Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pralay Ballistic Missiles
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Defense Ministry has granted approval for the acquisition of a regiment of ‘Pralay’ ballistic missiles, earmarked for deployment along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and the Line of Control (LoC).
- It is the first time that a ballistic missile will be inducted into the services for conventional operations.
Pralay Missile: Key Features
| Strike Range |
150 to 500 kilometers |
| Payload Capacity |
350 kg to 700 kg conventional warhead |
| Warhead Variability |
High explosive preformed fragmentation warheads, penetration-cum-blast (PCB) warheads, runaway denial penetration submunitions (RDPS) |
| Classification |
Quasi-ballistic surface-to-surface missile |
| Maneuverability |
Mid-flight trajectory alteration capability |
| Propulsion |
Solid propellant rocket motor with advanced guidance systems |
| Global Comparisons |
Comparable to China’s Dong Feng 12 and Russia’s Iskander missile |
| Development History |
Development was initiated around 2015, with significant progress during the tenure of General Bipin Rawat as Chief of Army Staff |
Strategic significance
- Longest Range: ‘Pralay’ will emerge as the longest-range surface-to-surface missile within the Army’s inventory.
- Strategic Role: ‘Pralay,’ in conjunction with the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, will play a central role in India’s planned Rocket Force, augmenting the nation’s strategic posture.
- Imperative: China and Pakistan have already deployed ballistic missiles for tactical purposes, prompting India’s acquisition of ‘Pralay’ missiles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: H1B Visa
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Indian-American Republican presidential contender Vivek Ramaswamy vows to overhaul the H-1B visa program.
- The H-1B visa, highly sought-after among Indian IT professionals, permits US companies to employ foreign workers for specialized roles requiring theoretical or technical expertise.
Why discuss this?
- The H-1B visa are highly sought-after category used by Indian professionals in the US as many use them as a precursor for permanent residency.
- However, the waiting periods for the employment-based green card for Indians can stretch into decades.
- The US embassy in India has already processed over 9 lakh non-immigrant visa currently and is expected to pass the one million mark soon.
Understanding H-1B Visa Program
- The H-1B visa program is crafted to facilitate the entry of skilled foreign workers into the United States, enabling them to work for American companies.
- It is particularly sought after by Indian IT professionals as it permits U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized roles demanding theoretical or technical expertise.
- Despite its popularity, the H-1B visa program faces criticisms for extended waiting periods and the use of a lottery system for selection.
Ramaswamy’s Perspective
- Personal Experience: Ramaswamy acknowledged his own immigrant experience and contended that the H-1B system is detrimental to all parties involved.
- Merit-Based Reform: He advocated for replacing the lottery system with a meritocratic admission process, describing the current system as a form of indentured servitude that primarily benefits sponsoring companies.
- Eliminating Chain Migration: He also emphasized the need to eliminate chain-based migration, arguing that family members who join immigrants are not merit-based contributors to the country.
Historical Context and Comparisons
- Resonance with Trump: Ramaswamy’s stance on H-1B visas draws parallels with Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
- Hard stance: Despite hiring foreign workers under H-1B visas for his businesses, Trump initially adopted a hardline stance on these workers before later softening his rhetoric.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar raised the national flag at the Gaja Dwar (elephant gate) of India’s new Parliament building just days before its first session.
- This event sheds light on the symbolic importance of the Gaja Dwar and the other entrances in the new Parliament.
Gaja Dwar (Elephant Gate)
- Wisdom and Wealth: The new Parliament building features six entrances, each representing a distinct role. The Gaja Dwar, adorned with a sculpture of an elephant, guards the northern entrance. The elephant is a symbol of wisdom, wealth, intellect, memory, and embodies the aspirations of elected representatives in the democracy.
- Vastu Shastra: According to Vastu shastra, the northern direction is associated with planet Mercury, the source of higher intellect, and is presided over by Kubera, the god of wealth. Hence, the Gaja is placed at the northern entrance.
Cultural Symbolism
- Guardian Statues: All six entrances of the New Parliament Building feature red sandstone sculptures of auspicious animals known as “guardian statues.” These selections were made based on their significance in Indian culture, aesthetic appeal, positive qualities, and Vaastu Shastra principles.
- Asva (Horse): Positioned at the southern entrance, the vigilant horse symbolizes endurance, strength, power, and speed, reflecting the quality of governance.
- Garuda (Eagle-like Bird): The Garuda stands at the eastern ceremonial entrance, representing the aspirations of the people and the country’s administrators. In Vastu shastra, the east is associated with the rising sun, symbolizing hope, victory, and success.
- Makara (Mythological Aquatic Creature): Combining features of different animals, the Makara signifies unity in diversity among the nation’s people.
- Shardula (Mythological Creature): Regarded as the most powerful among all living beings, the Shardula symbolizes the strength of the country’s people.
- Hamsa (Swan): Located at the public entrance to the northeast, the Hamsa highlights the essential quality of discernment and self-realization, born of wisdom, in the nation’s people.
Ceremonial Entrances
- Three of these entrances are designed as ceremonial entrances, meant to welcome special guests and mark significant events.
