Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmos and its Range, MTCR
Mains level: Boost in Defence Exports of India
Why in the news?
India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.
India- Philippines Brahmos Deal
- In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
- This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
- Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.
|
About BrahMos Missiles
Development:
- BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
- The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
- The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.
Capabilities:
- BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
- Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
- It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
- It has two stages:
- First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
- Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.
Warhead:
- Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
- Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
Variants and Range
- The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
- A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
- Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
- Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.
Strategic Implications of the move
- This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
- The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Skytrax World Airport Awards
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Bengaluru has been honored as the Best Regional Airport in India and South Asia at the esteemed 2024 Skytrax World Airport Awards.
- Since its inauguration in 2023, KIA Terminal-2 has garnered multiple accolades, including the UNESCO Prix Versailles World’s Most Beautiful Airport
About Skytrax World Airport Awards
- The Skytrax World Airport Awards are annual awards, established in 1999 presented by Skytrax, a UK-based consultancy specializing in airline and airport research.
- Since then, it has become a globally recognized authority in airline and airport research, known for its comprehensive passenger surveys and prestigious awards.
- These awards are considered one of the most prestigious recognitions in the aviation industry and are often referred to as the “Oscars of the aviation industry.”
- Various categories of Award: Best Airport, Best Regional Airport, Best Airport Terminal, and Best Airport Staff, among others.
Evaluation Criteria:
- Rigorous evaluations of various aspects, including check-in procedures, arrivals, transfers, shopping facilities, security, immigration processes, and departures.
- Feedback from airport customers of over 100 nationalities across 550 airports worldwide during a seven-month survey period contributed to the assessment.
Winners of the 2024 Awards
- Doha’s Hamad International Airport clinched the top spot, dethroning Singapore Changi Airport, which had held the title for 12 consecutive years.
- Hamad International Airport is praised for its architectural significance and luxurious amenities, covering an area equivalent to 75 football fields.
- Seoul Incheon Airport secured third place overall and was recognized as the most family-friendly airport.
Performance of key Indian Airports:
- Delhi Airport retained its position at 36th place in the overall rankings.
- Mumbai Airport saw a slight decline, dropping to 95th place from its previous rank of 84.
- Bengaluru Airport experienced a notable improvement, climbing 10 ranks to 59th place compared to last year’s 69th position.
- Hyderabad Airport also showed improvement, rising to 61st place from its previous rank of 65th.
- Goa’s Manohar International Airport secured the 92nd spot in the overall rankings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Craft Cities in India, World Crafts Council International (WCCI)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The World Crafts Council International (WCCI) has identified Srinagar as a potential candidate for the prestigious World Craft City (WCC) designation from India.
- Artisans in Srinagar have uniquely preserved their traditional crafts such as Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mâché.
Craft Sector Statistics in Kashmir
- The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage-Kashmir (INTACH-K) is working with the J&K Handicrafts department to map Srinagar’s craft sector in preparation for the final nomination.
- Srinagar boasts a rich artisanal heritage, with over 20,000 registered craftsmen engaged in various disciplines such as papier mâché, walnut wood carving, hand-knotted carpets, and more.
- Handicrafts contribute significantly to the local economy, with approximately 2.64% of J&K’s overall economic output attributed to the sector by 2016-17.
|
About World Craft Council (WCC International)
|
Details |
| What is it? |
Non-profit, Non-governmental organization |
| Working |
- Establishment in 1964;
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL).
- Affiliated to the UNESCO
|
| Founders |
Kamaladevi Chattopadhay and Aileen Osborn Webb |
| Purpose |
To promote fellowship among craftspersons worldwide, foster economic development through craft-related activities, organize exchange programs, workshops, conferences, seminars, and exhibitions, and offer encouragement and advice to artisans. |
| Legal Status |
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL)
- WCC is organized into five regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
|
| Meetings |
- European branch meets annually;
- General Assembly occurs every four years (took place in Chennai in 2012).
|
What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?
- The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
- It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
- India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:
- Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
- Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
- Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))
With inputs from: https://www.wccinternational.org/craft-cities/craft-cities-asia-pacific
PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
- Puthukkuli Shawls — Tamil Nadu
- Sujni Embroidery — Maharashtra
- Uppada Jamdani Saris — Karnataka
Craft Heritage of which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vasuki Indicus, Madtsoiidae snake family, Panandhro Lignite Mine, Middle Eocene Period
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A fossil unearthed in Gujarat’s Kutch in 2005, initially presumed to belong to a giant crocodile, has been revealed as one of the largest snake ‘Vasuki Indicus’ ever to exist on Earth.
About Vasuki Indicus
- ‘Vasuki Indicus’ is the name given by IIT Roorkee Scientists to the fossil specie.
- The name “Vasuki” derives from the mythological snake depicted often encircling the neck of the Hindu deity Shiva.
Physical characteristics of Vasuki
- It is estimated to measure between 11m (36ft) and 15m (49.22ft) in length,
- It belonged to the extinct Madtsoiidae snake family.
- Its size could potentially surpass the extinct Titanoboa in size, with its closest relatives identified as Titanoboa and Python.
- The serpent’s large size indicates it was a slow-moving, ambush predator, akin to an anaconda, as suggested by researchers.
