis, governments worldwide have recognized the urgency to combat this menace. India, in particular, has experienced a surge in fake news related to the pandemic, making it crucial for the government to proactively address the issue.

    What is mean by Fake news?

    • Fake news refers to intentionally fabricated or misleading information presented as if it were real news. It can be spread through traditional media sources like newspapers or television, but it is more commonly associated with social media platforms and other online sources.
    • Fake news can range from completely made-up stories to misleading headlines and selectively edited or out-of-context information designed to deceive readers.
    • It is often used for political purposes, to manipulate public opinion or to spread misinformation about individuals, organizations or events
    • Scholars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology even found that falsified content spreads six times faster than factual content on online platforms.

    The Menace of Fake News

    • Dissemination of misinformation: Fake news spreads false or misleading information, leading to a distortion of facts and events. This can misguide individuals and the public, leading to incorrect beliefs and actions.
    • Erosion of trust: Fake news undermines trust in media organizations, journalism, and sources of information. When people encounter fake news repeatedly, it becomes challenging to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, eroding trust in the media landscape.
    • Manipulation of public opinion: Fake news is often created with the intent to manipulate public sentiment and shape public opinion on specific issues, individuals, or events. This manipulation can have far-reaching effects on public discourse and decision-making processes.
    • Polarization and division: Fake news can contribute to the polarization of society by promoting extreme viewpoints, fostering animosity, and deepening existing divisions. It can exacerbate social, political, and cultural conflicts.
    • Personal and reputational harm: Individuals, public figures, and organizations can suffer reputational damage due to false information circulated through fake news. Innocent people may be targeted, leading to personal, professional, and social repercussions.
    • Public safety concerns: Fake news related to public safety issues, such as health emergencies or natural disasters, can spread panic, hinder effective response efforts, and jeopardize public safety. It can impede the dissemination of accurate information and guidance.

    Fake News

    What is mean by Deepfakes?

    • Deepfakes refer to synthetic media or manipulated content created using deep learning algorithms, specifically generative adversarial networks (GANs).
    • Deepfakes involve altering or replacing the appearance or voice of a person in a video, audio clip, or image to make it seem like they are saying or doing something they never actually did. The term “deepfake” is a combination of “deep learning” and “fake.
    • Deepfake technology utilizes AI techniques to analyze and learn from large datasets of real audio and video footage of a person.

    The Rise of Deepfakes

    • Advanced manipulation technology: Deepfakes leverage deep learning algorithms and artificial intelligence to convincingly alter or generate realistic audio, video, or images. This technology enables the creation of highly sophisticated and deceptive content.
    • Spreading disinformation: Deepfakes can be used as a tool to spread disinformation by creating fabricated videos or audio clips that appear genuine. Such manipulated content can be shared on social media platforms, leading to the viral spread of false information.
    • Political implications: Deepfakes have the potential to disrupt political landscapes by spreading misinformation about politicians, political events, or election campaigns. Fabricated videos of political figures making false statements can influence public opinion and undermine trust in democratic processes.
    • Amplifying fake news: Deepfakes can amplify the impact of fake news by adding a visual or audio component, making false information appear more credible. Combining deepfakes with misleading narratives can significantly enhance the persuasive power of fabricated content.
    • Challenges for content verification: The emergence of deepfakes presents challenges for content verification and authentication. The increasing sophistication of deepfake technology makes it harder to detect and debunk manipulated content, leading to a potential erosion of trust in online information sources.
    • Detection and mitigation efforts: Efforts are underway to develop deepfake detection tools and techniques. Researchers, tech companies, and organizations are investing in AI-based solutions to identify and combat deepfakes, aiming to stay ahead of the evolving manipulation techniques.

    Fake News

    Existing Provisions to Combat Fake News

    • Intermediary Guidelines of 2021: The most preferred democratic process to combat the threats and impact of fake news on a polity would be through Parliament-enacted laws. India opted for the speedier alternative of an addition to the Intermediary Guidelines of 2021 (as amended), through Rule 3(1)(v).
    • Can not disseminate misleading content: Under this rule, intermediaries including social media platforms have to ensure that users do not disseminate content that deceives or misleads on the origin or knowingly and intentionally communicates any information which is patently false or misleading in nature but may reasonably be perceived as a fact.

