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Subject: Agriculture

  • 21st National Livestock Census 2024, begins

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has launched the 21st National Livestock Census (LC), the five-yearly exercise of counting the country’s livestock.

    Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:

    • For the first time, data collection is being done via a mobile app, enhancing accuracy and timeliness.
    • The census will cover 15 species of animals (excluding poultry) such as cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, and elephant.
    • Information on 219 Indigenous breeds and livestock holdings by pastoralists will also be recorded, along with data on the gender of individuals involved in livestock rearing.

    About Livestock Census (LC)

    • The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide survey conducted every 5 years to count all domesticated animals across households, enterprises, and institutions in rural and urban areas.
      • The National Livestock Census provides detailed data on the population, breeds, and distribution of livestock like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and others.
    • Conducted by the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in collaboration with State/UT governments since 1919.
    • The 21st Livestock Census (2024) is the latest in the series and includes data collected using a dedicated mobile app for improved accuracy and real-time monitoring.

    Significance of the Livestock Census:

    • Policy Formulation: Helps the government develop policies for livestock sector growth, covering aspects like breed improvement, disease control, and feed management.
    • Rural Economy Support: Provides insights into the role of livestock in enhancing rural incomes, nutrition, and employment.
    • Livestock Development Programs: Data supports initiatives like the National Livestock Mission (NLM), which focuses on breed development, feed and fodder improvement, and innovation in livestock practices.
    • Indigenous Breed Conservation: Tracks indigenous livestock breeds to support breed-specific conservation and sustainable practices.

    Previous Census Observations in India:

    [1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):

    • Total Livestock Population: Recorded at 535.78 million, marking a 4.6% increase from the previous census in 2012.
    • Bovine Population: Counted at 302.79 million (includes cattle, buffalo, mithun, and yak).
    • Indigenous vs. Exotic Breeds:
      • Indigenous cattle population declined by 6%, indicating a shift toward crossbred and exotic breeds.
      • Exotic and crossbred cattle increased by 29.3%, driven by rising demand for high milk-yielding breeds.
    • Buffalo Population: Increased by 1% to 109.85 million, contributing significantly to India’s milk production.
    • Sheep and Goat Populations:
      • Sheep population rose by 14.1%, reaching 74.26 million.
      • Goat population grew by 10.1%, totaling 148.88 million.
    • Poultry Population: Experienced a substantial growth of 16.8%, with a total of 851.81 million birds, reflecting the expansion of commercial poultry farming.
    • Female Livestock Population: Increase in female cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%), underscoring the focus on dairy production.

    [2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):

    • Highlighted an increase in buffalo populations and decline in indigenous cattle.
    • Marked significant growth in poultry numbers, reflecting changing agricultural and economic patterns.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.

    [2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
    (a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
    (b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
    (c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
    (d) None of the above

  • ‘Yield’ can’t be the sole indicator for agriculture

    Why in the News?

    Government must embrace a new approach where the success of agriculture is defined by its capacity to nourish people, support livelihoods, and safeguard our planet for future generations.

    What are the limitations of using yield as the sole indicator of agricultural success?

    • Nutritional Quality Neglect as per ICAR (Indian Council for Agricultural Research): Focusing on yield has led to a decline in the nutritional profile of crops. High-yielding varieties often have lower micronutrient densities, as seen in reduced zinc and iron levels in rice and wheat.
    • Increased Input Costs: Higher yield does not always correlate with increased farmer income. The cost of achieving additional yield may be high, especially as the response to fertilizers has declined significantly since the 1970s.
    • Biodiversity Loss: The emphasis on a few high-yielding varieties leads to the loss of diverse, local crop varieties. For example, India has lost around 104,000 rice varieties since the Green Revolution.
    • Environmental Impact: Intensive farming to maximize yield can degrade soil health, reduce water availability, and harm the ecosystem, making agriculture less sustainable.
    • Reduced Resilience: The prioritization of yield over other factors makes crops less resilient to extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves.

    How do other indicators complement yield in assessing agricultural sustainability?