-
- Like contemporary pythons and anacondas, Vasuki Indicus presumably employed Constriction (suffocation) as its primary method of prey capture.
Age and Geological Context:
- Recovered from the Panandhro Lignite Mine in Kutch, the fossil dates back to the Middle Eocene period, approximately 47 million years ago.
- Analysis of the well-preserved vertebrae indicates the snake’s existence during a warm geological interval with average temperatures estimated at 28°C.
- ‘Vasuki’ is believed to represent an extinct relic lineage originating in India, with subsequent India-Asia collision facilitating its dispersal from the subcontinent into North Africa through southern Eurasia.
-
- Vasuki thrived during a time when the continents of Africa, India, and South America were amalgamated into a single landmass.
Significance for India
- This discovery underscores India’s rich biodiversity.
- It holds immense potential in unraveling insights into the evolutionary process, continental shifts, and India’s pivotal role in the origin of various species, particularly reptiles.
Middle Eocene Period
- It is part of the Cenozoic Era, which began about 66 million years ago and continues to the present day.
- During the Middle Eocene, the Earth experienced a greenhouse climate, with global temperatures significantly warmer than today.
- The poles were ice-free, and forests extended into higher latitudes than they do today.
- The period was characterized by relatively high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to the warm climate.
- The Middle Eocene was a time of significant diversification and evolution of various groups of organisms.
- Mammals continued to diversify and evolve, with the emergence of early primates, rodents, and hoofed mammals.
- The period also saw the rise of modern bird groups and the diversification of flowering plants (angiosperms).
- The Middle Eocene was marked by tectonic activity, including the ongoing separation of continents and the formation of mountain ranges in various parts of the world.
- For example, the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate during this time led to the uplift of the Himalayas.
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PYQ:
[2020] The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to-
(a) Fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
(b) An early human species
(c) A cave system found in North-East India.
(d) A geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Iron Age in India; Transition period of Mahajanpadas
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Archaeologists have unearthed distinctive Iron Age megalithic sites in some districts of Telangana.
Iron Age in India
- India’s Iron Age ranged from approximately 1200 BCE to 200 BCE.
- It was marked by the emergence of new archaeological cultures, including the megalithic cultures, Painted Grey Ware culture (1300–300 BCE), and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE).
- This period corresponds to the transition from the Janapadas (principalities) of the Vedic period to the 16 Mahajanapadas (region-states) of the early historic period.
- This transition culminated in the emergence of the Maurya Empire toward the end of the Iron Age.
- Ironworking was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE.
- Sites:
- North India: Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa, Kosambi and Jhusi, Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh.
- South India: Earliest Iron Age sites include Hallur in Karnataka and Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu, dating to around 1000 BCE. Mahurjhari near Nagpur was a significant site for bead manufacturing.
- The Indian Iron Age ended coinciding with other significant events such as the decline of the Mauryan Empire and the spread of Buddhism.
|
About the Ooragutta Megalithic Site
- The site boasts over 200 megalithic monuments, although the exact count remains uncertain due to the dense forest and hilly terrain.
- They are characterized by squarish or rectangular shapes, the structures at Ooragutta exhibit unique features.
Dolmenoid Cists
- The newly discovered monuments, termed “Dolmenoid Cists,” feature side slabs arranged to mirror the shape of the cap-stone, resulting in each cist having a distinct shape dictated by the cap-stone.
- These monuments are estimated to date back to around 1,000 BCE.
Rock Art Sites at Damaratogu
- Two new rock art sites have been discovered at Damaratogu in Gundala mandal of Bhadradri Kothagudem district.
- One of these sites, known as ‘Devarlabanda Mula‘, exclusively depicts animals and NO humans, in a rock painting.
- It suggests a cultural significance possibly related to hunting or animal worship.
- The absence of weapons or domestic animals in the paintings indicates that these artworks may belong to the Mesolithic age, dating anywhere between 8000 – 3000 BCE.
Significance of Discoveries
- These monuments resemble to “Passage Chambers” found in Europe.
- This discovery sheds light on previously unknown architectural styles in the region and offers insights into the evolution of megalithic practices.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following pairs:
(Historical place) (Well-known for)
- Burzahom : Rock-cut shrines
- Chandraketugarh : Terracotta art
- Ganeshwar : Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SPACE Testing, Working of SONAR
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
A state-of-the-art SPACE testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems, designed for the Indian Navy, was inaugurated by DRDO.
About Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE)
- The SPACE is located at the Underwater Acoustic Research Facility in Kulamavu, Idukki, Kerala.
- It is developed by the Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory of DRDO.
- It is set to become a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems deployed on various Indian Navy platforms, including ships, submarines, and helicopters.
Key Features of SPACE:
- SPACE comprises two distinct components:
- Floating Platform on the water surface and
- Submersible platform capable of descending to depths of up to 100 meters using winch systems.
- After completing operations, the submersible platform can be winched up and docked with the floating platform, ensuring efficient utilization of resources.
Functions and Capabilities:
- The primary function of SPACE is the evaluation of complete sonar systems, facilitating rapid deployment and retrieval of scientific packages such as sensors and transducers.