    Facts for prelims

    Digital India Act, 2023

    • The act is a new legislation that aims to overhaul the decades-old Information Technology Act, 2000.
    • The Act covers a range of topics such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), cybercrime, data protection, deepfakes, competition issues among internet platforms, and online safety.
    • The Act also aims to address “new complex forms of user harms” that have emerged in the years since the IT Act’s enactment, such as catfishing, doxxing, trolling, and phishing

    Importance of Fact-Checking Units

    • Ensuring accuracy: Fact-checking units play a crucial role in verifying the accuracy of information circulating in the media and online platforms. They employ rigorous research and investigation techniques to assess the credibility and truthfulness of claims, helping to distinguish between reliable information and misinformation.
    • Countering fake news: Fact-checking units are instrumental in combating the spread of fake news and misinformation. By systematically debunking false claims, identifying misleading narratives, and providing accurate information, they help to minimize the impact of false information on public perception and decision-making.
    • Promoting media literacy: Fact-checking units contribute to promoting media literacy and critical thinking skills among the general public. Their work serves as a valuable resource for individuals seeking accurate information, encouraging them to question and verify claims rather than relying solely on unsubstantiated sources.
    • Enhancing transparency: Fact-checking units operate with transparency, providing detailed explanations and evidence-based assessments of their findings. This transparency helps to build trust with the audience, fostering credibility and accountability in the information ecosystem.
    • Holding accountable those spreading misinformation: Fact-checking units contribute to holding accountable those who deliberately spread misinformation or engage in disinformation campaigns. By publicly exposing false claims and identifying the sources of misinformation, they discourage the dissemination of false information and promote ethical standards in media and public discourse.

    Fake News

    Conclusion

    • With over 80 million Indian citizens online, the challenge of combating false information cannot be underestimated. The Indian government’s initiative to introduce fact-checking units reflects an understanding of the urgent need to tackle the spread of fake news. Jonathan Swift’s timeless quote, “Falsehood flies, and the truth comes limping after,” captures the essence of the problem we face today.

    Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your personal mentor for UPSC 2024 | Schedule your FREE session and get the Prelims prep Toolkit!

    Interesting to read:

    What is Generative AI?

     

  • In news: Telangana Statehood Day

    telangana

    Central Idea

    • With assembly elections just months away, political parties across the board are celebrating the 9th anniversary of Telangana’s statehood today (June 2).

    Formation of Telangana

    • The article discusses the historical background and the struggle for statehood that led to the formation of Telangana, the newest state in India.
    • It provides a chronological account of the significant events and factors that shaped Telangana’s journey towards becoming an independent state.

    Why was Telangana separated from Andhra Pradesh?

    Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh primarily due to historical, cultural, and developmental reasons, as well as demands from the people of the region. Here are the key reasons behind the separation:

    • Historical and Cultural Differences: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have distinct historical and cultural identities. Telangana had its own language, Telugu, but with a distinct dialect and cultural practices. The people of Telangana felt that their unique identity was not adequately recognized or represented within the larger Andhra Pradesh state.
    • Socio-economic Disparities: Telangana region, despite its rich natural resources, had been relatively underdeveloped compared to the coastal Andhra region. People in Telangana felt that their region’s development needs were neglected, resulting in socio-economic disparities and unequal distribution of resources and opportunities.
    • Demand for Local Control: The demand for separate statehood gained momentum due to the belief that local control and governance would be more effective in addressing the specific needs and aspirations of Telangana. The people of Telangana sought greater autonomy and decision-making power over their own affairs.
    • Political Representation: Some leaders and groups within Telangana felt marginalized in the political landscape of united Andhra Pradesh. They believed that a separate state would provide better opportunities for political representation and participation.
    • Water and Resource Sharing: Disputes over the sharing of water resources, particularly the Krishna and Godavari rivers, further strained the relationship between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The perceived inequitable distribution of water resources added to the demand for a separate state.

    These factors, along with sustained movements and protests led by various political and social groups, culminated in the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh and the formation of the separate state of Telangana on June 2, 2014.

    Here is a complete timeline of the formation of the modern Telangana State

    PART I: Pre-Independence and Formation of Andhra Pradesh

    • Post-independence Hyderabad State (1948-1951): Hyderabad’s significance as a part of the Princely State and its dominance by the Urdu-speaking Muslim elite.
    • Brutalities under Nizam’s rule and the Razakars (1945-1948): The communist-supported rebellion and the violent response of the Nizam’s local militia, the Razakars, leading to atrocities on Telangana’s population.
    • Standstill Agreement and its violation (1947-1948): The signing of the Standstill Agreement with Hyderabad, the subsequent violation of its terms by the Nizam, and the intervention of India through “Operation Polo.”
    • Hyderabad’s status as a Part-B state (1951-1956): The inclusion of Hyderabad as a Part-B state with an elected chief minister after India’s independence and the end of Nizam’s rule.