- These entrances showcase Indian art, culture, ethos, and patriotism.
- They are named Gyan, Shakti, and Karma, representing the Indian knowledge system, patriotism, and artistic traditions, respectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basmati Rice
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- While scientific research often seems distant from practical outcomes, some less-celebrated success stories stand out.
- One such triumph is the transformation of India’s basmati rice industry, driven by scientists at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi.
About Basmati Rice
- Basmati rice is a fragrant, long-grain rice variety primarily cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.
- It is native to the foothills of the Himalayas in India and Pakistan.
- Basmati rice is characterized by its long, slender grains that elongate further when cooked.
- Basmati rice is renowned for its natural aromatic fragrance, often described as nutty or floral.
- There are different Basmati rice varieties, each with its unique characteristics. Some popular varieties include Basmati 370, Basmati 386, and Basmati 1121.
- Basmati rice from certain regions, particularly Indian Basmati, has received Geographical Indication (GI) tags, indicating its specific geographical origin and quality.
[a] First Revolution
- Traditional Basmati Varieties: Until the late 1980s, Indian farmers primarily cultivated traditional basmati varieties with tall plants prone to lodging, resulting in low yields and long cultivation periods.
- Breakthrough with PB-1: In 1989, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1), a crossbreed that combined traditional basmati grain attributes with high-yielding traits. PB-1 was more compact, sturdy, and offered improved yields and maturity times.
[b] The Second Revolution
- PB-1121’s Quality: The real revolution came in 2003 with the release of Pusa Basmati-1121 (PB-1121), which offered a different advantage. While yielding slightly less, it boasted exceptional grain quality, with elongated kernels that expanded impressively upon cooking.
- Market Impact: PB-1121’s grain quality allowed companies like KRBL Ltd. to create a lucrative export brand, making it a global favourite. This variety significantly contributed to India’s basmati rice exports.
[c] Third Revolution
- PB-1509: In 2013, the IARI introduced Pusa Basmati-1509 (PB-1509), a high-yielding variety with a shorter maturity period. This innovation allowed farmers to cultivate an extra crop, enhancing their economic prospects.
- Diverse Crop Combinations: PB-1509’s early maturity has enabled farmers to explore crop diversification, including potatoes, sunflowers, sweet corn, and onions, in addition to basmati rice.
Breeding for Disease Resistance
- Protecting Gains: IARI scientists have recently focused on preserving yield gains by incorporating disease-resistant genes into their improved basmati varieties.
- Marker-Assisted Selection: Genes for bacterial leaf blight and rice blast fungal disease resistance have been identified through marker-assisted selection techniques.
- New Varieties: The release of Pusa Basmati-1885 and Pusa Basmati-1847 in 2021 marked the introduction of varieties with “in-built resistance” against these diseases, reducing the need for chemical crop protection.
Risk Factors
- Market Dependency: Basmati rice lacks a minimum support price (MSP) and relies heavily on exports, with limited domestic consumption.
- Market Vulnerability: Despite its profitability, basmati farming is exposed to market fluctuations and government export policies. Recent restrictions highlight this vulnerability, affecting basmati farmers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Moonquakes
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A research utilized seismic data collected between 1976 and 1977, showcasing how the lunar lander left by the Apollo 17 astronauts might be causing seismic activity on the moon.
- The study emphasizes that these moonquakes are not the result of natural processes but stem from vibrations generated by the lunar module descent vehicle, which was placed on the moon’s surface in 1972.
About Apollo 17 Mission
- Apollo 17 was the final Apollo mission to the Moon, marking the sixth lunar landing.
- It was launched by December 6, 1972, with a night launch, which was unique in the Apollo program.
- This mission had specific scientific objectives, differentiating it from previous missions, and aimed to collect ancient highlands crustal material and investigate the possibility of recent lunar volcanic activity.
- Neil Armstrong, the first person to set foot on the lunar surface, went under the Apollo 11 mission in July 20, 1969.
Understanding Moonquakes
- Similarities to Earthquakes: Moonquakes share similarities with earthquakes as both involve seismological vibrations.
- Researchers have identified four types of moonquakes, three of which are relatively benign. Shallow moonquakes, the closest to the surface, are the most destructive.
- Deep Moonquakes: Occur approximately 700 kilometers below the lunar surface.
- Shallow Moonquakes: Take place at depths of only 20 to 30 kilometers, lasting up to 10 minutes.
- Vibrational Moonquakes: Typically result from meteorite impacts.
- Thermal Quakes: Caused by the moon’s crust expanding as it warms following subzero temperatures during the night.
- Moonquakes occur as often as every 27 days, primarily due to temperature fluctuations between lunar day and night, totalling approximately 7,000 moonquakes in a decade.
Moonquakes vs. Earthquakes
- Moonquakes are generally smaller in magnitude than earthquakes but are known for their extended duration.
- Shallow moonquakes recorded by Apollo astronauts have reached up to a magnitude of 5.5.
Human Lunar Landings
- Multiple countries have embarked on lunar missions, with India being the most recent in 2023, following the United States, Russia, and China.
- India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission included a seismometer, which detected a moonquake, providing valuable data for future analysis.