    • Nutritional Output Per Hectare: This indicator measures not just the quantity but the quality of the food produced, addressing nutritional security.
    • Soil Health Metrics: Including soil biological activity and soil organic carbon in evaluations helps ensure long-term soil fertility and productivity.
    • Water-Use Efficiency: Metrics like water-use efficiency track the amount of water required to produce crops, promoting conservation.
    • Farm Biodiversity: Assessing crop diversity at the farm and regional levels (Landscape Diversity Score) improves resilience to pests, diseases, and climate variability.
    • Economic Resilience Metrics: Indicators such as income diversification (through intercropping, livestock rearing, etc.) can help measure farmers’ economic stability.
    • Environmental Impact Measures: Tracking parameters like carbon footprint and ecosystem services evaluates the broader impact of agricultural practices.

    What practices can farmers adopt to improve sustainability beyond just increasing yield? (Way forward)

    • Intercropping: Growing multiple crops together (e.g., sugarcane with vegetables) can provide year-round income and enhance soil health.
    • Agroecological Approaches: Practices such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use help maintain biodiversity and soil fertility.
    • Water Management Techniques: Using methods like drip irrigation and AI-powered tools for optimal irrigation ensures better water use.
    • Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining biological, mechanical, and chemical control methods reduces reliance on harmful pesticides.
    • Conservation Agriculture: Techniques such as no-till farming and mulching help improve soil structure and retain moisture.
    • Adopting Climate-Resilient Varieties: Growing drought-tolerant or flood-resistant crop varieties helps mitigate the impacts of climate change.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • Farmers to receive aid under Rythu Bharosa

    Why in the News?

    After the completion of the loan waiver, the Telangana government will provide Rythu Bharosa assistance to support farmers further.

    About the Rythu Bharosa Scheme:

    Details
    Scheme Name Rythu Bharosa Scheme (Farmer’s Investment Support Scheme – FISS)
    Launch Year 2018-19 Kharif season (Telangana Govt’s Navratna Scheme)
    Objective To support the initial investment needs of farmers by providing financial aid for agriculture and horticulture crops.
    Benefits ₹5,000 per acre per season as a grant for input purchases, with no cap on the number of acres owned by farmers.
    Eligibility
    • Farmers must be residents of Telangana.
    • Must own agricultural land.
    • Small and marginal farmers are eligible.
    • Farmers cultivating land with Record of Forest Rights (ROFR) document (mainly from Scheduled Tribe communities).
    Ineligible Farmers
    • Commercial farmers.
    • Farmers working on a rental contract or tenant farmers.

    Significance of the move

    • Financial Relief for Farmers: By waiving loans of up to ₹2 lakh per farmer, the scheme provides significant financial relief, helping farmers manage their debt and invest in future agricultural activities.
    • Boost to Agricultural Sector: The waiver will enable farmers to focus on improving productivity and crop yields without the burden of debt, potentially boosting the state’s agricultural output.
    • Reduction in Farmer Distress: This move will alleviate distress among farmers, especially those affected by unpredictable weather and fluctuating crop prices, reducing the risk of farm-related suicides and financial instability.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?

    1. Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
    2. Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
    3. Consumption requirements of farm households
    4. Post-harvest expenses
    5. Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 5 only
    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

  • What is the National Agriculture Code, currently being formulated by BIS?

    Why in the News?

    The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has initiated the development of a National Agriculture Code (NAC), similar to the existing National Building Code and National Electrical Code.

    What is the National Agricultural Code (NAC)?

    • The NAC is a comprehensive set of standards for the agricultural sector, formulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
    • It aims to standardize all agricultural practices and post-harvest operations, including the use of machinery, field preparation, water use, crop management, and input management like fertilisers and pesticides.
    • It will cover both traditional and emerging agricultural practices like organic farming, natural farming, and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture.

    What Role Will the NAC Play in Standardization?

    • Comprehensive Framework: The NAC will provide a standardized framework for agricultural processes, ensuring quality, consistency, and efficiency in farming practices across India.
    • Sector-wide Application: It will set guidelines for various aspects of the agriculture sector, including crop selection, land preparation, irrigation, soil and plant health management, post-harvest operations, sustainability, and documentation.
    • Incorporation in Policies: The NAC will serve as a reference for policymakers, agriculture departments, and regulators to incorporate into schemes, policies, and regulations, aiding in quality control across the agricultural value chain.

    Who is Involved in the Formulation of the NAC?

