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Subject: International Relations

  • [pib] 57th Session of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57)

    Why in the news?

    India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

    About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

    Details
    Establishment Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues.
    Mandate Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
    Membership Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
    Meetings Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
    Themes Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality.
    Reports and Resolutions Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
    Linkage to SDGs Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
    Regional Collaboration Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.

    [2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?

    1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.

    2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.

    3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1 only

  • [PREMIUM] Conflict Regions in West Asia

    Why in the news?

    • The resurgence of West Asian rivalries has been reignited by the ongoing Hamas-Israel War, which commenced on October 7, 2023.
    • With a backdrop of historical conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and Israel’s engagements with Hezbollah and Hamas, the current conflict is escalating tensions in the region.

    About West Asia

    [A] Political Overview:

    1. Countries:
    • West Asia comprises 17 countries, including:
      • In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has 6 countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
      • Middle Eastern countries like Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Yemen.
      • Egypt is sometimes included in the definition of West Asia due to its geographical proximity and historical ties.
    1. Geopolitical Dynamics:
      • The region is characterized by complex geopolitical dynamics, including conflicts, alliances, and power struggles.
      • Ongoing conflicts include the Syrian Civil War, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Yemeni Civil War, among others.
      • Strategic interests of global powers, including the United States, Russia, and China, contribute to the region’s instability.

    [B] Physical Features:

    1. Terrain:
      • West Asia encompasses varied terrain, including vast deserts like the Rub’ al Khali in Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Desert in Syria and Jordan.
      • Mountainous regions include the Zagros Mountains in Iran, the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains along the Lebanon-Syria border.
      • Fertile river valleys, such as the Tigris-Euphrates in Iraq and the Nile in Egypt, have historically supported agriculture and civilization.
    2. Climate:
      • The region experiences diverse climates:
        • Arid and semi-arid climates prevail in much of the interior, with hot summers and mild winters.
        • Mediterranean climates along the coastal areas, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
        • Highland climates in mountainous regions, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation.
    3. Natural Resources:
      • West Asia is endowed with abundant natural resources, notably oil and natural gas reserves, concentrated primarily in countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and the Gulf states.
      • The region also possesses significant mineral deposits, including phosphates in Jordan, sulfur in Iraq, and metals like copper and iron in various countries.

    [C] Physiographical Details:

    1. Biodiversity:
      • Despite its predominantly arid climate, West Asia supports diverse ecosystems, including desert, mountain, and coastal habitats.
      • Unique species of flora and fauna, adapted to harsh environmental conditions, inhabit the region, including desert mammals like the Arabian oryx and mountain species like the Persian leopard.
    2. Water Resources:
      • Water scarcity is a pressing issue in West Asia, exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
      • Countries rely on shared river basins, such as the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile, leading to water disputes and conflicts.
      • Desalination plants along the coastlines provide an alternative source of freshwater, particularly in Gulf countries.
    3. Human Geography:
      • The region is home to diverse ethnic and religious communities, including Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Persians, Jews, and Christians, among others.
      • Urbanization is on the rise, with major cities like Riyadh, Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo serving as economic, cultural, and political centers.

    Flash Points in West Asia

    Conflict 

    Areas

    		 Description Flashpoints
    Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A protracted dispute over territory, borders, and self-determination between Israel and Palestinians. Gaza Strip: A densely populated coastal enclave with sandy beaches, urban areas, and limited agricultural land. It is approximately 41 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide.

     

    Netzarim Corridor: The Netzarim Corridor is a just under seven-kilometer-long corridor that is set to cut Gaza City from the rest of the enclave, running east to west from the Israeli border south of Nahal Oz to the Mediterranean Sea. Israel has previously bisected the Gaza Strip to create a Buffer Zone.

    West Bank: Diverse geography including mountainous terrain, fertile valleys, and the Jordan River Valley. It covers an area of approximately 5,655 square kilometers.

    East Jerusalem: Hilly terrain with historic landmarks and religious sites, including the Old City with its ancient walls, mosques, and churches.
    Syrian Civil War Complex conflict involving multiple factions, resulting in immense humanitarian suffering. Aleppo: Surrounded by fertile plains and agricultural land, it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 190 square kilometers.

    Damascus: Situated in the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, it is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. It spans an area of around 105 square kilometers.

    Homs: Located along the Orontes River, it is an important industrial center with a history dating back to ancient times. It has an area of about 165 square kilometers.

