💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Subject: Environment

  • Why protecting India’s forests should be a part of national security?

    forests

    What’s the news?

    • Recently, a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) gave its endorsement to the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, which seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The proposed amendments have attracted objections and controversy, raising concerns.

    Central idea

    • Since the early 1970s, growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by human activities has led to an understanding of its impact on our lives. Disastrous events, such as wildfires, extreme weather conditions and the loss of biodiversity, have adversely affected billions of people worldwide. In response, numerous multilateral environmental agreements and policies have been established to reverse these trends.

    What is the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023?

    • The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill is a proposed legislation aimed at amending the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 in India.
    • The proposed amendments seek to address certain issues and introduce changes to enhance forest conservation efforts and promote sustainable development.

    Background: Forest Conservation Act, 1980

    • The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, was enacted to protect the country’s forests and empower the central government to regulate the extraction of forest resources, including timber, bamboo, coal, and minerals, by industries and forest-dwelling communities.
    • Prior to the implementation of the Forest Conservation Act, extensive deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes were prevalent.
    • From 1951 to 1975, approximately four million hectares of forest land were diverted. However, since the Act came into effect, from 1980 to 2023, only around one million hectares have been diverted.

    Analysis: Proposed Amendments and Their Implications

    • Reclassification of Forest Areas:
    • The proposed amendment restricts the Forest Conservation Act’s application to only areas officially declared as forest after October 25, 1980, which may invalidate the expansive interpretation provided by the Supreme Court’s 1996 judgment.
    • Potentially, this could lead to thousands of square kilometers of forests losing legal protection, putting 27.62 percent of India’s forest cover at risk.
    • Exemptions for Projects Near Border Areas and Security Purposes:
    • The amendment proposes to eliminate the requirement of forest clearances for security-related infrastructure within 100 km of international borders.
    • While national security is important, ecological security plays an equally critical role in safeguarding citizens’ well-being. Fast-tracking without environmental appraisal could lead to irreversible damage to ecologically significant ecosystems in these regions.
    • Exemptions for Zoos, Safari Parks, and Ecotourism Activities:
    • Granting exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities may result in the destruction of natural ecosystems, which are vital in buffering against climate change-induced weather patterns.
    • Instead, conservation centers should be established away from forested areas, and ecotourism projects should undergo thorough environmental assessments to prevent adverse impacts.
    • Disempowering Local Communities:
    • The proposal to exempt a vast number of projects from the clearance process would deprive forest-dwelling communities of their right to be consulted.
    • The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, mandates obtaining free, prior, and informed consent from local communities through gram sabhas.
    • By bypassing this process, the proposed amendment undermines the rights of forest-dwelling tribal people and others.

    Challenges in forest conservation in India

    • Inadequate Forest Cover: With only 21 percent of India’s land area having forest cover and a mere 12.37 percent being intact natural forest, meeting the target of 33 percent forest cover poses a significant challenge.
    • Decline in Northeastern Forests: The northeastern states, known for their biodiversity richness, have experienced a net decline of 3,199 sq km of forest cover from 2009 to 2019, further exacerbating the forest conservation challenge.

    Why should protecting India’s forests be a part of national security?

    • Ecological Security: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and stability, providing essential ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation.
    • Climate Change Mitigation: By safeguarding forests, India can contribute significantly to global efforts in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Water Security: Forests act as natural watersheds, regulating water flow and ensuring the replenishment of groundwater, thereby securing a sustainable water supply.
    • Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting forests is vital for maintaining ecological resilience and preserving unique plant and animal species.
    • Livelihoods and Food Security: Millions of people, especially tribal communities, depend on forests for their livelihoods, food, and cultural practices.
    • Prevention of Conflict: Protecting forests near international borders can help prevent conflicts related to resource disputes and cross-border activities.
    • National Economy and Resources: Forests contribute significantly to the national economy through industries like timber and non-timber forest products.
    • Health and Well-being: Access to green spaces and forests promotes healthier lifestyles and reduces stress, benefiting public health.