    • The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is leading the formulation of the NAC.
    • The BIS has formed working panels consisting of university professors, R&D organizations, and experts in 12-14 specific areas of agriculture to draft the NAC.
    • The BIS is collaborating with premier agricultural institutes and has already signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with institutes like Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT) for setting up Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms (SADFs).

    How will the NAC Impact Farmers’ Livelihoods?

    • Improved Decision-Making: The NAC will provide farmers with a structured guide for better decision-making in agricultural practices, which will help improve crop yields and reduce resource wastage.
    • Capacity Building: The BIS plans to offer training to farmers on NAC standards, enhancing their technical knowledge and helping them adopt sustainable practices.
    • Quality Assurance and Market Access: Standardized agricultural practices can ensure that crops meet quality requirements, potentially opening up better market access, higher incomes, and improved livelihoods for farmers.
    • Adoption of New Technologies: With standards in place for emerging technologies like IoT in agriculture, farmers can integrate modern technology into their operations, increasing productivity and efficiency.

    Way forward: 

    • Training and Capacity Building: Implement widespread training programs for farmers and agricultural professionals on NAC standards, ensuring smooth adoption of standardized practices and emerging technologies like IoT for improved efficiency.
    • Policy Integration and Support: Ensure seamless incorporation of NAC recommendations into national agricultural policies, with financial incentives and technical support to promote sustainable and quality-driven farming practices across India.

  • Government launches National Mission Edible Oils-Oilseeds to boost domestic production

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved the National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) to enhance domestic oilseed production and attain self-sufficiency in edible oils.

    About the Newly Launched NMEO-Oilseeds:

    • Aim: Boost domestic oilseed production, achieve self-reliance in edible, and boost farmers’ incomes. Currently, imports account for 57% of India’s domestic demand for edible oils.
    • Focus: It will focus on increasing edible oil production from Oil Palm  by enhancing the production of key primary oilseed crops (Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, and Sesamum)
      • Increasing collection and extraction efficiency from secondary sources (Cottonseed, Rice Bran, and Tree Borne Oils).
    • Tenure: 7 years (from 2024-25 to 2030-31)

    Roadmap for the Mission:

    • Increase Edible Oil Production: Achieve 25.45 million tonnes of domestic edible oil production by 2030-31, meeting 72% of domestic demand.
    • Seed Infrastructure: It will introduce an online 5-year rolling seed plan through the Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI) portal to ensure timely availability of seeds.
    • Seed Hubs & Storage: Establish 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units to strengthen seed production infrastructure.
    • Value Chain Clusters: Develop over 600 value chain clusters across 347 districts, covering 10 lakh hectares annually. These clusters will focus on providing high-quality seeds and promoting Good Agricultural Practices (GAP).

    Other Initiatives by the Government:

    • National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP): Launched in 2021 with a budget of Rs 11,040 crore to boost oil palm cultivation.
    • Import Duties: A 20% import duty on edible oils has been imposed to protect domestic producers from cheap imports and encourage local oilseed cultivation.
    • MSP & PM-AASHA: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for mandated edible oilseeds has been increased, and the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) ensures oilseed farmers receive MSP through price support and deficiency payment schemes.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Research and Development: Invest in research initiatives focused on developing climate-resilient, high-yield oilseed varieties through advanced technologies like genome editing.
    • Enhance Farmer Engagement and Training: Implement comprehensive training programs for farmers on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and effective resource management.

  • [pib] Cabinet approves PM Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY) and Krishonnati Yojana (KY)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet approved the rationalization of all Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare into two umbrella schemes:

    • Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY) – A cafeteria scheme aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture.
    • Krishonnati Yojana (KY) – Focuses on food security and agricultural self-sufficiency.

    About PM Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY):

    Details
    Objective To promote sustainable agriculture and improve agricultural productivity.
    Total Proposed Expenditure Rs 1,01,321.61 crore (combined with Krishonnati Yojana).
    Central Share (DA&FW) Rs 57,074.72 crore under PM-RKVY.
    Key Initiatives under PM-RKVY
    • Soil Health Management
    • Rainfed Area Development
    • Agro Forestry
    • Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
    • Agricultural Mechanization (including Crop Residue Management)
    • Per Drop More Crop
    • Crop Diversification Programme
    • RKVY DPR Component
    • Accelerator Fund for Agri Startups
    Key Focus Sustainable agricultural practices, soil health, water conservation, crop diversification, organic farming, and agricultural mechanization.
    Flexibility for States Increased flexibility for state governments to reallocate funds based on unique requirements of the states.
    Implementation Method Funds allocated to states, with state governments developing Comprehensive Strategic Documents addressing crop production, climate resilience, and value chains.
    Benefits Avoid duplication, ensure convergence, and streamline the approval process for quicker implementation of Annual Action Plans (AAP).