    Idlib: Mix of agricultural plains, hills, and urban centers, covering an area of approximately 6,097 square kilometers.
    Iraqi Conflict Various conflicts including the Iraq War, sectarian violence, insurgency, and fight against ISIS. Baghdad: Flat terrain surrounded by fertile agricultural land, situated on the Tigris River. It covers an area of around 204 square kilometers.

    Mosul: Surrounded by plains, historic landmarks, and the Tigris River, it is one of Iraq’s largest cities. It spans an area of approximately 370 square kilometers.

    Fallujah: In the Euphrates River valley with arid landscapes and urban areas, it is strategically located near major highways. It covers an area of about 139 square kilometers.

    Kirkuk: Oil-rich region with diverse ethnic populations and mountainous terrain, it covers an area of approximately 9,679 square kilometers.
    Yemeni Civil War Involves the Yemeni government, Houthi rebels, and other factions, leading to a dire humanitarian crisis. Sana’a: Surrounded by mountains and valleys in the Yemeni Highlands, it is one of the highest capital cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 73 square kilometers.

    Aden: Coastal city with a strategic port and urban areas, located on the Gulf of Aden. It spans an area of around 50 square kilometers.

    Hodeidah: Major port city with coastal plains, mountains, and urban areas, situated on the Red Sea coast. It covers an area of about 192 square kilometers.
    Lebanese-Israeli Tensions Sporadic clashes and occasional escalation over territorial disputes and Hezbollah’s presence. Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with mountains, fertile valleys, and coastal plains along the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of approximately 929 square kilometers.
    Kurdish-Turkish Conflict Involves the Turkish government and Kurdish separatist groups, focusing on Kurdish autonomy. Southeastern Turkey: Mountain ranges, plateaus, fertile river valleys, and urban areas, covering an area of approximately 190,534 square kilometers.

    Northern Iraq: Zagros Mountains, valleys, rivers, and urban centers, with an area of about 198,956 square kilometers.
    Iranian-Israeli Tensions Fueled by Iran’s support to militant groups and its nuclear program, leading to regional security concerns. Golan Heights: Plateau region with rocky slopes, volcanic hills, fertile agricultural land, and urban settlements. It spans an area of approximately 1,800 square kilometers.

    Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with valleys, plains, and urban areas, covering an area of about 929 square kilometers.
    Gulf States Tensions Rivalries among Gulf states are driven by ideological differences, political alliances, and economic interests. Qatar: Peninsula with desert terrain, low-lying coastal areas, and urban development, covering an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometers.

    Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Desert landscapes, oasis areas, oil fields, and urban centers, with an area of about 672,522 square kilometers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea?

    (a) Syria

    (b) Jordan

    (c) Lebanon

    (d) Israel

  • [PREMIUM] Travelling Central Asia

    Why in the news?

    The Central Asia region is in the spotlight since it is facing challenges with political instability, ethnic tensions, and the threat of extremism, especially after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.

    About Central Asia

    • Central Asia, often referred to as the heart of Asia, is a vast and diverse region located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
    • It encompasses the area between the Caspian Sea in the west and China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan and Iran in the south.
    • Central Asia is comprised of five main countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
    • This region has a rich history, serving as the historical crossroads of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia for centuries.

    Geographical Details:

