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Subject: Federal System

  • Should a third language be compulsory?

    Why in the News?

    The Central government and the Tamil Nadu government are disagreeing over the three-language rule in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.

    Why is the Union government withholding funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan from Tamil Nadu?

    • Non-compliance with the three-language formula: The Union government has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the implementation of the three-language formula outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Tamil Nadu’s refusal to adopt this formula has led to a standoff.
    • Policy disagreement: The Tamil Nadu government views the three-language policy as a tool for Hindi imposition and insists on continuing with its two-language policy (Tamil and English).
    • Financial leverage: The Centre is using financial incentives to push for uniform adoption of the NEP guidelines across States, causing friction with Tamil Nadu.

    When was the three-language policy first introduced, and what were its key mandates?

    • The three-language policy was first introduced in the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1968 to promote multilingualism and foster national unity.

    Key Mandates of the Three-Language Policy:

    • First Language – Mother Tongue/Regional Language: Students must learn their mother tongue or the regional language of the state. Example: Kannada is the first language in Karnataka, while Tamil is the first language in Tamil Nadu.
    • Second Language – Hindi or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn English or another modern Indian language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, Hindi is taught as the second language. Example: Hindi is the second language in Kerala, while English is the second language in Uttar Pradesh.
    • Third Language – Another Indian Language or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn a non-Hindi Indian language or Sanskrit. In non-Hindi-speaking states, English is usually taught as the third language. Example: Sanskrit as a third language in Madhya Pradesh, while English is the third language in Tamil Nadu.

    What difficulties do government schools face in implementing additional language courses?

    • Shortage of Qualified Language Teachers: Many government schools lack trained teachers for third-language instruction. Example: In rural Odisha, schools often struggle to find Hindi teachers, affecting the implementation of the three-language formula.
    • Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Schools lack textbooks, teaching aids, and language labs, making it difficult to provide quality language education. Example: Government schools in Bihar face a shortage of English textbooks, leading to poor learning outcomes.
    • Burden on Students and Poor Learning Outcomes: Many students struggle to grasp multiple languages simultaneously, especially those from economically weaker backgrounds. Example: In Tamil Nadu, students from rural areas find it difficult to learn Hindi as a third language due to limited exposure and practice opportunities.

    What are the basic issues in Schools? 

    • Poor Learning Outcomes: ASER 2022 found 60% of Class V students unable to read a Class II-level text. Similarly, ASER 2023 revealed 25% of youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read basic texts in their regional language, highlighting foundational literacy gaps.
    • Inadequate Public Investment in Education: Despite the NEP 2020 target of 6% of GDP, actual spending on education remains at 4-4.5% of GDP. This underfunding restricts access to quality resources, affecting learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
    • Disparity in Funding Allocation: 85% of elementary education costs are borne by States, while the Centre contributes only 15%. This fiscal imbalance creates unequal resource distribution, impacting teacher availability and infrastructure quality in less-developed regions.

    What are the constitutional provisions regarding the official languages of the Union and the States in India?

    • Official Language of the Union (Article 343): Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
      • English was to be used for official purposes for 15 years after the Constitution came into effect (until 1965), but the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended its use indefinitely alongside Hindi.
    • Language of the States (Article 345): State legislatures can adopt one or more languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language for State administration. Example: Tamil Nadu uses Tamil, Punjab uses Punjabi, and Maharashtra uses Marathi as their official languages.
    • Promotion of Hindi (Article 351): It is the Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi to serve as a medium for all elements of India’s composite culture while drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages.
    • Safeguard for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350A & 350B)
      • 350A: The State must provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minority groups.
      • 350B: Establishment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate and report on their safeguards.

    What steps can be taken to resolve the conflict between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government? (Way forward)

    • Promote Cooperative Federalism through Dialogue: Establish a joint consultative body to discuss language policies and ensure that both regional concerns and national goals are addressed. Example: Regular Centre-State meetings under the Inter-State Council could facilitate consensus on the language policy without coercion.
    • Grant Flexibility in Implementing Language Policies: Allow States to adapt the three-language policy based on their linguistic diversity and educational capacity while ensuring basic proficiency in major languages. Example: Tamil Nadu could continue its two-language policy while introducing optional third-language courses without affecting funding under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • [20th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Manipur’s worsening humanitarian crisis

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar? (2013) 

     

    Q) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (CSP 2022)

    (a) This would prevent the transfer of land of tribal people to non-tribal people.

    (b) This would create a local self-governing body in that area.

    (c) This would convert that area into a Union Territory.

    (d) The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on internal security challenges linked with border management (2013), and  Fifth Schedule (2022).

    The India-Myanmar borderlands lack reliable data despite ongoing conflicts and crises. In Manipur, restricted access and security issues make it hard to document humanitarian needs. Misinformation worsens the situation. Around 58,000 people live in relief camps, while 12,000 fled to Mizoram and 7,000 to Nagaland, Assam, and Meghalaya. Data collection remains fragmented.

    Today’s editorial discusses issues related to Manipur, which are relevant for GS Paper 3 (Mains) under the Security section.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Manipur conflict is complex, and security issues make it hard to access certain areas leads to major gaps in tracking humanitarian needs.

    How has the complexity of the conflict contributed to significant gaps in documenting humanitarian needs?

