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Subject: International Relations

  • Tensions grow in West Asia, a heavily militarised region

    Why in the news? 

    According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s ‘Trends in International Arms Transfers 2023’, four of the top 10 largest importers of arms last year were from West Asia, with the U.S. being the main supplier

    SIPRI Report: Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023

    • India’s Arms Imports: Increased by 4.7% compared to 2014-18.
    • European Arms Imports: Saw a staggering 94% increase between 2014-18 and 2019-23, likely influenced by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
    • Russia-India Arms Trade: Russia remained India’s largest arms supplier, accounting for 36% of total imports.
    • Top Global Importers: India, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar emerged as the top three importers globally.
    • Ukraine’s Arms Imports: Became the fourth largest arms importer during the specified period.
    • China-Pakistan Arms Trade: Pakistan, the fifth largest arms importer, obtained 82% of its arms from China.
    • France’s Arms Exports: Emerged as the world’s second-largest arms supplier, after the United States.
    • French Arms Exports to India: India was highlighted as the largest single recipient of French arms exports.

     

    West Asia has largest expenditure in Defence as per GDP %

    Reason behind the west Asia is heavily militarised region:

    • Regional Conflicts and Tensions: The region is characterized by ongoing conflicts and tensions, such as those in Yemen and Syria, leading countries to seek advanced weaponry to address security challenges
    • Oil Boom: The oil boom in West Asia has led to increased military spending as countries seek to protect their oil resources and maintain regional stability
    • Internal Factors: The presence of Western arms and personnel in some Persian Gulf countries has contributed to internal resurgences, leading states to invest in military capabilities for self-defense
    • Diversification of Arms Suppliers: West Asian states have adopted the principle of diversifying sources of arms supply, leading to a broader range of arms imports from various suppliers globally
    • Client-Supplier Relationship: The relationship between client states and arms suppliers is often favorable to the recipient, with the recipient receiving the arms they wish and the supplier bowing to their demands
    • Regional Disputes and Border Skirmishes: Border disputes, threats, and wars have made it imperative for West Asian states to resort to modern and efficient national defense systems like conflict between Iran and Israel

    Conclusion: 

    Encourage diplomatic efforts to resolve regional conflicts and tensions through dialogue and negotiation, aiming to reduce the need for excessive military spending. Advocate for the establishment of regional arms control agreements to limit the proliferation of weapons and promote stability in the West Asia region.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

  • [pib] India showcases CPGRAMS at 3rd Biennial Pan-Commonwealth Meeting in London

    Why in the news?

    India’s Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) received global recognition during the 3rd Biennial Pan-Commonwealth Heads in London.

    What is CPGRAMS?

    • The primary objective of CPGRAMS is to provide citizens with a user-friendly mechanism to register complaints or grievances related to various government departments and agencies.
    • It is an online platform available to the citizens 24×7 to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery.
    • It was created in June 2007 by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances.
    • It has been designed in-house by the National Informatics Centre team.
    • Prime Minister is the supreme head of the CPGRAMS.

    Key functions of CPGRAMS include:

    • Grievance Lodging and Tracking: Citizens can lodge grievances online and track their progress using a unique registration number generated by the system.
    • Role-Based Access: Every Ministry and state have role-based access to this system, ensuring that grievances are forwarded to the concerned Ministries or Government Departments.
    • Appeal Facility: CPGRAMS provides an appeal facility to the citizens if they are not satisfied with the resolution by the Grievance Officer.
    • Feedback Mechanism: After the closure of grievance, if the complainant is not satisfied with the resolution, they can provide feedback. If the rating is ‘Poor’, the option to file an appeal is enabled. The status of the Appeal can also be tracked by the petitioner with the grievance registration number.

    Issues that are NOT taken up under CPGRAMS:

    • Subjudice cases or any matter concerning judgment given by any court.
    • Personal and Family disputes.
    • Right to Information (RTI) Queries.
    • Anything that impacts upon territorial integrity of the country or friendly relations with other countries.
    • Grievances of Government employees concerning their service matters including disciplinary proceedings etc because there is already a mechanism for addressing these issues.

    What is the Commonwealth of Nations?