Significance of Monitoring Moonquakes
- Understanding moonquakes holds potential significance for future lunar missions, particularly if NASA establishes a permanent lunar outpost.
- Seismometers, like those used on the moon, are vital for comprehending lunar geology and ensuring the safety of future lunar explorers.
- Monitoring lunar seismic activity is crucial for designing experiments and missions aimed at unravelling the mysteries of Earth’s closest celestial neighbor.
- The moon presents a unique opportunity for in-depth planetary study beyond Earth.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Santiniketan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Situated in West Bengal’s Birbhum district, the small town of Santiniketan has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- This is the place where Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore spent much of his life.
About Santiniketan
- Santiniketan, situated in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India, is an iconic cultural and heritage destination with a rich historical legacy.
- Its prominence is attributed to its association with Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.
Significance of Santiniketan
- Rabindranath Tagore’s Home: Santiniketan served as the residence of Rabindranath Tagore, where he not only lived but also composed numerous literary works, encompassing songs, poems, and novels.
- Artistic Abode: The Santiniketan campus is adorned with magnificent sculptures, frescoes, murals, and paintings created by eminent artists like Rabindranath Tagore, Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and others.
- Cultural Festivals: The broader Birbhum District, where Santiniketan is nestled, is renowned for its vibrant fairs and festivals. Notable celebrations include Poush Mela (December), Joydev Mela (January), Basanta Utsav (Holi) in March and the renowned mystic Baul Singers.
- Unique Events: Santiniketan hosts special cultural festivities during Bengali New Year and Rabindra Janmotsav (Rabindranath Tagore’s birth anniversary) in the Bengali month of Boisakh, marked with great enthusiasm.
- Distinctive Festivals: The region observes distinctive festivals such as Briksharopan (festival of Planting Saplings) and Halakarshan (festival of Plowing the Fields) on the 22nd and 23rd days of Sravana (August), respectively. Additionally, Varshamangal, the festival of rains, is celebrated in August/September.
- Poush Mela: Santiniketan hosts the annual Poush Mela, commencing on the 7th day of the Poush month. While officially spanning three days, vendors may extend their stay throughout the month. The festival is renowned for live performances of Bengali folk music, particularly by bauls (traditional wandering minstrels), and showcases tribal dances like Santali.
West Bengal’s Presence on the World Heritage List
- Santiniketan is the second cultural symbol from West Bengal to join the prestigious UNESCO list.
- In 2021, UNESCO added ‘Durga Puja in Kolkata’ to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list, highlighting West Bengal’s rich cultural heritage.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
|
Description |
| UNESCO World Heritage Sites |
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties. |
| Importance |
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history. |
| Selection Criteria |
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc. |
| Conservation |
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence. |
| World Heritage Committee |
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term. |
| Membership |
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee. |
Note: “States parties” refer to the countries that have ratified the World Heritage Convention and participate in the decision-making process.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Judicial Data Grid
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- On September 14th, the Supreme Court of India took a monumental stride by incorporating its case data into the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG).
What is the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG)?
- Comprehensive Repository: NJDG stands as a comprehensive online repository, housing orders, judgments, and case particulars from a vast network of 18,735 District and subordinate Courts and High Courts.
- Real-time Access: This platform is an integral component of the eCourts Project, providing real-time updates and in-depth data down to the Taluka level.
Administration of NJDG
- E-Courts Initiative: NJDG was conceived as part of Phase II of the e-Courts project, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme designed to modernize the Indian judiciary.
- Collaborative Effort: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) collaborated closely with the in-house software development team of the Computer Cell at the Supreme Court to bring NJDG to fruition.
- User-Friendly Interface: NJDG boasts an interactive interface and an analytics dashboard, ensuring accessibility for legal professionals and the general public.
The Power of Data
- Monitoring and Management: NJDG serves as a potent tool for monitoring and managing case backlogs, ultimately alleviating the burden of pending cases.
- Supreme Court’s Example: Analyzing data from the Supreme Court in 2023, it reveals a total pendency of 64,854 registered cases, with 5,412 new cases received and 5,033 cases disposed of in the last month. This underscores that the backlog primarily consists of legacy cases, managed at a rate comparable to the annual influx of new cases.
- Identifying Bottlenecks: NJDG aids in identifying specific bottlenecks in the judicial process. For instance, a surge in land dispute cases in a particular state prompts policymakers to consider strengthening relevant laws.
- Insights from the Chief Justice: Chief Justice Chandrachud noted that year-wise pendency data indicates the Supreme Court has less than a hundred cases pending from before 2000, allowing the Chief Justice to prioritize the resolution of the oldest cases.
- Specialized Insights: NJDG also facilitates the generation of insights into specific areas of law. For instance, it links Land Records data from 26 States with NJDG to track land dispute cases effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST Appellate Tribunal
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Finance Ministry has formally established 31 Appellate Tribunals spanning 28 States and eight Union Territories for the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
- This significant move aims to address the increasing number of taxpayer disputes with the Revenue Department.
What is GST Appellate Tribunal?
- The GST Appellate Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body proposed to be established to resolve disputes related to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India.