- It will serve for surveying, sampling, and data collection of air, surface, mid-water, and reservoir floor parameters utilizing modern scientific instrumentation.
- It will address the data processing and sample analysis requirements, ushering in a new era of Anti-Submarine Warfare research capabilities.
What is SONAR?
- SONAR stands for “Sound Navigation and Ranging.”
- It’s a technique used for detecting and locating objects underwater by transmitting sound waves and analyzing the echoes they produce.
Here’s how it works:
- Sound Transmission: A SONAR system sends out pulses of sound waves, typically at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing. These sound waves travel through the water and propagate in all directions.
- Object Detection: When the sound waves encounter an object underwater, such as a submarine, seafloor, or marine life, they reflect off the object and return to the SONAR system as echoes.
- Echo Reception: The SONAR system receives the echoes of the transmitted sound waves and measures the time it takes for them to return. By knowing the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the echoes to return, the system can calculate the distance to the object.
- Data Analysis: The received echoes are processed and analyzed to create a visual representation of the underwater environment. This information helps operators identify and locate objects of interest, navigate safely, and map the seafloor.
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PYQ:
[2020] “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft,” The experiment in question refers to-
(a) Voyager-2
(b) New Horizons
(c) LISA Pathfinder
(d) Evolved LISA |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Ruang, Pacific Ring of Fire, Sangihe Islands arc, Tectonic Plates mentioned
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Indonesia witnessed a series of eruptions from Mount Ruang, a stratovolcano located in North Sulawesi Province.
About Mount Ruang
- Ruang is situated in the Sangihe Islands arc, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
- It comprises an island that is 4 by 5 kilometers wide, with a summit containing a partial lava dome reaching an altitude of 725 meters (2,379 ft).
- From its summit, peaks such as Klabat, Siau, and Ternate can be observed in the south, north, and east, respectively.
- The volcano’s first recorded eruption was in 1808.
Why so many volcanic eruptions in Indonesia this year?
- Indonesia, an archipelago of 270 million people, has 120 active volcanoes.
- It is prone to volcanic activity because it sits along the “Ring of Fire,” a horseshoe-shaped series of seismic fault lines around the Pacific Ocean.
What is the Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’?
- The Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’ or Pacific Rim, or the Circum-Pacific Belt, is an area along the Pacific Ocean that is characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
- Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Ring of Fire.
- It is home to about 75 per cent of the world’s volcanoes – more than 450 volcanoes.
- Also, about 90 per cent of the world’s earthquakes occur here.
Its spread
- Its length is over 40,000 kilometres and traces from New Zealand clockwise in an almost circular arc covering Tonga, Kermadec Islands, Indonesia.
- It is moving up to the Philippines, Japan, and stretching eastward to the Aleutian Islands, then southward along the western coast of North America and South America.
Seismic activity of the region
- The area is along several tectonic plates including the:
- Pacific plate,
- Philippine Plate,
- Juan de Fuca plate,
- Cocos plate,
- Nazca plate, and
- North American plate.
- The movement of these plates or tectonic activity makes the area witness abundant earthquakes and tsunamis every year.
- Along much of the Ring, tectonic plates move towards each other creating subduction zones.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
- The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.
- Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.
- The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pulses: Cultivation pattern, Export dynamics, Consumption etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s pulses imports in fiscal 2024 witnessed a remarkable surge, soaring by 84% year-on-year to their highest level in six years.
- Lower production levels prompted India to permit duty-free imports of red lentils (Masoor) and yellow peas (Tur/Arhar), further driving the increase in imports.
Pulses Cultivation in India
|
Details |
| Seasons |
Cultivated in both ‘Kharif’ and ‘Rabi’ seasons. ‘Rabi’ pulses contribute more than 60% of production.
Kharif Season Pulses:
- Pigeon Peas (Arhar/Toor/Red Gram)
- Green Beans (Moong Beans)
- Black Matpe (Urad/Mah/Black Gram)
- Black Eyed Peas (Lobia)
- Chick Peas (Kabuli Chana)
- Red Kidney Beans (Rajmash)
Rabi Season Pulses:
- Bengal Gram (Desi Chick Pea/Desi Chana)
- Lentils (Masoor)
- White Peas (Matar)
|
| Production (2023) |
Approximately 27.5 million metric tonnes
Reported as 7.6 quintals per hectare |
| Area under Cultivation |
Pulses account for around 20% of the area under food grains in India. |
| Top Producing States |
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka |
| Government Initiatives |
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) for Pulses, Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme |
| Research and Development |
Conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in collaboration with State Agricultural Universities |
| Goal |
Aim for self-sufficiency in pulse production by 2027 |
Pulses Import: Figures and Value
- India imported a total of 4.65 million metric tons of pulses in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, marking the highest volume since fiscal 2018.
- In terms of value, imports surged by 93% to reach $3.75 billion in the same period.
Pulses Production in India: Key Facts
- India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world (as per FAO).
- Pulses account for around 20% of the area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10% of the total foodgrains production in the country (as per Vikaspedia).
