Why in the news?
A rare Total Solar Eclipse will be visible across North America on April 8.
What are Eclipses?
- Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
- There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
- A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
- Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
What is a Total Solar Eclipse?
- During a total solar eclipse, the moon passes between the sun and Earth, entirely covering the face of the sun along a small path of our planet’s surface.
- This is called the “path of totality.”
- The daytime sky turns dark, similar to dusk or dawn, and nocturnal animals have been known to wake up, confused into believing night has arrived.
Stages of a Total Solar Eclipse
A total solar eclipse unfolds in several distinct stages.
- It starts with a partial eclipse phase as the moon begins to pass between Earth and the sun, partially blocking it and leaving the sun looking like it has a crescent shape.
- In the subsequent Baily’s Beads phase, points of light from the sun shine around the moon’s edges because of the irregular lunar topography, producing small beads of light.
- In the diamond ring phase, a single bright spot appears along the lunar edge even as the sun’s atmosphere leaves a ring of light around the moon. This phenomenon precedes totality.
- After totality, the other phases repeat as the moon keeps moving along its path until the eclipse ends.
Other types of solar eclipses:
- Partial Solar Eclipse
- This happens when the sun, moon and Earth are not exactly lined up.
- The sun appears to have a dark shadow on only a small part of its surface.
- Annular Solar Eclipse
- An annular eclipse happens when the moon is farthest from Earth. Because the moon is farther away from Earth, it seems smaller. It does not block the entire view of the sun. The moon in front of the sun looks like a dark disk on top of a larger sun-coloured disk. This creates what looks like a ring around the moon.
- During a solar eclipse, the moon casts two shadows on Earth. The first shadow is called the Umbra. This shadow gets smaller as it reaches Earth. It is the dark centre of the moon’s shadow.
- The second shadow is called the Penumbra. The penumbra gets larger as it reaches Earth. People standing in the penumbra will see a partial eclipse. People standing in the umbra will see a total eclipse.
Why don’t solar eclipses happen at every New Moon?
- The reason is that the Moon’s orbit tilts 5° to Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
- Astronomers call the two intersections of these paths nodes.
- Eclipses only occur when the Sun lies at one node and the Moon is at its New (for solar eclipses) or Full (for lunar eclipses) phase.
- During most (lunar) months, the Sun lies either above or below one of the nodes, and no eclipse happens.
PYQ:
2013:
Consider the following phenomena
1. Size of the sun at dusk
2. Colure of the sun at dawn
3. Moon being visible at dawn
4. Twinkle of stars in the sky
5. Polestar being visible in the sky
Which of the above are optical illusions?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3, 4 and 5
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 5
Practice MCQ:
Which of the following statements best characterizes a Total Solar Eclipse?
(a) A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon partially blocks the Sun, leaving a visible ring of sunlight around the Moon’s silhouette.
(b) During a total solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun, casting a shadow on a narrow path on the Earth’s surface called the umbra.
(c) Total solar eclipses occur more frequently than partial solar eclipses due to the precise alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
(d) Total solar eclipses can only be observed from specific locations on Earth, making them rare and highly sought-after astronomical events. |
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Why in the news?
- Telangana’s Department of Heritage has recently unearthed a lead coin hoard belonging to Ikshvaku Period at Phanigiri, a renowned Buddhist heritage site.
- The coins numbering 3,730 bore an elephant symbol on the obverse and a Ujjain symbol on the reverse.
Who were the Ikshvaku (225-340 A.D)?
- Origin and Rule
- The Ikshvaku dynasty was a feudatory under the patronage of the Satavahanas.
- Their capital was located at Vijayapuri, modern-day Nagarjunakonda in Andhra Pradesh.
- They ruled over the delta of the Krishna and Godavari rivers on the east coast of the Andhra region.
- They claimed to be descendants of the legendary king Ikshvaku, mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Rigveda and Ramayana.
- The dynasty’s founder was Vasishthiputra Chamtamula, who rose to power after the decline of the Satavahana dynasty.
- Cultural Affiliations
- The Ikshvakus were Shaivites and performed Vedic rites, but they also patronized Buddhism, which flourished during their reign.
- Under the reign of Vasishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula, the Ikshvaku kingdom reached its zenith, marked by the construction of numerous Hindu and Buddhist shrines.
- Their inscriptions and coins have been discovered at various archaeological sites, including Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Kottampalugu, Gurazala, Rentala, and Uppugunduru.
- Decline:
- Successive rulers, such as Mathari-putra Vira-purusha-datta, Vasishthi-putra Ehuvala Chamtamula, and Vasishthi-putra Rudra-purusha-datta, contributed to the expansion and governance of the kingdom.
- By the mid-4th century, the Pallavas had gained control of the former Ikshvaku territory, marking the decline of the dynasty.
About Phanigiri
- Phanigiri village derived its name from the shape of the hillock, which appears to be like a snake hood.
- The word Phani in Sanskrit means snake and Giri means hillock.
- Studies suggest that the village had a vibrant life from 1000 BC to 18th century AD.
- Phanigiri is believed to be one of the important Buddhist monasteries strategically located on the hilltop, on the ancient trade route (Dakshinapatha) connecting the west and the east coast of the Deccan.
- Various stages of earlier excavations here discovered Mahastupa, apsidal Chaityagrihas, Votive stupas, pillared congregation halls, Viharas, platforms with staircases at various levels, octagonal stupa chaitya, 24-pillared mandapam, circular Chaitya.
- Cultural materials included terracotta beads, semi-precious beads, iron objects, Brahmi label inscriptions and holy relic casket.
|
PYQ:
[2017] How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of Gupta Numismatic Art is not at all noticeable in later times? |
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Why in the news?
It was on April 8th 167 years ago in 1857, Mangal Pandey was hanged.
Who was Mangal Pandey?
- Mangal Pandey, born on July 19, 1827, in Nagwa village of the Ballia district in present-day Uttar Pradesh.
- He belonged to the kingdom of Awadh, which had been treacherously annexed by the British in 1856.