    • The Commonwealth of Nations is an intergovernmental organization of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.
    • It dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories.
    • It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference.
    • It was formalized by the UK through the Statute of Westminster in 1931.
    • The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the Head of the Commonwealth.
      • Membership: Based on free and equal voluntary cooperation.

    History of its creation

    • The Commonwealth was created in the early 1900s when nations that were formerly a part of the British Empire began to secede.
    • India is one of the founding members of the modern Commonwealth.
    • India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, played a key role in the creation of the modern Commonwealth in 1949, Indian policy-makers over the years have considered it as a relic of empire and steeped in colonial legacy.

    Working of Commonwealth

    • Commonwealth members have no legal obligations to one another.
    • Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

    Actual functioning: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)

    • CHOGM which takes place every two years is a platform for all Commonwealth leaders to meet and discuss issues about the Commonwealth.
    • The motto behind the meeting is to reaffirm common values, address the shared global challenges and agree on how to work to create a better future.

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.

    2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.

    3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2016] The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War,

    (a) India should be granted complete independence

    (b) India should be partitioned into two before granting independence

    (c) India should be made a republic with the condition that it will join the Commonwealth

    (d) India should be given Dominion status

  • What Iran-Israel conflict means for Middle East and India

    Why in the news?

    The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the extensive Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region, with an added risk of piracy and hostage situations.

    The conflict between Israel and Iran:

    • Historical Context: The roots of the conflict can be traced back to the Islamic Revolution in 1979 when Iran rejected Israel’s existence and vowed to undermine it. Iran has supported anti-Israeli militant groups like Hezbollah and Hamas and pursued a nuclear program, which Israel sees as a threat
    • Recent Escalation: Recent events, such as the unprecedented missile and drone assault on Israel originating from Iran, have raised concerns about a potential all-out war between the two nations. Israel successfully intercepted most of the attacks, but the implications of this escalation are significant
    • Israel’s Response Options: Israel faces decisions on how to respond to Iran, with options including retaliation by proxy, assassinations, cyberattacks, or direct attacks. Each option carries risks of escalation and broader regional consequences
    • The nuclear issue: The long history of animosity and confrontation between the sides has now erupted in direct attacks. Israel is believed to be nuclear-capable and Iran’s desired programmes for nuclear capability have been in the spotlight

    Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India:

    • Economic Interests: India has significant economic ties in the Middle East, including trade, investment, and energy imports. Any escalation of conflict in the region threatens India’s economic interests, potentially leading to disruptions in trade routes and increased oil prices.
    • Security of Indian Diaspora: The Middle East hosts a large Indian diaspora, particularly in the Gulf region. Turmoil and conflict pose risks to their safety and security, with concerns about piracy, hostage-taking, and general instability.
    • Instability in Global south Governance : India recognizes the importance of stability in the Middle East for global south governance and stability. Instability in the region affects not only regional dynamics but also has broader implications for international security and cooperation.

    Diplomatic solution for this conflict:

    •  India advocates for diplomatic solutions to conflicts in the Middle East and supports initiatives for peace and stability, including the two-state solution for the Israel-Palestine conflict. India’s historical and cultural ties with the region position it as a potential mediator and facilitator for dialogue.

    Way forward:

    • Restraint and De-escalation: Call upon both parties to exercise restraint and avoid actions that could escalate the conflict further.  
    • Regional Cooperation: Encourage regional actors, including neighboring countries  to work together to promote stability and security in the Middle East.  
    • International Support: Seek support from the international community, including major powers and multilateral organizations, to pressure Iran and Israel to pursue peaceful resolutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

    Mains question for practice:

    Q The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the  Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region. Discuss the Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India and suggest the solution.

     

     

  • Premium – Conflict Areas of African Continent

    Why in the News?

    The places discussed in this article are pertinent to conflict zones either due to Geopolitical conflicts or Climate change impacts.

