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Type: Prelims Only

  • SLINEX-26: India-Sri Lanka Maritime Exercise

    SLINEX-26: India-Sri Lanka Maritime Exercise

    Why in the News?

    The 13th edition of the Sri Lanka-India bilateral maritime exercise, SLINEX-26, is being conducted at Visakhapatnam from 17-21 September 2026.

    Key Highlights

    • Exercise: SLINEX-26
    • Edition: 13th
    • Venue: Visakhapatnam
    • Dates: 17-21 September 2026
    • Participating navies:
      • Indian Navy: INS Kavaratti and INS Jyoti
      • Sri Lanka Navy: SLNS Sindurala
    • Exercise has two phases:
      1. Harbour Phase : Professional interactions, Cross-deck visits, Sharing of best practices, Yoga, Sports, and Cultural activities
      2. Sea Phase : Coordinated activities at sea, Operational synergy, Interoperability between the two navies

    About SLINEX

    • Conceptualised in 2005.
    • Provides a platform for:
      • Maritime cooperation
      • Interoperability
      • Mutual understanding
      • Sharing of best practices

    Strategic Significance

    • SLINEX-26 supports India’s MAHASAGAR vision and aims to strengthen cooperation for a secure, stable and inclusive maritime environment.
    • It also reinforces the enduring maritime partnership between India and Sri Lanka.

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • SLINEX: India-Sri Lanka bilateral maritime exercise.
    • Conceptualised: 2005
    • 2026 edition: 13th
    • SLINEX-26 venue: Visakhapatnam
    • Indian ships: INS Kavaratti + INS Jyoti
    • Sri Lankan ship: SLNS Sindurala
    • Two phases: Harbour Phase + Sea Phase
    • Linked with India’s MAHASAGAR vision.
  • National Film Awards 2026

    National Film Awards 2026

    Why in the News?

    The 72nd National Film Awards will honour Indian films certified during 2024. The awards were announced on 18 July 2026 and will be presented by the President of India on 22 September 2026 at Ekta Nagar, Gujarat.

    Key Highlights

    • National Film Awards instituted: 1954
    • Conferred annually by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
    • Cover three sections:
      • Feature Films
      • Non-Feature Films
      • Best Writing on Cinema
    • Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest honour in Indian cinema.

    Evolution

    • 1913: Dadasaheb Phalke’s Raja Harishchandra, a landmark in Indian filmmaking.
    • 1954: National Film Awards instituted as State Awards for Films.
    • 1968: First Best Actor and Best Actress awards.
    • 1969: Dadasaheb Phalke Award instituted; Devika Rani was the first recipient.
    • 1973: Directorate of Film Festivals began administering the awards.
    • 2022: Directorate of Film Festivals merged into NFDC, the present implementing body.

    Award Structure

    Feature Films

    • 26 categories, including special mentions.
    • Awards include Swarna Kamal and Rajat Kamal.
    • Cash prizes: ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh.

    Non-Feature Films

    • 16 categories, including special mentions.
    • Covers documentaries, short films, animation and related forms.

    Best Writing on Cinema

    • Best Book on Cinema
    • Best Film Critic

    Dadasaheb Phalke Award

    • Highest honour in Indian cinema.
    • Swarna Kamal + shawl
    • Cash prize: ₹10 lakh for the 72nd edition.

    72nd National Film Awards: Key Winners

    • Best Feature Film: Article 370
    • Best Direction: Rajkumar Periasamy for Amaran
    • Best Actor: Mammootty and Kartik Aaryan, shared
    • Best Actress: Yami Gautam for Article 370
    • Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment: Kalki 2898 AD
    • Best Debut Film of a Director: Randeep Hooda for Swatantrya Veer Savarkar
    • Best Non-Feature Film: Bhangaar
    • Best Documentary: Ram-Nami
    • Best Debut Film of a Director, Non-Feature: Angen by Ravi Raj Murmu
    • Best Children’s Film: 35 – Chinna Katha Kaadu

    Language Diversity

    • Best Feature Film awards are given for languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
    • Films in other languages can receive separate recognition.
    • In the 72nd edition:
      • Dholi: Garhwali
      • IMBU: Tulu
    • A Santhali film was recognised in the Non-Feature Film section for the first time.

