💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Subject: International Relations

  • Taking stock of global nuclear disarmament

    Why in the News?

    September 26 is recognized on the United Nations calendar as the International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons.

    What is the current state of global nuclear disarmament efforts?

    • Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW): The TPNW, in force since 2021, is the first legally binding international agreement that comprehensively bans nuclear weapons. As of July 2024, it has 70 states parties and 27 signatories yet to ratify, covering nearly 50% of the world’s states.
    • Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): The NPT, in effect since 1970, remains the foundational treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting eventual disarmament. However, it has been criticized for its limited focus on actual disarmament.
    • Persistent Objectors: Nuclear-armed states (such as the U.S., Russia, China, India, and Pakistan) and their allies have consistently opposed the TPNW, refusing to be bound by its provisions.

    What are the key obstacles hindering further nuclear disarmament?

    • Nuclear Deterrence Doctrine: The belief in nuclear deterrence — the idea that possessing nuclear weapons prevents attacks — is a central justification for continued nuclear armament.
    • Nuclear-Weapon States’ Resistance: The nuclear-armed states, including the U.S., Russia, China, India, and others, continue to view nuclear weapons as essential to their security strategies, despite claims of disarmament commitments under the NPT.
    • Geopolitical Conflicts: Ongoing geopolitical tensions, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, China’s rising military power, North Korea’s nuclear tests, and Iran’s uranium enrichment, have exacerbated the global nuclear threat, further impeding disarmament efforts.
    • Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms: The TPNW, while normatively important, lacks robust enforcement mechanisms. It depends on the voluntary commitment of states, and nuclear possessors do not face direct penalties for non-compliance.

    What steps can be taken to reinvigorate the nuclear disarmament agenda? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening International Advocacy: Civil society, former political leaders (including NATO officials), and international organizations should continue advocating for disarmament and urging nuclear-armed states and their allies to reconsider their stance. Public pressure could create the political will for further disarmament steps.
    • Engagement of Non-Nuclear States: States that are non-nuclear but support the TPNW should work to expand the treaty’s footprint, encouraging more countries to ratify and actively participate in its framework. This could help isolate nuclear possessors diplomatically and morally.
    • Building Confidence through Arms Control Treaties: Reviving arms control agreements, such as the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the New START treaty, would be important milestones in reducing nuclear risks.

    About CTBT: 

    • Complete Ban on Nuclear Testing: The CTBT prohibits all forms of nuclear explosions—whether for military or civilian purposes—across all environments, including underground, atmospheric, and underwater.
    • Robust Verification Mechanism: The treaty includes an International Monitoring System (IMS) of over 300 monitoring stations worldwide, capable of detecting nuclear tests, as well as provisions for on-site inspections to ensure compliance with the treaty’s terms.
    • India is not a signatory to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
    • Diplomatic Pressure and Dialogue: Encouraging diplomatic dialogue, especially among the major nuclear powers, could help mitigate tensions and create pathways to gradual disarmament. Leaders must explore confidence-building measures, transparency, and mutual reductions in nuclear arsenals.

  • Minerals Security Partnership Finance Network (MSFN)

    Why in the News?

    India has officially joined the US-led Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN), a global initiative to strengthen cooperation in securing critical mineral supply chains.

    What is the Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN)?

    • The MSFN is an initiative emerging from the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), established by the US in 2022.
    • It aims to promote cooperation, information exchange, and co-financing among countries.
    • It brings together development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) from partner nations to facilitate investments in critical mineral supply chains.
    • It seeks to meet the increasing global demand for critical minerals and reduce dependence on dominant suppliers like China.

    About Minerals Security Partnership (MSP):

    Details
    Established 2022, by the United States
    Objective To ensure a stable, diversified, and secure supply of critical minerals essential for the global clean energy transition.
    Members 13 countries and the European Commission, including:
    United States, Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden, and the European Union.
    Focus Areas • Securing critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements.
    • Reducing dependency on dominant suppliers like China.
    • Promoting cooperation between development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) to finance critical mineral projects.
    Significance for India • India joined in June 2023, aiming to secure minerals for its growing electric vehicle (EV) and electronics sectors.
    • India seeks to diversify its supply sources from Argentina, Chile, Australia, and Africa.