    • Restricted Access and Security Concerns: The conflict’s complexity leads to restricted access for humanitarian organizations and data collectors due to security risks. Example: Adverse security conditions hinder the ability to thoroughly assess needs in certain areas.
    • Breakdown of Information Chains: The physical and social separation of communities (like the Meitei and Kuki-Zomi) disrupts the flow of accurate information. Example: The separation makes it difficult to get a comprehensive understanding of the needs of both communities, as information does not flow freely between them.
    • Unaccounted Populations: Official counts often only consider those in registered relief camps, overlooking unregistered individuals living with relatives, in temporary shelters, or displaced across multiple locations. Example: Many individuals displaced outside of registered camps or those who have left the State entirely are not included in official estimates, leading to underreporting.
    • Altered Healthcare Access and Documentation: The conflict changes how people seek medical care, especially in conflicted regions, making it difficult to track health-related issues. Example: Residents of Kuki-Zomi-dominated hill districts can no longer easily access major hospitals in Imphal, leading to indirect routes and potentially undocumented health crises.
    • Misinformation and Disinformation: The spread of inaccurate information clouds the true picture, making it difficult to form an empirical understanding of the conflict’s impact. Example: The text mentions that misinformation and disinformation cloud an empirical understanding of the conflict.

    Why do the India-Myanmar borderlands remain a data-deficient region despite their long history of armed conflict, displacement, and humanitarian crises?

    • Challenging Geography: The region’s complex topography, characterized by rugged mountains and dense forests, complicates access for data collection efforts. For example, the difficult terrain has hindered the effective implementation of border initiatives such as fencing, which has faced significant logistical challenges over the years.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: There is a lack of basic infrastructure, including roads and communication networks, which impedes the movement of researchers and humanitarian workers.
      • The Moreh Integrated Check Post (ICP) in Manipur, intended to facilitate trade and connectivity, has experienced slow construction and inadequate facilities, reflecting broader infrastructural deficiencies in the region.
    • Political Sensitivities: The presence of various insurgent groups and ongoing conflicts creates a volatile environment that discourages data collection. Security concerns often prevent researchers and NGOs from engaging with local communities to gather necessary information on humanitarian needs.
    • Shared Ethnic Ties and Cross-Border Dynamics: The interconnectedness of ethnic communities across the border complicates the situation further. Policies such as the cancellation of the Free Regime Movement (FMR) agreement have disrupted traditional social networks, making it difficult to assess the socio-economic conditions on both sides effectively.
    • Restricted Access for Humanitarian Organizations: Government-imposed restrictions and logistical challenges prevent humanitarian agencies from collecting and reporting crucial data.
      • Example: After Myanmar’s 2021 military coup, aid organizations faced severe restrictions in conflict-hit areas like the Sagaing Region, resulting in major data gaps on displacement and food insecurity.

    Why does Manipur need a shift towards ‘greater common good’ politics?

    • Ethnic Divisions and Communal Tensions: The conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zomi communities has created deep mistrust and segregation, making governance difficult. A politics of “greater common good” would prioritize reconciliation and collective welfare over ethnic identity-based politics.
    • Humanitarian Crisis and Governance Failures: Prolonged displacement, lack of adequate relief measures, and deteriorating healthcare require governance focused on inclusive development rather than ethnic-based power struggles.
      • Example: Over 58,000 displaced individuals are still in relief camps, struggling with food, water, and medical shortages due to lack of coordinated efforts.
    • Economic and Social Stability: Manipur’s economic potential is hindered by violence, blockades, and an unstable law-and-order situation. A governance approach focused on the “greater common good” would foster investment, economic recovery, and social stability.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Imposition of President’s Rule: On February 13, 2025, Manipur was placed under President’s Rule following the resignation of Chief Minister. This decision was made due to nearly two years of ethnic violence and political turmoil that had resulted in over 250 deaths and widespread unrest.
    • Suspension of the State Assembly: The state assembly has been put under suspended animation, which means it will not function until the situation stabilizes. This is the 11th instance of President’s Rule being imposed in Manipur since its statehood.
    • Security Measures: The central government has directed security forces to take all necessary steps to restore order in Manipur. This includes deploying additional military and paramilitary forces to manage the fragile security situation, which has seen recent escalations in violence.
    • Appointment of a Security Advisor: Following the invocation of Article 355 of the Indian Constitution, a security advisor was appointed to assist the Chief Minister in managing law and order.
    • Investigation into Violence: The Ministry of Home Affairs has handed over important cases related to the violence to the National Investigation Agency (NIA) for effective investigation, indicating a commitment to addressing the root causes of the unrest.

    Way forward: 

    • Inclusive Dialogue and Reconciliation: Establish a truth and reconciliation commission involving all ethnic communities to foster trust, address grievances, and create a roadmap for long-term peace and stability.
    • Sustainable Development and Governance Reforms: Focus on infrastructure development, livelihood generation, and transparent governance to ensure equitable growth, reduce ethnic tensions, and rebuild public confidence in state institutions.

  • [17th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The Panchayati Raj Movement is in Distress

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects?  (UPSC CSE 2018)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Panchayat System (2015), and Local Governance (2021).

    The 73rd Amendment of 1992 was a milestone in India’s democracy, establishing the Panchayati Raj system to decentralize governance. It created a three-tier structure at the village, block, and district levels, ensuring regular local elections and reserving 50% of seats for women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. This brought democracy to the grassroots, promoting local representation and inclusive leadership. However, progress in strengthening local governance has slowed. Rapid technological and societal changes now risk making Panchayats less relevant. To keep them effective, their role must be reimagined to address modern challenges while preserving their core democratic purpose.

