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Subject: International Relations

  • The threat to India’s ‘great power’ status 

    Why in the News?

    The ongoing tensions in West Asia, particularly between Iran, Israel, and the U.S., have reignited concerns about a potential U.S.-Israel-Iran conflict, which could have serious geopolitical and economic consequences.

    How could a U.S.-Israel-Iran war impact India?

    • Energy Security Risk: A war could disrupt oil exports from Iran and the Strait of Hormuz, through which 60% of India’s crude imports pass. Eg: During the 2019 U.S.-Iran tensions, India faced uncertainty in oil supply and had to cut Iranian imports.
    • Geopolitical Imbalance: Collapse of Iran may increase U.S. dominance in West Asia, weakening India’s strategic depth and bargaining power. Eg: India’s balancing diplomacy between Gulf countries, Israel, and Iran would face strain, as seen when Chabahar Port talks slowed under U.S. pressure.
    • Diaspora and Economic Fallout: War could threaten the safety of 8 million Indians in the Gulf and affect remittances and trade. Eg: During the 1990 Gulf War, India had to evacuate over 1.7 lakh citizens and faced economic shocks.

    What is the difference between great power and super power?

    The terms “great power” and “superpower” both refer to influential countries, but they differ in scale, reach, and dominance.

    • Great Power: A great power is a country with significant regional or global influence, strong economy, capable military, and active diplomacy. Eg: India, France, Germany
    • Superpower: A superpower is a country with unmatched global dominance across military, economic, political, and cultural spheres.  Eg: United States (Cold War era: USA and USSR were two superpowers).

    How does the Iran-Israel conflict impact India’s great power status?

    • Challenges to Strategic Autonomy: The conflict pressures India to balance relations with both Iran and Israel, testing its strategic autonomy — a key trait of great powers. India called for restraint without directly criticising either side.
    • Limited Global Influence in Conflict Resolution: India’s geopolitical clout is still evolving, and its absence in conflict mediation highlights the gap between global aspirations and actual influence. Eg: India was not part of backchannel diplomacy, unlike the U.S. or China.

    How does multipolarity guide India’s foreign policy?

    • Strategic Autonomy: India avoids aligning permanently with any one power bloc, maintaining independent decision-making. Eg: India is a member of both the QUAD and BRICS, balancing ties with the U.S. and China.
    • Diversified Partnerships: Multipolarity enables India to build issue-based coalitions with different countries for mutual benefit. Eg: India partners with France on defence, Russia on energy, and U.S. on technology.
    • Global Rule-Shaping Role: India promotes a rules-based order and voices the concerns of the Global South in global forums. Eg: India’s presidency of the G20 in 2023 emphasized inclusive development and reform of global institutions.

    Why is Iran vital to India’s energy and strategy?

    • Energy Security: Iran has vast reserves of crude oil and natural gas, essential for India’s growing energy needs. Eg: Before U.S. sanctions, Iran was among India’s top three crude oil suppliers.
    • Strategic Connectivity: Iran hosts the Chabahar Port, offering India access to Afghanistan, Central Asia, and bypassing Pakistan. Eg: The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) runs through Iran, linking India to Europe.
    • Regional Balance: Ties with Iran help India maintain a geopolitical balance in West Asia amid U.S., Israel, and Gulf influences. Eg: India engages Iran to counter China’s influence in the region, including at Gwadar Port in Pakistan.

    How does India balance ties between major powers?

    • Strategic Autonomy: India maintains independent foreign policy decisions without aligning fully with any bloc, ensuring flexibility in global affairs.
    • Multi-alignment Approach: India engages simultaneously with the U.S., Russia, China, EU, and others, based on issue-specific interests.
    • Issue-based Partnerships: India chooses partners depending on the context — cooperating with the U.S. on defense, Russia on energy, and China on trade, while managing conflicts diplomatically.

    How can India promote peace in West Asia? (Way forward)

    • Diplomatic Balancing: India can maintain neutral engagement with rival states like Iran, Israel, and the Gulf countries, promoting dialogue over conflict. Eg: India has strong ties with both Iran and Saudi Arabia, enabling it to act as a bridge-builder.
    • Economic Cooperation: Promoting trade, energy ties, and infrastructure projects can foster interdependence and reduce regional tensions. Eg: India’s investment in Chabahar Port connects the region economically and supports stability in Afghanistan.
    • Cultural and Diaspora Links: Leveraging its diaspora presence and civilizational ties, India can promote people-to-people engagement and soft power diplomacy. Eg: The 8-million-strong Indian diaspora in the Gulf enhances goodwill and mutual trust in the region.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2014] Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for in creased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.

    Linkage:  Evaluating the “pros and cons” necessitates an understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with foreign investment inflows, reflecting a part of India’s FDI challenge in attracting and managing capital effectively. This question directly related to the implications of increasing FDI in a specific sector.

  • At FTA’s heart, the promise of Global Capacity Centres

    Why in the News?

    India and the United Kingdom are nearing the finalisation of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) that is expected to significantly reshape their bilateral economic relationship. A key area of focus is the expansion of Global Capability Centres (GCCs) in India.

    What are GCCs (Global Capability Centres)?