    Significance of Critical Minerals

    • Critical minerals are elements essential for the manufacturing of renewable energy technologies, such as electric vehicle (EV) batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, and semiconductors.
    • Some of the most important critical minerals include:
      • Lithium: Essential for EV batteries.
      • Cobalt: Used in batteries and electronics.
      • Nickel: Key for battery manufacturing.
      • Rare earth elements (REEs): Used in semiconductors, high-tech electronics, and military applications.
    • The global demand for these minerals is rapidly rising as countries aim to shift away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.
    • China is currently the world leader in both the mining and processing of many of these critical minerals, creating concerns about the concentration and resilience of supply chains.
    • Securing a reliable, diversified supply of critical minerals is essential for nations looking to achieve their clean energy goals and ensure economic stability in high-tech sectors.

    PYQ:

    [2012] Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why?

    1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
    2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.
    3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Places in News: Neom Megacity Project

    Why in the News?

    The Wall Street Journal has highlighted controversies surrounding the Neom Megacity Project, a key project of Saudi Arabia and world’s largest construction real-estate project.

    About Neom Megacity Project:

    Details
    Location Northwestern Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia, along the Red Sea
    Launched
    • 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman
    • Part of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030.
    Objective To diversify Saudi Arabia’s economy and reduce its reliance on oil.
    Size
    • 26,500 sq km
    • Initially $500 billion, now estimated at $1.5 trillion
    Completion Year Expected by 2039
    Key Projects
    • The Line: 170-km long linear city for 9 million residents
    • Oxagon: Octagonal industrial city
    • Trojena: Mountain resort for 2029 Asian Winter Games
    • Magna: Luxury coastal city
    • Sindalah: Luxury island, opening in 2024
    Technological Focus
    • Renewable energy (solar, wind)
    • AI and robotics
    • Green hydrogen production
    Environmental Goals
    • Powered by 95% renewable energy
    • Focus on sustainable development

    Controversies surrounding the Project:

    • Displacement of Indigenous Tribes: The Huwaitat tribe has been forcibly displaced, leading to human rights concerns.
    • Slow Progress: Construction is behind schedule, with only 1.4 km of The Line expected to be completed by 2030.
    • Workplace Misconduct: Reports of toxic culture and unethical leadership, including neglect of worker safety.
    • Surveillance Concerns: Critics worry about the project’s use of real-time monitoring, raising privacy concerns.
    • Cost Overruns: The project’s budget has ballooned from $500 billion to $1.5 trillion, leading to scaled-down plans.
  • [24th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Weighing in on business as usual with China

    [24th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Weighing in on business as usual with China

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)  “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Galwan Valley clash in June 2020 marked a significant deterioration in India-China relations, leading to profound shifts in the geopolitical and strategic calculus of both nations. The confrontation, which resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers and at least 4 Chinese soldiers, was the deadliest since the 1962 India-China war.

    The future of economic cooperation between India and China will largely depend on how both nations navigate their geopolitical tensions and mutual dependencies. While there are opportunities for collaboration through investment and trade, significant barriers remain due to unresolved border disputes and India’s strategic shift towards self-reliance. As both countries reassess their positions in a rapidly changing global landscape, their economic relationship will likely continue to be characterized by cautious engagement rather than robust cooperation.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On September 12, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar noted that approximately 75% of disengagement issues along the border have been resolved, yet emphasized the ongoing challenge of militarization at the border.

    • Further, during the BRICS NSA meeting in St. Petersburg, both sides agreed to expedite efforts for complete disengagement in the remaining areas.

    What are the implications of China’s border policies on India-China relations?

    • Escalation of Tensions: China’s aggressive border policies, particularly since the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, have led to heightened militarization along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), creating an environment of distrust and hostility between the two nations.
    • Strategic Reassessment: The violent confrontations have prompted India to reassess its approach towards China, moving from a stance of cautious engagement to one of strategic vigilance and preparedness for potential conflict. This includes a call for greater military readiness and strengthening alliances, such as with the Quad.
    • Impact on Bilateral Relations: Chinese attempts to compartmentalize the border dispute from broader bilateral ties are increasingly seen as untenable by India.
      • The Indian government insists that progress in overall relations is contingent upon resolving border issues.
    • Domestic Sentiment and Policy Changes: The public’s perception of China has deteriorated sharply following military confrontations, leading to calls for boycotting Chinese products and a general hardening of attitudes towards Beijing.
      • This shift in sentiment is influencing India’s foreign policy, pushing for a more adversarial stance.
    • Geopolitical Dynamics: China’s assertive policies in South Asia, including its close ties with Pakistan and investment initiatives through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), have intensified competition with India for regional influence.
      • This rivalry complicates diplomatic efforts and fosters a security dilemma.
    What role does the QUAD play in India’s new military strategy?