- At the age of 22, he enlisted as a soldier in the British East India Company’s army, joining the 34th Bengal Native Infantry.
Recap of his revolutionary activities
- Annexation of Awadh
- The Begums of Awadh had an understanding with the British, and had been abiding by the terms of the agreement.
- In spite of this, Awadh was annexed, in February 1856, which was greatly resented by the people.
- Awadh was a region that supplied large numbers of soldiers of war to the Company’s army.
- There were 75,000 soldiers from Awadh, and almost every agricultural family in the kingdom had a representative in the army.
- Whatever happened in Awadh was of immediate concern to the Sepoy.
- Rise of Resentment
- The deposition of the Nawab and the confiscation of the villages of taluqdars during the land revenue settlement of 1856 caused outrage.
- Some 14,000 petitions were received from the Sepoys about the hardships they faced on account of the revenue system.
- Mangal Pandey represented the discontent that the misery of British rule had brought upon peasant families.
- Flashpoint and the mutiny
- Mangal Pandey was stationed at Barrackpore, near Calcutta (now Kolkata), where he became involved in a significant event that would later be known as the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.
- He refused to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle, the cartridges of which had a covering that was believed to be made of animal fat (beef and pork), and which had to be bit open before the cartridges could be used.
- This was viewed by the soldiers as a direct assault on their religious beliefs by the British who intended to bring an end to their religion and propagate Christianity.
- On March 29, 1857, Pandey mutinied and fired at his Senior Sergeant Major.
- He was overpowered and hanged on April 8, 1857, by the order of a Court Martial at Lal Bagan in Barrackpore.
- His regiment was disbanded, like the 19th infantry at Behrampore, for showing resentment.
PYQ:
[2019] The 1857 Uprising was the culmination of the recurrent big and small local rebellions that had occurred in the preceding hundred years of British Rule. Elucidate. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Agnibaan SOrTeD
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- For the second time, the launch of AgniKul ‘Agnibaan SOrTeD’ has been postponed.
- The IIT Madras-based Agnikul Cosmos was to test-fire an Agnibaan rocket with 3D-printed engine, aiming for suborbital flight trajectory control.
What is Agnibaan SOrTeD (Suborbital Tech Demonstrator)?
- Agnibaan SOrTeD is a single-stage launch vehicle powered by Agnikul’s patented Agnilet semi-cryogenic engine.
- In contrast to traditional sounding rockets, Agnibaan SOrTeD’s vertical take-off and precise trajectory enable orchestrated maneuvers during flight.
Distinct Features of Agnibaan:
- Customizability: The rocket offers custom launch configurations, either single or two-stage launches.
- Dimensions: Standing at 18 meters and weighing 14,000 kg, Agnibaan SOrTeD is a powerful presence.
- Payload Capacity: With a capacity for payloads of up to 100 kg, it can reach altitudes of 700 km in five different Lower Earth Orbits (LEOs).
- Engine Configuration: The first stage can house up to seven Agnilet engines, powered by Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene, dependent on the mission’s requirements.
- Launch Pedestal ‘Dhanush’: AgniKul’s built ‘Dhanush’ supports the rocket’s mobility across configurations, ensuring compatibility with multiple launch ports.
- Agnilet Engine: Agnilet engine, a 3D-printed, single-piece, 6 kN semi-cryogenic marvel, drives Agnibaan’s propulsion. The engine employs a novel blend of liquid kerosene and supercold liquid oxygen as propellants.
PYQ:
[2011] Satellites used for telecommunication relay are kept in a geostationary orbit. A satellite is said to be in such an orbit when:
1. The orbit is geosynchronous.
2. The orbit is circular.
3. The orbit lies in the plane of the Earth’s equator.
4. The orbit is at an altitude of 22,236 km
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 Only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Akashteer
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Indian Army’s Corps of Army Air Defense has initiated the induction of control and reporting systems under ‘Project Akashteer’ to bolster its air defense capabilities.
About Project Akashteer
- The Akashteer Project is an initiative designed to automate air defence control and reporting processes by digitising the entire process.
- It is developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) as part of the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative.
- It seeks to induct Akashteer Command and Control Systems
- By integrating radar and communication systems at all levels into a unified network, ‘Akashteer’ aims to deliver an unprecedented level of situational awareness and control.
- This will enable swift engagement of hostile targets, significantly reduce the risk of fratricide, and ensure the safety of friendly aircraft in contested airspace.
How it will help India’s air defence system?
The ‘Akashteer Command and Control Systems’ will significantly enhance India’s air defense capabilities in several ways:
- Efficiency and Integration: Digitizing Air Defence Control and Reporting processes with ‘Akashteer’ will improve efficiency and integration. This enables the Indian Army to respond swiftly to hostile threats while reducing the risk of friendly fire incidents.
- Situational Awareness: ‘Akashteer’ integrates radar and communication systems into a unified network, providing the Indian Army with better situational awareness. This enables them to detect and engage hostile targets more effectively, ensuring the safety of friendly aircraft in contested airspace.
- Mobility and Resilience: The system’s vehicle-based and mobile Control Centers are designed for operational capabilities even in challenging communication environments. This ensures that the Indian Army can operate effectively in diverse terrain and adverse conditions.
- Automation: Deployment of ‘Akashteer’ represents a move towards complete automation of air defense operations. This enhances the Indian Army’s ability to defend its airspace, ensuring a safer and more secure future for the country.
PYQ:
[2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?
(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Retail Direct Scheme
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The RBI has decided to introduce a Mobile App of its RBI Retail Direct scheme aimed at facilitating seamless investment in government securities by retail investors.
What is Retail Direct Scheme?
- Retail Direct Scheme was rolled out in November 2021, giving access to individual investors to maintain gilt accounts with RBI and invest in government securities.
- Using this app, investors can buy central and state government bonds as well as Treasury bills.
- It enables investors to buy securities in primary auctions as well as buy/sell securities through the Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching system (NDS-OM) platform.
- A Gilt Account can be compared with a bank account, except that the account is debited or credited with treasury bills or government securities instead of money.