- It will function as an independent body to hear appeals against orders passed by the GST authorities or the Appellate Authority.
- The tribunal will be composed of a national bench and various regional benches, headed by a chairperson appointed by the central government.
- The proposed tribunal is expected to help expedite the resolution of disputes related to GST and reduce the burden on the judiciary.
Under GST, if a person is not satisfied with the decision passed by any lower court, an appeal can be raised to a higher court, the hierarchy for the same is as follows (from low to high):
- Adjudicating Authority
- Appellate Authority
- Appellate Tribunal
- High Court
- Supreme Court
Need for such Tribunal
- Unburden judiciary: GST Appellate Tribunal will help resolve the rising number of disputes under the 68-month-old indirect tax regime that are now clogging High Courts and other judicial fora.
- Improve efficiency of GST System: Overall, the establishment of the GST Appellate Tribunal is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the GST system in India.
- Independent mechanism: The proposed Tribunal will provide an independent and efficient mechanism for resolving disputes related to GST.
- Avoid tax evasion: It will help to expedite the resolution of disputes, reduce the burden on the judiciary, and promote greater certainty and predictability in the GST system.
Issues with present litigation
- Compliance issues: The GST system is relatively new in India, having been implemented in 2017, and there have been several issues with compliance and interpretation of rules and regulations.
- Complex adjudication hierarchy: The current dispute resolution mechanism involves multiple layers of adjudication, starting with the GST officer and as mentioned above.
- Time consuming process: This process can be time-consuming, costly, and burdensome for taxpayers, especially small and medium-sized enterprises.
Significance
- The creation of these tribunals had been in the pipeline since the implementation of the GST regime on July 1, 2017.
- The number of pending appeals by taxpayers related to central GST levies had surged to over 14,000 (June 2023).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: M Visvesvaraya
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- September 15 marks the birthday of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861-1962), celebrated for his pivotal role as a civil engineer and administrator during colonial India.
About M. Visvesvaraya
- Early life: Born on September 15, 1861, in the village of Muddenahalli, Karnataka, Visvesvaraya commenced his educational journey in his hometown.
- Academic Pursuits: He pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Madras and later embarked on a diploma course in civil engineering at the College of Science in Pune.
Career Achievements
- Engineering Pioneer: After completing his engineering studies at Poona College of Science, Visvesvaraya commenced his career as an Assistant Engineer in the Public Works Department (PWD) of the Government of Bombay at the age of 22.
- Notable Projects: Among his initial projects was the construction of a pipe syphon across one of Panjra river’s channels.
- Dewan of Mysore: In 1909, he assumed the role of Chief Engineer in the Mysore service, eventually becoming the 19th Dewan of Mysore.
- Voluntary Retirement: In 1918, Visvesvaraya took voluntary retirement due to his disagreement with the proposal to allocate state jobs based on caste.
- Committees and Contributions: Following retirement, he chaired or participated in various committees, including the Bombay Technical and Industrial Education Committee, Bombay University Committee for Promoting Chemical Industries, and the Cauvery Canal Committee.
Significant Works
- Block System of Irrigation: In 1899, he introduced the block system of irrigation in the Deccan canals, enhancing the equitable distribution of irrigation benefits among numerous villages.
- Water Quality Improvement: Visvesvaraya tackled the issue of “muddy and discolored” water in Sukkur, a city on the banks of the Indus River.
- Invention of Automatic Gates: He invented automatic gates for regulating water flow in reservoirs, securing a patent for this innovation.
- Implementation at Krishnaraja Sagar Dam: The Krishnaraja Sagar Dam in Karnataka became the first to adopt these gates in the 1920s.
Global Perspective
- International Learning: Visvesvaraya travelled abroad to study various aspects of other countries’ systems. During a visit to Italy, he examined soil erosion problems and irrigation and drainage works.
- Advocating for Indian Contributions: He challenged the perception that only British officers were capable of overseeing advanced engineering works, emphasizing that Indian expertise was valuable when supported by qualifications and dedication.
Vision for Progress
- Inspirational Speech: In a speech delivered on March 16, 1912, at Central College Bangalore, Visvesvaraya emphasized the need for India to adopt modern practices, scientific precision, inventiveness, discipline, and economic fundamentals for progress.
- Promoting Self-Examination: He encouraged a secular self-examination, comparing local conditions in India with global counterparts.
- Authorship: Visvesvaraya authored two influential books, “Reconstructing India” (1920) and “Planned Economy of India” (1934).
Impact on Education
- Education as a Catalyst: Visvesvaraya recognized the critical role of education in shaping an economy during his visit to Japan in 1898.
- Founding the University of Mysore: As the Dewan of Mysore in 1916, he played a pivotal role in establishing the University of Mysore, emphasizing that educational institutions should mirror real-life conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- India has reached out to Australia in its efforts to procure monoclonal antibody doses for combating the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala.
- The monoclonal antibody has successfully passed phase-one trials and has been administered to 14 individuals globally.
Why use it for Nipah?
- Currently, there is no effective treatment for Nipah virus infection apart from symptom relief.