    • Counterbalancing China: The Quad is a platform for India to collaborate with the United States, Japan, and Australia to counter China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. This alignment helps India enhance its military capabilities and strategic posture against potential threats from China.
    • Enhanced Defense Cooperation: Quad Group has facilitated joint military exercises, like Malabar naval exercises, which strengthen interoperability, enhancing India’s naval capabilities and readiness to respond to regional threats.Participation in the Quad allows India to extend beyond military cooperation to global challenges such as climate change and public health.
    • Capacity Building and Strategic Autonomy: India leverages the Quad to build its defense capabilities through technology sharing and joint initiatives focused on maritime security, cyber defense, and humanitarian assistance.India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy by not fully aligning itself with U.S. This approach allows India to navigate its complex relationships with both China and other regional players without compromising its interests.
    • Economic Opportunities: The Quad enhances India’s attractiveness as an investment destination, particularly post-COVID-19, by promoting economic cooperation among member states. For Example, vaccine distribution highlights India’s role as a leader in regional health security.

    How should India respond to China’s demands for normalization of relations?

    • Conditional Normalization: India should continue to insist on restoring the status quo ante along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) as a prerequisite for any significant diplomatic engagement with China.
    • Diplomatic Engagement: India should engage in diplomatic discussions with China at various levels, including military-to-military talks and high-level political exchanges, to address mutual concerns and build confidence.
    • Balanced Approach to FDI: While maintaining security concerns, India could selectively ease restrictions on Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) that align with its economic interests. This approach could facilitate economic ties while ensuring that strategic sectors remain protected.
    • Strengthening Alliances: India should enhance collective security through QUAD and counterbalance China’s regional influence. This multilateral approach can give India greater leverage in its dealings with China.

    What is the future of economic cooperation given the current geopolitical climate? (Way Forward)

    • The future of economic cooperation will largely depend on how both nations navigate their geopolitical tensions and mutual dependencies.
    • The “China plus one” strategy presents significant opportunities for India’s economic growth, particularly as global companies seek to diversify their supply chains away from China.
    • According to a Nomura report, India’s exports could nearly double from $431 billion in 2023 to $835 billion by 2030, driven by demand from firms relocating to India as they seek alternatives to China. 

    While there are opportunities for collaboration through investment and trade, significant barriers remain due to unresolved border disputes and India’s strategic shift towards self-reliance.

  • Quad meet launches maritime and health initiatives

    Why in the News?

    The recent summit of the Quad leaders resulted in several significant initiatives aimed at enhancing cooperation among the member countries—India, the United States, Australia, and Japan.

    What are the initiatives taken by QUAD?

    • Quad Cancer Moonshot: This initiative focuses on combating cervical cancer, with India committing $10 million for screening efforts. The Serum Institute of India and Gavi aim to provide up to 40 million vaccines for the region, pending regulatory approvals.
    • Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission: Scheduled for 2025, this mission aims to enhance interoperability and maritime safety among Quad nations.
    • Logistics Network Pilot Project: This project will facilitate the sharing of airlift capacity among Quad countries to support disaster response efforts across the region.
    • Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI): This initiative focuses on training Quad partners to monitor and secure their waters, enforce laws, and deter unlawful behavior. India is set to host the first MAITRI workshop in 2025.
    • Maritime Legal Dialogue: A new dialogue has been launched to uphold a rules-based order in maritime operations, condemning aggressive actions, particularly those related to China.

    What is MAITRI? 

    • MAITRI, or Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific, is a program designed to enhance the maritime capabilities of Quad partners.

    Its implications include:

    • Capacity Building: By training personnel from partner nations, MAITRI aims to improve their ability to monitor and secure their maritime territories effectively.
    • Enhanced Cooperation: The initiative fosters closer collaboration among Quad countries in maritime security, which is crucial given rising tensions in regions like the South China Sea.
    • Regional Stability: By equipping nations with better tools and knowledge to enforce maritime laws and deter unlawful activities, MAITRI contributes to greater stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

    What is the effectiveness of QUAD in recent times?