    How are Awards Selected?

    • Entries are invited for films certified during the preceding calendar year.
    • Separate juries are constituted for the three award sections.
    • Feature films undergo a two-tier examination:
      1. Five regional panels shortlist entries.
      2. A central panel selects the winners.
    • The Dadasaheb Phalke Award follows a separate process and has no open entries. A specially constituted committee recommends the recipient.

    Eligibility

    • Film must be certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) during the award year.
    • Must carry English subtitles.
    • Feature film must run for more than 72 minutes.
    • Previously submitted dubbed, remade or re-edited versions are not eligible.

    Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2024

    • Recipient: Anant Nag
    • Announced: 16 September 2026
    • Acting career spans over five decades.
    • Has worked in more than 300 films across six Indian languages.
    • Received Padma Bhushan in 2025.

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • National Film Awards: instituted in 1954
    • First awards: honoured films of 1953
    • Administering ministry: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
    • Present implementing body: NFDC
    • Highest cinema honour: Dadasaheb Phalke Award
    • First Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipient: Devika Rani
    • 72nd edition: films certified in 2024
    • Ceremony: 22 September 2026, Ekta Nagar, Gujarat
    • Feature films: two-tier jury process
    • Dadasaheb Phalke Award: separate selection process
    • Anant Nag: Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2024
  • HAL Hands Over Tejas Trainers, HTT-40 and Dhruv NG

    HAL Hands Over Tejas Trainers, HTT-40 and Dhruv NG

    Why in the News?

    Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) handed over 2 LCA Tejas FOC Twin Seater Trainers and 3 HTT-40 Basic Trainers to the Indian Air Force (IAF), along with 4 Dhruv Next Generation (NG) helicopters to Pawan Hans Limited (PHL) on 18 September 2026 in Bengaluru. The event highlights India’s growing indigenous defence and civil aerospace capabilities.

    Key Highlights

    LCA Tejas FOC Twin Seater Trainer

    • 2 aircraft handed over to IAF.
    • These are the final two aircraft under the FOC contract.
    • Designed to support pilot training before frontline fighter operations.
    • Retains the core systems and combat capability of the frontline Tejas platform.
    • Provides an indigenous training continuum for fighter pilots.
    • FOC: Final Operational Clearance

    HTT-40 Basic Trainer

    • 3 aircraft handed over to IAF.
    • HTT-40: Hindustan Turbo Trainer-40.
    • Indigenously designed and developed basic trainer aircraft.
    • Intended for primary training of Defence Forces pilots.
    • Uses a turboprop engine.
    • Features modern cockpit and avionics.

    Training Roles

    • HTT-40 can undertake: Aerobatics, General handling, Instrument flying, Navigation, Night flying, and Close formation flying

    Dhruv NG

    • 4 helicopters handed over to Pawan Hans Limited (PHL).
    • Represents HAL’s entry into the civil and commercial rotary-wing segment.
    • Features:
      • Enhanced systems
      • Modern avionics
      • More powerful engine
    • Intended applications:
      • Passenger transport
      • Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
      • Offshore logistics support

    Strategic Significance

    • The initiative demonstrates the development of an integrated Indian aerospace ecosystem covering:
    • Aircraft design, Avionics, Propulsion, Composite materials, Flight-control systems, Manufacturing, Certification, and Maintenance and lifecycle support
    • The government also emphasised greater public-private synergy and indigenous development of emerging technologies such as:
      • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
      • Autonomous systems
      • Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)
      • Electronic warfare
      • Cyber technologies
      • Next-generation propulsion

    Defence and Civil Aerospace Linkage

    • An important aspect of the event is the convergence of military and civil aerospace capabilities.
      • Tejas FOC Trainer: indigenous military aerospace capability.
      • HTT-40: indigenous basic military trainer.
      • Dhruv NG: indigenous civil/commercial helicopter capability.
    • This illustrates how common capabilities such as avionics, propulsion, materials, manufacturing and certification can support both civil and defence aerospace sectors.

  • Drugs Rules, 1945: Tighter Regulation of Schedule H, H1 and X Drugs

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has proposed amendments to the Drugs Rules, 1945 to strengthen oversight of Schedule H, H1 and X drugs.