    GCCs are offshore units set up by multinational companies (MNCs) in countries like India to handle critical business functions.

    How can GCCs boost the India-U.K. FTA?

    • Enhance Digital Collaboration: GCCs in India offer services like AI, cybersecurity, and R&D that align with the UK’s digital economy goals. Eg: British companies like Barclays use India’s GCCs for advanced analytics and digital banking solutions.
    • Support Professional Mobility: GCC operations require movement of skilled professionals between India and the UK, pushing for smoother visa and work policies. Eg: Infosys and TCS facilitate cross-border staff exchanges for UK-based projects.
    • Strengthen Global Supply Chains: GCCs act as strategic hubs for managing global operations and reducing dependency on single markets. Eg: Unilever runs global compliance and finance functions from its India GCC, supporting resilience and efficiency.

    Why is India a preferred hub for GCCs?

    • Cost Advantage: Operating a GCC in India is more cost-effective compared to Western countries, enabling firms to maintain quality while optimizing costs. Eg: Target Corporation runs its Indian GCC in Bengaluru to handle IT services and supply chain support at reduced costs.
    • Robust Digital Infrastructure: India’s expanding digital ecosystem and government support through policies like Digital India attract companies to establish innovation hubs here. Eg: Bosch established a smart manufacturing and AI innovation centre in Bengaluru as part of its India-based GCC.

    What policy steps support GCC growth in India?

    • Digital India Mission: Promotes digital infrastructure and connectivity, enabling a strong foundation for tech-driven operations. Eg: A U.S. retail firm’s GCC in Hyderabad leverages India’s broadband push to manage global e-commerce platforms.
    • Startup India & Innovation Support: Encourages collaboration between GCCs and Indian startups for agile solutions and R&D. Eg: A financial GCC in Pune co-develops regtech tools with local fintech startups.
    • Special Economic Zones (SEZs) & IT Parks: Offer tax incentives, simplified compliance, and ready infrastructure for foreign firms. Eg: GCCs in Bengaluru’s SEZs benefit from lower operational costs and faster approvals.
    • Ease of Doing Business Reforms: Simplified registration, relaxed FDI norms, and labor reforms attract foreign investors. Eg: A healthcare MNC establishes a GCC in Chennai due to smoother FDI entry and single-window clearances.
    • Skill Development Schemes: Programs like PMKVY and FutureSkills Prime build a skilled digital workforce for GCCs. Eg: GCCs in Noida hire AI and cybersecurity professionals trained through FutureSkills.

    What are the challenges? 

    • Talent saturation in Tier-1 cities: Intense competition for skilled tech professionals increases costs. Eg: In Bangalore, GCCs like Walmart Global Tech and Goldman Sachs compete for the same AI/ML talent pool, pushing up salary levels and attrition.
    • Infrastructure gaps in Tier-2 cities: Poor connectivity, weak urban infrastructure, and limited office space deter expansion. Eg: Despite interest in Nagpur for cost-effective operations, Deloitte limited its operations due to lack of reliable internet and skilled ecosystem.
    • High attrition rates: Rapid job-switching among mid-career professionals disrupts continuity. Eg: JPMorgan Chase’s GCC in Hyderabad faced over 22% attrition in 2023, especially among cybersecurity analysts.
    • Regulatory & compliance hurdles: Navigating data protection and labor laws adds to legal burden. Eg: Meta’s GCC in Gurugram had to rework its data storage policies post the DPDP Act, 2023, causing operational delays.
    • Limited R&D ownership: Indian GCCs often do not drive core product innovation. Eg: While Apple’s Bengaluru GCC handles app testing, core iOS design decisions remain with teams in California.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Tier-2 city readiness: Improve digital infrastructure, urban planning, and talent development in emerging tech hubs like Coimbatore, Indore, and Kochi through targeted government-industry partnerships.
    • Encourage innovation and R&D ownership: Provide tax incentives, faster IP approvals, and create collaborative platforms with academia to help GCCs move beyond support roles to core product development.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The UK wants better access to India’s fast-growing digital economy and aims to strengthen its global services presence. India is becoming more important in global supply chains, especially in digital services and transformation, where Global Capability Centres (GCCs) play a key role.

  • A long list: on the U.S., designation of The Resistance Front group

    Why in the News?

    The U.S. has designated The Resistance Front (TRF), which claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam terror attack (April 2025), as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist.

    What is the impact of the U.S. designating TRF as an FTO on global counterterrorism?

    • Legitimizes India’s concerns: The U.S. acknowledgment of TRF’s role in the Pahalgam terror attackstrengthens the global consensus on cross-border terror threats.
    • Links to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): The U.S. designation of TRF as a front/proxy of LeT exposes the continued existence of banned groups under new names.
    • Strengthens international action: The move could help India push for sanctions against TRF at the UN’s 1267 Sanctions Committee, boosting transnational legal cooperation.

    Why is Pakistan’s claim about LeT being defunct questionable?