    Way forward: key steps and strategies to consider

    • Strengthen Implementation of Existing Laws: Rather than introducing new amendments, focus on enhancing the implementation of existing laws, such as the Forest Act, 1980, and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006. Effective enforcement and monitoring of these laws can lead to better protection of forests and the rights of local communities.
    • Maintain a Broader Interpretation of Forest: Uphold the Supreme Court’s interpretation of forest as encompassing all forests, regardless of official declarations. This will ensure the continued legal protection of ecologically sensitive areas, preventing the loss of forests due to reclassification.
    • Preserve Ecologically Important Areas: Avoid exempting projects near border areas and for security purposes from forest clearances, especially in ecologically significant regions like the northeastern states. Maintain a balance between national security concerns and ecological security.
    • Review Exemptions for Development Projects: Reassess the exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities. Develop guidelines and criteria for ecotourism projects that prioritize environmental conservation and minimize negative impacts.
    • Ensure Transparent Decision-Making: Eliminate the provision allowing the central government to exempt clearances for any other purposes to avoid potential misuse, and ensure transparent and accountable decision-making in all projects.
    • Empower Local Communities: Uphold the rights of forest-dwelling communities by actively involving them in decision-making processes. Obtain free, prior, and informed consent through gram sabhas before implementing any projects on forest lands.
    • Raise Public Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of forests, biodiversity, and environmental conservation. Create awareness campaigns to garner public support for sustainable forest management and protection.
    • Research and Science-Based Conservation: Support scientific research on forest ecosystems and their functions. Utilize scientific evidence to inform conservation policies and strategies.

    Conclusion

    • While the preamble of the Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023, outlines commendable goals, the proposed amendments themselves appear to contradict these objectives. It is essential to prioritize environmental protection and consider the long-term consequences of such amendments on India’s natural ecosystems and the well-being of its citizens. To safeguard our environment for future generations, it is crucial to avoid any changes that weaken existing protective measures.

    Also read:

    Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill and the Forests rights

     

  • What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?

    heat wave

    Central Idea

    • MHWs have engulfed regions like the northeast Pacific, southern Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean, as reported by Mercator Ocean International.
    • In April, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) peaked at 21.1 degrees Celsius, breaking the previous record set in 2016.

    What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?

    • While we often associate heatwaves with the atmosphere, they can also occur in the ocean, known as Marine Heatwaves (MHWs).
    • These prolonged periods of excessively warm sea surface temperatures (SST) can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and industries.

      • SST is the temperature of the top layer of the ocean, typically measured at a depth of 1 millimeter to a few meters using buoys.

    • MHWs can happen in both summer and winter, with “winter warm-spells” affecting specific regions and species.

    How are MHWs measured?

    • Threshold Criteria: A marine heatwave is characterized by seawater temperatures exceeding a seasonally-varying threshold (often the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.
    • Continuity of Events: Successive heatwaves with gaps of 2 days or less are considered part of the same MHW event.

    heat wave

    Causes of Marine Heatwaves

    • Air-sea heat flux: Ocean currents and air-sea heat flux are common drivers of MHWs, leading to the build-up of warm water in specific areas.
    • Influences of Wind and Climate Modes: Wind patterns can enhance or suppress MHWs. They influence the likelihood of events occurring in certain regions.
    • Large-Scale Climate Drivers: Events like the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can also contribute to the formation of MHWs.
    • Intensification with Global Warming: Rising global temperatures have resulted in longer-lasting, more frequent, and intense MHWs in recent decades.
    • Human Influence: 87% of MHWs can be attributed to human-induced warming, with the oceans absorbing significant amounts of heat due to greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Oceans as Heat Sink: Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat caused by greenhouse gas emissions, increasing global mean sea surface temperature by nearly 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850.

    Impacts of Marine Heatwaves

    • Ecosystem Structure: MHWs can disrupt ecosystem structure, supporting certain species while suppressing others.
    • Kelp Forest Destruction: MHWs along the Western Australian coast in 2010-2011 devastated kelp forests and fundamentally altered the ecosystem of the coast.
    • Economic Losses: MHWs can cause economic losses, particularly in fisheries and aquaculture industries.
    • Vulnerability of Temperature-Sensitive Species: Species such as corals are highly vulnerable to MHWs. The 2016 marine heatwaves in northern Australia caused severe bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef.

    Impact on Marine Ecosystems

    • Catastrophic Effects: MHWs have led to the death of numerous marine species, altered migration patterns, and caused coral bleaching, endangering coral reefs.
    • Coral Bleaching: High ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005 led to a massive coral bleaching event, impacting over 80% of surveyed corals, with severe consequences for marine life.
    • Invasive Species and Ecological Imbalance: MHWs fuel the growth of invasive alien species, disrupting marine food webs and posing threats to wildlife. Ex. Whale entanglements in fishing gear.