    Political and Ethnic Conflicts:

    • Darfur Region, Sudan:
      • The Darfur region constitutes Western Sudan, present-Eastern Chad, and the present-Northern part of the Central African Republic Region. 
      • This conflict involves clashes between government forces and paramilitary groups, resulting in widespread violence and displacement, particularly in regions like Darfur.
      • Darfur has experienced conflict for years, with ethnic tensions and government-rebel clashes leading to violence and displacement. 
      • The conflict has been characterized by allegations of ethnic cleansing and human rights abuses.
    • Somalia:
      • The Conflict zone of Somalia is situated in the South-Eastern part (Mogadishu).
      • Al Shabaab is an Islamist militant group that has been engaged in a prolonged insurgency against the Somali government. 
      • The conflict has led to widespread violence, including attacks on civilians, and has contributed to significant displacement within Somalia
    • Nigeria:
      • Groups like Boko Haram and its offshoot, Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), have carried out attacks, including suicide bombings and kidnappings, targeting civilians and security forces. 
      • This conflict has led to widespread displacement (Due to infringements of Human rights), particularly in northeastern Nigeria.
      • Nigeria is traversed by several major rivers, including the Niger River and the Benue River. 
      • The Niger River flows from southeastern Guinea through Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. It is the third-longest river in Africa behind the Nile and the Congo. 
      • Niger River tributaries include the Sokoto, Kaduna, Benue, and Bani Rivers.
    • Tigray, Ethiopia:
      • The conflict in Tigray erupted between regional forces and the Ethiopian government in late 2020, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and allegations of human rights abuses.
      • Ethiopia has experienced internal conflicts fueled by ethnic divisions and political grievances, leading to sporadic violence and displacement in various regions.
      • The region is part of the Nile River Basin.

    Resource-based Conflicts (Climate Change Impact):

    • Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC):
      • The DRC has been plagued by multiple armed groups operating in different regions, often vying for control over territory and resources. 
      • The M23 rebel group is one of several militias involved in the conflict, leading to displacement and humanitarian crises.
      • The DRC is home to the Congo River, one of the largest rivers in Africa. 
      • The Congo River drains a total watershed area of 3,690,750km 2, covering all of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), as well as parts of Congo-Brazzaville, Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola.
    • Burkina Faso:
      • Burkina Faso (landlocked in West Africa) has experienced a rise in violence perpetrated by groups affiliated with al Qaeda and the Islamic State, leading to displacement and insecurity, especially in the northern regions.
      • This conflict is often seen as a spillover from instability in neighboring Mali.
      • This region lies on the Prime Meridian. 
      • As it is landlocked, it does not have any significant rivers or lakes within its territory. However, it is part of the Volta River Basin, which includes rivers like the Black Volta and the White Volta.
    • Sahel Region:
      • The Sahel is a 3,860-km transitional belt stretching between the Sahara Desert and sub-Saharan Africa, extending from Senegal to Eritrea. It consists of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, and a portion of southern Algeria.
      • Climate: Characterized by semi-arid conditions and features barren landscapes, making it susceptible to desertification.
      • It serves as a historical and cultural crossroads, where Arabic, Islamic, and nomadic cultures from the north intersect with indigenous and traditional cultures from the south.
      • The region faces numerous challenges, including ethno-religious tensions, political instability, widespread poverty, natural disasters, and the proliferation of criminal and political movements. 
      • Its vast, ungoverned spaces make it a hotspot for various illicit activities.
    • Notable water bodies in the Sahel region:
      • Niger River: It is a major waterway that traverses through countries such as Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, providing water for irrigation, transportation, and fishing.
      • Senegal River: The Senegal River forms part of the northern border of Senegal and Mauritania. It provides water for agriculture, supports ecosystems, and is used for transportation and hydropower generation.
      • Bani River: A tributary of the Niger River, the Bani River flows through Mali during the rainy season, supporting agriculture and wildlife in the region.
      • Koumoue River: This river, located in Burkina Faso, is a tributary of the Niger River and plays a crucial role in providing water for agricultural activities in the region.
      • Logone River: The Logone River, flowing through Chad and Cameroon, is an important water source for communities living along its banks, supporting agriculture and providing habitats for wildlife.
      • Mare aux Hippopotames: This seasonal lake, located in Niger, fills with water during the rainy season and serves as an essential habitat for wildlife, including hippos and migratory birds.
      • Lake Chad: Although Lake Chad has significantly diminished in size over the years due to factors such as climate change, overuse of water resources, and population growth, it remains an important water body for countries like Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon.
    • Afar Triangle:
      • The Afar Triangle, also known as the Afar Depression or Afar Rift, is a geological depression in the Horn of Africa. It encompasses parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
      • It is said to be world’s Sixth Ocean in making.
      • It is located at the tri-junction of the African, Arabian, and Somali tectonic plates, making it one of the most geologically active regions on Earth. 
      • Border disputes between countries have occasionally involved the Afar region, particularly along the border areas.

