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Type: Prelims Only

  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    Satyendra Nath Bose and his contributions to the Quantum World

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Quantum Theory, Bose-Einstein Statistics, Bose-Hubbard Model

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Satyendra Nath Bose

    Introduction

    • Satyendra Nath Bose emerged in the physics community like a comet in 1924, amidst the turbulence of a quantum revolution.
    • His groundbreaking work filled a significant gap in the emerging quantum theory.

    Satyendra Nath Bose: Early Life  

    • Born in Kolkata in 1894, Bose’s mathematical prowess was evident early on.
    • He befriended Meghnad Saha during their time at Presidency College and later collaborated with him at Rajabazar Science College.
    • Amidst the changing landscape of physics marked by Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum concepts, Bose and Saha contributed significantly to translating and applying new physics concepts.

    Notable Contributions

    [1] Bose-Einstein Statistics:

    • Bose formulated a new statistical theory in 1924, known as Bose-Einstein statistics, to describe the behavior of particles that obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
    • He derived this statistical distribution for particles with integer spin, which later became fundamental in understanding the behavior of particles now known as bosons.

    [2] Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC):

    • Bose’s work laid the foundation for the concept of Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter where particles occupy the same quantum state at low temperatures.
    • In 1995, scientists successfully created a BEC in a dilute gas of alkali atoms, confirming Bose’s theoretical predictions and opening up new avenues for research in quantum physics.

    [3] Quantum Theory of Radiation:

    • Bose made significant contributions to the field of quantum theory of radiation.
    • He introduced a quantum mechanical theory to explain the behavior of photons, which was later incorporated into the broader framework of quantum electrodynamics.

    [4] Bose-Hubbard Model:

    • Bose’s work also inspired the development of the Bose-Hubbard model, a fundamental model in condensed matter physics.
    • This model describes the behavior of ultra-cold atoms trapped in an optical lattice and has applications in quantum computing and quantum simulation.

    [5] Exploring Planck’s Law

    • While teaching at Dhaka University, Bose delved into understanding Planck’s law of black-body radiation, a cornerstone of quantum theory.
    • Bose’s innovative approach eliminated classical physics from the picture, revealing the statistical essence behind Planck’s formula and pioneering the field of quantum statistics.

    Legacy and Impact

    • Bose’s work laid the groundwork for understanding fundamental particles, distinguishing between bosons and fermions based on their statistical behavior.
    • Despite publishing sparingly after his groundbreaking discovery, Bose’s contribution to quantum theory remains unparalleled, earning him the status of a scientific comet that illuminated the quantum world.

    Conclusion

    • Satyendra Nath Bose’s remarkable insight and contribution to quantum theory reshaped the trajectory of physics.
    • His pioneering work on Bose-Einstein statistics not only filled a crucial gap in the emerging quantum framework but also laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in particle physics and quantum mechanics.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Secrets of Mimas: Saturn’s Smallest Moon

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mimas, Cassini Mission

    Mains level: NA

    mimas

    Introduction

    • Recent findings published in the journal Nature suggest that beneath the icy shell of Mimas, there lies a potential liquid ocean, challenging previous assumptions about the moon’s composition and internal dynamics.

    About Mimas

    Description
    Discovery Discovered by William Herschel on September 17, 1789.
    Characteristics Smallest and innermost of Saturn’s major moons.
    Size Diameter of about 396 kilometers (246 miles), making it one of the smallest known astronomical bodies that is rounded in shape.
    Features Known for its large Herschel Crater,

    Called as “Death Star” from the Star Wars films.
    Composition Mostly composed of water ice with a small amount of rock.
    Orbit Orbits Saturn at a distance of about 185,520 km (115,220 miles).
    Exploration Visited by the Cassini spacecraft, which captured detailed images of its surface during its mission to Saturn.