    • Condemnation of Aggression: The Quad has taken a strong stance against aggression in the East and South China Seas, signaling unity among member states regarding regional security concerns.
    • Support for Ukraine: The leaders expressed deep concern over the war in Ukraine and reiterated their commitment to international law, showcasing a collective approach to global issues beyond regional security.
    • Expanded Fellowship Programs: The Quad fellowship program has been expanded to include additional scholarships for STEM education, reflecting a commitment to educational collaboration and capacity building in science and technology.
    • Focus on Health Initiatives: The launch of the Quad Cancer Moonshot demonstrates a proactive approach towards public health challenges, particularly in addressing cervical cancer through international cooperation.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Maritime Security Collaboration: Quad nations should deepen cooperation through initiatives like MAITRI and the Quad-at-Sea mission to enhance maritime security, law enforcement, and interoperability in the Indo-Pacific, ensuring stability amidst regional tensions.
    • Expand Multilateral Health and Development Programs: Building on the success of initiatives like the Quad Cancer Moonshot, the Quad should further invest in collaborative healthcare, disaster response, and capacity-building projects to address pressing global challenges and strengthen resilience across member states.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • India, USA signed pact to set up Semiconductor Pact for National Security

    Why in the News?

    India and the US have entered into an agreement to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant aimed at producing chips for national security, next-generation telecommunications, and green energy applications.

    Key Features of the Semiconductor Fabrication Plant

    • The semiconductor fab will focus on advanced sensing, communication, and power electronics.
    • The India Semiconductor Mission will support the project and involves a strategic partnership between Bharat Semi, 3rdiTech, and the US Space Force.
    • The plant will manufacture infrared, gallium nitride, and silicon carbide semiconductors, critical components for national security and commercial sectors.

    Shakti Partnership

    • The fab, titled “Shakti” (meaning power), is the first-ever technology partnership between Indian businesses and the US Space Force, and the first of its kind in the Quad, a strategic forum comprising India, the US, Japan, and Australia.
    • The project will focus on three key areas essential for modern warfare:
    1. Advanced sensing
    2. Advanced communications
    3. High-voltage power electronics
    • These areas also have significant applications in commercial sectors such as railways, telecom infrastructure, data centers, and green energy.

     

    About India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM):

    Details
    Launch Year 2021
    Financial Outlay ₹76,000 crore under the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)
    Objective • Develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India
    • Reduce reliance on imports
    • Position India as a global leader in semiconductor manufacturing
    Core Focus Financial support for investments in:
    – Semiconductor fabs
    – Display fabs
    – Semiconductor design
    – Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging (ATMP) facilities
    Components of ISM
    Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs • Provides fiscal support for setting up semiconductor wafer fabrication (fabs) facilities
    • Aims to attract large investments for semiconductor fabs in India
    Scheme for Display Fabs • Offers fiscal support for setting up TFT LCD/AMOLED display fabs
    • Encourages investments in display fabrication technologies
    Scheme for Compound Semiconductors • Provides 30% capital expenditure support for setting up Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics, Sensors, and ATMP/OSAT facilities
    Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme • Offers financial incentives and design infrastructure support for semiconductor design

     

    Significance of Next-Generation Telecom

    • Next-gen telecom (5G and beyond) will revolutionize industries with high-speed internet, IoT, AI, and smart infrastructure.
    • It is crucial for national security, economic competitiveness, and advancing green energy and sustainable development.
    • India’s adoption of 5G will drive innovation across sectors, promoting technological self-reliance and global leadership in telecommunications.
  • [21st September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The stakes in Sri Lanka’s ninth Presidential election 

    [21st September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The stakes in Sri Lanka’s ninth Presidential election 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q). ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022)
    Q). In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The preference for leftist and rightist ideologies in global geopolitics is influenced by a variety of factors, each reflecting distinct political, economic, and social dynamics. In times of economic distress, leftist ideologies often resonate with populations facing inequality and poverty. They advocate for social welfare programs, wealth redistribution, and increased government intervention in the economy to address systemic issues. 

    The recent presidential elections in Sri Lanka, held on September 21, 2024, marked a significant turning point in the country’s political landscape. Anura Kumara Dissanayake, the leader of the leftist National People’s Power (NPP) coalition and chief of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), emerged victorious, signaling a departure from the traditional political parties that have dominated Sri Lankan politics for decades.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There are some significant political developments following the recent ninth presidential election held on September 21, 2024.