     

    Previous Year Questions:

    [2013] Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    Geographical Feature Region
    (a) Abyssinian Plateau Arabia
    (b) Atlas Mountains North-Western Africa
    (c) Guiana Highlands South-Western Africa
    (d) Okavango Basin Patagonia

     [2020] Consider the following pairs:

    Rivers Flows into
    1. Mekong Andaman Sea
    2. Thames Irish Sea
    3. Volga Caspian Sea
    4. Zambezi Indian Ocean

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

     

    [2022] The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions?

    (a) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores

    (b) Region along North African shores stretching from Egypt to Morocco

    (c) Region along Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa

    (d) The entire coastal areas of Mediterranean Sean

    [2022] Consider the following pairs:

    Region often mentioned, in the news Country
    1. Anatolia

    2. Amhara

    3. Cabo Delgado

    4. Catalonia

    		 Turkey

    Ethiopia

    Spain

    Italy

    How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one pair

    (b) Only two pairs

    (c) Only three pairs

    (d) All four pairs

     

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Area of conflict mentioned in news Country where it is located
    1. Donbas Syria
    2. Kachin Ethiopia
    3. Tigray North Yemen

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    a) Only one

    b) Only two

    c) All three

    d) None

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Regions often mentioned in News Reason for being in News
    1. North Kivu and Ituri War between Armenia and Azerbaijan
    2. Nagorno-Karabakh Insurgency in Mozambique
    3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Dispute between Israel and Lebanon

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c) All three

    (d) None

  • Israel, a two-state solution, some recent perceptions

    Why in the news?

    Writings and statements from Israel give us an understanding of what “a Jewish national home” means and the ongoing conflict it involves.

    Historical origins and evolution of the concept of a Jewish national home

    • Historical and Religious Context: The concept of a Promised Land for the Jewish people dates back to biblical times, with references in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the land of Canaan as a homeland promised to the descendants of Abraham. The idea of returning to this ancestral homeland remained significant in Jewish religious and cultural traditions throughout centuries of diaspora.
    • Zionism: The modern movement for Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism, gained momentum in the late 19th century. Zionist thinkers and leaders, such as Theodor Herzl, envisioned the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
    • Theodor Herzl and the First Zionist Congress: The publication of Herzl’s book “Der Judenstaat” (“The Jewish State”) in 1896 is often considered the starting point of modern political Zionism.
    • British Mandate for Palestine: During World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, expressing support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
    • Settlement and Immigration: Jewish immigration to Palestine increased significantly during the early 20th century, as Jewish communities sought to establish settlements and build infrastructure in the region.
    • United Nations Partition Plan: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine, which would have divided the territory into separate Jewish and Arab states, along with an internationalized Jerusalem. While Jewish leaders accepted the plan, Arab leaders rejected it, leading to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the establishment of the State of Israel.

    Continue Struggle after Arab-Israeli War 1948 

    • International Response and Recognition after 1967 war: UN Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) addressed the aftermath of the 1967 war. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was recognized by the Arab League and the UN General Assembly as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. The Arab League Declaration/Initiative of 2002 and the Palestinian Non-Paper outlined visions for a solution, including reference to the 1967 Armistice Line as a border.
    • Annexation of West Bank Settlements: In 2018, Israel’s ruling Likud Party unanimously endorsed a resolution calling for the annexation of West Bank settlements, indicating a hardline stance on territorial claims.

    Why Israel’s position is so strong in conflict?