    • Mountains:
    • Tian Shan: This mountain range stretches across Central Asia, forming a natural border between Kyrgyzstan and China. It is renowned for its majestic peaks, including Pobeda Peak, the highest point in Kyrgyzstan.
    • Pamir Mountains: Known as the “Roof of the World,” the Pamir Mountains are located in Tajikistan and extend into neighboring countries. They contain some of the world’s highest peaks, including Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly known as Peak Communism) and Kongur Tagh.
    • Alay Mountains: Situated in southern Kyrgyzstan, the Alay Mountains are a subrange of the Tian Shan. They are characterized by rugged terrain and deep valleys.
    • Turkestan Range: This mountain range runs through southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, forming part of the border between the two countries.
    • Water Bodies:
    • Amu Darya: Also known as the Oxus River, the Amu Darya is one of the major rivers in Central Asia. It originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows through Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan before emptying into the Aral Sea (though much of its water is diverted for irrigation).
    • Syr Darya: Another important river in Central Asia, the Syr Darya, originates in the Tian Shan Mountains. It flows through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, eventually joining the Amu Darya in the Aral Sea basin.
    • Aral Sea: Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea has shrunk dramatically due to diversion of its tributary rivers for irrigation purposes. Its decline has had severe ecological and economic consequences for the region.
    • Issyk-Kul: Located in eastern Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul is one of the largest alpine lakes in the world. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and is a popular tourist destination.
    • Deserts:
    • Karakum Desert: Covering much of Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert is characterized by vast expanses of sand dunes and sparse vegetation. It is home to the Darvaza Gas Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell.”
    • Kyzylkum Desert: Situated primarily in Uzbekistan, with parts extending into Kazakhstan, the Kyzylkum Desert is known for its red sands and arid climate. It is sparsely populated, with nomadic herders and wildlife such as gazelles and wild boars.
    • Mineral Resources:
    • Oil and Gas: The Caspian Sea region, in particular, is known for its oil and gas deposits, with countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan actively involved in their exploration and extraction. The discovery of large oil fields, such as the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan and the Galkynysh Field in Turkmenistan, has attracted international investment and contributed to economic growth in the region.
    • Uranium: Kazakhstan is one of the world’s leading producers of uranium, with significant deposits located in the south of the country. Other Central Asian countries, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, also have uranium reserves, although they are less developed than those in Kazakhstan.
    • Precious Metals: Kyrgyzstan has a long history of gold mining, with several large-scale mines operating in the country. Uzbekistan is also a significant producer of gold, with the Muruntau Gold Mine being one of the largest in the world.
    • Copper, Aluminum, and Iron: These resources are primarily found in mountainous regions, such as the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains. Countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have large deposits of copper ore, which are mined for domestic use and export. Additionally, Kazakhstan is a major producer of aluminum, with significant reserves of bauxite, the primary source of aluminum.
    • Climate
    • Central Asia experiences a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
    • However, the climate varies significantly depending on altitude and proximity to mountain ranges.
    • In general, the region is characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation rates, leading to arid and semi-arid conditions in many areas.
    • The mountains influence local climates, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels in upland areas.

    Major Disputed Areas:

    Countries Involved Description
    Bagys and Turkestanetz Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Disputed settlements involved in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • Turkestanetz ultimately attributed to Uzbekistan, while Kazakhstan retained control over significant water reservoirs.
    • Negotiations primarily occurred in the early 2000s.
    • The area is characterized by flat plains and arid landscapes, typical of Central Asian geography.
    Arnasy Dam Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Part of the land negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, particularly significant during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
    • The area surrounding the dam is marked by river valleys and semi-arid terrain, with the Arnasy River being a prominent feature.
    Sokh and Shakhi-Mardan Enclaves Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • Uzbek enclaves located in Kyrgyzstan, particularly contentious and mined by Uzbekistan as part of their border security measures.
    • Tensions in this area have been ongoing since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with occasional flare-ups in violence.
    • The region is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan mountain ranges.
    Ferghana Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
    • A fertile region shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, known for its complex network of enclaves and high degree of inter-ethnic tensions.
    • Disputes often arise over control of strategic points such as border crossings and access to water resources, leading to occasional clashes and violence.
    • Tensions in the Ferghana Valley have persisted since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by the Tian Shan and Alay mountain ranges, with the Syr Darya river flowing through it.
    Vorukh Enclave Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • A Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan, part of the complex border issues in the Ferghana Valley.
    • Tensions in this enclave date back to the Soviet era but have intensified since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
    • The enclave is nestled in the mountainous terrain of the Ferghana Valley, near the Zeravshan Range.
    Chardara Reservoir and Lake Arnasai Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas discussed in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • The negotiations occurred primarily in the late 1990s, with Kazakhstan securing a neck of land that provided a direct transport connection to the rest of the country.
    • The region is characterized by flat plains and agricultural land surrounding the reservoir and lake.
    • The Chardara Reservoir is fed by the Syr Darya river.
    Osh City and Osh Volost Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas that were contentious during the national delimitation in the Soviet period, particularly in the 1920s.
    • They were included in the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast despite a high percentage of Uzbek residents who opposed this inclusion.
    • The area is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Fergana Range.
    Isfara Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • A narrow, densely populated valley straddling the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, disputes in this region often stem from territorial claims, resource allocation, and control of strategic points such as border crossings and water sources.
    • Tensions have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges, and is known for its agricultural productivity.
    Batken Region Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • Located in southern Kyrgyzstan, bordered by Tajikistan to the south and Uzbekistan to the west, disputes in this region are primarily related to territorial claims, control of strategic areas, and occasional clashes between border communities.
    • Tensions have been particularly notable since the mid-1990s.
    • The region is characterized by rugged mountain terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges.
    Karakalpakstan Uzbekistan
    • An autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, disputes in this region are mainly related to water scarcity, ecological degradation, and the socio-economic impact of the shrinking Aral Sea.
    • Tensions over these issues have escalated since the mid-20th century.
    • Karakalpakstan is characterized by flat, arid plains and is situated adjacent to the shrinking Aral Sea.
    Caspian Sea Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
    • The world’s largest inland body of water bordered by Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, disputes often revolve around issues such as maritime boundaries, resource exploration rights, and environmental conservation.
    • Negotiations over the status of the Caspian Sea and its resources have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The Caspian Sea is characterized by its vast expanse of water and surrounding coastal regions.