    • It marks the first time in Sri Lanka’s history that a presidential election required a second round of counting to determine the winner.
    • This change reflects a significant shift in the electoral landscape since the introduction of the executive presidency in 1978.

    What does leftist victory signify for Sri Lanka’s political landscape?

    • Political Paradigm Shift: Dissanayake’s leadership marks the first time a president with a pronounced leftist ideology has taken office, indicating a potential shift towards more state intervention in the economy. It signals a rejection of the traditional parties that have dominated Sri Lankan politics for decades.
    • Public Sentiment and Economic Crisis: Dissanayake’s campaign focused on anti-corruption and economic reform, resonating with voters who blame corruption for the nation’s economic collapse.
    • Geopolitical Implications: The new administration’s leftist leanings may influence Sri Lanka’s foreign relations, particularly its ties with China and India, as Dissanayake is perceived as potentially favoring China.

    What are the future Governance challenges?

    • Need for Parliamentary Majority: Although elected president, Dissanayake faces the challenge of securing a parliamentary majority to implement his policies effectively.
    • Balancing Act: He must navigate between leftist ideals and the need for foreign investment and cooperation, particularly with entities like the IMF, which has provided crucial financial support.
    • Addressing Tamil Aspirations: Engaging with the Tamil minority and addressing their calls for greater autonomy will be critical for national unity and stability.
    • Systemic Change: the Leftist party has promised to address systemic corruption and may seek to abolish or reform the executive presidency, reflecting a desire for democratic renewal.
    Implication on India:

    • Economic Impact: Sri Lanka’s share in India’s total exports has declined from 2.16% in FY15 to just 1.3% in FY22. India relies heavily on the port of Colombo for global trade, with approximately 60% of India’s transhipment cargo handled by the port.
    • Strategic Implications: India sees the crisis as an opportunity to counter China’s influence in Sri Lanka, which has been a concern due to Sri Lanka’s proximity to China. India has provided $4 billion in financing facilities to Sri Lanka.
    • Strengthening Bilateral Relations: Although India’s support during the crisis has generated goodwill, underlying anti-India sentiment and the need for Sri Lanka to balance relations with multiple major economies pose challenges to deeper engagement.
    • Refugee Influx: India has witnessed a large influx of ethnic Tamil community refugees from Sri Lanka during past political or social crises.

    How will this address the ongoing economic crisis?

    • Renegotiation of IMF Terms: The leftist leaders have committed to renegotiating the austerity measures imposed by the IMF.
      • Further, they also have plans to adjust taxation policies, including raising the personal income tax exemption threshold and removing VAT on essential goods.
    • Production-Based Economy: The present government envisions transforming into a production-based economy. This shift aims to reduce reliance on imports and enhance local production capabilities.
    • Bilateral Debt Agreements: Sri Lanka inherits a complex debt situation but aims to seek better terms for existing agreements with international creditors, including China and India. Hence they will prioritize negotiations that enhance fiscal sustainability while addressing public needs.

    Opportunities for India:

    • Tea Exports: Amid the decline in Sri Lanka’s tea production, India is well-positioned to capture markets significantly in countries that import orthodox tea, such as Iran, Turkey, Iraq, China, and Canada.
    • Textile Exports: Indian apparel exporters are receiving orders from the UK and Latin American countries where Indian textiles had very little or no presence before the crisis.

    Conclusion: As the first leftist candidate to be elected president, he faces the daunting challenge of steering the nation through its worst economic crisis while navigating complex geopolitical dynamics and entrenched political interests.

  • [20th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Acclamation for an Indian leadership that still endures

    [20th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Acclamation for an Indian leadership that still endures

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Do you think BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? Waht are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) The Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in the South-East Asian country’s economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South- East Asia in this context (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Q) What problems were pertinent to the decolonization in the Malay Peninsula? (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim’s recent visit to India highlighted the enduring legacy of Jawaharlal Nehru and India’s leadership role in shaping the Global South agenda. He praised India’s G20 Chairmanship and Voice of Global South Summits, emphasizing the importance of Nehru’s vision for a just and prosperous nation. Despite domestic criticism, Nehru’s reputation remains intact globally. Anwar’s references to historical Indian figures reflect shared cultural heritage and intellectual ties. The visit aimed to strengthen India-Malaysia relations and promote cooperation on global issues while acknowledging complexities surrounding minority rights and regional conflicts.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Malaysian PM Anwar Ibrahim during his visit to India (August 19-21, 2024),  praised India’s role in shaping the Global South agenda, highlighting its capacity for cooperation with the Global North and commending India’s G20 Chairmanship.