     

    Schemes merged into Krishonnati Yojana (KY):

    • National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
    • National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
    • Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
    • National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
    • Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)
    • National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET)
    • Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)

    PYQ:

    [2014] Consider the following pairs:

    Programme/Project Ministry
    1. Drought – Prone Areas Programme Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
    2. Desert Development Programme Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
    3. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas Ministry of rural development

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) Only 1 and 2

    (b) Only 3

    (c) 1, 2 and 3

    (d) None of these

  • Nanjangud Rasabale Banana

    Why in the News?

    The “Nanjangud Rasabale banana” has been revived after a drastic decline in cultivation, despite receiving Geographical Indication (GI) certification in 2006 for its unique taste and aroma.

    About Nanjangud Rasabale Banana

    Details
    Origin Devarasanahalli village near Nanjangud, Mysore district, Karnataka
    Unique Features
    • Unique taste, aroma, small size, buttery soft texture
    • 5-8 cm in length, 2-3 cm in diameter
    Cultivation
    • In 2006-07, 180 farmers cultivated on 100 hectares; dropped to 15 farmers on 10 hectares by 2019-20.
    • By the end of 2023-24, 200 farmers cultivating on 75 hectares.
    Soil  Black saline alluvial soil along the banks of the Kapila River
    Significance Popular in traditional festivals, religious ceremonies, and Kannada literature
    Cultural Reference Mentioned in Kayyar Kinhanna Rai’s poem, a notable Kannada literary work
    Challenges Decline in quality due to heavy use of chemical fertilizers
    Economic Impact Significant for local farmers, high demand due to limited availability

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?

    (a) Andaman Islands

    (b) Anaimalai Forests

    (c) Maikala Hills

    (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast

  • Spices Board targets exports of $25 billion by 2047

    Why in the News?

    • The Spices Board of India aims to achieve $25 billion in annual exports of spices and spice-based products by 2047, a significant increase from the current $4.4 billion.
      • Current consumption is 10 million tonnes, with 1.42 million tonnes exported annually. By 2047, the export target is 2.7 million tonnes.

    About Spices Board of India

    • The merger of the erstwhile Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council on 26th February 1987, under the Spices Board Act 1986 led to the formation of the Spice Board of India.
    • The Board functions as an International link between the Indian exporters and the importers abroad with a nodal Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
    • It is headed by a Chairman, a rank equivalent to Joint Secretary to the GoI.
    • Headquartered in Kochi, it has regional laboratories in Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Tuticorin, Kandla and Guntur.
    • Main Functions:
      • It promotes organic production, processing, and certification of spices.
      • Responsible for the overall development of Cardamom.
      • It focuses on post-harvest improvement programs to improve the quality of the 52 scheduled spices for export.
      • These programs are included under the head ‘Export Oriented Production’.

    Present Scenario of Spices  

    • Production:
      • Major producing states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
      • During 2022-23, the export of spices from India stood at US$ 3.73 billion, up from US$ 3.46 billion in 2021-22.
      • India produces about 75 of the 109 varieties listed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
    • Major Produced and Exported Spices by India:
      • Pepper, cardamom, chili, ginger, turmeric, coriander, cumin, celery, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, nutmeg & mace, curry powder, spice oils, and oleoresins.
      • Out of these spices, chili, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander make up about 76% of the total production.
      • Chilli is the leading export earner, generating $1.1 billion annually.
      • Ginger exports have a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27%.
    • Export:
      • In 2023-24, India’s spice exports totalled $4.25 billion, accounting for a 12% share of the global spice exports (till February 2024 data).
      • India exported spices and spice products to 159 destinations worldwide as of 2023-24. The top destinations were China, the USA, Bangladesh, the UAE, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the UK, and Sri Lanka. These countries accounted for more than 70% of total exports.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?