  • [25th April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Restoring earth’s right to ‘good health’The Indian seafarer deserves better in choppy high seas

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q) What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)

    Prelims:

    Q) Which of the following have coral reefs?

    (1). Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    (2). Gulf of Kachchh
    (3). Gulf of Mannar
    (4). SunderbansSelect the correct answer using the code given below.

    a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    b) 2 and 4 only
    c) 1 and 3 only
    d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: ‘Human Rights at Sea’ Initiative by India;

    Mains: The vulnerabilities of Indian seafarers;

    Mentor comments: India submitted three papers to the 111th Session of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Legal Committee (LEG), which is from April 22 to 26, 2024. These submissions address crucial issues such as seafarers’ security, contract terms, and broader maritime security challenges. India has stressed the need for a comprehensive approach to maritime security and advocated improved contractual conditions for seafarers. While acknowledging the IMO’s efforts to combat maritime fraud, India has called for broader international cooperation to tackle various maritime threats, including piracy, armed robbery, extremist attacks, regional conflicts, and emerging risks such as drone attacks and the use of maritime weapons.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Amid rising safety concerns among Indian seafarers following the recent attacks on commercial ships in sensitive geographical areas such as the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz.

    Who is Seafarers? 

    • Seafarer as literally being someone who is employed to serve aboard any type of marine vessel.

    Key facts about the Indian seafares:

    • With around 2,50,000 Indian seafarers serving on specialised cargo vessels worldwide
    • India, with 9.35% of global seafarers and ranking third globally

    The vulnerabilities of Indian seafarers:

    • Lack of Legal Representation: A majority of Indian seafarers lack legal representation, leaving them vulnerable in legal disputes or incidents at sea.
    • Feeling of Unfair Treatment: Many Indian seafarers feel unfairly treated, indicating potential issues with employment conditions, treatment by employers, or legal protection.
    • Unawareness of Rights: The survey reveals that a significant portion of Indian seafarers are unaware of their rights.
    • Increasing kidnappings in the Gulf of Guinea: The Maritime Union of India highlighted a 40% increase in kidnappings in the Gulf of Guinea, with 134 cases of assault, injury, and threats reported. Incidents such as the kidnapping of 20 Indian nationals from the MT Duke (off the western coast of Africa) and the ship owners paying hefty ransoms highlight the dangers faced by seafarers.
    • Impact of Recent Incidents: Recent events such as the seizure of MSC Aries and detention of MT Heroic Idun at Nigeria highlight the immediate threats and challenges faced by Indian seafarers, amplifying their vulnerabilities.
    • Exploitation Concerns: Reports suggest that Iranian shipping companies, in collaboration with international recruiters, exploit Indian seafarers by luring them with false promises of high salaries and opportunities in the Middle East. 

    ‘Human Rights at Sea’ Initiative by India: 

    • The Indian government and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) launched the ‘human rights at sea’ initiative to address abuses against Indian seafarers, including cases of illegal detentions and stranded seafarers in foreign waters.

    Measures to resolve these challenges 

    •  Accountability Mechanisms for Ship Owners: Strengthening mechanisms to hold ship owners accountable for violations against Indian seafarers, particularly those operating under foreign registrations to evade taxes, through proactive cooperation among stakeholders and regulatory bodies.
    • Call for International Cooperation: India emphasizes the need for enhanced international cooperation to safeguard seafarers’ rights and security, indicating that the issue extends beyond national borders and requires collective action
    • Combatting Exploitation by Shipping Companies: Regulatory measures to combat exploitation by shipping companies, particularly those collaborating with international recruiters to lure Indian seafarers with false promises, such as strict enforcement of labor laws, increased oversight of recruitment practices, and penalties for companies found guilty of exploitation.
    • Support and Recognition for Seafarers: Providing support and recognition for Indian seafarers’ resilience and professionalism, particularly in times of crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic and heightened security concerns due to recent attacks on commercial ships.
    • Government Support: Enhanced government support for Indian seafarers, including measures to address security concerns, provision of resources for training and education, and advocacy for their rights at international forums such as the IMO.