- The virus carries a high mortality rate ranging from 40% to 75%, making it a formidable threat.
- In comparison, even during the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, the case fatality ratio (CFR) remained at around three percent.
What are Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)?
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a class of therapeutic proteins that have revolutionized medicine and healthcare.
- They are used in a wide range of applications, from treating diseases to diagnosing conditions and conducting scientific research.
Structure of mAbs
- Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced by a single type of immune cell, known as a B cell.
- They are called “monoclonal” because they are derived from a single, cloned parent cell.
- These antibodies have a specific Y-shaped structure consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
- The variable region of the antibody binds to a specific antigen with high precision.
Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of applications in medicine, science, and diagnostics:
- MAbs are used to treat various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and more.
- They are used in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), to detect specific molecules like antigens or antibodies.
- Scientists use mAbs to study and manipulate biological processes. They can be labeled with fluorescent markers for imaging and are crucial tools in cell biology and molecular biology research.
- Monoclonal antibodies labelled with radioactive isotopes or fluorescent markers can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques like PET (positron emission tomography) scans.
- They can target specific molecules on cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells during cancer treatment.
Challenges and Advancements
- Despite their significant benefits, monoclonal antibodies can have limitations, such as high production costs and the potential for immune responses.
- Advances in technology, such as the development of humanized antibodies (antibodies with human components to reduce immune reactions), have addressed some of these challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Constitution Bench
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, took a moment to address a lawyer’s misconceptions regarding the purpose of Constitution Benches in the Supreme Court.
What is a Constitution Bench?
- The constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India.
- The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.
Constitution benches are set up when the following circumstances exist:
- Interpretation of the Constitution: Article 145(3) provides for the constitution of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India.
- President of India seeking SC’s opinion: When the President has sought the Supreme Court’s opinion on a question of fact or law under Article 143 of the Constitution. Article 143 of the Constitution provides for Advisory jurisdiction to the SC. As per the provision, the President has the power to address questions to the apex Court, which he deems important for public welfare.
- Conflicting Judgments: When two or more three-judge benches of the Supreme Court have delivered conflicting judgments on the same point of law, necessitating a definite understanding and interpretation of the law by a larger bench.
- The Constitution benches are set up on ad hoc basis as and when the above-mentioned conditions exist.
- Constitution benches have decided many of India’s best-known and most important Supreme Court cases, such as:
- K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, 1950 (Preventive detention)
- Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India, 1972 (OBC reservations) etc.
- Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973 (Basic structure doctrine) and
Critique and Response
- A Lawyer’s Concern: A litigant had expressed concerns in a letter to the top court’s Secretary General, suggesting that the court was investing excessive time in Constitution Bench cases, neglecting public interest petitions that directly impact common individuals.
- Court’s Defense: CJI challenged this notion, emphasizing that not all Constitution Bench cases revolve around the interpretation of the Constitution.
- Examples Matter: He provided an example of a recent Constitution Bench case concerning whether a person holding a light motor vehicle license can operate a commercial vehicle. This directly affects the livelihood of countless drivers across the nation.
CJI Dispelling Misconceptions
- Not Just “Fancy” Matters: CJI clarified that the Supreme Court doesn’t convene Constitution Benches solely for matters detached from the everyday concerns of ordinary citizens.
- Voice of the Nation: He highlighted instances like the Article 370 abrogation challenge, where the court engaged with the “voice of the nation.” Stakeholders from the Valley actively participated in extensive hearings.
Arguments against such hearings
- People’s Perspective: The Advocate clarified that his objection wasn’t against the court hearing Constitution Bench matters but rather the court’s engagement in public policy issues without adequate public input.
- Court’s Response: CJI countered this argument, citing the Article 370 case as an example where groups of individual interveners from the Valley actively presented their perspectives to the court.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: CJI’s remarks underscore the delicate balance between addressing constitutional matters and matters of public interest, highlighting that both have their place in the Supreme Court’s agenda.
- Inclusive Justice: The exchange between the Chief Justice and the lawyer reflects the importance of ensuring that the court’s decisions consider the perspectives and concerns of the broader public, especially in cases with significant societal impact.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vagus Nerve
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- There’s a growing buzz online about the vagus nerve—ways to stimulate it and the potential benefits for various health issues, from anxiety to obesity.
- Videos and devices abound, offering suggestions for vagus nerve stimulation.
- Recent research has even linked vagus nerve dysfunction to long COVID.
What is the Vagus Nerve?
- A Pair of Nerves: The vagus nerve consists of two nerves, one on each side of the body. They run from the brainstem through the neck, chest, and stomach.
- Part of the Parasympathetic Nervous System: These nerves are a vital component of the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for relaxing and resting the body, regulating functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. They also play a role in the immune system.
Why is the Vagus Nerve being researched?
Several aspects make the vagus nerve a subject of intense research:
- Extensive Reach: The vagal nerves are the longest cranial nerves, connecting the brain to the large intestine and passing through or connecting with crucial areas in the neck, heart, lungs, abdomen, and digestive tract.
- Communication Hub: These nerves contain 75% of the nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, facilitating bidirectional communication between the brain and the body.