    A key proposal is mandatory CCTV surveillance at medical stores to improve transparency and prevent unauthorized sale.

    Key Highlights

    • Draft Gazette Notification: G.S.R. 791 (E) dated 8 September 2026.
    • Focus: Prevent unauthorized access and sale of Schedule H, H1 and X drugs.
    • Mandatory CCTV surveillance has been proposed for medical stores.
    • Objective:
      • Strengthen monitoring of drug sales.
      • Prevent sale without valid prescriptions.
      • Improve transparency and accountability.
      • Strengthen public-health safeguards.

    Regulatory Process

    • Proposal was initially deliberated by the Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC).
    • It was subsequently circulated to the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB).
    • DTAB recommended approval of the proposal.
    • The Ministry has invited objections and suggestions from stakeholders and the public.

    Schedule H, H1 and X

    Schedule H

    • Prescription-based medicines.
    • Sale is subject to prescription requirements.

    Schedule H1

    • Contains specified medicines requiring stricter record-keeping and prescription controls.
    • Includes certain medicines for which misuse and antimicrobial resistance are concerns.

    Schedule X

    • Drugs subject to particularly stringent controls.
    • Prescription and storage requirements are stricter than ordinary prescription medicines.

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • Drugs Rules, 1945: regulatory framework for drugs and cosmetics.
    • Draft notification: G.S.R. 791 (E).
    • Proposed safeguard: CCTV surveillance at medical stores.
    • Targeted categories: Schedule H, H1 and X.
    • DCC: Drugs Consultative Committee.
    • DTAB: Drugs Technical Advisory Board.
  • India’s First Soil Carbon Payments to Farmers

    India’s First Soil Carbon Payments to Farmers

    Why in the News?

    More than 2,500 farmers in Punjab and Haryana are set to receive over ₹2.9 crore through digital payments for adopting regenerative agriculture practices. The initiative marks a link between measured soil-carbon gains, carbon credits and additional farmer income.

    Key Highlights

    • 2,550 farmers from Punjab and Haryana received Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
    • Programme: ‘Aadi’, a Grow Indigo farmer carbon programme launched in 2019 with technical guidance from ICAR.
    • Practices adopted during 2019-2022:
      • Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)
      • Reduced/minimum tillage
      • Crop-residue management
    • Resulting greenhouse-gas reductions and soil-carbon increases were measured and independently verified.
    • Carbon credits were issued under Verra VM0042 methodology.
    • Programme covers:
      • 2 million+ acres
      • 1 lakh+ farmers
      • 7 states

    How Does Soil Carbon Payment Work?

    Sustainable farming practice → Measurement of GHG reduction/soil carbon → Independent verification → Carbon credits → Sale/issuance → Farmer payment

    • Farmers are paid according to their share of carbon credits generated from their fields.
    • First issuance covered around 30,000 acres and 50,000+ carbon credits.
    • Participating farmers received approximately ₹3,000-₹15,000.
    • Grow Indigo made payments from its own funds before the credits were fully sold.
    • Farmers could choose:
      • Assured upfront payment, or
      • 75% of net carbon revenue after credit sale.

    Environmental Benefits

    For enrolled fields during 2019-2022, the programme estimates:

    • 45 billion litres of water saved
    • More than 2 lakh tonnes of crop residue kept out of fires
    • Around 1,000 tonnes of PM2.5 emissions avoided
  • Global Gender Gap Index 2026

    Global Gender Gap Index 2026

    Why in the News?

    The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the Global Gender Gap Index 2026, ranking 145 economies across four dimensions. India retained its 131st position. Iceland remained at the top.

    Key Findings

    • India’s overall gender parity: 64.5%
    • Global average: 69.2%
    • India has closed 4.3 percentage points of its gender gap since 2006.
    • Globally, 69.2% of the gender gap has been closed.
    • Iceland: 1st, with 93% of its gender gap closed.
    • Top three:
      • Iceland
      • Finland
      • Norway
    • Chad: lowest-ranked country.
    • Iran and Pakistan were also among the bottom three.