Treasury Bills:
- They are promissory notes issued by the RBI on behalf of the government as a short term liability and sold to banks and to the public.
- The maturity period ranges from 14 to 364 days.
- They are the negotiable instruments, i.e. they are freely transferable.
- No interest is paid on such bills but they are issued at a discount on their face value.
|
How does it work?
- Under the scheme, small investors can buy or sell government securities (G-Secs), or bonds, directly without an intermediary like a mutual fund.
- However, the same tax rules apply to income from G-Secs.
- The minimum amount for a bid is ₹10,000 and in multiples of ₹10,000 thereafter.
- Payments may be made through Net banking or the UPI
Benefits of RDS
- With the government being the borrower, there is a sovereign guarantee for the funds and hence zero risk of default.
- Also, government securities may offer better interest rates than bank fixed deposits, depending on prevailing interest rate trends.
How can individuals access G-Sec offerings?
- Investors wishing to open a Retail Direct Gilt account directly with the RBI can do so through an online portal set up for the purpose of the scheme.
- Once the account is activated with the aid of a password sent to the user’s mobile phone, investors will be permitted to buy securities either in the primary market or in the secondary market.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DNA Findings of Rakhigarhi, IVC
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has proposed to add information about the DNA analysis of skeletal remains found at Rakhigarhi.
DNA Findings of Rakhigarhi
Their key findings include-
- Debunking of the Aryan Invasion Theory.
- The genetic roots of the Harappans date back to 10,000 BCE.
- DNA of the Harappans has continued to exist among the majority of the South Asian population.
- The study indicates genetic continuity without large-scale immigration.
- Ancestry was closely linked to Iranian ancestry and not at all to Steppe ancestry.
- Farming skills have been developed indigenously contrary to prevalent theories that these came with migrants from the Steppes and Anatolian farmers.
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About Rakhigarhi
- The ancient site of Rakhi-Khas and Rakhi-Shahpur are collectively known as Rakhigarhi, located on the right bank of the now dried up Palaeo-channel of Drishadvati.
- It is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River plain in the Hissar district of Haryana.
- Total seven mounds are located here.
- The site has yielded various stages of Harappan culture and is by far one of the largest Harappan sites in India.
- The site shows the sequential development of the Indus culture in the now dried-up Saraswati basin.
Major findings at Rakhigarhi
- Findings confirm both early and mature Harappan phases and include 4,600-year-old human skeletons, fortification and bricks.
- Digging so far reveals a well-planned city with 92 m wide roads, a bit wider than in Kalibangan.
- The pottery is similar to Kalibangan and Banawali.
- Pits surrounded by walls have been found, which are thought to be for sacrificial or some religious ceremonies.
- There are brick-lined drains to handle sewage from the houses.
- Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artefacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found.
- A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver.
- A granary belonging to the mature Harappan phase has been found here.
- Fire altars structures were revealed in Rakhigarhi.
PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
(a) Dholavira
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Ropar |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramapo Fault, Appalachian Mountains
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- An earthquake of magnitude 4.8 hit the New York City in a rare event.
- The Ramapo Fault in Appalachian Mountains near New Jersey is a being considered as a reason behind this earthquake.
Appalachian Mountains
- The Appalachian Mountains extend from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the north to central Alabama in the southern US.
- The total length of the Appalachian Mountain range is approximately 2,200 miles (3,500 kilometers), making it one of the longest mountain chains in the world.
- Geologically, it is one of the oldest mountain ranges on Earth, formed over 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. They are considered a Paleozoic mountain range.
- They were formed through a series of tectonic collisions and uplift events, including the assembly of the supercontinent Pangaea.
- The highest peak in the range is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina, standing at an elevation of 6,684 feet (2,037 meters) above sea level.
- The Appalachian Mountains hold cultural significance for various indigenous tribes, including the Cherokee, as well as early European settlers who established communities in the region.
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About Ramapo Fault
- Fault lines are fractures in the Earth’s crust that facilitate movement of tectonic plates, triggering earthquakes.
- The Ramapo Fault is resulted from tectonic activity associated with the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Mesozoic Era.
- It is primarily a right-lateral strike-slip fault, formed by horizontal movement along the fault line due to the ongoing motion between the North American and Eurasian plates.
- While the Ramapo Fault is not as seismically active as faults in other regions, it has experienced earthquakes in the past and remains a potential source of seismic hazards.
Geographical Distribution:
- The fault extends across three states in the northeastern United States: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.
- The fault crosses various topographic features, including rift valleys, hills, and ridges, reflecting the diverse geological history of the region.
- It intersects with the Appalachian Mountains, influencing the overall topography of the surrounding areas.
PYQ:
[2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:
1. Deep gorges
2. U-turn river courses
3. Parallel mountain ranges
4. Steep gradients causing land-sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the evidences for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CIDC Vishwakarma Awards , CSR
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
SJVN Limited has won two prestigious awards at the 15th Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC) Vishwakarma Awards 2024, for their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives.
About CIDC Vishwakarma Awards
- The CIDC Vishwakarma Awards is one of the most esteemed recognitions within the construction sector.
- It was launched in the year 2005.
- The awards are named after Vishwakarma, the divine architect and engineer in Hindu mythology, symbolizing craftsmanship, creativity, and skill in construction.
Key details about the Award
- Organizer: The awards are organized by the Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC), which is a body established by the GoI to promote the construction industry’s development and growth.
- Categories: The awards cover a wide spectrum of categories, including:
-
- Construction Projects: Recognizing outstanding projects across different sectors such as residential, commercial, infrastructure, and industrial construction.
- Construction Technologies: Honoring innovative technologies and techniques that enhance construction processes, efficiency, and sustainability.
- Construction Equipment: Acknowledging advancements in construction machinery, tools, and equipment.
- Health, Safety, and Environment: Recognizing initiatives and practices that prioritize worker safety, environmental protection, and sustainability in construction.
- Individual Achievements: Celebrating the contributions of professionals and leaders who have made significant impacts in the construction industry.