    Enduring Legacy of Nehru
    • Struggle against Imperialism: Nehru was deeply concerned with the fight against European colonial powers, particularly in Asia. 
    He believed newly independent nations should unite to resist imperialism and promote their sovereignty.
    • Asian Relations Conference: In 1947, Nehru organized the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi, which aimed to foster solidarity among Asian countries and chart a collective path forward in the post-colonial era.
    • Non-Alignment Movement: Nehru championed the concept of non-alignment, advocating that newly independent states should not align with either the USA or the USSR during the Cold War. 
    This approach allowed these nations to maintain their sovereignty and avoid being drawn into great power conflicts.
    • Bandung Conference: Nehru played a crucial role in this conference, where leaders from Asian and African nations gathered to promote economic and cultural cooperation while opposing colonialism.
    This conference laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which sought to protect the interests of developing nations.

    Historical overview of India-Malaysia Relations since Nehru:

    • Early Ties and Independence: India and Malaysia share historical ties dating back over a millennium, influenced by trade and cultural exchanges established during the Chola Empire (9th-13th centuries).
      • India established diplomatic relations with the Federation of Malaya in 1957, coinciding with Malaysia’s independence.
    • Strengthening Bonds in the 1960s: The relationship flourished in the 1960s due to the personal rapport between Indian PM J. Nehru and Malaysian PM T. Rahman. This era marked a significant phase of political, economic, and socio-cultural cooperation.
    • Enhanced Strategic Partnership: In 2015, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit, India-Malaysia relations were elevated to an Enhanced Strategic Partnership, reflecting a commitment to deepen cooperation across various sectors.
    • High-Level Visits: Numerous high-level visits have nurtured ties, including visits by Indian Prime Ministers such as Indira Gandhi and Manmohan Singh, and Malaysian leaders like Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak.
    Areas of Cooperation:

    • Geopolitical Cooperation: Both countries are members of key international forums like the Commonwealth, NAM, and ASEAN, facilitating mutual cooperation on global issues.
    • Defense Ties: Since signing a defense cooperation memorandum in 1993, India and Malaysia have expanded military collaboration through joint exercises and training programs.
    • Economic Relations: Bilateral trade reached approximately USD 19.5 billion, with Malaysia being India’s 13th largest trading partner. Both nations engage in significant investment activities across various sectors.
    • Cultural and Diaspora Links: Malaysia hosts a large Indian diaspora (over 2.95 million), fostering cultural ties through institutions like the Indian Cultural Centre in Kuala Lumpur.

    Challenges and Complexities:

    • Political Dynamics: The relationship has faced challenges due to domestic political sentiments in Malaysia, particularly during Mahathir Mohamad’s tenure when he had to balance his Indian heritage with Malay nationalism.
    • Controversies: Issues such as the treatment of Indian expatriates in Malaysia have occasionally strained relations, but diplomatic efforts have often resolved these tensions.

    Conclusion: India-Malaysia relations since post-independence, despite facing challenges, the bilateral relationship remains robust, characterized by ongoing cooperation in various sectors and mutual respect for each nation’s sovereignty and cultural diversity

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/acclamation-for-an-indian-leadership-that-still-endures/article68660980.ece

  • [19th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In Wilmington, juxtaposing immediacy with legacy

    [19th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In Wilmington, juxtaposing immediacy with legacy

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: The Quad leaders (Australia, India, Japan, and the U.S.) will meet for their fourth summit in Wilmington, Delaware, on September 21, marking a return to where their in-person summits began in 2021. This meeting, held alongside the UNGA and Summit of the Future, is crucial amid global challenges and leadership transitions. U.S. President Joe Biden, not seeking re-election, and Japan’s Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, facing political uncertainty, seek to solidify the Quad’s direction. India, initially set to host, deferred to accommodate Biden’s tight election-year schedule.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    • The Quad leaders (Australia, India, Japan, U.S.) will convene their fourth summit in Wilmington on September 21, amidst global challenges and leadership transitions, alongside UNGA events. 
    • At their July 2024 meeting in Tokyo, Quad Foreign Ministers announced the expansion of the “Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness” to the Indian Ocean region.
    The Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) is a significant initiative aimed at enhancing maritime security and cooperation among Quad countries—India, Australia, Japan, and the United States—as well as other regional partners.  