    • Military Might: The military success of Israel in the 1967 war shifted the dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, convincing Arab states that they could not achieve victory through military means. However, it did not lead to a recommendation for a political settlement based on compromise.
    • Madrid Conference of 1991: The Madrid Conference was a significant event in the peace process, though the phrase “territories for peace” was not explicitly mentioned in the invitation letters. It marked a diplomatic effort to address the conflict.
    • American Support : The United States has provided unprecedented support to Israel, both diplomatically and militarily.And Israel’s conduct and efforts to shape the post-war situation have been growing.

    Conclusion: The idea of a Jewish national home emerged from historical and religious roots, gained momentum through Zionism, and was furthered by international recognition. Resolution requires diplomacy, acknowledgment of historical grievances, and genuine efforts towards mutual understanding and compromise to stabalise the situation.

    Mains PYQ

    Q “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • India delivers first batch of BrahMos to Philippines

    Why in the news?

    India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.

    India- Philippines Brahmos Deal

    • In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
    • This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
    • Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.

    About BrahMos Missiles

    Development:

    • BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
    • The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
    • The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.

    Capabilities:

    • BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
    • Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
    • It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
    • It has two stages:
    1. First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
    2. Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.

    Warhead:

    • Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
    • Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.

    Variants and Range 

    • The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
    • A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
    • Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
    • Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.

    Strategic Implications of the move

    • This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
    • The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [19 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s nuanced approach in the South China Sea

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q) South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment (UPSC IAS/2016)

    Q) With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affaire the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and ever flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China.(UPSC IAS/2014)

    Note4Students

    Mentor comments:Mr. Jaishankar’s comment was made amid the ongoing South China or West Philippine Sea dispute between Manila and Beijing which witnessed, arguably, its most intense and volatile year in 2023, with frequent tensions at sea and diplomatic friction. A joint statement in 2023 between New Delhi and Manila had also called for China to adhere to the rules-based maritime order and acknowledge the International Court of Justice ruling of 2016 in favour of Manila.

    Why in the news?

    In March 2024, India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, articulated, in a joint statement during his visit to Manila, India’s full support for the Philippines in upholding its national sovereignty. 

    India’s complex ties with China

    • India’s evolving position in South China Sea : India’s evolving position on the South China Sea is closely tied to its complex relationship with China, which includes long-standing border disputes.
    • Border Disputes: India and China have a history of border disputes, which intensified following the Galwan Valley incident of 2020. China’s periodic incursions into Indian territory and renaming of Indian villages in Arunachal Pradesh have further strained relations.
    • Response to the Galwan Valley incident: India demonstrated its capability for asymmetric deterrence by sending a frontline warship to the South China Sea.
    • Disruptive Implications: China’s assertive posture and territorial claims in the South China Sea and along India’s land border have significant implications for regional stability.
    • Strategic Engagements: India has increased its strategic engagements, including regular naval exercises and military cooperation with Southeast Asian nations, to underline its commitment to regional security and counter China’s assertive actions.

    The policy evolution from India’s Look East Policy to Act East Policy:

    • Initially the Look East Policy: The Look East Policy initially emphasized economic integration with Southeast Asia and securing energy resources for India’s growing economy.
    • Economic Stakes: Indian state-owned enterprises, such as ONGC Videsh, engaged in oil and gas exploration projects in Vietnam’s exclusive economic zones, indicating India’s economic interests in the region.
    • Support for International Law: India’s involvement in maritime resource exploration projects underscored its support for the freedom of exploration and exploitation within the bounds of international law, particularly UNCLOS.
    • Shift to Act East Policy: Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s administration, there has been a strategic shift towards the Act East Policy, marking a more active and strategic engagement with the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Geopolitical Acknowledgment: The policy evolution reflects India’s recognition of the changing geopolitical landscape and the necessity for a proactive and multifaceted foreign policy approach.
    • Expanded Focus: The Act East Policy emphasizes not only economic integration but also strategic partnerships and increased security cooperation with Indo-Pacific countries like Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines.
    • Capacity Strengthening: India has bolstered its capacities through forward positioning, mission-based deployments, reinforced maritime domain awareness, and the development of deep-water maritime facilities.