    Today’s editorial talks about issues related to local government. This content would help in GS Paper 2 in mains answer writing.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The special discussion in Parliament on the 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution had several salient aspects of the Constitution and policy directions adopted by previous governments but very little on a vital aspect of local governance was highlighted.

    Why is the Panchayati Raj movement facing distress?

    • Incomplete Devolution of Powers: Many States have not transferred all 29 subjects under the Eleventh Schedule, limiting Panchayats’ decision-making authority. Example: A 2022 Ministry of Panchayati Raj report found that less than 20% of States had fully devolved powers, restricting local governance.
    • Declining Fiscal Autonomy: Though direct transfers have increased, untied grants (which Panchayats can use freely) have reduced from 85% (13th Finance Commission) to 60% (15th Finance Commission). Example: Many Gram Panchayats rely on centrally sponsored schemes, leaving little room for independent development planning.
    • Marginalization Due to Digital Welfare Schemes: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes like PM-KISAN bypass Panchayats, reducing their role in beneficiary selection and grievance redress. Example: Farmers receive ₹6,000 annually under PM-KISAN directly in their accounts, eliminating Panchayats’ role in rural welfare.
    • Political and Bureaucratic Interference: State governments and political parties use Panchayats as tools for electoral gains rather than empowering them as self-governing institutions. Example: In states like West Bengal and Kerala, Panchayat elections are highly politicized, often leading to violence and reducing focus on governance.
    • Impact of Urbanization: With India’s rural population declining (from ~75% in 1990 to ~60% today), policy focus has shifted towards urban development and municipal governance. Example: Rural development funds have increasingly been diverted towards urban infrastructure projects, weakening Panchayat-led rural initiatives.

    What impact does the distress in Panchayati Raj have on rural development?

    • Inefficiency in Rural Welfare Implementation: Panchayats have been sidelined in the distribution of welfare benefits, leading to inefficiencies and reduced grievance redressal. Example: Schemes like PM-KISAN and PM Awas Yojana bypass Panchayats, causing delays in identifying genuine beneficiaries and addressing local concerns.
    • Neglect of Rural Infrastructure and Public Services: Panchayats’ inability to raise resources has led to poor maintenance of rural roads, sanitation, and drinking water supply. Example: Many village schools and health centres remain understaffed due to a lack of funds and decision-making power at the Panchayat level.
    • Increased Rural-Urban Migration: The failure to create employment and sustainable livelihoods in villages forces rural youth to migrate to cities for work. Example: States like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh witness high rural-to-urban migration as Panchayats are unable to promote local skill development and job creation.
    • Weakened Local Decision-Making and Planning: Panchayats struggle to implement need-based development projects due to limited autonomy and lack of funds. Example: In many states, Gram Panchayats cannot initiate independent infrastructure projects like rural roads or drinking water facilities without state approval.
    • Reduced Grassroots Participation in Governance: Declining public engagement weakens democratic processes, reducing local accountability and effective implementation of schemes. Example: Many village-level meetings (Gram Sabhas) see low attendance, leading to top-down decision-making that may not reflect local priorities.

    What steps can be taken to revive and strengthen the Panchayati Raj system?

    • Greater Devolution of Powers and Functions: State governments should fully implement the Eleventh Schedule by transferring all 29 subjects to Panchayats. Example: Kerala’s People’s Plan Campaign empowered Panchayats with financial and planning autonomy, leading to better local governance.
    • Enhancing Financial Autonomy: Increase untied grants from Finance Commissions to Panchayats and allow them to generate local revenue through taxes and fees. Example: Maharashtra has successfully implemented property tax collection at the Gram Panchayat level to fund local development.
    • Strengthening Administrative Capacity: Appoint dedicated local-level bureaucrats and improve digital governance tools for efficient service delivery. Example: Karnataka’s Gram Swaraj Project uses IT-based platforms to improve transparency and monitoring of Panchayat activities.
    • Encouraging Citizen Participation and Accountability: Regular and active Gram Sabha meetings should be mandated for community involvement in decision-making. Example: In Rajasthan, social audits of MGNREGA work through Gram Sabhas have improved transparency and reduced corruption.
    • Expanding Panchayats’ Role in Emerging Areas: Panchayats should be given new responsibilities in areas like water conservation, renewable energy, and disaster management. Example: Gujarat’s Mission Mangalam engaged Panchayats in women-led SHGs to promote local entrepreneurship and sustainable rural development.

    Way forward: 

    • Comprehensive Devolution and Strengthening Autonomy – Ensure full transfer of subjects under the Eleventh Schedule, increase untied grants, and empower Panchayats with independent revenue-generating mechanisms to enhance self-governance.
    • Capacity Building and Community Engagement – Improve Panchayat administration through digital tools, dedicated local bureaucrats, and mandated Gram Sabha participation to enhance transparency, accountability, and grassroots governance.

  • Should convicted persons contest elections?

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court is reviewing petitions by Ashwin Upadhyay and others, asking for a lifetime ban on convicted people from contesting elections.

    What does the RPA, 1951 stipulate with respect to electoral candidates convicted of criminal offences? 

    • Section 8(3): Disqualifies a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to at least two years of imprisonment. The disqualification extends for six years after their release.
    • Section 8(1): Provides for automatic disqualification for convictions under specific laws (e.g., IPC for heinous crimes like rape, Prevention of Corruption Act, UAPA) regardless of sentence length, plus six years after release.
    • Section 8(4) (Struck Down in 2013): Previously allowed sitting legislators to continue in office despite conviction if they appealed—declared unconstitutional in Lily Thomas (2013).
    • Section 11: Empowers the Election Commission (EC) to remove or reduce the period of disqualification. Used controversially in 2019 to allow Prem Singh Tamang to contest elections.