    • TRF’s Linkage with LeT: The U.S. designation of The Resistance Front (TRF) as a “front and proxy” for Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) proves that LeT continues to operate under new aliases, despite Pakistan’s claims of dismantling the group. Eg: TRF claimed responsibility for the 2025 Pahalgam attack, showing LeT’s continued operational role.
    • Continued Terror Activities: Despite LeT’s inclusion in the U.S. Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) list since 2001, it has repeatedly executed attacks in India, reflecting its persistent capabilities. Eg: The 2008 Mumbai attacks and later cross-border infiltrations have been linked to LeT-trained cadres.
    • International Endorsement Missing: Pakistan’s claim lacks credible global validation. Instead, it has been seen shielding TRF at the UN Security Council (UNSC), undermining its own narrative. Eg: TRF’s name was excluded from the UNSC resolution on the Pahalgam attack, reportedly due to Pakistani lobbying.

    How does the U.S. response post-Pahalgam reveal contradictions in its policy?

    • Mixed messaging: While designating TRF is a positive step, claims by the Trump administration about mediating a ceasefire and nuclear de-escalation dilute India’s counter-terror narrative.
    • Diplomatic inconsistency: Praise for Pakistan’s military chief shortly after India clarified its stance reflects a lack of consistent pressure on Pakistan to curb terrorism.
    • Missed opportunity at UNSC: The U.S. initially allowed TRF to be left out of the UNSC resolution, showing conflicting priorities between diplomacy and counterterrorism.

    What blocks India’s effort to sanction the TRF at the UNSC?

    • Veto Power Politics: The UN Security Council’s 1267 Committee requires unanimous consent among P-5 members for sanctions. Some permanent members, especially China and the U.S., have previously withheld support or yielded to Pakistan’s pressure, blocking India’s proposals. Eg: TRF’s name was omitted from the UNSC resolution on the 2025 Pahalgam attack.
    • Pakistan’s Diplomatic Shielding: Pakistan continues to lobby against designations of terror outfits like TRF, masking them as defunct or rebranded groups, and frames them as indigenous resistance, making it harder for India to gain international consensus.

    How should India strengthen its anti-terror diplomacy? (Way forward)

    • Build Strategic Alliances and International Pressure: India should deepen counter-terrorism cooperation with key countries like the U.S., France, and the UK, while mobilizing regional blocs (e.g., QUAD, BRICS) to collectively push for sanctioning terror groups at global forums like the UNSC 1267 Committee.
    • Pursue Legal and Diplomatic Action Proactively: India must file strong dossiers with evidence linking terror fronts like TRF to banned outfits like LeT and pursue timely extraditions of wanted terrorists through bilateral treaties and Interpol. Eg: The extradition request for Tahawwur Hussain Rana reflects India’s resolve to hold perpetrators accountable.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security’. Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level.

    Linkage: The article explicitly mentions India’s hope that the U.S. designation of TRF will facilitate its designation at the UNSC under the 1267 Committee for sanctions, directly aligning with the question’s focus on international counter-terrorism mechanisms. This question directly pertains to the global challenge of terrorism and the role of international bodies like the UN Security Council.

  • [pib] India praised at Codex Executive Committee (CCEXEC88) for Millet Standards

    Why in the News?

    India recently participated in the 88th Codex Executive Committee (CCEXEC88) in Rome (14–18 July 2025), earning praise for leading global millet standards.

    About the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC):

    • Established: In 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
    • Headquarters: Located in Rome, Italy.
    • Membership:
      • 189 members: 188 countries + the European Union.
      • Open to all FAO and WHO members state and associate members.
    • Objectives:
      • Protect consumer health by ensuring food safety.
      • Promote fair practices in international food trade.
      • Harmonize food standards to reduce trade disputes.
    • Key Functions:
      • Develops global standards on:
        • Food safety and hygiene
        • Food additives, contaminants
        • Residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides
        • Labelling and import/export rules
      • Sets Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and general/horizontal standards.
      • Supports developing countries in enhancing food safety systems.
    • Structure:
      • Executive Committee: Streamlines the Commission’s work.
      • Subsidiary Bodies:
        • General Subject Committees: Address additives, contaminants, hygiene, etc.
        • Commodity Committees: Develop product-specific standards.
        • Regional Coordinating Committees: Harmonize regional standards.
        • Task Forces: Address short-term, emerging issues.
    • Codex Alimentarius (Food Code):
      • A collection of international food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice.
      • Though voluntary, they are widely adopted, especially in international trade.
    • Relevance to WTO:
      • Codex standards are reference points under the WTO SPS Agreement for resolving trade-related food safety disputes.

    India and Codex Alimentarius Commission:

    • Member Since: 1964.
    • Active Participation:
      • India is an elected member of the Executive Committee (CCEXEC).
      • Participates in standard-setting across various food sectors.
    • Recent Contributions:
      • Chaired the development of whole millet grain standards, co-chaired with Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal.
      • Led new work on fresh dates (approved for CAC48).
      • Will co-chair future standards for fresh turmeric and broccoli.
    • Strategic Role at CCEXEC88 (Rome, July 2025):
      • Proposed SMART Key Performance Indicators for the Codex Strategic Plan 2026–2031.
      • Shared its capacity-building programs for neighbouring countries (Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste), praised by FAO.
    • Capacity Building & Mentorship:
      • Promoted use of the Codex Trust Fund (CTF) by less active member countries.
      • Shared success stories of mentorship programmes with Bhutan and Nepal.
    • Special Role:
      • Chairs the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH) since 2014.
      • Aligns domestic FSSAI standards with Codex to support export competitiveness.