    Astronomical Insights

    • Potential Liquid Ocean: Scientists analyzed Mimas’s orbital motion using data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, concluding that the moon’s oscillations indicate the presence of either an elongated silicate core or a global ocean.
    • Librational Model: Calculations based on Mimas’s librations and orbital changes reached a deadlock, prompting consideration of a subsurface ocean. Theoretical models incorporating viscoelastic outer layers and hydrostatic interior interfaces suggested an ice shell thickness of 20-30 km.
    • Surface Heat and Eccentricity: Estimates indicate surface heat release of approximately 25 milliwatts per sq. m, expected to reduce Mimas’s eccentricity by half in 4-5 million years. Simulations suggest the ocean may have formed 2-25 million years ago, with potential hydrothermal activity.

    Implications and Findings

    • Comparative Analysis: Similarities between Mimas and Enceladus, another Saturn moon with a global ocean, hint at potential hydrothermal activity despite surface differences.
    • Ice Shell Composition: The viscoelastic nature of Mimas’s outer icy layer and hydrostatic interior interfaces align with observations, supporting the theoretical ice shell thickness determined through calculations.

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  • Finance Commission – Issues related to devolution of resources

    Call for imposing Financial Emergency in Kerala

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Financial Emergency under Article 360

    Mains level: Not Much

    In the news

    • The Supreme Court proceeded with hearing a suit filed by the State of Kerala against the Centre for alleged arbitrary interference in its financial matters, following unsuccessful negotiations between the two parties.
    • Earlier, Kerala Governor sought for the Presidential imposition of a financial emergency in the State under Article 360(1) of the Constitution due to dwindling situation of finances in the State.

    What is Financial Emergency?

    • Enshrined in Article 360: It is a vital provision aimed at addressing severe financial crises threatening India’s economic stability.
    • Declaration and Authority: It can be declared by the President upon satisfaction that the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is under threat.
    • CoM Advice: The declaration is made based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, reflecting the collective responsibility of the executive branch.

    Legislative Approval

    • While the President can proclaim a Financial Emergency, its extension beyond two months needs approval from both Houses of Parliament.
    • Once approved, it remains in effect until revoked by the President, allowing for flexible management of financial crises.

    Effects and Implications

    • The Centre’s executive authority expands significantly during a Financial Emergency, enabling it to issue directives to states on financial matters.
    • Centralization of fiscal policies occurs, with the President empowered to reserve money bills passed by state legislatures for consideration.
    • Austerity measures, including salary and allowance reductions for public officials, can be implemented to address economic challenges.

    Judicial Review and Criticism

    • 38th Amendment Act (1975) made the President’s decision final and immune from judicial review.
    • However, the 44th Amendment Act (1978) allowed for judicial scrutiny.
    • This amendment ensured checks and balances within the constitutional framework, preventing unchecked executive authority.

    Historical Context and Usage

    • Financial Emergencies have been sparingly invoked in India’s history, despite facing significant financial crises such as in 1991.
    • The cautious utilization of this provision underscores the importance of aligning its implementation with democratic principles and federalism.

    Conclusion

    • The Supreme Court’s intervention in the Kerala-Centre financial dispute underscores the importance of cooperative federalism in addressing intergovernmental conflicts.
    • The forthcoming hearings aim to reconcile differences and ensure the equitable distribution of resources, fostering harmonious relations between the Centre and states.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    What are IPCC’s Assessment Reports?

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: AR6 Report, IPCC, Global Stocktake

    Mains level: Not Much

    ipcc

    Introduction

    • Since 1988, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been pivotal in assessing climate science and guiding global responses to climate change through its assessment reports and special publications.
    • Last years’ Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) underscores the urgency of addressing climate change, highlighting the need to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

    About IPCC

    Description
    Establishment Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP
    Membership 195 member countries.
    Objective Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options.
    Main Activity Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations.
    Scientific Research Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions.
    Working Groups Comprises three groups:

    1. I (climate physics),
    2. II (impacts/adaptation), and
    3. III (mitigation)
    Reports Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report.

    Key Findings of AR6

    • Urgent Warning: AR6 warns that time is running out to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and stresses the need for immediate action to mitigate climate change impacts.
    • Adaptation Challenges: The report highlights challenges in adapting to climate change and offers strategies to enhance resilience in natural and human-made systems.