- Gram (Chana) is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per cent in the total production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 to 20 per cent and Urad and Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. (Reference)
- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are the top five pulses producing States. (Reference)
|
Global Impact of Higher Imports
- The surge in imports by India, the world’s largest importer, producer, and consumer of protein-rich pulses, has been bolstering global prices.
- It has also contributed to reducing stocks in exporting countries such as Canada, Australia, and Myanmar.
Significance of Pulses Consumption
- Nutritional Value:
- Pulses are considered to be ‘poor man’s protein’.
- They contain 20-25% of protein by weight, with twice the protein available in wheat and thrice that present in rice.
- WHO recommends 80gm/day of Pulses in the diet.
- Environmental Sustainability:
- Pulses have low carbon and water footprints, making them integral to sustainable farming.
- Water footprints for producing one kilogram of meat are five times higher than that of pulses.
- Pulses emit 0.5 kilogram in CO2 equivalent per kilogram, while meat produces 9.5 kilograms in CO2 equivalent.
PYQ:
[2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years ?
(a) Spices
(b) Fresh fruits
(c) Pulses
(d) Vegetable oils
[2020] With reference to pulse production in India, consider the following statements:
- Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crop.
- Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production.
- In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex, Reign of Mihir Bhoja, Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and its contemporaries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has issued a cautionary note to Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) barring any physical excavation that could alter the character of the Bhojshala-Kamal Maula Complex.
About Bhojshala Complex
|
Details |
| Location |
Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh. |
| Historical Background |
Established by Raja Bhoj, the greatest ruler of the Parmar dynasty, as an educational institute. |
| Date of Establishment |
11th century. |
| Transformation |
Originally a Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati temple), later converted into Kamal Maulana Mosque by Muslim rulers. |
| Architectural Features |
- Large open courtyard (Mahaāyata);
- Verandah with decorated pillars (Sthāpanā);
- Prayer hall with intricately carved ceilings (Shikharākāra).
|
| Inscriptions |
- Two hymns depicting the Karmavatar of Vishnu (Avatār);
- Sarpabandha pillar inscriptions with Sanskrit alphabet and grammatical rules (Vyākaraṇa).
|
| Archaeological Significance |
Protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as an 11th-century monument under Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 |
Controversy over Bhojshala Complex
- Religious Claims: Hindus regard the site as the temple of Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati), while Muslims believe it to be the Kamal Maula mosque.
- Usage Agreement: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) allows Hindus to pray on Tuesdays and Vasant Panchami, and Muslims to offer namaz on Fridays,
Recent Developments
- Vasant Panchami Dispute: A recent order allowing Hindus to worship during Basant Panchami hours led to discontent among some Right-wing activists.
- Demand for Extended Access: Hindu groups demand all-day access to the shrine on such occasions, leading to protests and petitions filed in the High Court.
Who was Raja Bhoj?
|
Details |
| Original name |
Raja Bhoja (Mihir Bhoja) |
| Dynasty |
Gurjara-Pratihara |
| Reign |
836 – 885 AD |
| Rise to Prominence |
Emerged as the paramount power in northern India, defeating rivals like the Palas and Rashtrakutas |
| Capital |
Kannauj (Mahodaya) |
| Military Strength |
Possessed India’s strongest cavalry, as noted by Arab traveller Sulaiman |
| Title |
Assumed the title of “Adivaraha”; referred to as “King Baura” by Arab travellers |
| Religious Affiliation |
Great follower of Vaishnavism |
| Acknowledgment of Supremacy |
Acknowledged as supreme by various factions, including Arabs of Sindh, Chandalas, and Kalachuris |
| Notable Feats |
Triumph over Pala king Devapala and Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha |
| Legacy |
Renowned for his wisdom, military prowess, and patronage of Vaishnavism |
| Historical Significance |
Marked the zenith of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, leaving a lasting impact on Indian history |
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements:
- It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchhapaghata Dynasty.
- It is the only circular temple built in India.
- I was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
- Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Credit Programme (GCP)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Union Environment Ministry has rolled out norms for the Green Credit Programme (GCP).
Guidelines and Modifications:
- The Environment Ministry’s recent guidelines empower ‘States’ to determine afforestation density based on local conditions, acknowledging the variability in forest ecosystems.
- Indigenous species are prioritized, and naturally occurring seedlings are retained to foster ecosystem resilience.
|
What is Green Credit Programme (GCP)?
- The GCP as notified on October 13, 2023 by the government of India, is an innovative market-based mechanism.
- This program is part of the broader ‘LiFE’ campaign (Lifestyle for Environment), and it encourages and rewards voluntary environmentally positive actions.
- It involves various stakeholders like- individuals, farmers, communities, private sector industries, and companies.
- The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), based in Dehradun, serves as the GCP Administrator, responsible for programme implementation, management, monitoring, and operation.
- Initially, the GCP focuses on water conservation and afforestation.
What are Green Credits?
- The green credit rules notified under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 defines ‘green credit’ as a single unit of an incentive provided for a specific activity that delivers a positive impact on the environment.
- Each tree planted and evaluated by the ICFRE after two years could yield one ‘green credit,’ which can be utilized in two ways:
- Compliance with forest laws necessitating recompense for forest land diversion.