    Four Dimensions of the Index

    1. Economic Participation and Opportunity

    India’s parity score: 41.2%

    • Improved by 0.5 percentage points from the previous edition.
    • Still 3.5 percentage points below India’s best score in 2013.
    • Professional and technical workers: parity increased from 26.6% in 2006 to 49.9% in 2026.
    • Legislators, senior officials and managers: 13.1% parity.
    • Labour-force participation parity: 44.1%.

    2. Educational Attainment

    • India recorded 96.6% parity.
    • Declined by 0.5 percentage points from the previous year.
    • Educational gains have been a major contributor to India’s improvement since 2006.

    3. Health and Survival

    • India’s parity score: 95.6%.
    • Sex ratio at birth remained nearly one percentage point lower than in 2006.

    4. Political Empowerment

    • India’s highest-performing subindex.
    • 24.5% of the gender gap closed.
    • Global rank: 67th.
    • Parliament: 16.1% of the gender gap closed in 2026.
    • Ministerial level: 5.9%, compared with 3.5% in 2006.
    • India’s ministerial parity had reached 30% in 2019, before declining.

    Important Global Observations

    • Southern Asia was the lowest-scoring region in Economic Participation and Opportunity.
    • Globally, political empowerment recorded the largest gains since 2006, but has experienced a reversal since 2016.
    • Women account for 19.1% of CEO roles globally.
    • Women remain underrepresented in Artificial Intelligence (AI), accounting for fewer than one in five AI engineers.
    • Australia entered the global top 10 for the first time.
    • Iceland was the only country to cross 90% parity, at 93%.

    Important Full Forms

    • WEF: World Economic Forum
    • AI: Artificial Intelligence
    • CEO: Chief Executive Officer

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • Global Gender Gap Index: World Economic Forum
    • 2026 edition: 145 economies
    • India: 131st
    • Top: Iceland
    • India overall parity: 64.5%
    • Global parity: 69.2%
    • Four dimensions:
      1. Economic Participation and Opportunity
      2. Educational Attainment
      3. Health and Survival
      4. Political Empowerment
    • India’s highest subindex: Political Empowerment
    • India’s Economic Participation parity: 41.2%
    • India’s Educational Attainment parity: 96.6%
    • India’s Health and Survival parity: 95.6%
    • Political Empowerment: 24.5% gap closed
  • PMAY-U: Housing, Inclusion and Empowerment

    PMAY-U: Housing, Inclusion and Empowerment

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry highlighted the achievements of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U) and the progress of PMAY-U 2.0, aimed at achieving Housing for All in urban areas. PMAY-U was launched in June 2015, while PMAY-U 2.0 was launched in September 2024.

    Key Highlights

    PMAY-U

    • Provides all-weather pucca houses with basic civic amenities to eligible urban households.
    • Focuses on:
      • Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)
      • Low Income Groups (LIG)
      • Middle Income Groups (MIG)
      • Slum dwellers
    • Original mission period was up to March 2022, extended up to 30 September 2026 for completion of sanctioned projects.

    PMAY-U 2.0

    • Launched in September 2024.
    • Implementation period: 2024-2029.
    • Target: 1 crore additional urban poor and middle-class families.
    • Financial assistance: up to ₹2.50 lakh per unit.
    • Also includes affordable rental housing.

    Income Categories

    • EWS: Annual income up to ₹3 lakh
    • LIG: ₹3 lakh to ₹6 lakh
    • MIG: ₹6 lakh to ₹9 lakh

    Four Verticals of PMAY-U 2.0

    1. Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC)

    • Financial assistance up to ₹2.5 lakh.
    • For eligible EWS families.
    • Construction on own available land.
    • Maximum carpet area: 45 sq m.

    2. Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP)

    • Public/private agencies construct affordable houses.
    • Houses generally have 30-45 sq m carpet area.
    • Financial assistance up to ₹2.5 lakh per unit.

    3. Affordable Rental Housing (ARH)

    • Provides affordable rental accommodation.
    • Covers EWS and LIG beneficiaries, including:
      • Migrants
      • Homeless persons
      • Industrial workers
      • Working women
      • Construction workers
      • Street vendors
      • Rickshaw pullers
      • Contractual workers

    4. Interest Subsidy Scheme (ISS)

    • Provides interest subsidy on eligible home loans.
    • Applicable to loans sanctioned and disbursed on or after 1 September 2024.
    • Covers EWS, LIG and MIG beneficiaries.