    Consequences for Humans

    • Amplifying Storms: Higher ocean temperatures associated with MHWs make storms like hurricanes and cyclones stronger, leading to severe weather events and flooding.
    • Threat to Coral Reefs: Half a billion people depend on coral reefs for food, income, and protection, but MHWs pose a grave threat to these ecosystems, impacting human livelihoods.
    • Socio-Economic Impact: Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the socio-economic impacts of MHWs, affecting fisheries and tourism.

  • Climate targets are becoming outdated: India needs its own

    Climate

    What’s the news?

    • The media’s attention has been focused on the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming target and the influence of El Niño this year. While crossing this temperature threshold is a cause for concern, the hyperbolic end-of-the-world messaging around the climate crisis deserves revaluation.

    Central idea

    • The target in the Paris Agreement, to keep the planet’s surface from warming by 2 degrees Celsius by 2100, has been touted as a monumental goal. However, despite negotiations for more than two decades, global carbon emissions have not slowed. Also, the target was not derived scientifically. Instead of fixating on alarming scenarios, it is crucial to approach the climate challenge with a balanced perspective.

    What is 2 Degrees Celsius Target?

    • In 2015, during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, the Paris Agreement was adopted by nearly all countries of the world.
    • The central aim of the agreement is to keep global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
    • The 1.5 degrees Celsius target was introduced to address concerns raised by vulnerable nations, particularly small island states.
    • To achieve the 2 degrees Celsius target, countries are required to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that outline their planned efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
    • The Paris Agreement emphasizes the importance of global cooperation and collective action to tackle climate change

    What is Earth System Models (ESM’s)?

    • ESM’s are complex computational models used by climate scientists to simulate the Earth’s climate system.
    • These models are designed to represent the interactions and feedbacks between various components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and biogeochemical processes.
    • These models use numerical methods to solve these equations over a grid covering the entire globe, allowing scientists to simulate climate processes and changes over both short and long-time scales.

    Key concerns regarding 2 Degrees target

    • The 2 degrees Celsius target was not established based on robust scientific evidence or a comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts of such warming.
    • Despite the international efforts and commitments made under the Paris Agreement, global carbon emissions have not shown signs of significant reduction.
    • The 2 degrees Celsius target may not adequately address the regional variations in climate impacts.
    • ESM’s used for climate projections struggle to accurately simulate regional-scale climate variations, especially in places like the Indian subcontinent.
    • There are doubts about the ability to distinguish between the consequences of 1.5- and 2-degrees Celsius warming and to design region-specific climate adaptation policies.

    Uncertainties for India

    • Uncertainties in ESM’s make it difficult to accurately predict regional climate impacts at the scale of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Climate change affects water availability, precipitation patterns, and glacial melt in the Himalayas. Unpredictability of these factors can have significant implications for India’s overall water security.
    • Uncertainties in climate projections impact India’s agricultural sector, making it challenging to predict crop yields and plan for food security.
    • Coastal areas in India, including major cities like Mumbai and Kolkata, are vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels, leading to increased risks of flooding and coastal erosion.
    • Climate change can exacerbate health issues, including heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and air pollution. Uncertainties in how climate change affects disease patterns make it challenging to plan and implement effective public health responses.

    Way forward

    • Set ambitious and science-based climate targets that align with the latest climate research and international commitments.
    • Revisit the 2 degrees Celsius warming target and consider more stringent goals to limit global warming.
    • Invest in climate science and research to enhance the accuracy of regional climate projections and improve understanding of climate impacts on India.
    • Strategies should focus on sectors like agriculture, water resources, infrastructure, and health to build resilience against the impacts of climate change.
    • Accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
    • Develop and implement measures to protect coastal areas from sea-level rise and extreme weather events.
    • Strengthen public health systems to address health challenges related to climate change. This includes heatwave preparedness, disease surveillance, and measures to reduce air pollution.
    • Foster climate education and empower citizens to participate in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.

    Conclusion

    • The 2 degrees Celsius target, while widely accepted and seen as a significant milestone in addressing climate change, is not without its flaws and uncertainties. Going forward, it is essential for the global community to reassess and update climate targets based on the best available scientific evidence and consider the specific needs of different regions to effectively combat the climate crisis.

    Also read:

    Climate Change: Mission Adaptation A Comprehensive Measure

  • [pib] IMD launches Heat Index

    heat index

    Central Idea

    • Union Ministry of Earth Sciences informed that the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has introduced the Heat Index on an experimental basis.