- Reporting under environmental, social, and governance norms or meeting corporate social responsibility requirements.
Notable Feature: Green Credit Registry
- The ICFRE, alongside experts, is developing the Green Credit Registry and trading platforms to facilitate the registration, buying, and selling of green credits.
- To obtain green credits, individuals and entities must register their activities through the central government’s dedicated app/website (www.moefcc-gcp.in).
- The administrator verifies activities through a designated agency, with self-verification for small projects. Once verified, the administrator issues a tradeable green credit certificate.
Activities under GCP
The GCP includes numerous activities, such as:
|
Description |
| Tree Plantation-based Green Credit |
Promotes increasing the green cover through tree plantations and related activities. |
| Water-based Green Credit |
Promotes water conservation, harvesting, and efficiency, including wastewater treatment and reuse. |
| Sustainable Agriculture-based Green Credit |
Promotes natural and regenerative agricultural practices, land restoration, and soil health improvement. |
| Waste Management-based Green Credit |
Promotes sustainable waste management practices, including collection, segregation, and treatment. |
| Air Pollution Reduction-based Green Credit |
Promotes measures to reduce air pollution and other pollution abatement activities. |
| Mangrove Conservation and Restoration-based Green Credit |
Promotes conservation and restoration of mangroves, critical ecosystems for coastal protection and biodiversity. |
| Ecomark-based Green Credit |
Encourages manufacturers to obtain Ecomark labels for their goods and services, signifying environmental sustainability. |
| Sustainable Building and Infrastructure-based Green Credit |
Promotes sustainable practices in building and infrastructure development, including energy efficiency, renewable energy use, and eco-friendly construction materials. |
Future prospects
The programme is currently in a pilot phase, with ongoing deliberations on:
- Quantifying the contributions of shrubs and grasses to green credits;
- Equivalence between green and carbon credits;
- Allocation of credits for compensatory afforestation.
PYQ:
[2011] Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Veeranam Lake , Mettur Dam and their Location
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Chennai’s main drinking water source Veeranam Lake dries up.
- Its supply was halted due to the lack of inflow from the Mettur dam located across the Kaveri River.
About Veeranam Lake
- Veeranarayanapuram Lake, commonly known as Veeranam Lake, serves as a crucial water source for Chennai city.
- It is a manmade lake with 16-km long dam. It was about 20 km long and 7 km wide back then in 10th century.
- It situated approximately 235 km away in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu.
- The lake, located near Kattumannarkoil, has a storage capacity of around 1,465 million cubic feet (mcft) and plays a vital role in supplying water to Chennai.
Historical Significance of Veeranam Lake
- Constructed during the 10th century by Rajaditya Chola, a ruler of the Greater Cholas.
- It was originally named as Veeranarayana Mangalam Lake,
- It was built with the efforts of Rajaditya Chola and his soldiers during their leisure time while camped at Thirumunaipadi for a war against Pallava kings.
Water Sources and Inflow
- Veeranam Lake primarily receives water from the Kollidam River via the Vadavaru River.
- The lake’s inflow is supplemented by water released from the Mettur dam through the Kollidam River and Lower Anicut, ensuring sufficient water availability during certain periods.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)
(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)
(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Jumbo and prospect States
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Forest Department has resumed Operation Jumbo to capture trouble-causing wild elephants and fix radio collars in Hassan division of Karnataka.
What is Operation Jumbo?
- Operation Jumbo is a campaign launched by the Karnataka government to capture and radio-collar rogue wild elephants that frequently enter human habitations.
- It is effective in five districts of the state, namely Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, Ramanagara, and Bengaluru.
- The objective of this operation is to manage elephant movement and mitigate conflicts through continuous tracking using GPS-equipped radio collars, which have a battery life of three years.
Implementation of Operation Jumbo
- The cost of capturing and radio-collaring each wild elephant is approximately Rs 22 lakh, with Rs 7 lakh spent on each radio collar imported from South Africa.
- The operation involves a diverse team of 70-80 individuals, including forest officers, veterinarians, mahouts, and other support staff.
- It includes tasks such as surveillance, tracking, darting wild animals from the back of trained elephants, and securing the rescued tusker.
Elephants in India
|
Details |
| Population Estimate |
- India hosts the largest population of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus), with around 29,964 individuals,
- Approximately 60% of the global population (2017 census).
|
| Leading States |
Karnataka holds the highest number of elephants, followed by Assam and Kerala. |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Endangered.
- CMS: Appendix I.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I,
- CITES: Appendix I.
|
| Conservation Initiatives |
- Project Elephant launched in 1992, covering 23 states across India.
- Contributed to the increase in wild elephant population from around 25,000 in 1992 to about 30,000 in 2021.
- Establishment of Elephant Reserves. Total 33 in numbers covering approximately 80,777 Sq.km.
|
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
- The leader of an elephant group is a female.
- The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
- An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
- Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TCAS-Kavach ATP System, RFID
Mains level: NA
The Supreme Court has acknowledged and appreciated the implementation of the indigenous anti-collision system KAVACH.
What is KAVACH?
- Kavach, an automatic train protection (ATP) system, was initially named Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
-
- Development commenced in 2011 as Indian Railways and Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO) sought a domestically developed ATP system.