- Health Implications: Researchers explore how stimulating these “sensory superhighways” could trigger the parasympathetic nervous system and potentially benefit various health conditions.
Conditions Treated by Vagus Nerve Stimulation
- Epilepsy and Depression: Implantable vagus nerve stimulators are used to treat epilepsy and depression, particularly when conventional treatments are ineffective. These devices stimulate areas of the brain associated with seizures and mood regulation.
- Inflammation Regulation: The vagus nerve plays a role in regulating inflammation. Suppressing inflammation after an infection is resolved has implications for treating various conditions.
Vagus Nerve and Long COVID
- A study suggests a connection between vagus nerve dysfunction and post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) or long COVID. Patients with PCC exhibited symptoms related to vagus nerve dysfunction, indicating its potential role in the pathophysiology of PCC.
- Other research explores impaired vagal activity in long COVID patients and potential therapeutic approaches involving vagal nerve stimulation.
Natural Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Numerous natural methods are believed to stimulate the vagus nerve, including:
- Meditation: Focusing on longer exhales than inhales.
- Exercise: Engaging in physical activity.
- Massage: Techniques like reflexology.
- Music: Humming and singing.
- Cold Exposure: Placing a cold pack on your face or using icy water immersion.
Limitations
- Implanted vagus nerve stimulation is not a one-size-fits-all solution and should not replace conventional treatment.
- It serves as an adjunctive treatment for most conditions and requires further research to explore its potential therapeutic effects comprehensively.
- Vagus nerve stimulation devices should only be used under medical supervision due to their influence on heart rate and blood pressure.
- Different protocols must be followed, making clinic-based usage essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India has achieved a significant milestone by becoming a 13th nation as OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology) certificate-issuing authority.
- The other countries are Australia, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia.
Understanding OIML
- The OIML, established in 1955 and headquartered in Paris, is a renowned international standard-setting body in the field of legal metrology.
- Its primary role is to develop model regulations, standards, and related documents for use by legal metrology authorities and industries worldwide.
- These standards are crucial in harmonizing national laws and regulations concerning the performance of measuring instruments, such as clinical thermometers, alcohol breath analyzers, radar speed measuring instruments, ship tanks at ports, and petrol dispensing units.
India’s OIML Membership
- India became an OIML member in 1956.
- Simultaneously, India signed the metric convention, emphasizing its commitment to international standards in metrology.
OIML Certificate Significance
- The OIML-CS (Certificate System) is a globally recognized system for issuing, registering, and using OIML certificates, along with their associated OIML type evaluation/test reports.
- With India’s inclusion, the number of countries authorized to issue OIML certificates has risen to 13.
- The OIML certificate is a single document accepted universally.
- For instance, if an equipment manufacturer in Noida wishes to export their products to the US or any other country, they no longer need to obtain certification from one of the 12 other authorized countries.
- India’s certification is now globally accepted, facilitating seamless exports and international compliance.
Benefits for the Indian Economy
India’s newfound status as an OIML certificate-issuing authority offers several advantages for the Indian economy:
- Increased Exports: Indian manufacturers can now export their products with greater ease, reducing trade barriers and expanding their global market reach.
- Foreign Exchange Earnings: The certification services provided by India will attract neighbouring countries and international manufacturers. This influx of clients seeking certification services will lead to an increase in foreign exchange earnings for India.
- Employment Generation: To meet the growing demand for certification services, India is expected to witness a surge in employment opportunities in the legal metrology sector.
- Resource Efficiency: The streamlined certification process will reduce redundancy and save valuable resources, making the certification process more efficient.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Session of Parliament
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Union government of India has announced a special session of Parliament to be held in the newly constructed building.
- This session holds particular significance as it marks the first official use of the new parliamentary facility.
Special Session of Parliament: An Overview:
- A special session of Parliament refers to a unique meeting convened outside of the regular parliamentary sessions.
- The term “special session” is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution of India.
- Its convening is carried out as per the provisions of Article 85(1) of the Constitution.
Procedure of calling such Session
- Article 85(1) of the Indian Constitution stipulates the procedure for summoning Parliament.
- This constitutional provision grants the President the authority to call Parliament into session, including special sessions, as deemed necessary.
- It says:
“The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he/she thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.”
Historical Context of Special Sessions:
Special sessions of Parliament have varied in their focus and format over the years:
[A] Special Sessions with Debates:
- 2015: A special session commemorated Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s 125th birth anniversary.
- 1997: Parliament convened to mark India’s 50th anniversary of independence.
- 1962: The agenda included a discussion on the India-China war situation.
[B] Midnight Special Sessions (Without Debates):
- 1972: A session was held to celebrate 25 years of India’s independence.
- 1992: A special session marked the 50th anniversary of the Quit India Movement.
- 2017: A session was convened to mark the rollout of the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Polo
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- September 13, 2023, marks the 75th anniversary of Operation Polo, a significant military action undertaken by the Indian Army in 1948 to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad.
- This operation, also known as the “Police Action,” led to the Nizam of Hyderabad’s forces surrendering to the Indian Army by September 18, 1948.
- Understanding the background and events surrounding Operation Polo is essential to appreciate its historical significance.