    IMD Heat Index

    • The Heat Index aims to provide general guidance for regions in India where the combination of temperature and humidity leads to higher apparent temperatures, causing discomfort for people.
    • It is derived using an equation similar to the one used by the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA.
    • It considers the impact of humidity on high temperatures, providing a “feel-like” temperature for human beings and indicating the level of discomfort.

    Color Codes for Experimental Heat Index

    The Heat Index is represented with different color codes to signify the varying levels of heat impact and discomfort:

    1. Green: Below 35°C
    2. Yellow: Range of 36-45°C
    3. Orange: Range of 46-55°C
    4. Red: Above 55°C

    Mitigating heat impact in India

    • The Heat Index is currently being implemented on an experimental basis across India, including Andhra Pradesh.
    • Under the Heat Action Plan, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) collaborates with local agencies such as the Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) to implement the Heat Index project for Bhubaneshwar and Ahmedabad.

  • Monsoon session of Parliament to decide fate of Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill

    Biological

    What’s the news?

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 is set to be tabled during the monsoon session of the Parliament. Earlier, it was to be discussed in the Lok Sabha on March 29, 2023 but was deferred.

    Central idea

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022, introduced in 2021 seeks to amend the existing Biological Diversity Act, 2002. However, it has faced criticism and reservations due to concerns that certain amendments may favor industry interests and not adequately uphold the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The bill’s journey so far has raised questions about its potential impact on biodiversity conservation in India.

    Objectives of the Bill

    • The main objectives of the amendment bill are to ease regulations on wild medicinal plants,
    • Promote the Indian system of medicine
    • Foster an environment for collaborative research and investments
    • Reduce the burden of obtaining permissions from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) for practitioners and companies producing medicinal products

    Controversial Provisions of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022

    • The bill proposes to de-criminalize violations of biodiversity laws and withdraws the power given to the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to file a First Information Report (FIR) against defaulting parties.
    • The bill allows domestic companies to use biodiversity without seeking approval from biodiversity boards. Only foreign controlled companies are required to acquire permission.
    • The bill includes the term codified traditional knowledge, which grants exemptions to users, including practitioners of Indian systems of medicine, from the provisions of approvals for accessing or sharing benefits.

    Concerns raised by the activists

    • Some critics argue that the proposed amendments may weaken biodiversity conservation efforts in India
    • Lack of oversight and accountability may lead to unchecked utilization of biodiversity resources, which could negatively impact ecosystems and biodiversity.
    • The codified traditional knowledge may enable profit-seeking domestic companies to exploit traditional knowledge without adequately compensating the communities that have conserved and developed it for generations.
    • The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) emphasizes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of biodiversity. The proposed amendments may not fully align with these principles.
    • While the bill aims to promote traditional medicine and ease regulations, it may not sufficiently address the broader issues of biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and the need for stronger conservation measures.
    • Weakening biodiversity protection and benefit-sharing mechanisms could disproportionately affect indigenous and local communities, which often rely on biodiversity for their livelihoods and cultural practices.

    Way forward

    • Reassess and redraft the contentious provisions in the bill, particularly those related to decriminalizing violations, exempting domestic companies from seeking permission, and codified traditional knowledge.
    • Establish robust and transparent mechanisms for equitable benefit sharing from the use of biodiversity.
    • Adequately compensate indigenous communities and traditional knowledge holders for their role in conserving and preserving biodiversity.
    • Incentivize businesses that prioritize conservation and sustainable utilization of resources.
    • Strengthen enforcement measures to ensure compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations. Establish appropriate penalties for violations to deter non-compliance.
    • Align the bill with India’s international commitments, especially those agreed upon during the 15th Conference of Parties to the CBD.
    • Strengthen the capacity and authority of biodiversity governance bodies like the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to effectively regulate and monitor biodiversity-related activities.

    Conclusion

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 presents a complex dilemma for biodiversity conservation in India. As the bill awaits discussion in the monsoon session, it becomes crucial for policymakers to address the concerns raised by activists and legal experts, ensuring that India’s biodiversity is safeguarded and aligned with global conservation goals.

    Also read:

    Why is there a controversy on the forest Bill?

  • Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?

     

    What’s the news?

    • The average daily global temperature on Thursday was recorded at 17.12 degrees Celsius, encompassing measurements over land, ocean, ice sheets, and mountainous snow regions.

    Central idea

    • In a concerning announcement, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) declared June as the hottest month ever recorded on Earth since temperature tracking began 174 years ago. The heatwave has persisted into July, with 18 out of the first 20 days witnessing unprecedented average daily global temperatures.

    What is Heat-wave?