- Others: Additional categories may include awards for sustainability, CSR initiatives, and emerging trends in construction.
PYQ:
[2020] In rural road construction the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint?
1. Copper slag
2. Cold mix asphalt technology
3. Geotextiles
4. Hot mix asphalt technology
5. Portland cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 4 and 5 only
(d) 1 and 5 only |
Back2Basics: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
|
Description |
| What is it? |
Self-regulating business model for social and environmental impact. |
| Regulation in India |
Mandated under Companies Act, 2013 (amendment in 2014). |
| Investment Areas |
Promote rural development, healthcare, education, environment, etc. |
| CSR Committee |
Mandatory for companies meeting Rs 500 Cr net worth or Rs 1000 Cr turnover criteria. |
| Spending Requirement |
At least 2% of average net profits of the last three financial years. |
| Applicability Criteria |
Net worth >= Rs 500 Cr, Turnover >= Rs 1000 Cr, or Net profit >= Rs 5 Cr. |
| Adjustment for New Cos. |
Use average net profits of preceding years to calculate spending. |
| Applicability Period |
Applies before the completion of three financial years for companies. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basel Norms, Endgame
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The US Federal Reserve recently announced stricter bank capital requirements known as the “Basel III endgame” proposal.
What is Bank Capital?
- Bank capital is a measure of bank shareholders’ investment in the business.
- In contrast to deposits or money a bank has borrowed, capital does not have to be paid back.
- In other words, it is a cushion or buffer that protects a bank from insolvency—and, thus, reduces the risk that a bank failure triggers system-wide financial instability.
- A bank that has sufficient capital can cover customers’ deposits even if the loans it has made aren’t repaid or if its investments drop in value.
|
What are Basel Norms?
- Basel, Switzerland, hosts the Bureau of International Settlement (BIS), fostering collaboration among central banks to establish global banking standards.
- The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), established in 1974 formulates broad supervisory guidelines known as the Basel framework.
- Its purpose is to ensure banks maintain adequate capital to meet obligations and absorb losses.
- India has adopted Basel standards to align its banking practices with global norms.
|
Description |
| Basel I |
- Introduced in 1988.
- Known as the Basel Capital Accord.
- Focused on credit risk.
- Set a minimum capital requirement of 8% of risk-weighted assets (RWA).
- Assets were assigned risk weights based on their risk profile.
- Adopted by India in 1999.
|
| Basel II |
- Published in June 2004.
- Aimed to refine and reform Basel I.
- Introduced three pillars:
- Capital Adequacy Requirements
- Supervisory Review
- Market Discipline
- Increased focus on risk management and disclosure.
- Yet to be fully implemented in India and abroad.
|
| Basel III |
- Released in 2010 after the 2008 financial crisis.
- Aimed to strengthen the banking system.
- Made banking activities more capital-intensive.
- Focus on four key parameters:
- Capital
- Leverage
- Funding
- Liquidity
- Designed to promote a more resilient banking system.
|
| *Basel IV
|
- In 2017, the Basel Committee agreed on changes to the global capital requirements as part of finalising Basel III.
- The changes are so comprehensive that they are increasingly seen as an entirely new framework, commonly referred to as “Basel IV”.
- Set to take effect under transition rules from 2025.*
|
Proposed Changes under Basel III Endgame
- Expansion of Scope: The proposal aims to extend the strictest risk-based capital approach to more banks, lowering the asset threshold from $700 billion to $100 billion. This would encompass around 37 large banks in the U.S.
- Standardized Measure for Capital Requirements: Regulators propose curtailing banks’ use of internal models to calculate capital requirements for loans, advocating for a standardized measure for all banks to ensure uniform risk assessment.
- Increased Capital for Trading and Operational Risks: The proposal mandates higher capital reserves for risks linked to trading activities and operational challenges, requiring banks to utilize standard models for risk assessment instead of internal ones.
- Changes to Capital Calculations for Portfolios: Banks with assets exceeding $100 billion must reflect gains and losses in portfolios categorized as “available for sale” in their capital calculations, aiming for a more precise depiction of a bank’s risk exposure.
Challenges created by the new Norms
- Operational Risks: A substantial portion of the proposed capital increment targets banks’ operational risks, encompassing potential losses arising from internal processes, people, systems, or external events.
- Non-Traditional Banking Activities: Entities engaged in trading, market-making, wealth management, and investment banking, will face more pronounced capital requirements due to altered risk assessment and operational risk calculations.
- Industry-specific Concerns: Additionally, specific industries, like renewable energy, anticipate repercussions, fearing that increased capital requirements could undermine the effectiveness of tax incentives for projects targeting climate change.
Arguments in Favor of Increasing Capital
- Financial Stability: Proponents argue that heightened capital requirements are imperative for safeguarding financial stability, averting bank failures, and minimizing the need for government bailouts.
- Prudent Banking Practices: They contend that current standards inadequately address bank risks and that increased capital incentivizes prudent banking practices.
- Resilient Banking System: Economists suggests that the social costs of higher capital requirements are minimal compared to the benefits of a more resilient financial system.
PYQ:
2015:
‘Basel III Accord’ or simply ‘Basel III’, often seen in the news, seeks to:
(a) Develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity
(b) Improve banking sector’s ability to deal with financial and economic stress and improve risk management
(c) Reduce the greenhouse gas emissions but places a heavier burden on developed countries
(d) Transfer technology from developed countries to poor countries to enable them to replace the use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration with harmless chemicals
Practice MCQ:
What is the primary objective of “Basel III Endgame” in the banking sector?
(a) To encourage speculative investments by banks to boost short-term profits.
(b) To ensure the stability of the global financial system by strengthening the regulation, supervision, and risk management practices of banks.
(c) To encourage banks to invest more in less-risky assets to stimulate economic growth.
(d) To limit the role of central banks in regulating commercial banks and promote market-driven banking practices. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAR-T Cell Therapy, NexCAR19
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- President Droupadi Murmu has unveiled ‘NexCAR19’ India’s first indigenously-developed CAR T-cell therapy for cancer treatment.