    Millets and India’s Leadership in Millets Promotion:

    • Millets = Shree Anna: Renamed in the Union Budget 2023-24, emphasizing their nutritional, economic, and environmental value.
    • Types of Millets:
      • Major: Jowar (Sorghum), Bajra (Pearl Millet), Ragi (Finger Millet)
      • Minor: Foxtail, Little, Kodo, Barnyard, Proso millets
    • Key Traits:
      • Drought-resistant, short duration crops
      • Nutrient-rich: High in fiber, iron, calcium, gluten-free
      • Climate-smart and low-input, suitable for dryland farming
    • India’s Global Push:
    • Government Initiatives:
      • National Millet Mission (2007) to boost production and processing.
      • Shree Anna Abhiyan: Focus on millet-based product innovation and marketing.
      • Integration into Public Distribution System (PDS), midday meals, and armed forces’ diets.
    [UPSC 2010] As regards the use of international food safety standards as reference point for the dispute settlements, which one of the following does WTO collaborate with?

    Options: (a) Codex Alimentarius Commission * (b) International Federation of Standards Users (c) International Organization for Standardization (d) World Standards Cooperation

    https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146080

  • [18th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: How is China leading the green energy sector?

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2015] To what factors can be the recent dramatic fall in equipment cost and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for thermal power producers and related industry?

    Linkage: The articles talks about the how China has effectively led and transformed the global green energy market, particularly through cost reduction and market control. This question directly addresses the factors behind the fall in solar energy costs, which is directly related to article.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: In 2024, China installed more wind turbines and solar panels than the rest of the world combined, demonstrating its dominance in renewable energy manufacturing and supply chains. With a $940 billion investment in renewables in a single year, China has strategically leveraged state-owned enterprises (SOEs), policy backing, and supply chain control to become a clean-energy superpower.

    Today’s editorial analyses China’s dominance in Green Energy. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) and  GS Paper III (Energy Sector) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, China has gained attention for investing a huge amount of money and taking the lead in the global green energy sector.

    Why is China a global leader in renewable energy?

    • Installed Capacity: China has the largest installed base of solar and wind energy in the world. Eg: By 2024, China added 300 GW of solar power, more than the rest of the world combined.
    • Supply Chain Control: China dominates the entire renewable energy supply chain, from raw materials to finished products. Eg: It produces over 80% of global solar panels and a major share of battery components like lithium and cobalt.
    • Massive Green Investments: China leads in clean energy investments, supported by government incentives and green bonds. Eg: In 2024, China invested $940 billion in clean energy, nearly triple that of the U.S.
    • State-Led Policies: The government uses State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and policy mandates to drive green growth. Eg: SOEs like Huaneng and State Grid built large-scale wind and solar farms across the country.
    • Export of Green Technology: Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China exports renewable energy infrastructure globally. Eg: Chinese firms are setting up solar projects in Africa and wind parks in Latin America.

    How did domestic issues drive China’s green strategy?

    • Severe Air Pollution: China faced toxic air quality, especially in industrial cities like Beijing, causing public health crises and unrest. Eg: The 2013 “Airpocalypse” led to mass protests, pushing the government to launch the Air Pollution Action Plan.
    • Energy Insecurity: Heavy dependence on coal and imported oil created vulnerability in energy supply and pricing. Eg: China increased solar and wind deployment to reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports and enhance energy self-sufficiency.
    • Economic Rebalancing Needs: China needed to shift from heavy industry to innovation-driven growth and green jobs. Eg: The government promoted green industries under the 13th and 14th Five-Year Plans to support sustainable development and tech leadership.

    What role do SOEs play in China’s energy transition?

    • Leading Renewable Deployment: State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are the primary drivers of solar, wind, and hydro projects, benefiting from state financing and land access. Eg: China Three Gorges Corporation built massive hydropower plants, including the Three Gorges Dam, aiding low-carbon electricity supply.
    • R&D and Technology Innovation: SOEs invest in clean energy R&D, fostering breakthroughs in battery storage, grid tech, and EVs. Eg: State Grid Corporation of China has led innovations in ultra-high-voltage transmission to integrate renewables across vast regions.
    • Policy Implementation and Scaling: SOEs act as instruments of the central government’s green policy, enabling fast scaling of infrastructure and meeting national climate goals. Eg: China Energy Investment Corporation rapidly expanded wind farms under the 14th Five-Year Plan.

    What can India learn from China?

    • Scale and Speed of Deployment: India can emulate China’s rapid infrastructure development in renewables by simplifying land acquisition and faster clearances.Eg: China added over 230 GW of renewable capacity in 2023, nearly 3 times India’s total renewable addition.
    • Strong Role of Public Sector: India should empower its public sector undertakings (PSUs) to take a leadership role in clean energy, similar to China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Eg: China’s SOEs like State Power Investment Corporation lead massive solar and wind projects, while India can enhance NTPC and SECI’s role.
    • Domestic Manufacturing Push: China’s dominance is rooted in its robust clean tech manufacturing ecosystem. India should focus on R&D, incentives, and supply chains.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • National Solar Mission: Launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), this mission promotes solar power generation with a target of 280 GW by 2030. Eg: India has already crossed 81 GW of solar capacity as of 2024.
    • Green Hydrogen Mission: The government launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export. Eg: Target of 5 MMT green hydrogen production annually by 2030.
    • PLI Scheme for Renewable Manufacturing: To reduce import dependence, the government introduced Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for solar PV modules, batteries, and wind components. Eg: Over ₹24,000 crore allocated to boost domestic solar manufacturing.