    What are the various judgments of the SC which favour the decriminalisation of politics? 

    • Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) case (2002): Mandated the disclosure of criminal records by all candidates.
    • CEC vs. Jan Chaukidar case (2013): Upheld that individuals in jail cease to be ‘electors’ and are therefore not qualified to contest elections. However, this was overturned by a parliamentary amendment in 2013, allowing under-trial prisoners to contest elections.
    • Lily Thomas (2013): Struck down Section 8(4) of the RP Act, 1951, thereby disqualifying sitting legislators immediately upon conviction.

    What is the case for a lifetime ban on convicted individuals standing for office?

    • Upholding Integrity & Public Trust: Lawmakers must adhere to the highest ethical standards as they create and enforce laws.
      • Example: The Lily Thomas (2013) judgment disqualified convicted legislators immediately, reinforcing the need for clean governance.
    • Parity with Government Jobs: A convicted person is ineligible for even a junior government job, yet they can contest elections after six years.Example: A person convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act cannot work in government but can become an MP/MLA.
    • Curbing Criminalisation of Politics: 46% of MPs in 2024 have criminal cases, and 31% face serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping. Example: Mohammad Shahabuddin, a former MP from Bihar, had multiple murder cases but was elected to office multiple times.
    • Judicial & Expert Recommendations: The Supreme Court, Law Commission (1999, 2014), and Election Commission have all recommended stricter disqualification norms. Example: The Law Commission recommended barring individuals from contesting elections once charges are framed for serious offences.
    • Strengthening Democracy & Rule of Law: A lifetime ban for heinous crimes and corruption would prevent criminals from misusing political power.Example: Lalu Prasad Yadav was convicted in the fodder scam but continued to influence politics despite being disqualified.

    Should convicted persons be allowed to contest elections?

    Arguments in Favour:

    • Rehabilitation & Second Chance: A convict who has served their sentence should not be permanently barred from participating in democracy. Example: Nelson Mandela was convicted and imprisoned for 27 years but later became South Africa’s President, leading the country to democracy.
    • Potential for Political Misuse: Opponents may misuse legal provisions by filing false cases to prevent strong candidates from contesting elections. Example: Political leaders in India, like Arvind Kejriwal, have faced multiple cases, some of which were later dismissed as politically motivated.
    • Disproportionate Punishment: Not all convictions involve moral turpitude or crimes against society. A blanket ban would be excessive in certain cases. Example: A person convicted for protesting against an unjust law (civil disobedience) should not be equated with someone convicted of corruption or murder.

    Arguments Against: 

    • Ensuring Clean Politics: Public representatives should maintain high ethical standards, and allowing convicts to contest elections erodes trust in governance. Example: Mohammad Shahabuddin, a convicted criminal, was elected multiple times despite serious charges, highlighting flaws in the system.
    • Parity with Government Jobs: If convicted individuals are ineligible for government employment, they should also be barred from lawmaking positions. Example: A person convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act cannot hold a bureaucratic post but can become an MP or MLA, which is inconsistent.
    • Threat to Democratic Institutions: Criminally convicted politicians can misuse their power to influence investigations, intimidate witnesses, and weaken democratic institutions. Example: Politicians with serious criminal cases often manipulate legal loopholes and delay proceedings to continue contesting elections.

    Way forward: 

    • Stricter Disqualification Norms: Implement a lifetime ban on candidates convicted of heinous crimes (murder, rape, corruption) while allowing judicial review for politically motivated cases. Strengthen laws to bar individuals from contesting elections once charges are framed for serious offences, as recommended by the Law Commission.
    • Electoral & Judicial Reforms: Fast-track trials of politicians facing criminal cases through special courts, ensuring timely justice. Strengthen the Election Commission’s authority to scrutinize candidates and enforce stricter disclosure norms on criminal records.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of Peoples Act”. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Article 200 of the Indian Constitution

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has criticized Tamil Nadu Governor for creating an “impasse” by withholding assent to state bills and later referring them to the President, questioning his handling of state bills under Article 200 of the Constitution. The Governor has withheld 12 Bills, primarily concerning higher education and the appointment of Vice-Chancellors in State universities.

    Judicial Precursor: Rameshwar Prasad Case (2005)

    • Article 361 provides immunity to Governors from court proceedings for actions taken in their official capacity.
    • However, in Rameshwar Prasad & Ors. vs Union of India & Anr., the Supreme Court ruled that:
      • Immunity under Article 361 does not prevent judicial review of the Governor’s actions.
      • If a Governor withholds assent with malicious intent, the decision can be deemed unconstitutional.
      • Governors must provide valid reasons for withholding assent, as they cannot act arbitrarily.

    What is Article 200?

    • Article 200 governs the Governor’s options when a Bill passed by the State Legislature is presented for approval.
    • It outlines the Governor’s discretionary powers regarding assenting, withholding, returning, or reserving Bills.