    It is a period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts two or more days, but there is no universally accepted definition of a heatwave. (Image: News18 Creative)

    • A heatwave is a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.
    • Heatwaves usually last for several days or weeks and can occur in both dry and humid
    • Characterized by temperatures that are significantly higher than the average for a particular region during that time of year.

    What are heat domes?

    Heat Waves and Heat Dome | 20 Jul 2021

    • A heat dome occurs when an area of high-pressure stays over a region for days and weeks. It traps warm air, just like a lid on a pot, for an extended period.
    • The longer that air remains trapped, the more the sun works to heat the air, producing warmer conditions with every passing day.
    • Heat domes, if they last for a long period, may cause deadly heat waves.

    What are Anticyclones?

    • An anticyclone, also known as a high-pressure system, is essentially an area of high pressure in which the air goes downwards towards the Earth’s surface.
    • As the air sinks, its molecules get compressed, which increases the pressure, making it warmer. This causes dry and hot weather.
    • The winds remain calm and gentle during an anticyclone, and there is almost no formation of clouds because here the air sinks rather than rises.

    Factors behind this scorching trend?

    • Climate change: The primary driver behind the escalating heatwaves and rising global temperatures is human-induced climate change.
    • The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and other human activities release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to the greenhouse effect, resulting in the warming of the Earth’s surface.
    • El Nino events, characterized by abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, can elevate temperatures worldwide and exacerbate heatwaves.
    • Heat domes and anticyclones are weather phenomena that can intensify and extend heatwaves.
    • Warmer oceans release more heat into the atmosphere, fueling extreme weather events like heatwaves.
    • Urban areas with concrete and asphalt surfaces can create heat islands that retain and amplify heat, leading to higher temperatures within cities compared to surrounding rural areas.
    • Climate change can trigger feedback loops that amplify its effects. For example, melting ice in the Arctic reduces the Earth’s reflective surface, leading to increased absorption of sunlight and further warming.

    *NOTE: Although heat domes and anticyclones don’t occur due to climate change, they have become more intense and longer as a result of soaring global temperatures.

    Impact of Heatwaves

    1.Human Health Impacts:

    • Heat-related Illnesses: Heatwaves can cause heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The elderly, young children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable.
    • Dehydration: High temperatures and excessive sweating can lead to dehydration, especially if individuals do not consume enough fluids.

    2.Impact on Agriculture:

    • Crop Failure: Prolonged heatwaves can cause damage to crops and reduce agricultural yields due to drought conditions and water shortages.
    • Livestock Stress: High temperatures can lead to heat stress in livestock, affecting their productivity and overall health.

    3.Environmental Impact:

    • Drought: Heatwaves can contribute to drought conditions by increasing evaporation and reducing water availability, leading to water scarcity and affecting ecosystems.
    • Wildfires: Hot and dry conditions during heatwaves can increase the risk of wildfires, leading to extensive damage to forests and wildlife habitats.
    • Water Quality: Heatwaves can lead to higher water temperatures, which may negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and decrease water quality.

    4.Energy Demand and Infrastructure Stress:

    • Increased Energy Consumption: Heatwaves result in higher energy demand due to the use of air conditioning and cooling systems, putting strain on the power grid.
    • Power Outages: The increased demand for electricity during heatwaves can lead to power outages if the electrical infrastructure becomes overloaded.

    5.Social and Economic Impact:

    • Disruption of Daily Activities: Heatwaves can disrupt daily life, making it uncomfortable to work, travel, or engage in outdoor activities.
    • Economic Losses: Heatwaves can result in productivity losses, increased healthcare costs, and damage to infrastructure, leading to economic impacts on communities and businesses.

    Worse affected countries

    • United States: North America, particularly the United States, has experienced prolonged heatwaves covering a large swath of the country. States like California, Florida, New Mexico, and Arizona have been experiencing extreme temperatures. Temperature remained around 43.3 degree Celsius.
    • Europe: Countries in Europe, such as Italy and Greece, have been gripped by two consecutive heatwaves. Italy’s island of Sardinia saw temperatures reaching 47.7 degrees Celsius, and Greece experienced temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, leading to wildfires and affecting historical sites.
    • Spain: Spain witnessed a temperature of 45.4 degrees Celsius in the town of Figueres, the highest temperature recorded in the country since 1928. It led to dry spells and wildfires.
    • Asia: China, Iraq and Saudi Arabia remain some of the worst affected countries. A remote township in China saw temperatures touching 52 degree Celsius
    • Algeria: North Africa’s Algeria has reported record-breaking temperatures, with some experts suggesting temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius in certain areas.
    • Tunisia: Tunisia has also been impacted by severe heatwaves, with temperatures reaching up to 49 degrees Celsius in some regions.