    What are the challenges in India? 

    • Intermittent Energy Supply: Renewable energy like solar and wind is non-continuous, making it hard to meet demand consistently. Eg: In 2022–23, India’s solar power capacity was ~70 GW, but actual generation was only ~110 billion units, implying an average capacity utilization of ~18%.
    • Inadequate Energy Storage: India lacks robust battery storage infrastructure to balance supply-demand fluctuations. Eg: As of 2023, India had only ~4.6 GW of battery storage, while the estimated need by 2030 is over 40 GW(CEA).
    • Low Private Investment in Renewables: High risks and policy uncertainty reduce private sector participation. Eg: In FY 2022–23, investment in India’s renewable sector fell by 25%, from $14.5 billion in 2021 to $10.9 billion (IEEFA).

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage collaboration between government, industry, and startups to accelerate clean energy innovation and deployment.
    • Invest in Skill Development and R&D: Promote training in green technologies and boost research in storage, hydrogen, and grid integration to build long-term capacity.

  • Russian Oil: India calls out ‘double standards’ 

    Why in the News?

    India has cautioned against “double standards” in response to a U.S. Bill, the Russian Sanctions Act of 2025, which proposes 500% duties on countries, including India, that buy Russian oil.

    Why has India opposed the proposed U.S.-Russia Sanctions Act, 2025?

    • Energy Security: India opposes the Act as it threatens its access to affordable energy from Russia, which is crucial for domestic needs. India imports a significant portion of its crude oil from Russia at discounted rates, helping stabilize fuel prices.
    • Strategic Autonomy: India defends its foreign policy independence and rejects external pressure on sovereign decisions.
    • Selective Sanctions: India criticizes the Act for reflecting geopolitical double standards, where some nations are penalized while others are exempt. Eg: While India faces scrutiny, European countries continue importing Russian gas without facing similar sanctions.

    What are the implications of the U.S. Act on India’s energy security and oil imports?

    • Disruption of Oil Supplies: The Act may lead to restrictions on Indian companies dealing with Russian energy firms, affecting oil flow. Eg: Indian refiners like Indian Oil Corporation may face hurdles in continuing long-term contracts with Rosneft.
    • Rising Energy Costs: Reduced access to discounted Russian oil can increase India’s energy import bills and domestic fuel prices. Eg: Without Russian discounts, India may rely more on Middle Eastern oil, which is often costlier.
    • Supply Chain Uncertainty: The Act creates geopolitical instability, making energy supply chains more volatile for India. Eg: Any secondary sanctions could deter shipping firms or insurers from facilitating India-Russia oil trade.

    How has India diversified its crude oil sources in response to geopolitical pressures?

    • Increased Imports from the U.S. and Latin America: India has strengthened ties with non-traditional suppliers to reduce overdependence on West Asia or Russia. Eg: Crude oil imports from the U.S. rose from 0.9 million tonnes (2017) to over 10 million tonnes (2023).
    • Use of Spot Markets and Diversified Contracts: India leverages spot purchases and signs long-term deals with diverse countries to ensure supply security. Eg: Indian Oil and BPCL have signed deals with Brazil’s Petrobras and Mexico to broaden sourcing.
    • Investments in Overseas Oil Assets: India is acquiring stakes in oil fields abroad to ensure equity oil and reduce market vulnerability. Eg: ONGC Videsh holds stakes in projects in Sudan, Mozambique, and Venezuela, ensuring strategic access.

    Why has India not resumed oil imports from Iran despite Tehran’s requests?

    • U.S. Sanctions on Iran: India halted Iranian oil imports after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018 and reimposed sanctions. Eg: In 2017-18, Iran was India’s third-largest oil supplier, but imports dropped to zero by mid-2019 due to U.S. pressure.
    • Risk of Secondary Sanctions: Engaging with Iran could expose Indian companies to secondary sanctions, disrupting financial transactions and insurance cover. Eg: Indian refiners like IOC and MRPL stopped imports fearing blocked dollar transactions and shipping challenges.
    • Awaiting Nuclear Deal Revival: India prefers to wait for revival of the Iran nuclear deal to restore oil trade under an international framework. Eg: Talks on JCPOA revival have stalled, making Indian policymakers cautious despite Iran’s open invitation.

    How are deportations of Indian nationals affecting India-U.S. diplomatic relations?