    Provisions and Features:

    • The Governor has four options when presented with a State Legislature Bill:
    1. Assent to the Bill: The Bill becomes law.
    2. Withhold Assent: The Governor can refuse approval.
    3. Return the Bill: If it is NOT a Money Bill, the Governor can send it back to the State Legislature for reconsideration.
    • Reserve the Bill for the President’s Consideration:  If the Bill-
      • Violates the Constitution or a Central law.
      • Affects national interests or is ultra vires.
      • Opposes the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
      • Concerns compulsory property acquisition under Article 31A.
      • Endangers the position of the State High Court (mandatory reservation).
    • Article 201 deals with Bills reserved for the President’s approval, granting the President the power to:
      • Assent to the Bill or withhold assent.
      • Return the Bill for reconsideration by the State Legislature.
    • Key Constitutional Debates:
      • No time limit exists for the Governor to act, leading to delays and constitutional challenges.
      • Judicial scrutiny has questioned prolonged withholding of assent, as seen in recent Supreme Court cases.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State?

    1. Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule
    2. Appointing the Ministers
    3. Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India
    4. Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • How can there be a discussion of regionalism v/s nationalism in this country?

    Why in the News?

    Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar said that some groups take advantage of the legal system for their own gain and weaken the country’s unity.

    Why is the discussion of regionalism v/s nationalism considered problematic in the context of India?

    • Threat to National Unity: Excessive emphasis on regionalism can fuel separatist tendencies, as seen in the Khalistan movement in Punjab and insurgencies in the Northeast, undermining India’s unity and sovereignty.
    • Federalism vs. Centralization Conflict: India’s governance relies on cooperative federalism, where both the Union and states share powers. However, debates like Tamil Nadu’s opposition to central exams like NEET highlight tensions between regional autonomy and national policies.
    • Political Exploitation & Vote Bank Politics: Political parties sometimes exploit regional sentiments for electoral gains, leading to polarization. For example, Maharashtra’s “sons of the soil” policy has led to conflicts over job reservations for locals, creating friction between states.
    • Economic Disparities & Development Hurdles: Overemphasis on regional identity can obstruct national projects. Protests against infrastructure projects like hydroelectric dams in Arunachal Pradesh due to local concerns show how regional interests can sometimes slow down national development.
    • Cultural & Linguistic Divides: Attempts to impose a singular national identity, such as making Hindi the sole link language, have faced resistance from states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, highlighting the delicate balance between regional pride and national integration.

    What are the specific divisive forces that undermine national unity?

    • Caste and Religious Polarization: Social divisions based on caste and religion are exploited for political and electoral gains, leading to communal tensions (e.g., Muzaffarnagar riots in 2013 fueled by religious divisions).
    • Regionalism and Sub-Nationalism: Excessive regional pride sometimes leads to demands for secession or special status, disrupting national integration (e.g., Gorkhaland agitation in West Bengal, calls for an independent Nagalim in the Northeast).
    • External Influence and Misinformation: Foreign-backed propaganda and misinformation campaigns on social media create unrest by deepening societal divisions (e.g., Pakistan-backed online campaigns related to Article 370 abrogation in Jammu & Kashmir).

    How are attempts being made to influence the electoral process?

    • Foreign Interference & Propaganda: External forces use misinformation campaigns on social media to shape voter perceptions (e.g., Allegations of foreign-backed digital campaigns influencing Indian elections, as seen in narratives around Article 370).
    • Money Power & Undisclosed Funding: Illicit election financing and opaque political donations influence outcomes (e.g., Concerns over electoral bonds and their impact on political funding transparency).
    • Judicial Route & PIL Misuse: Frequent litigation is filed to delay elections, challenge candidates, or question EVMs without solid evidence (e.g., Multiple PILs questioning EVM credibility, despite SC and EC assurances).
    • Targeted Voter Suppression: Manipulative voter deletion campaigns and fake voter registration attempts (e.g., Complaints of large-scale voter deletions in Karnataka elections, raising concerns over fairness).
    • Big Tech & Algorithmic Manipulation: Social media platforms and AI-driven algorithms are used to spread divisive narratives and influence voter sentiment (e.g., Allegations of biased content promotion on platforms like Facebook and X (Twitter) during elections).

     

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Electoral and Judicial Integrity: Implement stricter regulations on election funding, curb misuse of judicial processes, and enhance transparency in political donations to safeguard democratic institutions.
    • Promoting National Cohesion Through Inclusive Policies: Foster cooperative federalism, ensure balanced regional development, and encourage cultural inclusivity to prevent divisive narratives and reinforce national unity.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • A grey birthday for the Election Commission of India

    Why in the News?

    January 25 is the 75th anniversary of the Election Commission of India, celebrated as ‘National Voters Day’ to recognize its role in protecting democracy and ensuring fair elections in India.

    What are the current challenges facing the ECI?

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently facing significant challenges that threaten its credibility and effectiveness:

    • Electoral Roll Manipulation: Allegations of mass enrolment of dubious voters have emerged, particularly highlighted during the Maharashtra State elections, where the ECI enrolled 9.7 crore voters despite an estimated adult population of only 9.54 crore. This discrepancy raises concerns about potential government interference in electoral processes.
    • Verification Issues: Questions regarding the verification of new voters have surfaced, especially with a reported 48 lakh new registrations occurring in just six months. The legitimacy of these voters and whether proper verification processes were followed remain unaddressed.
    • Public Trust: The ECI’s perceived lack of transparency and responsiveness to these concerns has led to a decline in public trust. Critics argue that the commission has been dismissive of legitimate inquiries regarding electoral integrity, which undermines its authority.

    How has the role of the Election Commission evolved over time?

    • Established in 1950, the ECI was designed to ensure free and fair elections in India, independent from governmental influence.
      • Founding leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized the importance of an autonomous body for maintaining electoral integrity.
    • Technological Advancements: The ECI has adapted to technological changes by implementing electronic voting machines (EVMs) and online voter registration systems, aiming to streamline the electoral process and enhance voter participation.
    • Voter Education Initiatives: The commission has increasingly focused on voter education and awareness campaigns, particularly through National Voters’ Day celebrations, which aim to engage young voters and promote democratic values.