    The role of ASEAN in the South China sea:

    • Central Involvement: ASEAN countries, along with China, are primarily involved in the disputes in the South China Sea, making ASEAN a central player in the region’s dynamics.
    • Importance of ASEAN Centrality: India’s Indo-Pacific strategy emphasizes the centrality of ASEAN, recognizing the importance of ASEAN’s position and cooperation in addressing challenges in the South China Sea.
    • Imperative for India to support ASEAN’s position: Despite its centrality, differences within ASEAN pose challenges to concerted efforts to address issues related to the South China Sea, making it imperative for India to support and strengthen ASEAN’s position.

    Conclusion: India should support the Philippines in upholding sovereignty. Strengthen strategic engagements and military cooperation with Southeast Asian nations. Advocate for a rules-based order in the South China Sea, emphasizing ASEAN centrality and regional stability.

  • A world in disarray, a concern about the future

    Why in the news? 

    Factors such as the lack of globally influential leaders, evolving alliances, economic challenges, and advancements in technology contribute to the current geopolitical landscape.

    Factors behind the concerning current geopolitical landscape

    Growing chaos, an absent leadership

    • Decline of the rules-based international order: The traditional Western-led global order is perceived as dead, leading to increased geopolitical disarray.
    • Rise of new alliance patterns: With the weakening of the West and the ascent of China, new alliances have emerged, but none possess enough strength to maintain global peace.
    • Lack of influential leaders: Leaders like Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Joe Biden are seen as lacking the ability to sustain peace globally, with many other Western leaders deemed inadequate for the task.
    • Potential for conflict escalation: While shooting wars are limited to certain regions like Ukraine and Gaza, there’s concern about the absence of leaders capable of resolving conflicts peacefully.
    • Stalemate in Ukraine: The situation in Ukraine remains deadlocked, with leaders unwilling to compromise, raising concerns about the possibility of the use of battlefield nuclear weapons.
    • Escalating tensions in West Asia: Israel’s actions, described as those of a “wounded tiger,” are leading to increased casualties in Gaza, while Iran poses a direct threat to Israel, potentially leading to a broader conflict with dire implications.
    • Potential leadership shift in militant Jihadism: There are indications that a resurgent Iran could take over the leadership of militant Jihadism against the West and other perceived “infidels,” further complicating the geopolitical landscape.

    A new set of alliances

    • Great power rivalry appears diminished: The rivalry between the U.S. and China is described as a “shadow play” with little significance beyond proxy conflicts.
    • U.S. setbacks and diminished superpower status: The U.S. is perceived as grappling with hubris following setbacks since Afghanistan in 2020, which has diminished its status as a superpower.
    • Europe’s reliance on NATO and limited influence: Europe’s reliance on NATO for protection from Russia has not translated into significant influence in conflicts like Ukraine, despite significant costs.
    • Emerging China-Russia-Iran axis: The alliance between China, Russia, and Iran poses a challenge to U.S. and Western influence in West Asia, raising questions about their tactics in the region.

    Economic challenges

    • Geopolitics of oil: The China-Russia-Iran axis signals a significant shift in the politics of oil, which is likely to have far-reaching consequences for global stability.
    • Diminished effectiveness of sanctions: Sanctions are seen as losing their impact in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics, potentially leading to a major economic slowdown.

    Advancements in technology 

    • Technology as a disruptor: National security efforts are increasingly focused on protecting vital technologies, with artificial intelligence emerging as a major disruptor in conventional warfare.
    • Rise of smaller nations leveraging AI: Smaller nations are leveraging artificial intelligence to challenge the military dominance of larger powers like the U.S. and China, potentially leveling the playing field.
    • Impact of ISR revolution in warfare: The military intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) revolution, enabled by drones, aircraft, and space assets, is transforming the battlefield, posing new challenges for military strategies.
    • Nuclear arms race and arms control fraying: Arms control agreements are deteriorating, leading to the development of new nuclear warheads and cruise missiles, raising concerns about a nuclear makeover and potential use of nuclear weapons.

    Conclusion: The breakdown of the rules-based order, inadequate leadership, and the formation of volatile alliances contribute to geopolitical turmoil. Need of robust leadership and coherent strategiesto avoid the conflict escalation in the world.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q (UPSC IAS/2022) (a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affairs.