    Conclusion: 

    Implementation of comprehensive piracy prevention measures, including enhanced surveillance, collaboration with international maritime security forces, and possibly exploring the deployment of private guards on merchant navy ships.

  • Tensions grow in West Asia, a heavily militarised region

    Why in the news? 

    According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s ‘Trends in International Arms Transfers 2023’, four of the top 10 largest importers of arms last year were from West Asia, with the U.S. being the main supplier

    SIPRI Report: Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023

    • India’s Arms Imports: Increased by 4.7% compared to 2014-18.
    • European Arms Imports: Saw a staggering 94% increase between 2014-18 and 2019-23, likely influenced by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
    • Russia-India Arms Trade: Russia remained India’s largest arms supplier, accounting for 36% of total imports.
    • Top Global Importers: India, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar emerged as the top three importers globally.
    • Ukraine’s Arms Imports: Became the fourth largest arms importer during the specified period.
    • China-Pakistan Arms Trade: Pakistan, the fifth largest arms importer, obtained 82% of its arms from China.
    • France’s Arms Exports: Emerged as the world’s second-largest arms supplier, after the United States.
    • French Arms Exports to India: India was highlighted as the largest single recipient of French arms exports.

     

    West Asia has largest expenditure in Defence as per GDP %

    Reason behind the west Asia is heavily militarised region:

    • Regional Conflicts and Tensions: The region is characterized by ongoing conflicts and tensions, such as those in Yemen and Syria, leading countries to seek advanced weaponry to address security challenges
    • Oil Boom: The oil boom in West Asia has led to increased military spending as countries seek to protect their oil resources and maintain regional stability
    • Internal Factors: The presence of Western arms and personnel in some Persian Gulf countries has contributed to internal resurgences, leading states to invest in military capabilities for self-defense
    • Diversification of Arms Suppliers: West Asian states have adopted the principle of diversifying sources of arms supply, leading to a broader range of arms imports from various suppliers globally
    • Client-Supplier Relationship: The relationship between client states and arms suppliers is often favorable to the recipient, with the recipient receiving the arms they wish and the supplier bowing to their demands
    • Regional Disputes and Border Skirmishes: Border disputes, threats, and wars have made it imperative for West Asian states to resort to modern and efficient national defense systems like conflict between Iran and Israel

    Conclusion: 

    Encourage diplomatic efforts to resolve regional conflicts and tensions through dialogue and negotiation, aiming to reduce the need for excessive military spending. Advocate for the establishment of regional arms control agreements to limit the proliferation of weapons and promote stability in the West Asia region.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

  • [pib] India showcases CPGRAMS at 3rd Biennial Pan-Commonwealth Meeting in London

    Why in the news?

    India’s Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) received global recognition during the 3rd Biennial Pan-Commonwealth Heads in London.

    What is CPGRAMS?

    • The primary objective of CPGRAMS is to provide citizens with a user-friendly mechanism to register complaints or grievances related to various government departments and agencies.
    • It is an online platform available to the citizens 24×7 to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery.
    • It was created in June 2007 by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances.
    • It has been designed in-house by the National Informatics Centre team.
    • Prime Minister is the supreme head of the CPGRAMS.

    Key functions of CPGRAMS include:

    • Grievance Lodging and Tracking: Citizens can lodge grievances online and track their progress using a unique registration number generated by the system.
    • Role-Based Access: Every Ministry and state have role-based access to this system, ensuring that grievances are forwarded to the concerned Ministries or Government Departments.
    • Appeal Facility: CPGRAMS provides an appeal facility to the citizens if they are not satisfied with the resolution by the Grievance Officer.
    • Feedback Mechanism: After the closure of grievance, if the complainant is not satisfied with the resolution, they can provide feedback. If the rating is ‘Poor’, the option to file an appeal is enabled. The status of the Appeal can also be tracked by the petitioner with the grievance registration number.

    Issues that are NOT taken up under CPGRAMS:

    • Subjudice cases or any matter concerning judgment given by any court.
    • Personal and Family disputes.
    • Right to Information (RTI) Queries.
    • Anything that impacts upon territorial integrity of the country or friendly relations with other countries.
    • Grievances of Government employees concerning their service matters including disciplinary proceedings etc because there is already a mechanism for addressing these issues.

    What is the Commonwealth of Nations?