    What reforms are necessary to strengthen the EC’s authority and public trust?

    To enhance its effectiveness and restore public confidence, several reforms are necessary:

    • Biometric Verification: Implementing Aadhaar-based biometric verification for voter registration could help eliminate ghost voters and ensure that only eligible citizens are enrolled. This would strengthen the integrity of electoral rolls.
    • Transparency Measures: The ECI should adopt greater transparency by publicly releasing data related to voter enrolment and verification processes. This would address concerns about electoral roll manipulation and build trust among citizens.
    • Strengthening Legal Framework: Revising existing laws to provide the ECI with more robust powers to oversee and enforce electoral integrity could prevent interference from political entities and ensure fair elections.

    Conclusion: The ECI should establish robust mechanisms for public scrutiny by releasing detailed voter enrolment and verification data, coupled with regular audits, to rebuild trust and ensure accountability.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • [4th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The looming threat to federalism and democratic tenets

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2024)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘Election Commission of India’ (2022) and ‘Simultaneous Elections’ (2024).

    The current political landscape in India faces significant challenges that threaten the foundational principles of federalism and democracy. Issues such as financial centralization, proposed electoral reforms, and the misuse of Constitutional provisions are central to this discourse

    Today’s Editorial focuses on Electoral Reforms and the recent initiatives taken by the government. This content can be used for presenting the main answer while talking on ‘Centralization issues’ and ‘Federal challenges faced by Democratic Elections’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The proposal for ‘One Nation and One Election’ have cited several administrative and fiscal efficiencies in the recent Parliamentary debates.

    Key Takeaways from the Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill and the Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill. 

    • Scope of Simultaneous Polls: It applies only to Parliament and state Assemblies, excluding municipal corporations. Municipal elections are excluded to avoid the need for ratification by at least half of the state legislatures, a more complex process.
      • The simultaneous polls may begin with the 2034 election cycle, assuming the 18th and 19th Lok Sabhas complete full five-year terms.
      • The Bills include provisions for situations where mid-term elections might be required at the state or central level.
    • The Bill proposes changes to three existing articles through Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024.
      • It amends Articles 83 (duration of Houses of Parliament), 172 (duration of state legislatures), and 327 (power of Parliament to make provisions with respect to elections to Legislatures).
      • A new provision (Article 82A, clauses 1-6) is introduced to enable simultaneous elections. This article pertains to delimitation and provisions are as follows:
      • Article 82A (1) the President can notify the appointed date for the changes after the first sitting of the Lok Sabha following a general election.
      • Article 82A (2): Assemblies elected after the appointed date but before the Lok Sabha’s term ends will have their terms curtailed to align with the Lok Sabha’s full five-year term.
      • Article 82A (3): The ECI is tasked with conducting general elections for the Lok Sabha and all Legislative Assemblies simultaneously.
      • Article 82A (4): Simultaneous elections are defined as “general elections held for constituting the House of the People and all the Legislative Assemblies together.”
      • Article 82A (5): The ECI may recommend postponing a particular Assembly election if it determines simultaneous elections are not feasible. The President can then issue an order for those elections to be conducted separately.
      • Article 82A (6): If an Assembly election is deferred, the term of that Assembly will still end with the full term of the Lok Sabha elected in the general election.
    • Proposed Amendments to Lok Sabha’s Term and Dissolution: Changes to Article 83 are supposed to be made wrt Lok Sabha’s term adjustment that prescribes a fixed five-year term for Lok Sabha unless dissolved earlier. If Lok Sabha is dissolved before completing its full term, the next Lok Sabha will only serve the unexpired period of the original term.
      • For Example, if Lok Sabha is dissolved after 3 years and 2 months, the subsequent Lok Sabha will serve the remaining 22 months.
      • Amendments to Article 327: Article 327 gives Parliament the authority to legislate on matters related to elections, including electoral rolls and delimitation of constituencies. The amendment proposes adding “conduct of simultaneous elections” to this list. This ensures Parliament can make provisions to align elections for both Houses of Parliament and State Legislatures.
    • Proposed Amendments for State Assemblies changes to Article 172: Similar to Lok Sabha, state Assemblies’ terms will also align with the “unexpired term” provision. If a state Assembly is dissolved before its full term, elections will be conducted for the remaining term of the dissolved Assembly.
    • The Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024: The Union Territories are governed under a separate constitutional scheme that is different from states.
      • The purpose of the Bill  is to align Union Territories with the framework for simultaneous elections and amend the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 that adjusts to enable synchronized elections in Union Territories.
      • It also proposes to amend the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991 and Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 to include them within the simultaneous election framework.

    What is the historical context of Simultaneous Elections in India?

    Simultaneous elections in India have historical roots, having faced disruptions due to political and constitutional developments.

    • First Elections (1951-52): The ECI held simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. This practice persisted through three subsequent general elections in 1957, 1962, and 1967.
    • Disruption of the Cycle: The imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356 marked a significant shift in Union-State relations, undermining state autonomy. This was first applied in Kerala in 1959.
      • Initially Article 356 was deemed as a “dead letter” by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, eventually, became a tool for political expediency, leading to the dismissal of elected state governments from 1950 to 1994.
      • It has been invoked over 130 times since Independence, distorting its intended purpose and contributing to political instability.
    • Judicial Intervention: The S.R. Bommai case aimed to restore federal rights and limit arbitrary actions by Governors, yet misuse persists. This is where the proposition put forward by the ONOE to align State election cycles with that of the Lok Sabha gets deeply problematic.
      • In fact, the proposal goes all the way to make amendments in the Constitution, particularly in Articles 83 and 172, which guarantee a five-year term for Parliament and State Assemblies. 