- B. Rajaram, credited with developing the Skybus Metro system, played a key role in Kavach’s development.
- Field trials began in 2014, refining the system’s specification.
- Final approval was granted in 2019, certifying Kavach for compliance with Safety Integrity level 4 (SIL-4) operations.
Working Mechanism:
- Kavach comprises trackside Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, onboard locomotive equipment, and radio infrastructure.
- It communicates via radio, enabling real-time train monitoring.
- Drivers receive alerts, and automatic braking is triggered to prevent collisions.
- Kavach uses various data inputs like location, direction, and time to ensure safety.
- Event recorders retain records of interactions and incidents for analysis.
- Alerts and automatic braking ensure an immediate response to hazardous situations.
How does it help prevent collision?
- Kavach is designed to alert the locomotive pilot if they fail to notice a ‘red signal’ and continue at a speed that would surpass the signal.
- If the pilot does not slow down below 15 kmph, Kavach automatically applies the brakes, bringing the train to a halt.
Issues with KAVACH
- High Deployment Cost: Implementing Kavach costs ₹50 lakh per kilometer for the Indian Railways.
- Low Coverage: Currently, Kavach covers only 1,500 kilometers of rail routes, a small fraction of the total 68,000-kilometer network (as of November 2023).
- Expanding its coverage, particularly on high-density routes, remains a formidable challenge.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
- The decomposition of human waste in the biotoilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
- Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nostro, Vostro and Loro Accounts,SRVA
Mains level: Trade Settlement Mechanisms in Rupee
Why in the news?
India has simplified the payment mechanism for traders importing pulses from Myanmar, requiring them to use the Rupee/Kyat direct payment system through the Special Rupee Vostro Account (SRVA) through the Punjab National Bank.
International Transactions Settlement Mechanism:
[1] Vostro Accounts:
- Named from the Latin word “vostro,” meaning “yours.”
- Represents a domestic bank’s account held by a foreign bank in the local currency (e.g., INR in India).
- Allows foreign banks to manage local currency transactions on behalf of their clients.
- For example, a foreign bank holding an account in an Indian bank in Indian Rupees (INR) for facilitating transactions within India.
[2] Nostro Accounts:
- Derived from the Latin word “nostro,” meaning “ours.”
- Refers to a foreign bank’s account held by a domestic bank in the foreign currency (e.g., USD in the United States).
- Enables domestic banks to handle foreign currency transactions for their clients.
- For instance, an Indian bank holding an account in a U.S. bank in U.S. Dollars (USD) to facilitate international transactions in the U.S. currency.
[3] Loro Accounts:
- From the Italian word “loro,” meaning “their.”
- Represents an account held by one foreign bank in another foreign bank’s currency.
- Facilitates interbank transactions between two foreign banks without converting currencies into a domestic currency.
- For example, if a bank in India holds an account in a bank in the United States in USD (U.S. Dollars) to facilitate transactions between those two banks.
|
What is Special Rupee Vostro Account (SRVA)?
|
Information |
| Definition |
Domestic banks hold INR accounts for foreign banks, promoting direct trade in rupees. |
| Purpose |
- Complements existing currency systems, allowing INR-based settlements.
- Reduces reliance on foreign currencies, mitigating economic shocks.
- Aims to elevate INR’s global status and facilitates trade with sanctioned countries.
|
| Framework Components |
- All exports and imports invoiced in INR.
- Exchange Rate is Market-determined.
- Final trade settlements takes place in INR.
|
| Functioning |
- Indian banks open SRVA accounts for foreign banks.
- INR used for import payments and export receipts.
|
| Compliance |
- Enables advance payments for Indian exporters, complying with Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999.
- Correspondent bank should not from a country mentioned in the updated Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Public Statement on High Risk & Non-Co-operative jurisdictions
|
| Purpose of the Arrangement |
- Reduces demand for foreign currencies, increasing INR use in trade.
- Mitigates economic shocks by minimizing reliance on foreign exchange.
- Aims to boost INR’s global acceptance and facilitates trade with sanctioned nations.
|
How are the SRVA different from the already existing Rupee Vostro Account?
- The settlement of International trade through Indian Rupees (INR) is an additional arrangement to the existing system of settlement.
- SRVA requires prior approval (of RBI) before opening unlike Rupee Vostro account.
PYQ:
[2015] Convertibility of rupee implies:
(a) being able to convert rupee notes into gold
(b) allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces
(c) freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa
(d) developing an international market for currencies in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Dhole, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A pack of wild dogs, or Dholes, in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) have suffered severe exfoliating skin infection which is an alarming fungal and bacterial infection.
About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
- Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is situated in Tamil Nadu’s Nilgiris District, at the intersection of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
- It forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India’s first biosphere reserve, alongside Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala), Bandipur National Park (Karnataka), Mukurthi National Park, and Silent Valley.
- The name “Mudumalai” signifies “the ancient hill range,” dating back 65 million years to the formation of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: The reserve boasts tall grasses, including Elephant Grass, and diverse flora such as giant bamboo, Teak, and Rosewood.