    Mains Marks enhancer: Best Practices in India

    • Andhra Pradesh:
      • Setting up Heat Action Plans: Cities like Vijayawada have implemented Heat Action Plans that include public awareness campaigns, heat helplines, and designated cooling centers to provide relief to vulnerable populations.
    • Telangana:
      • Early Warning Systems: The Telangana State Development Planning Society issues heatwave alerts and early warnings to district authorities and the public, allowing them to take precautionary measures.
    • Rajasthan:
      • Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Cities like Jaipur have implemented measures to reduce the urban heat island effect by promoting green spaces, reflective surfaces, and better urban planning.
    • Gujarat:
      • Cool Roofs: The Gujarat government has encouraged the use of cool roofs in buildings to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures during heatwaves.
    • Tamil Nadu:
      • Heatwave Awareness Programs: The Tamil Nadu government conducts awareness programs through schools, colleges, and community organizations to educate people about heatwave safety and preparedness.

    Way forward: Urgent actions needed

    • The international community must strengthen and implement the commitments made under climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement.
    • Countries should set more ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
    • Provide support to developing nations to enhance climate resilience and adaptation.
    • Prioritize the transition to renewable energy sources and invest in clean technologies.
    • Develop robust adaptation strategies such as involves establishing heat emergency response plans, cooling centers, and public awareness campaigns.
    • Cities should adopt green urban planning practices, incorporating green spaces, green roofs, and sustainable building designs to mitigate the urban heat island effect and promote natural cooling.
    • Promote sustainable land management practices, including reforestation and afforestation
    • Enhance early warning systems to detect and respond to extreme heat events promptly.

    Conclusion

    • The alarming surge in global temperatures, culminating in devastating heatwaves across continents, is a potent reminder of the urgency to combat climate change. As nations grapple with the immediate impacts of heatwaves, it is imperative to take collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate the effects of climate change, and safeguard the planet for future generations. The time to act is now; the consequences of inaction are too dire to ignore.

    Also read:

    Heatwaves in India: Increasing Frequency Needs Range of Measures to Mitigate

  • Genetic Resources Commission gathers in Rome

    genetic

    Central Idea

    • Delegates from around the world have convened in Rome, Italy for the 19th session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA).

    What is Commission on Genetic Resources?

    Description
    Establishment Established in 1983 by the FAO
    Membership 181 member countries including India
    Governing Body Bureau consisting of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons, and FAO representative
    Mandate Promote conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture
    ITPGRFA Responsible for implementing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
    Functions Address specific areas such as plant genetic resources, animal genetic resources, and digital sequence information
    Global Goals Contributes to SDG 2 on Zero Hunger and sustainable agricultural development

     

    Focus areas

    • The session will focus on three main topics:
    1. Review of work on biodiversity, nutrition, and human health.
    2. Access and benefit-sharing for food and agriculture.
    3. Digital sequence information for food and agriculture.
    4. Biodiversity for food and agriculture.
    5. The role of genetic resources in mitigating and adapting to climate change.
    6. Forest genetic resources.
    7. Microorganism and invertebrate genetic resources, including pollinators and biological control agents.
    8. Animal genetic resources

  • Radio collars are killing the cheetahs in Kuno. Here is how — and why

    cheetah

    What’s the news?

    • Till now, eight translocated cheetahs at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP) have died.

    Central idea

    • The recent deaths of two cheetahs in Kuno due to suspected septicaemia from festering neck wounds caused by radio collars have raised concerns about the reintroduction project. Similar injuries have been observed in three other cheetahs. This unexpected setback has puzzled experts familiar with the routine use of collars for monitoring and research purposes in both India and Africa.

    What are collars on animals?

    • Collars on animals refer to devices worn around the neck or attached to the neck area of an animal. These collars serve various purposes depending on the specific context and the type of animal involved.

    What are Radio Collars used on Cheetahs?

    • Radio collars are like tracking collars which utilizes radio signals for monitoring animals.
    • They are commonly used in wildlife research to gather information about animal movements, home ranges, and social interactions.
    • Radio collars can provide valuable insights into the behaviour and ecology of animals in the wild.