Context of Operation Polo
(1) The Nizam’s Stand:
- The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Shah, was reluctant to join India or Pakistan after India’s Independence in 1947.
- He exploited the diversion of Indian resources towards the Kashmir conflict, signing a standstill agreement with India in November 1947, maintaining the status quo in Hyderabad.
(2) Growing Tensions:
- Hyderabad, a populous and prosperous state in the Deccan, was predominantly Hindu but administered by Muslim rulers.
- The state had no common border with Pakistan, yet the Nizam sought amicable relations with Pakistan.
- The Nizam’s forces, especially the Razakars, escalated tensions with their actions, including cross-border raids and overtures to Pakistan.
The Military Campaign: Operation Polo
(1) Hyderabad’s Forces and Situation:
- Hyderabad’s military consisted of approximately 25,000 troops, with limited training and readiness.
- The Razakars, though numerous, posed a minor military challenge.
(2) Indian Army’s Leadership:
- Major General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, the General Officer Commanding of 1 Armoured Division, led the Indian forces.
(3) Multi-Directional Offensive:
- The primary assault came from the west, led by 1 Armoured Division, supported by forces from the north, south, and east.
- Key elements included the Smash Force, Kill Force, and Vir Force in the western thrust.
- Additional thrusts were launched from Aurangabad, Jabalpur, and the eastern front.
- The southern thrust originated from Vijayawada.
Conclusion: Surrender and Significance
(1) Ceasefire and Surrender:
- The Nizam announced a ceasefire on September 17, 1948.
- On September 18, Major General Chaudhuri entered Hyderabad, and Major General El Edroos surrendered to him.
- Major General Chaudhuri was subsequently appointed as the Military Governor of Hyderabad.
(2) Honoring a Hero:
- Havildar Bachhitar Singh of 2 Sikh was posthumously awarded the first Ashoka Chakra of Independent India for his role in Operation Polo.
- He sacrificed his life on September 13, 1948, while advancing towards Naldurg, a part of Hyderabad state.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C-295
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a significant milestone, the Indian Air Force (IAF) received its inaugural C-295 transport aircraft during a ceremony held in Seville, Spain.
- IAF’s fleet of C-295s is set to become the largest globally, with an initial order for 56 aircraft.
About C-295
- The C-295MW is a transport aircraft with a carrying capacity ranging from 5 to 10 tonnes.
- It can accommodate up to 71 troops or 49 para-troopers, offering significant flexibility.
- The aircraft boasts a maximum cruise speed of 260 knots, ensuring rapid deployment.
- Its exceptional low-level flight characteristics enable tactical missions, even at slow speeds as low as 110 knots.
- The C-295 is equipped with a rear ramp door, facilitating swift troop and cargo deployments.
- Each aircraft is outfitted with an indigenous Electronic Warfare Suite developed by Bharat Electronics Ltd and Bharat Dynamics Limited.
- Two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127G turboprop engines propel the aircraft.
- The C-295 exhibits short take-off and landing (STOL) capabilities, enabling the use of unprepared airstrips.
Significance of the aircraft
- India’s entry into aircraft production will place it among a select group of nations with the capability to manufacture C-295 aircraft.
- This group includes countries like the US, UK, Russia, France, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, Brazil, China, and Japan.
- The project will stimulate India’s aerospace ecosystem, involving numerous MSMEs across the country in the manufacturing of aircraft components.
- This includes areas of strategic importance, such as the border with China and the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ITPGRFA
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- In a global seminar organized by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), President of India underscored the importance of safeguarding farmers’ rights.
About ITPGRFA
|
Description |
| Objective |
Conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. |
| Enactment Year |
2001 |
| Key Principles |
Conservation, Access and Benefit-Sharing, Farmers’ Rights. |
| Coverage |
Multilateral system covering 64 vital crop species. |
| Implementation |
Encourages signatory countries to integrate treaty provisions into national legislation. |
| Monitoring |
Establishes a system for monitoring treaty implementation and reporting. |
| Global Impact |
Contributes to preserving agricultural biodiversity, sustainable agriculture, and equitable access to genetic resources. |
| India’s Role |
India actively participates and supports the treaty, providing rights to farmers for unbranded seeds and registering their varieties, serving as a model for the world. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nipah Virus
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The reappearance of Nipah infection in Kerala, with two confirmed deaths and two individuals under treatment, has raised concerns about this lethal viral disease.
- Nipah, while not as contagious as COVID-19, is significantly more deadly, with a case fatality rate ranging from 40% to 75%.
What is Nipah Virus Infection?
- Nipah is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted to humans through infected animals or contaminated food.
- Direct person-to-person transmission through close contact with an infected individual is also possible.
- Symptoms include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, difficulty in breathing, and vomiting.
- In severe cases, Nipah infection can progress to disorientation, drowsiness, seizures, and encephalitis (brain swelling), ultimately leading to coma and death.
Transmission of Nipah Virus
- Historical Outbreaks: The Nipah virus was first reported in Malaysia (1998) and Singapore (1999), deriving its name from a Malaysian village where it was first isolated. The primary mode of transmission from animals to humans is through the consumption of contaminated food. This can occur via the consumption of raw date palm sap or fruit contaminated with saliva or urine from infected bats.