    What needs to be addressed?

    • Address the Misuse of Power and Federal Character: There is a need to tackle the misuse of Article 356 provision, which has implications for State autonomy. A unified electoral cycle could undermine State autonomy and dilute democratic governance.
    • Strengthening Anti-Defection Laws: Reforms are necessary to ensure political stability within State governments. The Constitution recognizes the diversity and plurality of India, making federalism essential. Ensuring that State governments remain stable is vital for effective governance.
    • Risks of Hasty Implementation: Implementing ONOE without necessary systemic reforms could threaten the Constitution’s basic structure and exacerbate existing vulnerabilities rather than resolve them.
      • For Example, historical instances, such as the malfunctioning fax machine incident in Jammu and Kashmir, highlight the fragility of institutional processes in India.

    Way Forward: To achieve true democratic governance, it is imperative to commit to the principles of federalism and strengthen State governments as equal partners in India’s federal polity. ONOE should not be seen as a mere procedural change but as part of a broader commitment to reform and accountability within the constitutional framework.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-looming-threat-to-federalism-and-democratic-tenets/article69058650.ece

  • [2nd January 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The sorry state of India’s parliamentary proceedings

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) To what extent, in your view, the Parliament can ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021) 

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Parliamentary Sessions (2017 & 2018) and Parliamentary Powers (2021).

    The recently concluded Winter Session of Parliament has been criticized for lacking productivity due to frequent disruptions. These productivity fluctuations indicate broader political tensions and the need for improved collaboration among parliamentary members to enhance governance.

    Today’s editorial focuses on Parliamentary productivity and the challenges associated with it. This content can be used to present the current issues faced by our Parliamentary Democracy in India.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent winter session of Parliament (held from November 25 to December 20, 2024) was marred by significant disruptions from both the Opposition and the Treasury benches, resulting in more adjournments than productive discussions. 

    • This led to a prevailing feeling of having disappointed the Indian public.
    Key Statistics:

    • Total Hours Lost: The Lok Sabha lost 65 hours and 15 minutes due to disruptions, marking the highest loss among all sessions this year.
    • Productivity Rates:
    – Lok Sabha: Functioned for only 52% of its scheduled time.
    – Rajya Sabha: Achieved a mere 40.03% productivity rate, with effective functioning for just 43 hours and 27 minutes.

    What were the key Legislative Activities?

    • Bills introduced and passed: A total of four bills were introduced, including the Bharatiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024, which was passed in both Houses with minimal opposition. This bill aimed to reform civil aviation regulations.
      • Other notable bills included the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Amendment) Bill, which proposes the ‘One Nation, One Election’ policy, and the Coastal Shipping and Merchant Shipping Bills, which focused on maritime industry development.
    • Debates and Discussions: The Lok Sabha engaged in discussions about the Constitution for a total of 16 hours, while the Rajya Sabha devoted 17 hours to similar discussions. However, no adjournment motions were accepted in either House.
      • The proposal for ‘One Nation, One Election’ sparked considerable debate, with the government advocating for it as a cost-saving measure while the Opposition raised concerns about its implications for federalism.
      • A special session was held to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Constitution, although it was overshadowed by ongoing protests.
      • Further, the session saw significant protests and chaos, primarily driven by the Opposition’s demands for discussions on various issues, including allegations against the Adani Group and remarks made regarding Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
    • Supplementary Budget: The first supplementary budget for 2024-25 was discussed and passed, providing an additional expenditure of ₹44,143 crore (approximately 1% of total budgeted expenditure) to enhance financial operations.

    What were the challenges faced in the session?

    • Physical Altercations: Scuffles occurred among MPs, resulting in injuries and an FIR against the Leader of the Opposition.
      • Parliamentary Affairs Minister attributed the lack of productivity to persistent demonstrations by the Opposition. Emphasis was laid on the requirement of all parties to collaborate to restore parliamentary decorum.
    • Question Hour Ineffectiveness: In the Rajya Sabha, Question Hour did not function for 15 out of 19 days, while in the Lok Sabha, it was ineffective for over 10 minutes on 12 out of 20 days.
      • The session was heavily impacted by protests and disruptions, resulting in the Lok Sabha losing approximately 65 hours of productive time.
      • This significantly reduced overall productivity, with Lok Sabha functioning at only 52% of its scheduled time and Rajya Sabha at 39%.
    • Private Members’ Business: There was minimal engagement in private members’ business; no bills were debated in the Lok Sabha, and only one resolution was discussed in the Rajya Sabha.

    Way Forward: The Winter Session has been described as one of the least productive in recent years, reflecting a troubling trend in parliamentary proceedings. With ongoing tensions and frequent disruptions, political parties must prioritize effective governance and uphold the dignity of Parliament.

  • India’s ‘steel frame’ does need a check

    Why in the News?

    The recent government initiatives, such as “Mission Karmayogi,” aimed at enhancing the capacity of civil servants, underscores the ongoing dialogue about reforming India’s “steel frame” of governance.

    What is the current state of India’s bureaucratic structure?