    (b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:

    (i) Constitutional morality

    (ii) Conflict of interest

    (iii) Probity in public life

    (iv) Challanges of digitalization

    (v) Devotion to duty

  • Where India’s trade with Israel and Iran stands, and whether regional tensions could impact it

    Why in the news? 

    Iran’s attack on Israel earlier this week has sparked tensions in the Middle East and beyond. India, which has friendly ties with both the countries, has expressed “serious concerns” about escalation of hostilities.

    India-Israel trade has doubled in the last five years

    • India established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992. Since then, trade between two countries has been rising significantly, from around $200 million in 1992 (comprising primarily of diamonds), to $10.7 billion (excluding defence) in the Financial Year 2022-23.

    What are the main components of India’s trade with Israel?

    • Based on India’s 8-digit Harmonized System code, under which trade items are classified, the most valued items exported by India to Israel included diesel, diamonds, aviation turbine fuel, radar apparatus, Basmati rice, T-shirts, and wheat.

    Value of India-Iran trade came down in the last five years

    • India’s trade with Iran has seen a contraction in recent years, before an uptick in the FY 2022-23. It increased by 21.77 per cent — from $1.94 billion in 2021-22 to $2.33 billion in 2022-23.

    Israel and Iran do not have significant FDI in India

    • Israel’s FDI in India: Israel’s contribution to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India is relatively low, accounting for just 0.4% of the total FDI inflows between April 2000 and December 2023. FDI from Israel to India amounted to $288 million during this period.
    • Indian Investment in Israel: Conversely, Indian firms have invested more in Israel, with cumulative Overseas Direct Investment (ODI) reaching around US$ 383 million from April 2000 to May 2023.
    • India’s Investment in Iran: India is involved in developing the first phase of the Shahid Beheshti Port at Chabahar in Iran. This initiative aims to enhance India’s connectivity and trade relations with the Middle East and Central Asia.

    How could Middle East tensions impact the Indian economy?

    • Impact on Trade Routes: Tensions in the Middle East, particularly in the Red Sea region, could disrupt crucial trade routes connecting Europe and Asia. Roughly 12 percent of global trade depends on this route, potentially affecting India’s trade.
    • Shipping Disruptions: Yemen-based militants, known as the Houthis, have targeted ships passing through the Red Sea since November 2023, leading to shipping disruptions. This could exacerbate India’s trade problems.
    • Stability Concerns in West Asia: The conflict between Iran and Israel adds to the instability in West Asia, potentially delaying projects like the Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
    • Impact on Petroleum Prices: While the ongoing conflict may not significantly disrupt crude oil and gas production, shipping disruptions in the Red Sea could lead to higher oil and gas prices. However, the impact on Indian consumers may be minimal as the government could offset price increases by reducing taxes.

    Conclusion: India’s friendly ties with both Israel and Iran provide an opportunity for diplomatic engagement to mitigate the escalation of hostilities in the region. By actively participating in diplomatic efforts to de-escalate tensions and promote dialogue, India can contribute to regional stability and safeguard its economic interests.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] World Future Energy Summit 2024

    Why in the news?

    A panel discussion on “Future Growth Opportunities for Long Duration Energy Storage” was held at the World Future Energy Summit 2024 in Abu Dhabi.

    About World Future Energy Summit (WFES)

    • The WFES is an annual event held in Abu Dhabi; hosted in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to advance future energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies.
    • It began in 2008, held under the patronage of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.
    • Public relations firm Edelman helped set it up to “burnish the UEA’s green credentials“.
    • It was established as a platform to address the growing need for renewable energy solutions and sustainable development in response to global energy challenges.

    Key Initiative: Young Future Energy Leaders

    • The Young Future Energy Leaders (YFEL) is an element of the annual World Future Energy Summit (WFES).
    • A program of the Masdar Institute, it is committed to raising awareness and engaging students and young professionals in the fields of renewable energy and sustainability.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which of the following organizations brings out the publication known as ‘World Economic Outlook’?

    (a) International Monetary Fund

    (b) United Nations Development Programme

    (c) World Economic Forum

    (d) World Bank