    PART II: Linguistic Reorganisation and Creation of AP

    • Potti Sriramalu’s demand for a separate Telugu state (1952): The fasting protest by Potti Sriramalu, leading to unrest and eventually the formation of Andhra State.
    • Formation of Andhra State out of Madras state (1953): The division of the Madras state and the creation of Andhra State, comprising the north and north-eastern regions, in response to the demand for a separate Telugu state.
    • Formation of the States Reorganisation Committee (1953-1955): The establishment of the committee to address the issue of linguistic reorganisation and its subsequent recommendations.
    • Status of Telangana region in linguistic reorganisation (1955-1956): The debate over the merging of Telangana with Andhra or having it as a separate state, conflicting with the SRC’s recommendations.
    • Merging of Andhra State and Telangana (1956): The decision to merge Andhra State and Telangana against the SRC’s recommendation, resulting in the formation of Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad as its capital.

    PART III: Struggle for Telangana and Creation of Telangana State

    • Pre-Independence protests for Mulki Rules (1952-1947): The protests demanding the enforcement of Mulki Rules, which ensured job reservations for Telangana domiciles, even before India’s independence.
    • Protests and birth of Telangana Praja Samiti in 1969: The widespread protests in 1969, leading to the establishment of the TPS and the call for a separate Telangana state.
    • Repeal of Mulki Rules Act in 1973: The introduction of the 32nd Amendment to the Constitution by Indira Gandhi, repealing the Mulki Rules Act and impacting the Telangana movement.
    • Revival of the Telangana movement by KCR in 2001: KCR’s resignation from the Telugu Desam Party and the formation of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi, rejuvenating the demand for a separate Telangana state.
    • KCR’s fast-unto-death and the promise of Telangana statehood (2009): KCR’s fast-unto-death in 2009 following the death of Andhra Pradesh’s Chief Minister, Y S Rajsekhara Reddy, leading to the Congress party’s promise of creating Telangana.
    • Formation of Telangana state in 2014: The culmination of the struggle with the formation of Telangana as a separate state in 2014, with Hyderabad serving as the capital for a period of ten years.

    Back2Basics: States Reorganization in India

     

    Explanation
    Background and Introduction The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reformed India’s state boundaries based on linguistic lines.

    It is the most extensive change in state boundaries after India’s independence.

    The act came into effect along with the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
    Pre-Independence Political Integration British India was divided into Provinces of British India and Indian States.

    Princely states were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan after independence.

    Bhutan remained independent, Hyderabad was annexed by India, and Kashmir became a subject of conflict between India and Pakistan.
    Integration of Princely States Between 1947 and 1950, the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.

    Some states were merged into existing provinces, while others formed unions or remained separate states.

    Government of India Act 1935 served as the constitutional law until the adoption of a new Constitution.
    Classification of States and Territories The Constitution of India, effective from 1950, classified states and territories into Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D categories.

    Part A states were former governors’ provinces, Part B states were former princely states, and Part C states included chief commissioners’ provinces and some princely states.

    Part D consisted of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
    Linguistic Movements and Demands The demand for linguistic states began before independence, with the first movement in Odisha in 1895.

    Political movements for linguistic states gained momentum after independence.

    Creation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953 marked a significant development in organizing states based on language.
    States Reorganisation Commission Linguistic Provinces Commission was set up in 1948 but rejected language as a basis for dividing states.

    States Reorganisation Commission was established in 1953 to reorganize Indian states.

    Headed by Fazal Ali and had recommendations overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant.
    Enactment and Changes States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956.

    Constitution underwent an amendment, and the terminology of Part A and Part B states was changed to simply “states.”

    Also introduced the classification of Union Territories.
    Effects and Reorganization States Reorganisation Act of 1956 resulted in the reorganization of states and territories.

    Took effect on 1 November 1956.

    Had a significant impact on dividing India into states and Union Territories.

  • Revised Guidelines for Deemed University Status

    university

    Central Idea

    • The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released revised guidelines allowing higher education institutions to apply for deemed university status.
    • The new guidelines aim to establish more quality-focused deemed universities by simplifying the eligibility criteria.