    Initiation of AR7 Cycle

    • IPCC Bureau Meeting: In January 2024, the IPCC initiated its seventh assessment cycle (AR7) with a bureau meeting in Turkey to discuss budgeting, timelines, and the work program.
    • Lessons from AR6: Insights from the AR6 cycle, along with member country submissions, informed discussions on the structure and focus of the upcoming reports.

    Global Stocktake and IPCC’s Role

    • Assessing Progress: The global stocktake (GST) evaluates progress towards the Paris Agreement goals, with the IPCC playing a crucial role in providing scientific input.
    • Alignment with Stocktake: Member countries request IPCC reports to align with the GST, facilitating comprehensive assessments of climate action effectiveness.

    Scope and Timeline of AR7 Cycle

    • Report Components: The AR7 cycle will include full assessment reports, synthesis reports, methodology reports, and a special report on climate change and cities.
    • Revised Guidelines: Methodology reports will cover short-lived climate forcers and carbon removal, while technical guidelines on impacts and adaptation will be updated.
    • Publication Timeline: The bureau aims to publish special and methodology reports by 2027, with the timeline for assessment reports pending further discussion.

    Challenges and Considerations

    • Time Constraints: Balancing the need for timely reports with the rigorous review process and evolving climate research poses challenges.
    • Content Integrity: Shortened timelines may affect the depth and breadth of the reports, potentially compromising their scientific rigor and inclusivity.
    • Engagement Complexity: Limited timeframes may hinder effective engagement with under-represented communities and stakeholders, impacting report quality.

    Conclusion

    • The initiation of IPCC’s AR7 cycle marks a critical juncture in global climate science, emphasizing the urgency of addressing climate change.
    • Despite challenges, the IPCC remains committed to delivering comprehensive and scientifically robust assessments to guide climate action.
    • Collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders will be essential in navigating the complexities of climate science and fostering sustainable solutions for a resilient future.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Bubonic Plague is back: Should you be worried?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Bubonic Plague and its causes

    Mains level: Rise of zoonotic diseases

    Bubonic Plague

    Introduction

    • Recent reports from Oregon, US, confirm the reemergence of bubonic plague, marking the first case since 2005.
    • Notable historical instances include the Third Pandemic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, originating in China and spreading worldwide, reaching India by 1896.

    What is Bubonic Plague?

    • Cause: Bubonic plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacterium primarily found in small animals and their fleas, capable of transmission to humans.
    • Transmission: The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies three primary modes of transmission:
    1. Through infected vector fleas,
    2. Contact with infectious bodily fluids or materials, and
    3. Inhalation of respiratory droplets from pneumonic plague patients.

    Symptoms and Forms

    • Bubonic Plague: Characterized by fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and weakness, typically resulting from flea bites.
    • Septicemic Plague: Occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream, leading to severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock, and skin discoloration.
    • Pneumonic Plague: The most perilous form, causing rapid-onset pneumonia, and posing a high risk of fatality if left untreated, with potential person-to-person transmission.

    Historical Impact of the Black Death

    • Deadliest Outbreak: The Black Death, spanning from 1346 to 1353, decimated up to half of Europe’s population, leaving a profound and enduring impact on survivors.
    • Genetic Legacy: Genetic mutations linked to increased survival during the Black Death era have been identified, albeit with potential implications for autoimmune diseases in modern populations.
    • Social and Economic Ramifications: Historians attribute Europe’s rise to global dominance partly to the aftermath of the Black Death, shaping subsequent societal, economic, and cultural trajectories.

    Contemporary Outlook and Mitigation

    • Limited Spread: Medical experts allay fears of a Black Death resurgence, affirming the localized nature of the recent bubonic plague case and the low likelihood of widespread transmission.
    • Modern Interventions: Advancements in antibiotics and healthcare infrastructure significantly mitigate the threat posed by bubonic plague, rendering it treatable and containing its potential impact.
    • Global Surveillance: Vigilant monitoring and prompt treatment protocols contribute to managing sporadic plague cases reported worldwide, underscoring the importance of continued vigilance and preparedness.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Medaram Jatara: Asia’s Largest Tribal Festival

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Medaram Jatara, Tribes gathered, historical background

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Medaram Jatara

    Introduction

    • People have started shopping ahead of Asia’s largest tribal festival, the Medaram Jatara. Devotees offer jaggery equivalent to their weight to the deities, Sammakka and Saralamma, during the festival.