What is CAR-T Cell Therapy?
| What is it? |
- CAR-T cell therapy stands for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell therapy.
- It is a type of cancer immunotherapy that uses the patient’s own T cells, genetically modified in a laboratory to enhance their ability to locate and destroy cancer cells.
|
| How does it work? |
- T cells are white blood cells responsible for identifying and fighting illness and infection.
- Each T cell has a receptor that can recognize antigens (proteins or molecules recognized by the immune system).
- Cancer cells may have antigens that the immune system does not recognize as abnormal, allowing cancer to evade the immune response.
- CAR-T cells are genetically engineered in the lab to express a new receptor that can bind to cancer cells and effectively kill them.
|
| Therapy Process |
The process involves several steps, including:
1. Collecting T Cells: Blood is drawn from the patient’s arm, and T cells are separated from the blood using an apheresis machine.
2. Engineering T Cells: In a laboratory, the T cells are modified by adding a manufactured CAR, and they are allowed to multiply and grow.
3. Infusing CAR-T Cells: Once enough CAR-T cells are prepared, they are injected back into the patient’s arm.
- Chemotherapy may be recommended before CAR-T cell infusion to enhance treatment effectiveness.
- The process can take place in an outpatient infusion center or a hospital setting.
|
| Cancers Treated |
- CAR-T cell therapy is effective against certain types of cancer, especially when other treatments are ineffective.
- It is currently FDA-approved for treating haematological malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
|
NexCAR19: India’s Indigenously Developed CAR-T Therapy
- NexCAR19 is designed to target cancer cells carrying the CD19 protein, a marker on cancer cells, enhancing precision in treatment.
- It has been developed jointly by IIT Bombay and the Tata Memorial Centre.
- Initially approved for patients aged 15 and above with B-cell lymphomas who did not respond to standard treatments, leading to relapse or recurrence.
Effectiveness and Unique Features
- Approximately 70% of patients respond to NexCAR19 treatment, with some achieving complete remission.
- Lab and animal studies indicate lower drug-related toxicities, including reduced neurotoxicity and Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS).
- Trials for paediatric patients are underway at Tata Memorial Hospital, ensuring broader applicability.
Availability and Affordability
- ImmunoACT is in the process of securing licenses and partnering with hospitals, including Tata Memorial, Nanavati, Fortis, and Jaslok, across multiple cities.
- Initially priced at Rs 30-40 lakh, ImmunoACT aims to eventually reduce the cost to Rs 10-20 lakh, making the therapy more accessible.
PYQ:
2017:
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?
Practice MCQ:
With reference to the CAR-T Cell Therapy, consider the following statements:
1. T cells are Red Blood Cells responsible for identifying and fighting illness and infection.
2. Each T cell has a receptor that can recognize antigens (proteins or molecules recognized by the immune system).
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Konda Reddi Tribe, Indian Laurel Tree , PVTGs, Papikonda NP
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Forest Department officials’ examination of an Indian laurel tree (Terminalia tomentosa) in Papikonda National Park has showcased its remarkable water storage capability.
- This discovery sheds light on the indigenous knowledge shared by the Konda Reddi tribe regarding the tree’s unique attributes.
Konda Reddi Tribe
- The Konda Reddis are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) residing in the Godavari riverbanks and the hilly forest areas of Godavari and Khammam districts in Andhra Pradesh.
- The family structure is patriarchal and patrilocal, with monogamy as the norm with some exceptions.
- The Konda Reddis are primarily Hindus with folk customs, which involves local traditions and worship of community-level deities.
- They have their own social control institution called ‘Kula Panchayat’.
- Each village has a traditional headman known as ‘Pedda Kapu’, whose role is hereditary.
- Their primary occupation is shifting cultivation, relying on forest flora and fauna for sustenance.
- Jowar cultivation is prevalent, serving as their staple food.
- They collect and sell non-timber forest products like tamarind, adda leaves, myrobolan, and broomsticks to supplement their income.
About Papikonda NP
- Papikonda NP is located in the East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.
- It was established as a national park in the year 2008.
- It is characterized by hilly landscapes, dense moist deciduous forest.
- The presence of the Godavari River cuts through the Papikonda hill range of Eastern Ghats.
|
About Indian Laurel Tree
|
Description |
| Scientific Name |
Terminalia tomentosa |
| Common Names |
Indian Laurel Tree, Crocodile Bark Tree, Anjan Tree |
| Habitat |
Found in Deciduous forests |
| Bark |
Scissored and cracked bark, resembling crocodile skin (From November to February) |
| Water Storage Ability |
Only 5-10% of trees observed to store water in the stem |
| Water Storage Mechanism |
Development of lateral ridge, known as a wing, on trunk, indicating water presence |
| Water Collection |
4-6 litres of potable water can be collected from a fully grown tree by making a small hole in the wing |
| Traditional Use |
Used by tribal communities, such as the Konda Reddi Tribe, as a water source during dry seasons |
| Adaptability |
Thrives in various conditions, including harsh weather and drought |
PYQ:
2015:
In India, in which one of the following types of forests is teak a dominant tree species?
(a) Tropical moist deciduous forest
(b) Tropical rain forest
(c) Tropical thorn scrub forest
(d) Temperate forest with grasslands
Practice MCQ:
The Indian Laurel Tree (Terminalia tomentosa) recently seen in news is famous for its:
(a) Ability to store water in its trunk
(b) Therapeutic use in the treatment of Cancer
(c) Aromatic Timber
(d) Pulp for paper industry |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA), AB-PMJAY
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
This newscard is an excerpt from an explainer published in the PIB.
Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA)
- ABHA, an integral part of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), serves as a link for all health records of an individual.
- It is a sub-component of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission launched in September 2021.
- It is a 14-digit id employed to uniquely identify individuals, verify their identity, and connect their health records (with their consent) across various systems and stakeholders.
Features of ABHA
- Cashless Transactions: ABHA enables cashless transactions for eligible beneficiaries, reducing the financial burden during medical emergencies.