    The Problem with Collars

    • Carrying a device on the body for an extended period can have adverse effects.
    • A study published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research highlighted the higher presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the wrists of watch wearers, which can lead to sepsis or death.
    • Similarly, domestic dogs often develop acute moist dermatitis or hot spots under collars, worsened by tick or flea bites.
    • Moreover, tight-fitting collars can cause pressure necrosis and hair loss around the neck, resembling bedsores

    Factors Influencing Vulnerability of Cheetahs in Kuno

    • Cheetahs possess a furrier winter coat compared to tigers or leopards, which retains more water and takes longer to dry.
    • This prolonged moisture exposure weakens the skin over time.
    • A study criticized the 3% collar weight rule for not considering animal athleticism.
    • Accelerometer-based research revealed that collars exert forces on cheetahs during movement equivalent to up to 18 times the collar’s weight.
    • This weight burden, particularly on a wet coat, may have adverse effects on cheetahs during high-speed sprints.
    • Cheetahs may be vulnerable to local pathogens to which Indian tigers and leopards are immune.
    • Alternatively, the cheetahs might have carried dormant pathogens that thrived under new conditions, given their weakened immunity due to stress

    What needs to be done?

    • An immediate action is to track, immobilize, and evaluate all cheetahs for neck injuries caused by the radio collars.
    • Reevaluating the use of radio collars and exploring collar modifications or alternatives.
    • Developing lighter collars and ensuring proper fitting to minimize the risk of collar-induced injuries.
    • Non-invasive tracking methods that do not require collars could be explored.
    • Providing appropriate veterinary care and treatment
    • Understand and identify the specific pathogens causing collar-induced infections in the cheetahs of Kuno
    • Collaboration among wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, and conservationists is crucial. Consultation and sharing knowledge and experiences.

    FYI: Some common types of collars used on animals

    • Identification Collars: Collars with tags or labels are often used on domestic pets such as dogs and cats for identification purposes.
    • Tracking Collars: Tracking collars are commonly used in wildlife research and conservation Equipped with GPS or radio transmitters – monitor movement and behavior of animals.
    • Electric Fencing Collars: To train livestock and other animals to avoid crossing designated boundaries. Electric fencing systems and deliver a mild electric shock
    • Training Collars: Training collars, also known as e-collars or shock collars, are used in dog training to aid in obedience training or behavior correction- mild electrical stimulation or vibrations to reinforce desired actions

    Conclusion

    • The recent collar-induced injuries and deaths of cheetahs in Kuno have posed a significant challenge to the reintroduction project. It is crucial to address the issues to ensure the success and well-being of the cheetahs. However, finding a solution that balances collar use with the cheetahs’ safety and health remains a complex task.

    Also read: The impact of cheetahs on India’s grasslands

    Reintroduction of Cheetahs and Its Potential Impact

  • Global Biofuel Alliance can power India’s energy transition drive, but must have time-bound targets

    Biofuel

    What’s the news?

    • The upcoming 14th Clean Energy Ministerial and Eighth Mission Innovation (CEM14/MI-8) conference, scheduled to take place in Goa from July 19-22, 2023, will witness the establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA).

    Central Idea

    • The prospected establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) led by India during its G20 Presidency, with support from Brazil and the United States, aims to foster international collaboration and cooperation to promote the acceptance and utilization of biofuels. It seeks to leverage the transformative potential of biofuels in economic growth, rural development, energy self-sufficiency, reduced air pollution, and the global transition to clean energy.

    What is Biofuel?

    • Biofuel is derived from biological sources, such as plants, agricultural crops, organic waste, or animal by-products.
    • It is a renewable energy source that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
    • The production and use of biofuels aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.

    Key types of biofuels

    • Bioethanol: This is an alcohol-based fuel primarily produced by fermenting sugar or starch crops, such as sugarcane, corn, or wheat. Bioethanol is commonly used as a blend in gasoline for transportation purposes.
    • Biodiesel: Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil. It can be used as a direct replacement for or blended with conventional diesel fuel in vehicles.
    • Biogas: Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily methane, produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, or sewage. It can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel.

    Key Objectives and Initiatives of Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)

    • Developing robust markets for biofuels and facilitating global trade in biofuels.
    • Promote policy coordination, share concrete policy lessons, and provide technical support to national biofuel programs worldwide.
    • Collaborate and complement- existing regional and international agencies– energy transition initiatives, such- Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Platform, the Mission Innovation Bioenergy initiatives, and the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP).
    • By leveraging synergies–maximize impact and accelerate the biofuel industry’s growth.