    • The Commonwealth of Nations is an intergovernmental organization of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.
    • It dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories.
    • It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference.
    • It was formalized by the UK through the Statute of Westminster in 1931.
    • The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the Head of the Commonwealth.
      • Membership: Based on free and equal voluntary cooperation.

    History of its creation

    • The Commonwealth was created in the early 1900s when nations that were formerly a part of the British Empire began to secede.
    • India is one of the founding members of the modern Commonwealth.
    • India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, played a key role in the creation of the modern Commonwealth in 1949, Indian policy-makers over the years have considered it as a relic of empire and steeped in colonial legacy.

    Working of Commonwealth

    • Commonwealth members have no legal obligations to one another.
    • Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

    Actual functioning: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)

    • CHOGM which takes place every two years is a platform for all Commonwealth leaders to meet and discuss issues about the Commonwealth.
    • The motto behind the meeting is to reaffirm common values, address the shared global challenges and agree on how to work to create a better future.

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.

    2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.

    3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2016] The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War,

    (a) India should be granted complete independence

    (b) India should be partitioned into two before granting independence

    (c) India should be made a republic with the condition that it will join the Commonwealth

    (d) India should be given Dominion status

  • What Iran-Israel conflict means for Middle East and India

    Why in the news?

    The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the extensive Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region, with an added risk of piracy and hostage situations.

    The conflict between Israel and Iran:

    • Historical Context: The roots of the conflict can be traced back to the Islamic Revolution in 1979 when Iran rejected Israel’s existence and vowed to undermine it. Iran has supported anti-Israeli militant groups like Hezbollah and Hamas and pursued a nuclear program, which Israel sees as a threat
    • Recent Escalation: Recent events, such as the unprecedented missile and drone assault on Israel originating from Iran, have raised concerns about a potential all-out war between the two nations. Israel successfully intercepted most of the attacks, but the implications of this escalation are significant
    • Israel’s Response Options: Israel faces decisions on how to respond to Iran, with options including retaliation by proxy, assassinations, cyberattacks, or direct attacks. Each option carries risks of escalation and broader regional consequences
    • The nuclear issue: The long history of animosity and confrontation between the sides has now erupted in direct attacks. Israel is believed to be nuclear-capable and Iran’s desired programmes for nuclear capability have been in the spotlight

    Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India:

    • Economic Interests: India has significant economic ties in the Middle East, including trade, investment, and energy imports. Any escalation of conflict in the region threatens India’s economic interests, potentially leading to disruptions in trade routes and increased oil prices.
    • Security of Indian Diaspora: The Middle East hosts a large Indian diaspora, particularly in the Gulf region. Turmoil and conflict pose risks to their safety and security, with concerns about piracy, hostage-taking, and general instability.
    • Instability in Global south Governance : India recognizes the importance of stability in the Middle East for global south governance and stability. Instability in the region affects not only regional dynamics but also has broader implications for international security and cooperation.

    Diplomatic solution for this conflict:

    •  India advocates for diplomatic solutions to conflicts in the Middle East and supports initiatives for peace and stability, including the two-state solution for the Israel-Palestine conflict. India’s historical and cultural ties with the region position it as a potential mediator and facilitator for dialogue.

    Way forward:

    • Restraint and De-escalation: Call upon both parties to exercise restraint and avoid actions that could escalate the conflict further.  
    • Regional Cooperation: Encourage regional actors, including neighboring countries  to work together to promote stability and security in the Middle East.  
    • International Support: Seek support from the international community, including major powers and multilateral organizations, to pressure Iran and Israel to pursue peaceful resolutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

    Mains question for practice:

    Q The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the  Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region. Discuss the Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India and suggest the solution.

     

     

  • Premium – Conflict Areas of African Continent

    Why in the News?

    The places discussed in this article are pertinent to conflict zones either due to Geopolitical conflicts or Climate change impacts.

    Political and Ethnic Conflicts:

    • Darfur Region, Sudan:
      • The Darfur region constitutes Western Sudan, present-Eastern Chad, and the present-Northern part of the Central African Republic Region. 
      • This conflict involves clashes between government forces and paramilitary groups, resulting in widespread violence and displacement, particularly in regions like Darfur.
      • Darfur has experienced conflict for years, with ethnic tensions and government-rebel clashes leading to violence and displacement. 
      • The conflict has been characterized by allegations of ethnic cleansing and human rights abuses.
    • Somalia:
      • The Conflict zone of Somalia is situated in the South-Eastern part (Mogadishu).
      • Al Shabaab is an Islamist militant group that has been engaged in a prolonged insurgency against the Somali government. 
      • The conflict has led to widespread violence, including attacks on civilians, and has contributed to significant displacement within Somalia
    • Nigeria:
      • Groups like Boko Haram and its offshoot, Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), have carried out attacks, including suicide bombings and kidnappings, targeting civilians and security forces. 
      • This conflict has led to widespread displacement (Due to infringements of Human rights), particularly in northeastern Nigeria.
      • Nigeria is traversed by several major rivers, including the Niger River and the Benue River. 
      • The Niger River flows from southeastern Guinea through Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. It is the third-longest river in Africa behind the Nile and the Congo. 
      • Niger River tributaries include the Sokoto, Kaduna, Benue, and Bani Rivers.
    • Tigray, Ethiopia:
      • The conflict in Tigray erupted between regional forces and the Ethiopian government in late 2020, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and allegations of human rights abuses.
      • Ethiopia has experienced internal conflicts fueled by ethnic divisions and political grievances, leading to sporadic violence and displacement in various regions.
      • The region is part of the Nile River Basin.

    Resource-based Conflicts (Climate Change Impact):

    • Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC):
      • The DRC has been plagued by multiple armed groups operating in different regions, often vying for control over territory and resources. 
      • The M23 rebel group is one of several militias involved in the conflict, leading to displacement and humanitarian crises.
      • The DRC is home to the Congo River, one of the largest rivers in Africa. 
      • The Congo River drains a total watershed area of 3,690,750km 2, covering all of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), as well as parts of Congo-Brazzaville, Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola.
    • Burkina Faso:
      • Burkina Faso (landlocked in West Africa) has experienced a rise in violence perpetrated by groups affiliated with al Qaeda and the Islamic State, leading to displacement and insecurity, especially in the northern regions.
      • This conflict is often seen as a spillover from instability in neighboring Mali.
      • This region lies on the Prime Meridian. 
      • As it is landlocked, it does not have any significant rivers or lakes within its territory. However, it is part of the Volta River Basin, which includes rivers like the Black Volta and the White Volta.
    • Sahel Region:
      • The Sahel is a 3,860-km transitional belt stretching between the Sahara Desert and sub-Saharan Africa, extending from Senegal to Eritrea. It consists of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, and a portion of southern Algeria.
      • Climate: Characterized by semi-arid conditions and features barren landscapes, making it susceptible to desertification.
      • It serves as a historical and cultural crossroads, where Arabic, Islamic, and nomadic cultures from the north intersect with indigenous and traditional cultures from the south.
      • The region faces numerous challenges, including ethno-religious tensions, political instability, widespread poverty, natural disasters, and the proliferation of criminal and political movements. 
      • Its vast, ungoverned spaces make it a hotspot for various illicit activities.
    • Notable water bodies in the Sahel region:
      • Niger River: It is a major waterway that traverses through countries such as Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, providing water for irrigation, transportation, and fishing.
      • Senegal River: The Senegal River forms part of the northern border of Senegal and Mauritania. It provides water for agriculture, supports ecosystems, and is used for transportation and hydropower generation.
      • Bani River: A tributary of the Niger River, the Bani River flows through Mali during the rainy season, supporting agriculture and wildlife in the region.
      • Koumoue River: This river, located in Burkina Faso, is a tributary of the Niger River and plays a crucial role in providing water for agricultural activities in the region.
      • Logone River: The Logone River, flowing through Chad and Cameroon, is an important water source for communities living along its banks, supporting agriculture and providing habitats for wildlife.
      • Mare aux Hippopotames: This seasonal lake, located in Niger, fills with water during the rainy season and serves as an essential habitat for wildlife, including hippos and migratory birds.
      • Lake Chad: Although Lake Chad has significantly diminished in size over the years due to factors such as climate change, overuse of water resources, and population growth, it remains an important water body for countries like Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon.
    • Afar Triangle:
      • The Afar Triangle, also known as the Afar Depression or Afar Rift, is a geological depression in the Horn of Africa. It encompasses parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
      • It is said to be world’s Sixth Ocean in making.
      • It is located at the tri-junction of the African, Arabian, and Somali tectonic plates, making it one of the most geologically active regions on Earth. 
      • Border disputes between countries have occasionally involved the Afar region, particularly along the border areas.

     

    Previous Year Questions:

    [2013] Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    Geographical Feature Region
    (a) Abyssinian Plateau Arabia
    (b) Atlas Mountains North-Western Africa
    (c) Guiana Highlands South-Western Africa
    (d) Okavango Basin Patagonia

     [2020] Consider the following pairs:

    Rivers Flows into
    1. Mekong Andaman Sea
    2. Thames Irish Sea
    3. Volga Caspian Sea
    4. Zambezi Indian Ocean

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

     

    [2022] The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions?