- Fauna: It is home to flagship species like the Tiger and Asian Elephant, as well as the Indian Gaur, Spotted Deer, Malabar Giant Squirrel, and Jungle Cat, among others.
- With over 260 bird species, Mudumalai hosts 8% of India’s avian species, including rare birds like the Malabar grey hornbill and Malabar pied hornbill.
Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole)
|
Details |
| Name |
Dhole (Cuon alpinus) |
| Native Range |
Central, South, East, and Southeast Asia |
| Distribution in India |
Most of India south of the Ganges, Central Indian Highlands, Western and Eastern Ghats, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Terai region of Indo-Gangetic Plain |
| Other Names |
Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, mountain wolf |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix II
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule 1
|
| Social Structure |
Lives in big, loosely organized groups with several breeding females |
| Factors Contributing to Decline |
Habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other species, persecution due to livestock predation, disease transfer from domestic dogs |
| Significance |
Besides the tiger, it is the only large carnivore in India that is under IUCN’s ‘endangered’ category. |
|
PYQ:
[2019] Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?
(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley National Park
(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Mukurthi National Park
(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ashwagandha and its medicinal uses
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Ashwagandha exports have surged by 8 times in the past six years, penetrating markets like the United States, Czech Republic, and Canada.
- The Ayurvedic industry in India has been growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17%, with the industry size increasing from $3 billion in 2014 to $24 billion today.
- Gujarat, with about 850 Ayurvedic manufacturing units, ranks fourth in the country after Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
- India leads in Ashwagandha production and export, with states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh emerging as key producers.
- The herb is exported primarily as extracts and has gained significant traction in the United States, where it competes with Chinese Ginseng.
|
What is Ashwagandha?
- Also known as Indian Ginseng or Withania somnifera, Ashwagandha belongs to a group of herbs known as ‘adaptogens’( best rejuvenating agent).
- It is available in various forms such as extracts, powder, and raw herbs, catering to domestic and international markets.
Medicinal Properties and Usage:
- In treatment of rheumatic pain, inflammation of joints, nervous disorders and epilepsy.
- Used as a tonic for hiccup, cold, cough, female disorders, as a sedative, in care of senile debility, ulcers, etc.
- Leaves are applied for carbuncles, inflammation and swellings. Leaf juice is useful in conjunctivitis.
- Bark decoction is taken for asthma and applied locally to bed sores.
- Ashwagandha and its extracts are used in the preparation of herbal tea, powders, tablets, and syrups.
Cultivation of Ashwagandha
- Ashwagandha-growing states: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
- Being a hardy and drought-tolerant crop, Ashwagandha requires a relatively dry season throughout its growing period.
- It is grown as late rainy season (kharif) crop between 600-1200 m altitudes.
- It grows well in sandy loam or light red soil having pH 7.5 to 8.0 (alkaloid) with good drainage.
- Black soil or such heavy soil is suitable for cultivation.
With inputs from: https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/farm_enterprises/Farm%20enterprises_%20Ashwagantha.html
PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following statements:
- The Taxus tree is naturally found in the Himalayas
- The Taxus tree is listed in the Red Data Book.
- A drug called “taxol” is obtained from Taxus tree is effective against Parkinson’s disease
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Banking Institutions; Types of Inflation;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Asian Development Bank recently issued a cautionary note for India’s susceptibility to imported inflation due to potential rupee depreciation amidst escalating interest rates in the West.
What is Imported Inflation?
- Imported inflation refers to the increase in the prices of goods and services within a country caused by a rise in the cost or price of imports.
- This phenomenon occurs when factors such as a depreciating currency, higher import costs, or increased international prices lead to elevated expenses for imported goods and services.
- Consequently, producers may adjust their prices upward to offset these higher costs, resulting in inflationary pressures within the domestic economy.
- This idea connects with the theory of cost-push inflation, which means that when input costs go up, it can cause prices for final products to go up too.
Reason behind the imported inflation:
- Capital Flows: Increased interest rates in Western economies attract foreign investors seeking higher returns, leading to capital outflows from countries like India and potentially depreciating the Indian rupee.
- When a currency depreciates, local consumers require more of their domestic currency to procure foreign goods, consequently elevating import prices.
- Borrowing Costs: Indian businesses and the government may face higher borrowing costs for infrastructure projects and investments if they raise funds in foreign currency-denominated international markets.
- Inflationary Pressures: Capital outflows can pressure the Indian rupee, causing imported inflation as the cost of imported goods rises due to currency depreciation.
- Trade Competitiveness: Exchange rate fluctuations from Western interest rate changes affect India’s trade competitiveness, impacting exports, imports, and domestic consumption.
Back2Basics: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
|
Information |
| Establishment |
Established in 1966 as a result of the Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation held by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. |
| Headquarters |
Manila, Philippines |
| Official Status |
Official United Nations Observer |
| Objectives |
- Reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.
- Providing Loans, technical assistance, and Grants.
- Offering “hard” loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries and “soft” loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries.
- Providing direct financial assistance to private sector companies for projects with clear social benefits.
- Maximizing development impact through policy dialogues, advisory services, and co-financing operations.
|
| Membership |
- 67 members, with 48 from the Asia and Pacific region.