- Animal Host Reservoir: Fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes, are the known hosts of the virus. They transmit it to other animals like pigs, dogs, cats, goats, horses, and sheep. Human infection usually occurs through direct contact with these animals or the consumption of food contaminated by their saliva or urine. Human-to-human transmission is also documented, particularly in families and healthcare settings.
Nipah Virus Spread and Mortality
- Slow Spread: Unlike the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the Nipah virus spreads more slowly. However, its high mortality rate is a significant concern.
- High Mortality: During outbreaks, Nipah has shown a mortality rate as high as 68-75%. For example, in the 2001 Siliguri outbreak, 45 of the 66 infected individuals succumbed to the virus. Similarly, during the 2018 Kerala outbreak, 17 of the 18 confirmed patients died.
- Localized Outbreaks: Notably, Nipah outbreaks have remained localized and were contained relatively quickly. The virus’s limited infectiousness and low human-to-human transmission contribute to this containment.
- Reproductive Number (R0): Studies indicate an R0 of about 0.48 for Nipah outbreaks, signifying a slow rate of transmission within the population. An R0 value below one suggests that an infected person does not infect more than one other individual, leading to a relatively rapid end to the outbreak.
- High Death Rates Limit Transmission: The virus’s high death rates also play a role in restricting its transmission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gold and Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have pioneered a novel approach with the potential to detect and eradicate cancer cells, particularly those forming solid tumour masses.
Gold and Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles
- Innovative Nanoparticles: IISc scientists have engineered hybrid nanoparticles that blend gold and copper sulfide, resulting in multifunctional nanoparticles with promising implications for cancer detection and treatment.
- Photothermal and Oxidative Properties: These nanoparticles exhibit photothermal capabilities, where they absorb light and convert it into heat, effectively killing cancer cells. Moreover, they produce singlet oxygen atoms, which further contribute to the cells’ toxicity.
- Combining Mechanisms: The nanoparticles employ both photothermal and oxidative mechanisms to target and eliminate cancer cells effectively.
Revolutionizing Cancer Diagnosis
- Ultrasound Waves: Beyond cancer treatment, these hybrid nanoparticles hold potential for cancer diagnosis. Their photoacoustic property enables them to absorb light and generate ultrasound waves.
- High Contrast Detection: The ultrasound waves enhance the contrast for detecting cancer cells once the nanoparticles reach them. This method offers superior image resolution compared to traditional CT and MRI scans.
- Clarity and Oxygen Saturation Measurement: Scans generated through ultrasound waves boast greater clarity and the ability to measure oxygen saturation within tumors, enhancing cancer detection accuracy.
- Integration with Existing Systems: The nanoparticles can be seamlessly integrated with current detection and treatment systems. For instance, endoscopes used for cancer screening can trigger nanoparticle-induced heat generation with focused light.
Overcoming Size Limitations
- Size Advantages: These hybrid nanoparticles, measuring less than 8 nm, possess a critical advantage in terms of mobility within tissues and their ability to reach tumors.
- Potential Safe Elimination: Due to their diminutive size, researchers anticipate that these nanoparticles can exit the human body naturally without accumulating. However, extensive safety studies are essential to confirm their suitability for internal use.
- Successful Lab Testing: In laboratory settings, the researchers conducted successful tests using these nanoparticles on lung and cervical cancer cell lines, demonstrating their potential.
- Clinical Development: The promising outcomes from this study propel the nanoparticles closer to clinical development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Picoflare Jets
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A recent revelation from the Solar Orbiter Aircraft, a collaborative endeavour between the European Space Agency and NASA, has illuminated the Picoflare jets erupting from the sun’s outer atmosphere.
- These jets, marked by their supersonic emergence and brief durations of 20 to 100 seconds, have captured the attention of scientists and space enthusiasts alike.
What are Picoflare Jets?
- Picoflare jets, observed amidst emissions from the observed coronal hole, are diminutive in scale but pack a potent punch.
- Their ephemeral existence belies their significance, as scientists have calculated that they contribute a substantial portion of the solar winds’ energy.
- These solar emanations earned their name, “picoflare jets,” owing to their energy levels, which hover around one-trillionth of the solar flares’ immense energy potential.
- Solar winds, driven by strong gusts, can not only craft auroras in Polar Regions but also disrupt Earth’s magnetic field and jeopardize electronic systems on satellites and terrestrial circuits.
About Solar Orbiter Aircraft
- A Stellar Journey: Launched in 2020, the Solar Orbiter Aircraft embarks on a mission to capture unprecedented images of the Sun, propelling closer than any previous spacecraft.
- Instrumentation Excellence: Equipped with six remote-sensing instruments and four sets of in situ instruments, the spacecraft is primed for comprehensive solar exploration.
- Mission Objectives: The Solar Orbiter Aircraft carries two primary objectives: to scrutinize the Sun’s 11-year cycle of magnetic activity ebbs and flows and to delve into the mysteries of the solar corona, the upper echelon of the Sun’s atmosphere.
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