    • Strain on Bilateral Relations: Frequent deportations of Indian nationals without adequate communication cause diplomatic tension. Eg: In 2023, over 2,500 Indians were deported from the U.S., prompting MEA to seek clarification over due procedures.
    • Concerns over Human Rights: Reports of poor detention conditions and lack of consular access raise human rights concerns. Eg: Indian consulates in the U.S. flagged cases where detainees were held in unsanitary facilities, leading to formal protests.
    • Impact on Consular Cooperation: Large-scale deportations increase the burden on India’s consular services, affecting coordination and trust. Eg: The sudden deportation of 60 Indians in early 2024 led to delays in documentation and reintegration, requiring urgent diplomatic intervention.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Consular Coordination: Enhance real-time communication between Indian missions and U.S. authorities to ensure due process and humane treatment of deportees.
    • Negotiate a Bilateral Framework: Establish a formal agreement on deportation procedures, ensuring transparency, timely consular access, and respect for individual rights.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: The article highlights that the U.S. is considering imposing a 500% ad valorem duty on countries, including India, that purchase Russian oil, uranium, natural gas, or petroleum products through the proposed Russian Sanctions Act, 2025. This question is highly relevant as it directly parallels the geopolitical dynamic and dilemma faced by India regarding its energy imports amidst external pressure and sanctions, which is the core theme of the article.

     

  • The U.S. established and extinguished multilateralism 

    Why in the News?

    The 2025 BRICS Summit highlighted a significant shift in the global order, with the United States under Donald Trump bypassing multilateral institutions like the UN, promoting bilateralism, and weakening the Global South’s collective voice.

    What does the decline of multilateralism mean for India?

    • Reduced Collective Bargaining Power: With institutions like the United Nations (UN) being marginalised, India can no longer rely on multilateral forums to advocate for Global South interests. Eg: The BRICS 2025 Declaration failed to address the erosion of multilateralism or emphasize South-South cooperation.
    • Shift Towards Bilateralism and Strategic Autonomy: India must engage through commerce-driven bilateral deals and assert strategic autonomy between global powers. Eg: India’s loss in the UNESCO Vice-Chair election to Pakistan underlines the need for stronger bilateral influence and independent foreign policy.
    • Focus on Self-Reliance and Regional Partnerships: India should now concentrate on its own economic growth and build strong ties with nearby countries to reduce dependence on global powers. Eg: India linking trade deals with the U.S. to agreements with ASEAN nations shows a shift toward regional cooperation.

    Why is South-South cooperation crucial for India now?

    • Enhances Development Partnerships: South-South cooperation allows India to share low-cost technologies, development models, and capacity-building expertise with other developing countries. Eg: Through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme, India trains professionals from over 160 countries in fields like IT, agriculture, and governance.
    • Secures Access to Critical Resources: Collaboration with Global South nations helps India access vital natural resources and raw materials essential for its manufacturing and energy needs. Eg: India’s investment in lithium and cobalt mines in Africa supports its EV and battery manufacturing push under the Make in India initiative.
    • Builds Resilience Against Western Dependency: Strengthening ties within the Global South reduces overreliance on Western economies and institutions, especially in times of geopolitical uncertainty or trade sanctions. Eg: The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Fund supports poverty alleviation and post-conflict reconstruction, demonstrating a collective southern-led approach.

    How can India use its tech and industrial strengths globally?

    • Exporting Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India can leverage its success in building scalable digital platforms to assist developing countries in digital governance and financial inclusion. Eg: India’s Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP), modeled on Aadhaar, has been adopted by Philippines, Morocco, and Sri Lanka to develop their own digital ID systems.
    • Promoting Green Industrial Innovation: India’s industrial base is increasingly oriented towards clean energy and sustainable manufacturing, which can be exported as part of global decarbonisation efforts. Eg: Indian companies like ReNew Power and Tata Power Solar are investing in solar and wind energy projects in Africa and Southeast Asia.
    • Becoming a Global Hub for Frugal Innovation: India’s expertise in low-cost, high-impact technology (also known as frugal innovation) can benefit developing nations with limited resources. Eg: The Jaipur Foot, a low-cost prosthetic limb developed in India, is being distributed in countries like Rwanda and Honduras through international collaborations.

    How can the 2026 BRICS Summit boost India’s leadership?

    • Revitalising Global South Unity: India can use the Summit to reposition BRICS as a platform for South-South cooperation, shifting focus from collective bargaining in forums like G-77 to mutual prosperity and strategic autonomy among emerging economies.
    • Showcasing Economic and Technological Strength: By highlighting its achievements in infrastructure, green energy, digital economy, and innovation (e.g. GenAI patents), India can project itself as a model for inclusive and sustainable growth, inspiring other developing nations.
    • Shaping a Post-Multilateral Global Order: With declining trust in traditional multilateral institutions, India can steer BRICS toward new frameworks of trade, finance, and diplomacy, boosting its global influence and cementing leadership in a multipolar world.

    What strategic shifts should guide India’s foreign policy? (Way forward)

    • Reinforcing Strategic Autonomy: India must maintain a neutral stance amidst intensifying U.S.-China rivalry by prioritising core national interests over bloc politics. This includes independent voting in global forums and diversifying strategic partnerships beyond traditional allies.
    • Pivot to the Global South: India should lead a rejuvenated South-South cooperation framework by promoting trade, technology, and development cooperation with developing countries, positioning itself as a voice and leader of emerging economies.
    • Geo-Economic Realignment: Foreign policy should focus on economic diplomacy securing supply chains, signing bilateral trade pacts, and enhancing infrastructure and digital connectivity with the Indo-Pacific and ASEAN to counterbalance Western economic dependence.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The article talks about the U.S. is “engaging countries with strategic commerce-related bilateral deals that fragment the global order” and that its national interest now includes “containment of China’s influence”. This question directly reflects the shift in U.S. (part of “The West”) foreign policy as described in the article.