    Objectives of IPMDA

    • Enhancing Maritime Domain Awareness: The IPMDA seeks to improve situational awareness at sea, allowing nations to monitor maritime activities effectively. This includes tracking illegal fishing, smuggling, and other illicit activities through advanced technology and data sharing.
    • Integration of Regions: The initiative aims to connect the Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean region into a cohesive maritime security framework, promoting a unified approach to regional challenges.
    • Rules-Based Order: Central to the IPMDA is the reinforcement of international maritime norms and laws, particularly under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This supports freedom of navigation and operational capabilities for all nations involved.

    Strategic Initiatives

    • Information Sharing: The IPMDA promotes real-time information sharing among countries in the region through various Information Fusion Centres (IFCs). This facilitates a common operating picture that enhances collective maritime security efforts.
    • Capacity Building: There is a strong emphasis on training and equipping regional partners with the necessary tools and knowledge to improve their maritime security capabilities. This includes collaborative training programs and technology transfers.
    • Operationalisation of IFC-IOR: The Information Fusion Centre for the Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) plays a crucial role in operationalizing the South Asia program, enhancing India’s role in maritime domain awareness by facilitating real-time data sharing with allies.

    Challenges and Opportunities

    • Geopolitical Dynamics: The IPMDA is positioned against a backdrop of increasing geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning China’s assertiveness in maritime claims. The initiative aims to build resilience among smaller nations against such pressures through enhanced cooperation and support.
    • Technological Integration: The use of cutting-edge technologies such as satellite data collection and AI-driven analytics is central to improving MDA. However, there are concerns about technical compatibility among partner nations which need addressing for effective implementation.
    • Collective Security Framework: By fostering a cooperative approach to maritime security, the IPMDA aims to create a networked solution that addresses transnational threats effectively. This includes piracy, illegal fishing, and environmental challenges that require collective action from multiple stakeholders.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Technological Integration: Enhance interoperability among Quad nations by investing in shared technology platforms, ensuring compatibility for real-time data sharing and AI-driven analytics across regions.
    • Expand Capacity Building: Continue collaborative training programs and technology transfers to empower smaller nations in the Indo-Pacific, improving their ability to monitor and secure maritime domains.

  • India to Freeze Negotiations with Pakistan on Indus Treaty  

    Why in the News?

    The Permanent Indus Commission meetings are on hold until India and Pakistan talk about updating the 64-year-old Indus Water Treaty. The last meeting took place in May 2022.

    What is the Indus Treaty?

    • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed on September 19, 1960, is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank.
    • The treaty allocates the waters of the Indus River system, which includes three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) to India and three western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) to Pakistan.
    • This framework was established to manage the sharing of water resources in a region where water scarcity is a significant concern due to agricultural demands and population growth.

    Features of Treaty: 

    • Permanent Indus Commission: The treaty established the Permanent Indus Commission, which consists of representatives from both nations tasked with resolving disputes and facilitating communication regarding water management.
    • Dispute Resolution: The treaty includes mechanisms for dispute resolution, allowing for consultation with neutral experts or arbitration through international courts if disagreements arise.

    Why did the Indian government opt to modify and review the Treaty?

    • Changed Demographics: India emphasizes that significant changes in population demographics necessitate a reassessment of water-sharing obligations under the treaty.
    • Environmental Considerations: The need to accelerate clean energy development (Hydro power electricity) to meet emission targets has been highlighted as a reason for modifying the treaty’s provisions, reflecting broader environmental concerns.
    • Security Issues: Persistent cross-border terrorism has been cited as a factor undermining India’s ability to utilize its rights under the treaty fully.
    • Perceived Imbalance: Analysts in India have described the treaty as “one-sided,” arguing that it disproportionately favors Pakistan given India’s larger population and growing water needs.
      • They believe India’s leverage over western rivers should be enhanced, especially during heightened tensions.

    Way forward: 

    • Renegotiation of Terms: India and Pakistan should engage in bilateral talks to update the Indus Waters Treaty, reflecting modern challenges like demographic changes, energy needs, and security concerns, while ensuring fair water distribution.
    • Enhanced Cooperative Framework: Strengthen the role of the Permanent Indus Commission by introducing regular environmental and security assessments, and improving communication to prevent conflicts and ensure sustainable water management.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (UPSC IAS/2016)