    (a) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores

    (b) Region along North African shores stretching from Egypt to Morocco

    (c) Region along Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa

    (d) The entire coastal areas of Mediterranean Sean

    [2022] Consider the following pairs:

    Region often mentioned, in the news Country
    1. Anatolia

    2. Amhara

    3. Cabo Delgado

    4. Catalonia

    		 Turkey

    Ethiopia

    Spain

    Italy

    How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one pair

    (b) Only two pairs

    (c) Only three pairs

    (d) All four pairs

     

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Area of conflict mentioned in news Country where it is located
    1. Donbas Syria
    2. Kachin Ethiopia
    3. Tigray North Yemen

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    a) Only one

    b) Only two

    c) All three

    d) None

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Regions often mentioned in News Reason for being in News
    1. North Kivu and Ituri War between Armenia and Azerbaijan
    2. Nagorno-Karabakh Insurgency in Mozambique
    3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Dispute between Israel and Lebanon

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c) All three

    (d) None

  • Israel, a two-state solution, some recent perceptions

    Why in the news?

    Writings and statements from Israel give us an understanding of what “a Jewish national home” means and the ongoing conflict it involves.

    Historical origins and evolution of the concept of a Jewish national home

    • Historical and Religious Context: The concept of a Promised Land for the Jewish people dates back to biblical times, with references in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the land of Canaan as a homeland promised to the descendants of Abraham. The idea of returning to this ancestral homeland remained significant in Jewish religious and cultural traditions throughout centuries of diaspora.
    • Zionism: The modern movement for Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism, gained momentum in the late 19th century. Zionist thinkers and leaders, such as Theodor Herzl, envisioned the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
    • Theodor Herzl and the First Zionist Congress: The publication of Herzl’s book “Der Judenstaat” (“The Jewish State”) in 1896 is often considered the starting point of modern political Zionism.
    • British Mandate for Palestine: During World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, expressing support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
    • Settlement and Immigration: Jewish immigration to Palestine increased significantly during the early 20th century, as Jewish communities sought to establish settlements and build infrastructure in the region.
    • United Nations Partition Plan: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine, which would have divided the territory into separate Jewish and Arab states, along with an internationalized Jerusalem. While Jewish leaders accepted the plan, Arab leaders rejected it, leading to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the establishment of the State of Israel.

    Continue Struggle after Arab-Israeli War 1948 

    • International Response and Recognition after 1967 war: UN Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) addressed the aftermath of the 1967 war. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was recognized by the Arab League and the UN General Assembly as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. The Arab League Declaration/Initiative of 2002 and the Palestinian Non-Paper outlined visions for a solution, including reference to the 1967 Armistice Line as a border.
    • Annexation of West Bank Settlements: In 2018, Israel’s ruling Likud Party unanimously endorsed a resolution calling for the annexation of West Bank settlements, indicating a hardline stance on territorial claims.

    Why Israel’s position is so strong in conflict?

    • Military Might: The military success of Israel in the 1967 war shifted the dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, convincing Arab states that they could not achieve victory through military means. However, it did not lead to a recommendation for a political settlement based on compromise.
    • Madrid Conference of 1991: The Madrid Conference was a significant event in the peace process, though the phrase “territories for peace” was not explicitly mentioned in the invitation letters. It marked a diplomatic effort to address the conflict.
    • American Support : The United States has provided unprecedented support to Israel, both diplomatically and militarily.And Israel’s conduct and efforts to shape the post-war situation have been growing.

    Conclusion: The idea of a Jewish national home emerged from historical and religious roots, gained momentum through Zionism, and was furthered by international recognition. Resolution requires diplomacy, acknowledgment of historical grievances, and genuine efforts towards mutual understanding and compromise to stabalise the situation.

    Mains PYQ

    Q “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • India delivers first batch of BrahMos to Philippines

    Why in the news?

    India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.

    India- Philippines Brahmos Deal

    • In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
    • This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
    • Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.

    About BrahMos Missiles

    Development:

    • BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
    • The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
    • The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.

    Capabilities:

    • BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
    • Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
    • It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
    • It has two stages:
    1. First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
    2. Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.

    Warhead:

    • Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
    • Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.

    Variants and Range 

    • The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
    • A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
    • Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
    • Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.

    Strategic Implications of the move

    • This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
    • The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3