    Major Achievements

    As of 9 August 2026:

    • 1.25 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U and PMAY-U 2.0.
    • More than 1 crore houses completed and delivered.
    • Under PMAY-U 2.0:
      • 18.38 lakh houses sanctioned
      • 14.40 lakh under BLC
      • 2.48 lakh under AHP
      • 1.36 lakh under ISS
      • 13,046 dwelling units under ARH
    • Around 1 crore houses among the 1.25 crore sanctioned were allotted to women, either in the name of the female head of household or through joint ownership.

    Inclusion and Empowerment

    PMAY-U promotes:

    • Women ownership/co-ownership of houses.
    • Housing access for:
      • Scheduled Castes (SCs)
      • Scheduled Tribes (STs)
      • Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
      • Minorities
      • Senior citizens
      • Persons with disabilities
      • Transgender persons

    Technology-enabled Implementation

    • Unified Web Portal: application, processing, tracking and fund disbursement.
    • PMAY-U Dashboard: real-time monitoring of key indicators.
    • Geo-tagging: tracks houses through five stages:
      1. Grounding
      2. Foundation
      3. Superstructure
      4. Finishing and external development
      5. Completion
    • Technology Sub-Mission (TSM): promotes modern and disaster-resilient construction technologies.
    • Technology and Innovation Sub-Mission (TISM): promotes innovative, green and climate-responsive housing.
    • Technology Innovation Grant (TIG): supports innovative technologies in AHP projects.

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • PMAY-U: launched in June 2015.
    • PMAY-U 2.0: launched in September 2024.
    • PMAY-U 2.0 period: 2024-2029.
    • Target: 1 crore additional families.
    • Four verticals: BLC, AHP, ARH, ISS.
    • PMAY-U 2.0 covers EWS, LIG and MIG.
    • ARH focuses on rental housing, including migrants and working women.
    • ISS relates to home-loan interest subsidy.
    • Technology tools include geo-tagging, dashboards and unified digital platforms.
  • Care That Goes Beyond the Prescription

    Care That Goes Beyond the Prescription

    Why in the News?

    The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) is expanding affordable healthcare beyond medicines through a wider basket of surgical, medical consumable and supportive-care products.

    Key Highlights

    • 20,000+ Janaushadhi Kendras across India.
    • Product basket as of August 2026:
      • 2,110 medicines
      • 315 surgicals, medical consumables and devices
    • Covers major therapeutic categories such as:
      • Cardiovascular
      • Anti-cancer
      • Anti-diabetic
      • Anti-infectives
      • Gastro-intestinal
      • Anti-allergic

    Affordability Impact

    • Sales during 2021-22 to 2025-26: ₹7,873.85 crore.
    • Estimated savings to citizens: ₹37,200 crore.

    Healthcare Beyond Medicines

    Janaushadhi Bachpan

    • Baby diapers and wipes
    • Baby feeding bottles
    • Manual breast pumps
    • Infant feeding tubes

    Monitoring and Recovery

    • Electrical nebulizers
    • Nebulizer masks
    • Glucometer test strips
    • Pulse oximeters

    Elderly and Dependent Care

    • Jan Aushadhi Swabhiman: adult diapers.
    • Focus on hygiene, comfort, mobility and caregiving.

    Products in Pipeline

    • Knee brace
    • Walker with sit-to-stand support
    • Medical steam vaporizer
    • Foot elevator pillow
    • Pregnancy back support belt
    • Cervical collar

    Important Full Forms

    • PMBJP: Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana
    • JAK: Jan Aushadhi Kendra

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • PMBJP provides quality-assured generic medicines at affordable prices.
    • Distribution takes place through Janaushadhi Kendras.
    • The basket now includes medicines + surgicals + medical devices + consumables.
    • Janaushadhi Bachpan: infant-care products.
    • Jan Aushadhi Swabhiman: adult diapers.
  • NITI Aayog: Trade Watch Quarterly

    NITI Aayog: Trade Watch Quarterly

    Why in the News?

    NITI Aayog released the 9th edition of Trade Watch Quarterly for Q1 FY27 (April-June 2026), analysing global and Indian trade trends with a special focus on metals and ores.