    India’s bureaucratic structure, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), often referred to as the “steel frame” of Indian governance, has historically been crucial in administration but is now struggling with several issues:

    • Politicization: Frequent transfers and promotions based on political loyalty rather than merit have undermined the professionalism and morale of IAS officers. 
      • This politicization hampers the development of domain expertise, as officers are rotated across various departments without sufficient time to specialise in any particular area.
    • Corruption and Inefficiency: India ranks moderately on the World Bank’s government effectiveness index, indicating persistent corruption and inefficiencies in policy implementation. 
    • Centralized Governance: The current governance model under the Prime Minister has led to increased centralization of power in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). 

    What are the previous efforts taken to reform the bureaucracy in India?

    Commission recommendation:

    • First Administrative Reforms Commission (1st ARC, 1966): Highlighted the need for specialization within the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) to improve efficiency by transitioning it into a functional service focused on specific governance areas.
    • Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC, 2005): Proposed a transparent lateral entry process for domain experts, mandatory training for civil servants throughout their careers, and the establishment of a National Institute of Public Administration to enhance public administration education and expand the candidate pool for civil services.

    Central Government initiative:

    • Mission Karmayogi (2020): A capacity-building program designed to create a citizen-centric, future-ready civil service by promoting continuous learning and skill enhancement through a dedicated digital platform.
    • Lateral Entry Reforms: Introduced to integrate specialized talent from diverse sectors into senior civil service roles.

    Important judgments given by the Supreme Court:

    • T.S.R. Subramanian v. Union of India (2013): The Supreme Court barred civil servants from following oral political directives, and mandated the creation of a Civil Services Board (CSB) to oversee transfers and postings for ensuring stability and reducing arbitrariness.
    • Delhi Government Services Case (2023): The Supreme Court upheld Delhi’s legislative authority over services, reinforcing federalism and ensuring accountability of officers operating under the Delhi government’s jurisdiction.

    How do proposed reforms impact the independence and specialization of civil servants?

    The proposed reforms aim to modernize India’s bureaucracy by enhancing independence, accountability, and specialization among civil servants.  

    • Lateral Entry Initiatives: The government has introduced lateral entry into senior bureaucratic positions to bring in domain experts from outside the traditional IAS framework.  
    • Performance-Based Promotions: Recommendations from various administrative reform commissions (Second ARC, set up in 2005) suggest linking promotions to measurable performance rather than seniority. 
      • This shift could enhance accountability but may also meet resistance from entrenched interests within the IAS.
    • Protection Against Arbitrary Transfers: Proposals such as the Civil Services Standards, Performance, and Accountability Bill aim to protect bureaucrats from politically motivated transfers. 
      • Implementing such measures could bolster the autonomy of civil servants.

    What risks are associated with centralizing decision-making in the bureaucracy?

    • Reduced Autonomy: Centralization can diminish the independence of senior bureaucrats, making them more susceptible to political pressures. 
      • This undermines their ability to act as effective policy executors and can lead to a culture of compliance rather than innovation.
    • Bottlenecks in Implementation: A centralized approach may create bottlenecks in policy implementation, as decision-making becomes concentrated at the top. 
      • This can slow down responses to emerging challenges and reduce the overall efficiency of governance.
    • Neglect of Bureaucratic Expertise: By sidelining bureaucratic insights in favor of top-down directives, there is a risk that valuable expertise within the civil service goes unutilized. This could hinder effective policymaking and lead to poor outcomes in governance.

    How can ancient Indic principles enhance modern governance?

    • Ethical Leadership and Accountability (Raj Dharma): Ancient Indic principles emphasize leaders as servants of the people, prioritizing fairness, justice, and public welfare. This aligns with modern demands for transparent and accountable governance.
    • Inclusive Development (Antyodaya): The concept of Antyodaya advocates for uplifting the marginalized and ensuring that governance benefits all sections of society, especially the most disadvantaged, which is essential for achieving equitable development.
    • Sustainability and Environmental Harmony (LiFE & Karmayogi): Indic principles stress balance with nature and responsible living, guiding modern governance towards sustainable development practices. Additionally, the Karmayogi concept promotes continuous skill-building for public servants to enhance governance effectiveness.

    In what ways can citizen engagement be improved through Indic ideas?

    • Participative Governance (Sab Ka Prayas): The concept of Sab Ka Prayas emphasizes collective effort, where citizens are actively involved in decision-making and implementation processes.
    • Empathy and Responsibility (P2G2 – Pro-People Good Governance): By incorporating P2G2, which stresses sensitivity, commitment, and a sense of responsibility towards the people.
      • Citizens can be more engaged through empathetic governance that prioritizes their well-being and fosters trust in public institutions.
    • Empowerment through Education and Awareness (Antyodaya and Raj Dharma): Indic ideas like Antyodaya and Raj Dharma promote the empowerment of all individuals, particularly the marginalized, through education and awareness.

    Way forward: 

    • Empower Decentralized Governance: Strengthen local and state-level administrative autonomy to reduce over-reliance on centralized decision-making, enabling more responsive and effective governance.
    • Implement Performance-Based Reforms: Institutionalize meritocratic measures such as performance-linked promotions, lateral entry, and protection against arbitrary transfers to foster accountability, specialization, and independence among civil servants.
    • Efficient bureaucracy: India can draw valuable lessons from the proposed Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) initiative to make a more efficient bureaucracy in India.
      • DOGE is a proposed initiative introduced by USA President which aims to streamline federal bureaucracy.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Has the Cadre-based Civil Services Organization been the cause of slow in India? Critically examine. (UPSC IAS/2014)