- Electronic Health Records (EHR): It integrates electronic health records, facilitating storage, and retrieval of patient information for streamlined healthcare delivery.
- Portability: ABHA accounts are portable across various healthcare providers under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, ensuring seamless access to services.
- Real-time Monitoring: Incorporating real-time monitoring mechanisms to track fund utilization, ABHA ensures efficient allocation and prevents misuse.
Various Components
- Beneficiary Identification: ABHA involves the identification and registration of eligible beneficiaries under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, assigning a unique health identification number (UHID).
- Funds Management: It manages the allocation and disbursement of funds for healthcare services, ensuring prompt and secure transfers.
- Claim Settlement: ABHA processes and settles claims submitted by healthcare providers, verifying authenticity, and disbursing payments.
- Audit and Oversight: Incorporating audit mechanisms to monitor fund utilization, ABHA ensures compliance with regulations and maintains system integrity.
Back2Basics: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
|
Details |
| Umbrella Scheme |
- Ayushman Bharat
- Incepted in National Health Policy 2017, to achieve the vision of Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
|
| Launch Year |
2018 |
| Components |
- Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs)
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
|
| Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) |
- Offers a sum insured of Rs. 5 lakh per family for secondary and tertiary care
- Provides cashless and paperless access to services at any empanelled hospital across India
- Portable scheme, allowing beneficiaries to avail treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital
|
| Coverage |
- 3 days pre-hospitalisation and 15 days post-hospitalisation
- Includes diagnostic care and expenses on medicines
- No restriction on family size, age, or gender
- Covers all pre-existing conditions from day one
|
| Beneficiaries |
Identified through Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data |
| Funding |
- Shared funding: 60:40 for states and UTs with legislature, 90:10 in Northeast states and J&K,
- Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, 100% central funding for UTs without legislature
|
| Nodal Agency |
National Health Authority (NHA)
- Autonomous entity under the Society Registration Act, 1860
- Responsible for effective implementation of PM-JAY in alliance with state governments
State Health Agency (SHA)
- Apex body of the State Government responsible for the implementation of AB PM-JAY in the State
|
PYQ:
2021:
“Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
Practice MCQ:
Consider the following statements about the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY):
1. 3 days pre-hospitalisation and 15 days post-hospitalisation.
2. Includes diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.
3. No restriction on family size, age, or gender.
4. Beneficiaries are identified from national family health survey.
How many of the above discussed features is/are correct?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital India Trust Agency (DIGITA)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
To address the rising threat of cyber fraud, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is planning to establish a Digital India Trust Agency (DIGITA).
About Digital India Trust Agency (DIGITA)
DIGITA aims to tackle the proliferation of illegal lending apps by verifying and maintaining a register of authenticated digital lending platforms.
Role of DIGITA:
- Public Register: It will maintain a public register of verified apps, providing transparency and aiding law enforcement agencies in identifying unauthorised platforms.
- Verification Hub: It will serve as a central agency for vetting digital lending apps, ensuring their authenticity and compliance with regulations.
Regulatory Implications
- Apps lacking the ‘verified’ signature from DIGITA will be deemed unauthorized, enhancing law enforcement efforts against financial crimes in the digital domain.
- Verification processes will promote transparency and accountability within the digital lending sector, curbing fraudulent activities.
Progress made so far
- The RBI has shared a list of 442 digital lending apps with the IT Ministry for whitelisting with Google.
- Google has removed over 2,200 digital lending apps from its PlayStore, aligning with RBI and DFS directives to only allow apps from regulated entities or their partners.
PYQ:
2016:
Regarding ‘DigiLocker’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a digital locker system offered by the Government under Digital India Programme.
2. It allows you to access your e-documents irrespective of your physical location.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Practice MCQ:
Consider the following statements about RBI led Digital India Trust Agency (DIGITA):
1. It aims to tackle the proliferation of illegal lending apps.
2. Apps lacking the ‘verified’ signature from DIGITA will be deemed unauthorized.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Taiwan was struck by its most powerful earthquake in at least 25 years.
- Its susceptibility to earthquakes is attributed to its location along the Pacific “Ring of Fire” where a majority of the world’s seismic activity occurs.
- Taiwan is primarily influenced by the collision of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
What is the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’?
- The Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ or Pacific Rim, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, is an area along the Pacific Ocean that is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
- Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Ring of Fire.
- It is home to about 75 per cent of the world’s volcanoes – more than 450 volcanoes.
- Also, about 90 per cent of the world’s earthquakes occur here.
Its spread
- Its length is over 40,000 kilometres and traces from New Zealand clockwise in an almost circular arc covering Tonga, Kermadec Islands, Indonesia.
- It is moving up to the Philippines, Japan, and stretching eastward to the Aleutian Islands, then southward along the western coast of North America and South America.
Seismic activity of the region
- The area is along several tectonic plates including the Pacific plate, Philippine Plate, Juan de Fuca plate, Cocos plate, Nazca plate, and North American plate.
- The movement of these plates or tectonic activity makes the area witness abundant earthquakes and tsunamis every year.
- Along much of the Ring, tectonic plates move towards each other creating subduction zones.
- One plate gets pushed down or is subducted by the other plate.
- This is a very slow process – a movement of just one or two inches per year.
- As this subduction happens, rocks melt, become magma and move to Earth’s surface and cause volcanic activity.
PYQ:
2020: Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum-Pacific Zone. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Caracals and their habitat in India
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- With only an estimated 50 individuals remaining, predominantly in western India, the caracal (Caracal caracal schmitzi) is on the verge of extinction in the country.
- Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan and Kutch in Gujarat are the last strongholds for caracals in India, hosting around 28 and 20 individuals, respectively.
About Caracals
- Caracals are small wild cats known for their long ears with tufts and a reddish-tan or sandy-brown fur. It is called Siya Gosh in India.
- It is nocturnal animal typically preys upon small mammals, birds, and rodents.
- They live naturally in India, especially in Northwestern India. They are also found in Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
- They are found in Aravalli hill range, semi-deserts, savannahs, scrublands, and dry forests.