    India’s Biofuel Program India’s and significant strides in recent years

    • Ethanol Production: In 2020-21, India produced 4.08 billion liters of ethanol, resulting in a blending rate of 10.02%. This led to a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and significant savings in forex.
    • Blending Targets: The current target for 2022-23 is to achieve a blending rate of 12%, with the ultimate goal- 20% by 2025.
    • Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Program:
    • India actively promoting CBG as a clean fuel derived from waste through the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) program. As of 46 CBG plants established so far, and around 16,164 tonnes of CBG have been sold.
    • The goal- install 5,000 CBG plants across India by 2024, contributing- waste management -reducing pollution.
    • Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
    • India conducted its first commercial passenger flight– domestically produced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend– commitment to decarbonizing the aviation sector.
    • The establishment of the Bio-Aviation Turbine Fuel Program Committee by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas further advances the development of sustainable aviation fuel in the country.

    Inspiration behind GBA: International Solar Alliance (ISA)

    • The ISA jointly initiated by India and France in 2015.
    • The ISA- significant contributions to combating climate change through widespread adoption of solar energy solutions.
    • Facilitated- solar project development – initiatives like the Solar Finance Facility, SolarX Grand Challenge, Solar Technology Application Resource Centres, and the ‘One Sun One World One Grid Initiative.‘
    • The GBA aims to replicate the success of the ISA by promoting the utilization of biofuels and reducing India’s reliance on foreign oil.

    Conclusion

    • The GBA is poised to revolutionize the global biofuel industry. India’s leadership in the G20 Presidency highlights the importance of biofuels in achieving energy independence, reducing carbon emissions, and fostering a clean energy transition. The GBA’s detailed roadmap, ambitious targets and initiatives will pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.

    Also read:

    India plans to export Solar Power

  • Places in news: Iriomote Island

    Central Idea

    • A notable example of colony resilience during a bleaching event is found near Japan’s Iriomote Island, where a colony bleached in 2016 exhibited signs of recovery by 2020.

    About Iriomote Island

    • Iriomote Island is a picturesque island located in the Yaeyama Islands, part of Okinawa Prefecture in Japan.
    • It is the largest and southernmost inhabited island in the Yaeyama archipelago.
    • With its lush jungles, mangrove forests, and diverse wildlife, Iriomote Island is often referred to as the “Galapagos of the East.”
    • It is home to the Iriomote Yamaneko, or Iriomote cat, which is a critically endangered species of wildcat found only on this island.
    • The dense mangrove forests along the island’s rivers and estuaries serve as an important habitat for numerous species of birds, fish, and other wildlife.
    • To preserve the island’s unique ecosystem and cultural heritage, Iriomote Island is part of the Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park.

    Back2Basics: Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching

    coral

    • Corals are marine invertebrates that form colonies of polyps, which multiply and create reef structures.
    • Hard corals extract calcium carbonate to build hard exoskeletons, while soft corals add their skeletons to create coral reefs.
    • Corals have a mutually beneficial relationship with single-celled algae called zooxanthellae.
    • The zooxanthellae provide food and nutrients through photosynthesis, while corals provide a home and essential nutrients.
    • The zooxanthellae give corals their vibrant colors.

    Understanding Coral Bleaching

    • Causes of Bleaching: Environmental stressors like temperature changes, pollution, and high ocean acidity lead to coral bleaching.
    • Bleaching Process: Stressed corals expel the zooxanthellae, revealing their pale exoskeletons and disrupting the symbiotic relationship.
    • Impacts of Bleaching: Severe and prolonged bleaching events can result in coral death and the loss of biodiversity.

    Climate Change’s Impact on Coral Reefs

    • Warming Seas: Rising carbon emissions and greenhouse gases have caused increased global warming, resulting in warmer ocean temperatures.
    • Mass Bleaching: The frequency and intensity of mass bleaching events have risen in recent decades due to climate change.
    • Projections: Even with greenhouse gas reduction efforts, temperatures are expected to rise by 1.5°C to 2°C by the end of the century.

    Significance of Coral Reefs

    • Biodiversity Hotspots: Coral reefs support over 25% of marine biodiversity despite covering only 1% of the seafloor.
    • Economic Value: Reefs contribute $2.7 trillion annually through trade, tourism, and employment opportunities.
    • Environmental Protection: Coral reefs provide habitat and serve as a natural defense against storm waves.
    • Regeneration Potential: Dead reefs can recover if sufficient fish species graze on the weeds that settle on dead corals, although the process takes several years.