    About Medaram Jatara

    Description
    Origin Rooted in the legend of Sammakka and Sarakka, a revered mother-daughter duo among the local tribal community.
    Historical Significance Commemorates the 13th-century battle of Sammakka and Sarakka against then local Kakatiya rulers’ taxation of the Koya people.
    Location Mulugu, Telangana, India
    Frequency Biennial festival
    Attendance Attracts around 1.5 crore devotees from various tribal and non-tribal communities from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh but also from as far as Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra
    Political & Social Impact Declared as a State Festival in 1996;

    Receives active support from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government.
    Infrastructure Development Funds allocated for community shelters and infrastructure in and around Medaram.
    Ministry Support Active participation and significant financial backing from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Telangana state government.
    Tribal Circuit Development Ministry of Tourism sanctions funds for the integrated development of the tribal circuit.

    Try this PYQ:

    Consider the following pairs:

    Traditions Communities
    Chaliha Sahib Festivals Sindhis
    Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra Gonds
    Wari-Warkari Santhals


    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    a) 1 only
    b) 2 and 3 only
    c) 1 and 3 only
    d) None of the above

    Post your answers here.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Understanding Ultradian Rhythms: The Cycle of Life

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms and key difference between them

    Mains level: NA

    Introduction

    • Life on Earth is characterized by cyclical processes that sustain and enhance survival, with one such fundamental process being ultradian rhythms.
    • Ultradian rhythms are distinct from circadian rhythms and refer to biological cycles that occur more frequently than once every 24 hours, governing essential physiological functions.

    Ultradian vs. Circadian Rhythms

    Ultradian Rhythms Circadian Rhythms
    Definition Repeat at intervals of less than 24 hours. Repeat approximately every 24 hours.
    Duration Shorter cycles, typically minutes to a few hours. Longer cycles, around 24 hours.
    Examples Sleep cycles, heart rate variability, hormone release. Sleep-wake cycle, body temperature regulation.
    Influence Impact physiological processes within a single day. Regulate sleep-wake patterns, hormone release, etc.
    Importance Essential for various bodily functions and processes. Crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.
    Disruption Effects Interruption can lead to fatigue or mood swings. Disruption can cause sleep disorders or mood disorders.

    Key Characteristics of Ultradian Rhythms

    • Frequency: Ultradian rhythms recur more frequently than circadian rhythms, impacting various biological processes.
    • Physiological Patterns: These rhythms regulate heartbeat, breathing, hormonal release, and brain-wave activity, ensuring proper functioning of living organisms.

    Significance  

    • Sleep Cycle: A well-known example of ultradian rhythm is the sleep cycle, which comprises alternating periods of REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and non-REM sleep, typically lasting around 90 minutes each.
    • REM and Non-REM Sleep: REM sleep involves dreaming, while non-REM sleep is essential for physical restoration and memory consolidation.

    Role in Hormonal Regulation

    • Pulsatile Hormone Secretion: Ultradian rhythms influence the pulsatile secretion of hormones like growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin throughout the day.
    • Metabolism and Stress Response: These hormonal fluctuations are crucial for regulating metabolism, energy levels, and responses to stress, ensuring overall well-being.

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  • Innovation Ecosystem in India

    [pib] MnBi2S4: Multiferroic Material for Energy-Efficient Data Storage

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: MnBi2S4 and its properties

    Mains level: NA

    Introduction

    • Researchers have identified a unique mechanism of electric polarization via magnetic ordering in a novel mineral named “MnBi2S4”, which can be useful for energy-efficient data storage.

    About Magnetoelectric Multiferroics

    • This special class of materials is renowned for their rarity and unique properties, capable of exhibiting both magnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously.
    • They find applications in advanced technology like spintronics, electronic memory devices, actuators, and switches.

    What is MnBi2S4?