- Caracals used to live all over Central India and the Indo-Gangetic plains, but they haven’t been spotted in those areas for 40 years.
Conservation Status
- Caracals are listed as ‘Least Concern‘ on the IUCN Red List globally.
- It is listed as Near Threatened in India,
- It falls in the Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Protection Efforts
- In 2021, the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC) announced a plan to recover and increase the population of 22 species in India, including caracals.
- Areas like Kutch, Aravalli mountains, Malwa plateau, and Bundelkhand region have been identified as potential habitats, with the Ranthambore-Kuno Landscape being a key conservation site.
PYQ:
2017:
In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?
(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger.
(b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.
(c) It is endemic to a particular region of India.
(d) Both B and C stated above are correct in this context. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OptiDrop, C-MAP, Cytometry
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) in Bengaluru has unveiled OptiDrop platform designed to simplify and significantly reduce the cost of studying single cells.
About C-CAMP
- C-CAMP Initiative was established in 2009 under the aegis of the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science, Technology, and Earth Sciences.
- It stands as India’s premier biosciences research and innovation hub.
|
What is OptiDrop?
- OptiDrop presents a cost-effective alternative to traditional flow cytometry methods, making single-cell analysis more accessible to a broader range of researchers and institutions.
- OptiDrop simplifies single-cell analysis by encapsulating individual cells within droplets, facilitating easier manipulation and analysis compared to traditional methods.
- Key features such as affordability, live data visualization, compact design, and closed-system architecture enhance its suitability for diverse clinical applications.
| Cytometry is the measurement of number and characteristics of cells. Variables that can be measured by cytometric methods include cell size, cell count, cell morphology (shape and structure), cell cycle phase, DNA content, and the existence or absence of specific proteins on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm. |
Applications of OptiDrop
- Expansive Utility: OptiDrop unlocks various downstream applications, including drug screening, environmental monitoring, immunotherapy, and single-cell genomics, revolutionizing research across multiple domains.
- Advanced Research Capabilities: Researchers can leverage OptiDrop to study individual cell behavior during drug screenings, identify and monitor environmental contaminants, sort specialized cell populations, and explore genetic heterogeneity within cell populations.
Benefits offered by OptiDrop
- Accessible Technology: Unlike conventional cytometers, which can cost up to Rs 40 lakh or more, OptiDrop offers a cost-efficient solution likely priced around Rs 10 lakh, making it accessible to a broader range of research labs and institutions.
- Affordable Scalability: OptiDrop’s affordable pricing and scalable design allow institutions of varying sizes to adopt the technology, democratizing access to cutting-edge single-cell analysis capabilities.
- Long-Term Sustainability: By reducing the barrier to entry for single-cell analysis, OptiDrop paves the way for sustainable and impactful research initiatives, driving innovation and discovery in the life sciences.
PYQ:
2020:
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the general difference between plant and animal-calls?
1. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal cells do not.
2. Plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do.
3. Mature plant cell has one large vacuole whilst animal cell has many small vacuoles.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Practice MCQ:
The OptiDrop equipment recently seen in news finds application in:
(a) Cytometry
(b) Astronomy
(c) Geology
(d) Radiometry |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mother of Dragons Comet, Its features
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The “Mother of Dragons” comet, officially named Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks, is making a rare appearance in the Northern Hemisphere skies.
- This Halley-type comet, completing its orbit every 71 years, has emerged marking its first sighting since 1954.
What is a Comet?
- A comet is a celestial object composed primarily of ice, dust, and rocky particles that orbit the Sun in elongated, elliptical paths.
- These icy bodies originate from the outer regions of the solar system, specifically from two regions: the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud.
- Comets are often referred to as “dirty snowballs” or “icy dirtballs” due to their composition.
- Halley’s Comet is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–79 years.
- It was last seen in Earth’s skies in 1986 and was met in space by an international fleet of spacecraft. It will return in 2061 on its regular journey around the Sun.
|
About Mother of Dragons Comet
- It is named by the European Space Agency (ESA).
- The comet’s name is inspired by its link to the annual “kappa-Draconids” meteor shower, active from November 29 to December 13 each year.
- It has a width of 17 km. the comet features an elliptical orbit adorned with a mysterious spiral of luminous light enveloping its icy nucleus.
- It is comprised of ice, dust, rock, and diatomic carbon molecules.
- It dissipates a radiant emerald hue when illuminated by the sun, captivating observers with its bright green appearance.
Display Features of the Comet
- Renowned for its cryovolcanic eruptions, the comet periodically ejects material from its icy core into space, resulting in breath-taking luminosity.
- Its most recent eruption in July 2023, after 69 years, earned it the moniker “devil comet” due to its dramatic outburst, resembling horns likely caused by internal features.
PYQ:
2014:
What is a coma, in the content of astronomy?
(a) Bright half of material on the comet
(b) Long tail of dust
(c) Two asteroids orbiting each other
(d) Two planets orbiting each other
Practice MCQ:
With reference to the “Mother of Dragons” Comet, consider the following statements:
1. It is named by the NASA.
2. It is comprised of ice, dust, rock, and diatomic carbon molecules.
3. It makes appearances after every 10 years.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tokamak Technology, Nuclear Fusion
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- South Korean scientists at the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) achieved a significant milestone by producing temperatures of 100 million Celsius for 48 seconds in the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) fusion reactor.
- KSTAR maintained the high confinement mode (H-mode) for over 100 seconds, demonstrating stability in plasma conditions crucial for sustained fusion reactions.
- This is a world record.
What is Tokamak Technology?
- Scientists utilize a tokamak, a donut-shaped reactor, to heat hydrogen variants to extreme temperatures, creating plasma.
- This reactor replicates the Sun’s fusion reaction, generating immense heat energy.
|
What is Nuclear Fusion?
- Nuclear fusion involves fusion of hydrogen and other light elements to release massive energy, akin to the process that powers the Sun and stars.
- It is a process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy in the process.