  • India’s strategic focus on West Africa

    Why in the News?

    Despite China’s increasing involvement in financing and infrastructure development, India continues to hold a significant position as one of Nigeria’s key partners in West Africa.

    What are the strategic objectives of India in West Africa?

    • Strengthening Bilateral Relations: India aims to enhance its strategic partnership with Nigeria, which is pivotal as Nigeria is both the largest economy and democracy in Africa. This partnership is expected to extend beyond Nigeria, influencing broader regional dynamics in West Africa.
    • Focus on Security Cooperation: Given the challenges of terrorism, piracy, and drug trafficking in Nigeria, India seeks to bolster security cooperation. This includes defence collaboration and joint efforts in counterterrorism operations against groups like Boko Haram.
    • Development Partnerships: India positions itself as a development partner by providing concessional loans and capacity-building programs, demonstrating a commitment to supporting Nigeria’s socio-economic growth.
    • Promotion of Global South Aspirations: Both India and Nigeria share common goals as leaders of the Global South, aiming to amplify their voices in international forums like the UN Security Council.

    How does India plan to enhance its economic ties with West African countries?

    • Diversifying Trade Relations: India plans to revitalize trade with Nigeria, which has seen a decline recently. Efforts include negotiating trade agreements such as the Economic Cooperation Agreement (ECA) and the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to facilitate investment and trade.
    • Sectoral Collaboration: The focus areas for economic collaboration include defense, energy, technology, health, and education. India’s PM discussions with the President of Nigeria emphasized leveraging India’s expertise in these sectors to foster mutual growth.
    • Infrastructure Development: India aims to support infrastructure development through concessional loans and technical assistance, building on existing projects that have benefited from Indian investment.
    • Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: Enhancing cultural ties and promoting exchanges between citizens are also part of India’s strategy to strengthen bilateral relations, fostering goodwill and mutual understanding.

    What challenges does India face in its engagement with West Africa?

    • Geopolitical Competition: India’s engagement is challenged by China’s significant presence in Nigeria, where Chinese companies dominate various sectors including infrastructure and telecommunications. This competition complicates India’s efforts to establish itself as a key partner.
    • Economic Fluctuations: The decline in trade between India and Nigeria from $14.95 billion in 2021-22 to $7.89 billion in 2023-24 highlights vulnerabilities due to shifting global oil markets and increasing imports from other countries like Russia.
    • Political Instability: The political landscape in Nigeria can be unpredictable, posing risks for long-term investments and cooperation initiatives that require stability for successful implementation.
    • Capacity Constraints: While India offers developmental assistance, the effectiveness of these initiatives can be hindered by local capacity constraints in Nigeria, necessitating a tailored approach that considers local needs and capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Strategic Collaboration: Strengthen defence and security partnerships, diversify trade, and enhance collaboration in sectors like energy, technology, and health to counter China’s growing influence and foster mutual growth.
    • Focus on Regional Capacity Building: Expand developmental assistance with tailored initiatives addressing local needs, while supporting Nigeria’s stability through diplomatic engagement and joint Global South aspirations in international forums.

    Mains question for practice:

    Q Discuss the strategic objectives of India in West Africa, with a particular focus on its engagement with Nigeria. Highlight the challenges India faces in strengthening its ties in the region and suggest measures to address these challenges. (250 words) 15M

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • In news: International Criminal Court (ICC)

    Why in the News?

    The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for senior Taliban leaders in Afghanistan over the persecution of women, a crime against humanity.

    About the International Criminal Court (ICC):

    • Established: 2002 under the Rome Statute (1998); headquartered at The Hague, Netherlands.
    • Nature: First permanent international court to try individuals for grave crimes.
    • Jurisdiction over 4 core crimes:
    1. Genocide
    2. Crimes against humanity
    3. War crimes
    4. Crime of aggression
    • Members: 124 States Parties
      • NON-members: India, China, USA, Russia, Israel, Ukraine
    • Structure:
      • Office of the Prosecutor – investigates and prosecutes cases.
      • 18 Judges – elected for 9 years.
      • Assembly of States Parties – governs ICC administration.
      • Trust Fund for Victims, Detention Centre
    • Languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, Spanish
    • Funding: Annual budget (2025) ~ €195 million (mostly from member states)

    Reach of an ICC Warrant:

    • Applicability:
      • Crimes by nationals of member states
      • Crimes committed on member state territory
      • UNSC referrals can extend jurisdiction to non-member states (e.g., Libya, Darfur)
    • Obligations on States:
      • Member states must execute arrest warrants and cooperate fully.
      • Non-compliance can be reported to Assembly of States Parties or UN Security Council (for UNSC referrals)
    • Challenges:
      • ICC lacks an independent enforcement mechanism
      • Non-members (e.g., US, Russia) are not bound to cooperate
      • Political and diplomatic constraints hinder the execution of warrants
    • Special Mechanisms: ICC established an Arrest Working Group (2016) to enhance warrant enforcement through better intelligence-sharing.
    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:

    1.The International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction to prosecute nationals of even those States that have not ratified the Rome Statute.