    Key Highlights

    • Global goods trade: $13.7 trillion in H1 2026, up 12.5% YoY.
    • Global services trade: grew 10.5%.
    • India’s total trade: $506.9 billion in Q1 FY27, up 15.5% YoY.
    • India saw strong merchandise exports in:
      • Mineral fuels
      • Electrical machinery
      • Nuclear reactors
      • Iron and steel
      • Vehicles

    Metals and Ores

    • Metals exports: $34.8 billion (2025).
    • Iron and steel, articles of iron and steel, and aluminium contributed around 78% of metals exports.
    • Metals and ores imports rose from $32.2 billion (2015) to $60.5 billion (2025).
    • Key import-dependent minerals include:
      • Copper
      • Lithium
      • Cobalt
      • Nickel

    Digitally Delivered Services

    • Exports increased from $277 billion (2024) to $317 billion (2025).
    • India became the 4th-largest DDS exporter, after the US, UK and Ireland.

    Trade Diversification

    • Tanzania and South Africa emerged among India’s top 10 export markets.
    • Imports from Latin America and West Africa increased.
    • Northeast Asia, West Asia-GCC and ASEAN together account for around half of India’s imports.
    • Exports to FTA partners increased 36.3%, while imports rose 10%.

    Policy Significance

    • MMDR Amendment Act, 2026 can support exploration and investment in critical minerals.
    • EU CBAM increases the need for competitive, low-carbon steel and aluminium exports.
    • Priorities include:
      • Domestic mineral exploration
      • Recycling of critical minerals
      • Value addition
      • Renewable energy access
      • Lower logistics and financing costs
      • Export-market diversification

    Important Full Forms

    • NITI: National Institution for Transforming India
    • DDS: Digitally Delivered Services
    • FTA: Free Trade Agreement
    • MMDR: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
    • CBAM: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
    • GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • Trade Watch Quarterly: NITI Aayog publication.
    • Latest edition: 9th edition, Q1 FY27.
    • India’s total trade: $506.9 billion.
    • Metals and ores imports: $60.5 billion in 2025.
    • India: 4th-largest digitally delivered services exporter.
  • CSIR Transfers Technologies for Sustainable Industry and Safer Roads

    CSIR Transfers Technologies for Sustainable Industry and Safer Roads

    Why in the News?

    CSIR transferred indigenous technologies developed by CSIR-CLRI and CSIR-CRRI to industry, focusing on waste valorisation, circular economy, road safety and sustainable infrastructure.

    Key Technologies

    1. Protein-based Syntans from Chrome Shavings

    • Developed by CSIR-CLRI, Chennai.
    • Converts collagen-rich chrome shavings from leather waste into protein-based syntans.
    • Syntans can be reused in leather retanning.
    • Demonstrated at 100-200 kg pilot scale and validated at 1,500 kg commercial scale.
    • Can reduce Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in post-tanning wastewater by up to 50%.

    2. Spent Pickling Acid Valorisation

    • Recovers iron and chloride from spent pickling acid.
    • Produces pigment-grade iron oxide and ammonium chloride.
    • Converts hazardous industrial waste into useful products.
    • Supports circular economy and waste utilisation.

    3. ClariVisor

    • Developed by CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi.
    • In-vehicle glare mitigation device for four-wheelers.
    • Designed to fit within the footprint of the vehicle’s original OEM sun visor.

    4. Two Pack Onsite Pothole Filling Mix

    • Cold-application road repair technology.
    • Two components are mixed on-site before application.
    • Does not require a hot-mix plant or heating.
    • Reduces energy consumption and emissions.
    • Enables faster pothole repair and reopening of roads.

    Important Full Forms

    • CSIR: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
    • CLRI: Central Leather Research Institute
    • CRRI: Central Road Research Institute
    • DSIR: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
    • TDS: Total Dissolved Solids
    • OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
    • SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals

    Prelims Quick Revision

    • CSIR-CLRI: Chennai, leather research.
    • CSIR-CRRI: New Delhi, road research.
    • Chrome shavings: Used to recover collagen-based material for syntans.
    • Spent pickling acid: Can yield iron oxide and ammonium chloride.
    • Two Pack Pothole Mix: Cold application, no heating required.
    • ClariVisor: Glare mitigation for four-wheelers.