    • Also known as mineral gratianite, it belongs to the ternary manganese chalcogenide family.
    • It showcases distinct magnetic structures, including a spin density wave, cycloidal, and helical spin structures.
    • Notably, the latter two spin structures induce ferro-electricity in the material.
    • MnBi2S4 is centro-symmetric and undergoes magnetic ordering at low temperatures (27, 23, and 21.5 Kelvins).

    Significance of the Study

    • This finding highlights the strong coupling between magnetism and electric polarization.
    • The unique mechanism, driven by magnetic frustration, represents a breakthrough in magnetoelectric coupling.
    • If the material can exhibit the same phenomena at room temperature, it could revolutionize data storage by reducing energy consumption during writing processes.
    • Additionally, these findings could aid in the development of a four-state logic memory system, providing additional degrees of freedom for device performance compared to current binary logic systems.

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    1000-YO Mahavir Statue Found in Tamil Nadu

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Vardhaman Mahavir, Jainism

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    mahavir

    Introduction

    • A 1,000-year-old stone statue of Thirthangara Mahavir has been found in Tamil Nadu at at Manavarayanendal near Thiruchuli in Virudhunagar district.

    Features of the Statue

    • There is a triple umbrella above the head of the statue, which has creepers carved on it.
    • It is flanked by sculptures of yakshas.
    • Based on the sculpture technique, it is assumed that the statue might belong to the 11th century AD.

    About Vardhaman Mahavir

    Description
    Birth 540 B.C.
    Birthplace Kundagrama village near Vaishali
    Family Background Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali.
    Renunciation Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic.
    Spiritual Practice Practiced austerity for 12 years.
    Attainment of Kaivalya Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42.
    First Sermon Delivered his first sermon at Pava.
    Symbol Associated with the symbol of a lion.
    Missions Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc.
    Passing Away Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar.
    Legacy Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion.

    Everything you need to know about Jainism

    Description
    Origin Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
    Founder Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure
    Tirthankaras
    • Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
    • Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
    Meaning of “Jain” “Jain” is derived from “jina” or “jaina,” signifying the “Conqueror” or one who has conquered the inner enemies like attachment, aversion, and delusion.
    Main Principles Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:

    1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
    2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
    3. Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
    Five Doctrines Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism.
    Concept of God
    • Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
    • Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
    Major Doctrines
    1. Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
    2. Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
    Sects/Schools Jainism is divided into two major sects:

    1. Digambara (sky-clad) and
    2. Svetambara (white-clad)
    Spread
    • Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak,
    • Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
    Literature Jain literature comprises:

    1. Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
    2. Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
    Architecture
    • Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
    • Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
    • These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
    Jain Councils Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:

    1. First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
    2. Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
    Difference from Buddhism
    • Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
    • Acceptance of the varna system,
    • Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
    • Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
    Thoughts on Rebirth
    		 Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms.

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    INSAT-3DS launch: The Naughty Boy of ISRO

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: INSAT-3DS

    Mains level: NA

    Introduction

    • The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to launch its meteorological satellite INSAT-3DS aboard the spacecraft GSLV F14.

    INSAT-3DS: Mission Objectives

    • Continuity of Services: The mission seeks to continue and enhance the services provided by existing operational satellites like INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR.
    • Meteorological Observations: INSAT-3DS will facilitate advanced meteorological observations, land and ocean surface monitoring, and weather forecasting.
    • Disaster Warning: It will play a critical role in disaster warning systems, aiding in timely alerts and response efforts.
    • Satellite-aided Research and Rescue Services (SAR): Additionally, the satellite will support SAR operations, contributing to enhanced search and rescue capabilities.

    Significance

    • This marks the 16th space mission for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), emphasizing India’s progress in space technology.
    • INSAT-3DS aims to be deployed into the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), funded entirely by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, signifying a significant step in India’s space advancements.
    • After around 18 minutes of launch, the satellite will be injected in a 36,647 km x 170 km elliptical orbit.

    Why called as Naughty Boy?

    • Failure: GSLV F14 has faced challenges in the past, earning the moniker “naughty boy” within the Indian space programme due to its history of encountering problems.
    • Probability: With a failure rate of 40%, GSLV F14 has experienced issues in six out of its fifteen missions to date.

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