    2. The International Criminal Court is a ‘court of last resort’ intended to complement national judicial systems.

    3. The United Nations Security Council can refer a situation to the Prosecutor of the ICC even if the State concerned is not a party to the Statute.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options:  (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4*

     

  • America is going back on all the things that made it great. India’s must seize the opportunity

    Why in the News?

    Recent U.S. domestic policies on universities, companies, and immigration are causing short-term economic pain for India. However, they also offer long-term strategic opportunities. These changes may indicate the end of Pax Americana.

    Why do U.S. policy shifts offer both risks and opportunities for India? 

    Opportunities for India: 

    • Manufacturing Opportunity: As U.S.–China tensions disrupt global supply chains, India can attract companies looking to diversify production. Eg: Apple shifting iPhone assembly to India reflects the country’s growing role as a China+1 manufacturing hub.
    • Chance to Implement Bold Domestic Reforms: With reduced global dependence, India can focus on strengthening its internal systems through deregulation, decentralisation, and investment in human capital. Eg: A proposed 180-day plan calls for cutting compliance burdens, empowering state governments, and granting autonomy to top institutions like IITs and IIMs.
    • Higher Education and Innovation Ecosystem: As American universities face political and financial pressure, India can position its institutions as global research and innovation leaders. Eg: Granting “poorna swaraj” (full autonomy) to institutions like IISc, Ashoka, and IITs can help them climb global university rankings and drive home-grown R&D.

    Risks for India: 

    • Decline in Remittances and Student Enrolment: Stricter U.S. immigration and visa policies can reduce the flow of Indian students and workers, affecting remittances and global exposure. Eg: H-1B visa tightening under Trump led to fewer Indian tech workers entering the U.S., impacting remittancesand brain circulation.
    • Disruption to Exports and Supply Chains: Protectionist trade measures and tariffs can disrupt India’s export-dependent sectors like software, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. 

    What impact has U.S. research and immigration had on India’s growth?

    • Skilled Immigration: Indian immigrants in the U.S. contribute significantly to tech and scientific advancement, creating reverse knowledge flow to India. Over 70% of H-1B visas (2022) were granted to Indians, many of whom later founded companies or returned with expertise. Eg: Infosys, Wipro, and TCS have benefited from U.S.-trained professionals in leadership and innovation roles.
    • High Remittances Fueling Economic Stability: Indian diaspora in the U.S. contributes a major share of remittance inflows, supporting India’s foreign exchange reservesand rural economy. According to the World Bank (2023), the U.S. contributed over $23 billion in remittances to India, nearly 25% of India’s total remittance receipts.
    • Advancing Indian R&D and Education: U.S. federal funding has indirectly boosted India’s scientific growth through collaborations and return migration. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded research contributed to 99% of new drugs approved between 2010–2019. Eg: Indian researchers trained in U.S. labs or funded via U.S.-India Science and Technology Forum (USISTEF)have driven innovation in biotech, vaccines, and AI in India.

    What does a weakening Pax Americana mean for India’s strategy?

    Pax Americana refers to the period of relative global peace and stability under the dominance of the United States, particularly after World War II.

    • Push for Strategic Autonomy and Multipolar Engagement: As U.S. dominance declines, India must strengthen ties with multiple global powers while maintaining independence in foreign policy. India’s active role in BRICS, QUAD, and IMEC reflects efforts to diversify strategic partnerships and avoid overdependence on any one nation.
    •  Accelerated Domestic Reforms for Economic Resilience: With global uncertainty, India needs internal strength through deregulation, decentralisation, and investment in infrastructure and skills. PLI schemes, Digital Public Infrastructure, Make in India, and self-reliance efforts show a move toward economic resilience.
    • Enhanced Role in Global Governance and Norm Setting: A weakening U.S. opens space for India to shape the global agenda in climate change, digital governance, and international trade. India’s G20 presidency and promotion of Digital Public Infrastructure as a global good underline its leadership in global norm-setting.

    What are the key reforms that can boost India’s global economic standing? (Way forward)

    • Simplification: Simplifying regulations for employers by reducing compliance burdens, redundant filings, and removing criminal penalties in business laws can foster a more business-friendly environment. A focused 180-day plan to cut red tape would significantly improve ease of doing business and attract global investors.
    • Decentralisation: Decentralising power to States and cities by transferring funds, functions, and personnel empowers local governments to drive regional economic development. This enhances capacity for targeted innovation and creates globally competitive manufacturing ecosystems.
    • Autonomy: Empowering higher education and research institutions like IITs, IISc, and IIMs through full autonomy allows them to innovate, form global collaborations, and improve their position in international rankings.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect the macroeconomic stability of India?

    Linkage: The rise of protectionism, which can be associated with policies like “Make America Great Again” mentioned in the article, signifies a shift in global trade dynamics. This question asks about the impact of such phenomena on India’s macroeconomic stability, underscoring the need for India to adapt and strengthen its economy in response to these global changes.