- This occurs under extremely high temperatures, typically in the range of tens of millions of degrees Celsius, and pressure, similar to those found in the core of stars.
- In a tokamak reactor, hydrogen variants are heated to extreme temperatures to create a plasma, mimicking conditions found in the Sun’s core.
- 1 kg of fusion fuel contains about 10 million times as much energy as a kg of coal, oil or gas.
Significance of KSTAR’s achievements
- Achieving sustained fusion reactions in laboratory conditions unlocks the potential for unlimited, zero-carbon electricity generation.
- By extending the duration of high-temperature fusion, scientists aim to sustain plasma temperatures of 100 million degrees for 300 seconds by 2026, pushing the boundaries of fusion research.
- Progress in fusion research at KSTAR contributes to international efforts, supporting projects like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in France.
ITER Project
- ITER is a unique partnership of nations jointly responsible for the construction, operation, and decommissioning of an experimental fusion facility.
- It was founded in 2007 and is based at Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
- ITER being an experimental reactor, it will allow the study of fusion reaction which governs the Sun and other Stars.
- Nuclear fusion will take place in the form of Plasma in a Tokamak.
ITER is run, funded and designed by 7 members:
- European Union (EU)
- India
- China
- Japan
- Russia
- South Korea
- United States
|
Benefits offered by Nuclear Fusion Energy
- Clean Energy: Fusion reactions produce minimal radioactive waste compared to nuclear fission, which generates long-lived radioactive waste. Fusion also emits no greenhouse gases, making it an environmentally friendly energy source.
- Safety and Controlled Nature: Fusion reactions are inherently safer than nuclear fission reactions. Fusion reactors have a lower risk of accidents and do not produce runaway chain reactions like fission reactors.
- Energy Security: Fusion provides a reliable and secure source of energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and volatile energy markets. It offers a sustainable solution to meet global energy demand.
- High Energy Density: Fusion reactions release a vast amount of energy compared to other energy sources. This high energy density makes fusion power compact and efficient, enabling it to meet large-scale energy needs.
- Scalability: Fusion reactors can be designed to scale up or down to meet varying energy demands. They can serve as base-load power plants or complement renewable energy sources, providing flexibility in the energy mix.
- Minimal Environmental Impact: Fusion power plants have a small footprint and do not require large mining operations or fuel transportation, reducing their environmental impact. They also produce no air pollution or carbon emissions during operation.
PYQ:
2016:
India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage for India?
(a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation
(b) It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
(c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
(d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation
Practice MCQ:
The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) fusion reactor has recently set a world record. In this regard, consider the following statements:
1. It produced a temperatures of 100 million Celsius for 48 seconds.
2. It achieved sustained fusion reactions in laboratory conditions.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: RBI, its regulatory functions, major achievements
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Recently, the RBI celebrated its 90th year in Mumbai, marking a significant milestone.
Dr. Ambedkar’s Role in the Establishment of RBI:
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s contributions were particularly notable during the Hilton Young Commission discussions in 1926, where he presented his recommendations based on his book “The Problem of the Rupee – Its Origin and Its Solution.”
- These discussions laid the foundation for the establishment of the RBI on April 1, 1935.
|
About Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- The RBI is the central bank and monetary authority of India.
- It was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
- Its idea was incepted from the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission.
- Sir Osborne Arkell Smith, an Australian, served as the inaugural Governor.
- He was succeeded by Sir C D Deshmukh, the first Indian to hold the position.
- It is a centralized institution for India to effectively regulate its monetary and credit policies.
- RBI had its initial headquarters in Kolkata, later moving permanently to Mumbai in 1937.
- Initially, the RBI operated as a privately owned entity until its full nationalization in 1949.
Functions and Initiatives:
- Monetary Authority: The RBI controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rates, maintain a healthy balance of payment, and control inflation.
- Issuer of Currency: Sole authority to issue currency and combat circulation of counterfeit notes.
- Banker to the Government: Acts as a banker to both the Central and State governments, providing short-term credit and financial advisory services.
- Lender of Last Resort: Provides emergency liquidity assistance to banks during crises.
- Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves: Manages foreign exchange reserves and administers the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA).
- Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems: Oversees payment and settlement systems in the country, ensuring efficiency and security.
- Credit Control and Developmental Role: Promotes credit availability to productive sectors and fosters financial infrastructure development.
Transformative Reforms initiated by the RBI
- Green Revolution (1960s-1970s): Supported agricultural growth through credit facilities and rural credit accessibility enhancements.
- Banks Nationalization (1969): Aimed at aligning banking sector objectives with national policy goals.
- Priority Sector Lending (1972): Ensures timely credit flow to key sectors of the economy.
- Economic Liberalization (1991): Opened up the economy to global markets, fostering market-oriented growth.
- Unified Payment Interface (UPI), 2016: Enabled seamless and instant transactions across India.
- Inflation Targeting Framework, 2016: Set inflation targets to guide monetary policy decisions.
- Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS), 2019: Launched an integrated bill payment system for customer convenience.
- Aadhar-based eKYC (2019): Streamlined customer authentication processes for financial institutions.
- Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS), 2020: Provided credit assistance to SMEs affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Central Bank Digital Currency (2022): RBI is actively exploring the issuance of a CBDC known as e₹ (digital Rupee).
- Cryptocurrency Regulation (2022): RBI has maintained a consistent stance against cryptocurrencies, advocating for an outright ban on them (after China and El Salvador imposed the complete ban). In 2020, the Supreme Court of India removed the ban on cryptocurrencies imposed by RBI.
- Payment Vision 2025 Document (2023): The goals and vision of the RBI, are categorised in the Payments Vision 2025 documents into five anchor goalposts – Integrity, Inclusion, Innovation, Institutionalisation and Internationalisation.
PYQ:
2012:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) acts as a bankers’ bank. This would imply which of the following?
1. Banks retain their deposits with the RBI.
2. The RBI lends funds to the commercial banks in times of need.
3. The RBI advises the commercial banks on monetary matters.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
2013: Consider the following statements:
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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