    (a) Spices

    (b) Fresh fruits

    (c) Pulses

    (d) Vegetable oils

  • Cabinet approves continuation of PM-AASHA to provide better prices to farmers

    Why in the News?

    The government has approved the extension of the PM-AASHA scheme, allocating ₹35,000 crore, to ensure farmers receive better prices for their produce and to regulate price fluctuations of essential commodities for consumers.

    What is PM-AASHA?

    Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) is an umbrella scheme launched by the Government of India in September 2018, aimed at ensuring remunerative prices for farmers’ produce. It integrates various existing schemes to provide a comprehensive approach to price support, including:

    • Price Support Scheme (PSS): Physical procurement of specific crops by central agencies.
    • Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS): Direct payments to farmers for the difference between the Minimum Support Price (MSP) and market prices.
    • Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS): Involvement of private players in crop procurement.

    The scheme has been extended until 2025-26 with a financial outlay of ₹35,000 crore to enhance its effectiveness and reach.

    What are the implications of PM-AASHA?

    • Income Security: By ensuring MSP, PM-AASHA aims to stabilize farmers’ incomes and protect them from price fluctuations in the market.
    • Increased Production: The assurance of remunerative prices is expected to encourage farmers to increase production, particularly in pulses and oilseeds, which have historically been underproduced.
    • Market Stability: The scheme helps regulate prices of essential commodities, making them affordable for consumers while ensuring fair compensation for producers.
    • Strengthened Procurement Mechanism: The integration of various schemes under PM-AASHA enhances the overall procurement process, making it more efficient and transparent.

    What are the issues related to MSP?

    • Limited Coverage: MSP is primarily applicable to a few crops like wheat and rice, leaving many farmers without guaranteed prices for their produce.
    • Inefficient Procurement Infrastructure: The existing infrastructure for procurement is inadequate, leading to delays and inefficiencies that affect farmers’ ability to sell their produce at MSP.
    • Lack of Awareness: Many farmers are unaware of their rights regarding MSP or how to access these benefits effectively.
    • Regional Disparities: There are significant regional disparities in the implementation of MSP. States like Punjab and Haryana benefit more from MSP due to better procurement systems, while farmers in other states may struggle to access these benefits.
    • Market Distortions: The MSP system leads to market distortions, encouraging overproduction of certain crops while neglecting others.

    What should be done to resolve the issues related to MSP?

    • Expand MSP Coverage: The government should consider extending MSP to a wider range of crops, particularly those that are crucial for food security and farmer livelihoods.
    • Enhance Procurement Infrastructure: Investments should be made in developing better procurement facilities, including storage and transportation systems, especially in rural areas.
    • Increase Awareness Campaigns: Implementing educational programs for farmers about their rights regarding MSP and how they can benefit from it would empower them significantly.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low income trap?  (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • Nagaland’s King Chilli Festival

    Why in the News?

    The village of Seiyhama in Nagaland hosted the 3rd edition of the Naga King Chilli Festival, celebrating the importance of the Naga king chilli, one of the world’s hottest chillies.

    About Naga King Chilli

    • The Naga King Chilli, also known as Raja Mircha or Bhut Jolokia, is one of the world’s hottest chillies, with heat levels exceeding 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU).
    • It is primarily grown in the Northeast Indian states of Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh.
    • In 2006, it was certified by the Guinness World Records as the hottest chilli in the world, a title it held for several years.
    • In 2008, it received a GI tag, recognizing its unique origin and significance in the global spice market.
    • The chilli has a heat range of 800,000 to 1,041,427 SHU, making it significantly hotter than common chillies like the jalapeño, which has a SHU of 2,500 to 8,000.
    • Benefits offered:
      • Rich in capsaicin, it is known for its pain-relieving properties and potential health benefits, such as boosting metabolism, promoting heart health, and relieving pain and inflammation.
      • Traditionally, the chilli has been used to preserve food in Nagaland’s hot, humid climate, helping to extend the shelf life of food and reduce waste.
    • Cultivation:
      • The chilli is grown in bamboo groves using ancient cultivation methods.
      • Farming begins in December or January, with peak harvests in August and September.
      • Approximately 150 households in Seiyhama village, Nagaland, cultivate the Naga King Chilli, with the annual harvest reaching 14,000 kg, valued at ₹70 lakh.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees

    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 only 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3