- Admits members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and non-regional developed countries.
|
| Funding |
- Japan and United States hold the largest proportion of shares at 15.607%.
- China holds 6.444%, India holds 6.331%, and Australia holds 5.786%.
|
| Sources |
- Bond issues on the world’s capital markets.
- Members’ contributions and retained earnings from lending operations.
- Repayment of loans.
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian economy, demand-pull inflation can be caused/increased by which of the following?
- Expansionary policies
- Fiscal stimulus
- Inflation-indexing wages
- Higher purchasing power
- Rising interest rates
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exoatmospheric Interception, Iron Dome, Sling of David, Arrow
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Israel successfully intercepted an Iranian missile outside Earth’s atmosphere using an Exoatmospheric kill vehicle.
Israeli Air-Defence Systems
Israel’s multi-layered air defence system, including Iron Dome, The Arrow, and David’s Sling, was activated in anticipation of the attack.
- IRON DOME: The short-range Iron Dome air defence system was built to intercept the kind of rockets fired by the Hamas in Gaza. Developed by state-owned Rafael Advanced Defense Systems with US backing, it became operational in 2011. Each truck-towed unit fires radar-guided missiles to blow up short-range threats like rockets, mortars and drones in mid-air.
- ARROW: The long-range Arrow-2 and Arrow-3 system, developed by Israel with an Iranian missile threat in mind, is designed to intercept ballistic missiles outside the earth’s atmosphere, using a detachable warhead that collides with the target. It operates at an altitude that allows for the safe dispersal of any non-conventional warheads.
- DAVID’S SLING: This mid-range system is designed to shoot down ballistic missiles fired from 100 km to 200 km away. Developed and manufactured jointly by Israel’s state-owned Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the U.S. Raytheon Co, David’s Sling is also designed to intercept aircraft, drones and cruise missiles.
|
What are Exoatmospheric Missiles?
- Exoatmospheric missiles, or anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), operate beyond Earth’s atmosphere to intercept incoming ballistic missiles.
- They employ advanced sensors and guidance systems to detect, track, and destroy targets in space.
- Kinetic kill vehicles, like the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), rely on high-speed collisions to neutralize threats.
- It travels at hypersonic speed.
Working Mechanism of Exoatmospheric Missiles:
- The EKV uses a solid rocket booster to propel itself into space.
- Advanced sensors and onboard computers identify and track incoming threats.
- Precise maneuvering allows the missile to navigate towards the target.
- Impact from a high-speed collision eliminates the threat without traditional warheads, enhancing speed and accuracy.
PYQ:
[2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?
(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shrinkflation
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- As input prices turn inflationary, the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) segment faces the spectre of shrinking packs, impacting consumer choices and industry dynamics.
What are FMCGs?
- Fast-moving consumer goods, also known as consumer packaged goods, are products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost.
- Examples include non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, toiletries, candies, cosmetics, over-the-counter drugs, dry goods, and other consumables.
|
What is Shrinkflation?
- Shrinkflation is a business practice where companies reduce the size or quantity of a product while keeping its price the same.
Causes for Shrinkflation:
- Cost Management: It helps companies manage rising production costs, such as raw materials or labor, without sacrificing profitability.
- Market Competition: In competitive markets, companies may use shrinkflation to maintain their market share by keeping their prices competitive.
Effects of Shrinkflation:
- Consumer Perception: If consumers notice the change, it can lead to negative perceptions of the brand, loss of trust, and reduced customer loyalty.
- Accuracy of Inflation Measurement: Shrinkflation complicates accurate measures of inflation since the price remains constant while the quantity decreases.
- Limitations: Companies can only implement shrinkflation discreetly and for a limited number of times before consumers become aware and react negatively. Overuse can damage brand reputation.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
(b) The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
(c) Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
(d) Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jiadhal River, Brahmaputra and its tributaries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Climate Change is disrupting Jiadhal River’s (Dhemaji district, Assam) tranquil flow, leading to unprecedented shifts in its course and causing upheaval for residents.
About Jiadhal River:
- It flows through the districts of Darrang, Udalguri, and Baksa in the northeastern state of Assam.
- It is also known Kumotiya River after flowing from Gogamukh.
- Origin: From the Hills of Bhutan, flows through the Assam Himalayas before meandering through the plains of Assam. It is formed by the confluence of several smaller streams.
- Major tributaries: Kolong River and the Daokao River.
- It eventually joins the Brahmaputra River near the town of Nalbari.
- It is known as the ‘Sorrow of Dhemaji’ for the heavy damage caused by annual floods and erosion.
Factors leading to changes in the Jiadhal River’s Course
- Erosion: Flowing water gradually wears away the riverbanks and bed, causing the river to meander and change course.
- Sediment deposition: Accumulation of sediment can create new channels or alter the flow pattern of the river.
- Human activities: Dams, channelization, urbanization, deforestation, and mining can disrupt natural river processes, leading to changes in flow and morphology.
- Climate change: Changes in precipitation, temperature, and glacier melt affect river flow patterns and behavior.
- Tectonic activity: Uplift, subsidence, and faulting influence river topography and drainage patterns, leading to adjustments in course and behavior.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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