    University Grants Commission (UGC)

    • UGC is a statutory body under the University Grants Commission Act, of 1956.
    • It is charged with the task of coordinating and maintaining standards of higher education in India.
    • It provides recognition to universities and also allocates funds to universities and colleges.
    • It is headquartered are in New Delhi, and it also has 6 regional centres.
    • All grants to universities and higher learning institutions are handled by the UGC.
    • In 2015-16, the Union government initiated a National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) under UGC to rank all educational institutes.

     

    Why in the news?

    • Light but tight regulatory framework: The guidelines are based on the principle of a “light but tight” regulatory framework envisioned in the National Education Policy 2020.

    What is Deemed University?

    A Deemed University is a status granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Department of Higher Education (DHE) under the Ministry of Education based on the recommendation of the University Grants Commission (UGC).

    State University Deemed University
    Establishment Created by state government through legislative assembly act Granted autonomy by the UGC based on academic and research merits
    Funding Fully funded by the state government Self-funded
    Fee Structure Regulated and streamlined according to government guidelines Freedom to set their own fee structure
    Curriculum Regulated and aligned with UGC guidelines Autonomy to design their own courses and curriculum
    Research Research programs and activities aligned with government norms Emphasis on research with credible research output
    Infrastructure Facilities and infrastructure as per government provisions State-of-the-art infrastructure
    Affiliated Institutes Can have affiliated colleges and institutes Generally have a single institution
    Admission Process Follows state government guidelines for admissions Can set their own admission policies and criteria
    Degree Granting Authorized to award degrees and diplomas Authorized to award degrees and diplomas
    Flexibility Governed by UGC regulations and guidelines Autonomy in decision-making and flexibility in operations

     

    New changes introduced-

    Eligibility Criteria and Changes

    • Previous eligibility criteria: Under the 2019 guidelines, institutions with an existence of at least 20 years were eligible to apply for deemed university status.
    • Revised eligibility criteria: The revised guidelines replace the previous criteria with requirements such as multi-disciplinarity, NAAC grading, NIRF ranking, and NBA grading.
    • Criteria for application: Institutions with valid accreditation by NAAC, NBA accreditation for eligible programs, or ranking in the top 50 of specific categories in NIRF for the last three years can apply for deemed university status.

    Cluster of Institutions and Distinct Institution Category

    • Cluster of institutions: A cluster of institutions managed by multiple sponsoring bodies or a society can also apply for deemed university status.
    • Distinct Institution category: The guidelines introduce the “Distinct Institution” category, exempting institutions focusing on unique disciplines, addressing strategic needs, preserving Indian cultural heritage or the environment, dedicated to skill development, sports, languages, or other disciplines determined by the Expert Committee.

    Changes in Faculty Strength and Corpus Fund

    • Increased faculty strength: The revised guidelines increase the required faculty strength from 100 to 150.
    • Increased corpus fund for private institutions: The corpus fund requirement for private institutions has been increased from Rs 10 crore to Rs 25 crore.

    Executive Councils and Academic Bank of Credits

    • Creation of executive councils: Private universities seeking deemed university status will be required to create executive councils, similar to central universities.
    • Mandatory registration on Academic Bank of Credits: Deemed universities must register on the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and can offer twinning programs, joint degree programs, and dual degree programs.

    Off-Campus Centers and Future Plans

    • Off-campus centers eligibility: Deemed universities with a minimum ‘A’ grade or ranked from 1 to 100 in the “universities” category of NIRF rankings are eligible to establish off-campus centers.
    • Future removal of “deemed to be university” term: The UGC chairperson stated that the term “deemed to be university” will be removed once the Higher Education Commission of India is established through an act of Parliament.
    • Current number of deemed institutions: Currently, there are around 170 deemed institutions in the country.

    Back2Basics:

    NAAC NIRF NBA
    Full Form National Assessment and Accreditation Council National Institutional Ranking Framework National Board of Accreditation
    Governing Body University Grants Commission (UGC) Ministry of Education, Government of India All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
    Purpose Assessing and accrediting higher education Ranking higher education institutions Accrediting technical education programs in engineering
    Assessment Criteria Quality parameters and predefined criteria Teaching, learning, research, graduation outcomes, etc. Criteria and standards for quality technical education
    Accreditation Grades A, A+, B, B+, C – –
    Focus Evaluating institution’s quality and performance Ranking institutions based on various parameters Accrediting engineering programs for quality technical education
    Scope All higher education institutions in India All higher education institutions in India Technical education programs in the field of engineering

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