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  • Census 2011 | The basics and summary of important findings

    Index

    • What is the census?
    • When was the first census in India held
    • Why the census is important
    • Key Findings of the Census of India 2011

    census_2011_image_1

    What is the census?

    Census is nothing but a process of collecting, compiling, analyzing, evaluating, publishing and disseminating statistical data regarding the population. It covers demographic, social and economic data and are provided as of a particular date.

    When was the first census in India held?

    Census operations started in India long back during the period of the Maurya dynasty. It was systematized during the years 1865 to 1872, though it has been conducted uninterruptedly from the year 1881 being a trustworthy resource of information.

    Why is the census important?

    1. The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on Demography (Population characteristics), Economic Activity, Literacy and Education, Housing & Household Amenities, Urbanisation, Fertility and Mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Language, Religion, Migration, Disability and many other socio-cultural and demographic data since 1872. Census 2011 is the 15th National Census of the Country. This is the only source of primary data in the village , town and ward level, It provides valuable information for planning and formulation policies for Central and the State Governments and is widely used by National and International Agencies, scholars, business people, industrialists, and many more.

    2. The delimitation/reservation of Constituencies – Parliamentary/Assembly/Panchayats and other Local Bodies is also done on the basis of the demographic data thrown up by the Census. Census is the basis for reviewing the country’s progress in the past decade, monitoring the ongoing Schemes of the Government and most importantly, plan for the future.

    Key findings of Census of India 2011 (Summary for UPSC Notes)

    Source
    Key Findings Data & Statistics
    Total Population (2011) 1.21 billion (an increase of 17.7% from the previous decade).
    Male-Female Population Growth Males: Increased by 90.97 million. Females: Increased by 90.99 million. Growth rate: Females (18.3%) higher than Males (17.1%).
    Rural vs Urban Population Rural: 833.5 million (more than two-thirds). Urban: 377.1 million (urban proportion increased to 31.2% from 17.3% in 1951). Highest urban population in Delhi (97.5%).
    Literacy Rate 73% (up from 64.8% in 2001). Male literacy: 80.9%, Female literacy: 64.6%. Highest literacy rates: Kerala (94%), Lakshadweep (91.8%), Mizoram (91.3%).
    Population Density Increased from 325 (2001) to 382 (2011) per sq. km. Highest density: Delhi (11,320 per sq. km). Lowest: Arunachal Pradesh (17 per sq. km).
    Sex Ratio 940 females per 1000 males (an increase from 933 in 2001). Highest: Kerala (1,084 females per 1000 males). Lowest: Haryana (879 females per 1000 males).
    Child Population (0-6 years) 164.5 million (0.4% increase from 2001). Child sex ratio: 919 females per 1000 males (a decline from 927 in 2001).
    SC/ST Population SC: 201.4 million (20% increase from 2001). ST: 104.3 million (23.7% increase from 2001).
    Religious Demographics Hindus: 79.8%, Muslims: 14.23%, “No Religion” category: 2.87 million (0.24%).
    Median Marriage Age Men: 23.5 years (up from 22.6 in 2001). Women: 19.2 years (up from 18.2 in 2001).

    1. Population of India as per 2011 Census

    • India’s total population stands at 1.21 billion, which is 17.7 per cent more than the last decade, and growth of females was higher than that of males.
    • There was an increase of 90.97 million males and increase of 90.99 million females. The growth rate of females was 18.3 per cent which is higher than males — 17.1 per cent. India’s population grew by 17.7 per cent during 2001-11, against 21.5 per cent in the previous decade.
    • Among the major states, highest decadal growth in population has been recorded in Bihar (25.4 per cent) while 14 states and Union Territories have recorded population growth above 20 per cent.

    2. Rural and urban population as per 2011 Census Data

    • Altogether, 833.5 million persons live in rural area as per Census 2011, which was more than two-third of the total population, while 377.1 million persons live in urban areas. Urban proportion has gone up from 17.3 per cent in 1951 to 31.2 per cent in 2011. Empowered Action Group (EAG) states have lower urban proportion (21.1 per cent) in comparison to non-EAG states (39.7 per cent).
    • Highest proportion of urban population is in NCT Delhi (97.5 per cent). Top five states in share of urban population are Goa (62.2 per cent), Mizoram (52.1 per cent), Tamil Nadu (48.4 per cent), Kerala (47.7 per cent) and Maharashtra (45.2 per cent).

    3. Literacy Rate as per Census of India 2011

    • Literacy rate in India in 2011 has increased by 8 per cent to 73 per cent in comparison to 64.8 per cent in 2001.
    • While male literacy rate stands at 80.9 per cent – which is 5.6 per cent more than the previous census, the female literacy rate stands at 64.6 per cent — an increase of 10.9 per cent than 2001.
    • The highest increase took place in Dadra and Nagar Haveli by 18.6 points (from 57.6 per cent to 76.2 per cent), Bihar by 14.8 points (from 47.0 per cent to 61.8 per cent), Tripura by 14.0 points (from 73.2 per cent to 87.2 per cent)
    • Improvement in female literacy is higher than males in all states and UTs, except Mizoram (where it is same in both males and females) during 2001-11.
    • The gap between literacy rate in urban and rural areas is steadily declining in every census. Gender gap in literacy rate is steadily declining in every census. In Census 2011, the gap stands at 16.3 points.
    • Top five states and UTs, where literacy rate is the highest, are Kerala (94 per cent), Lakshadweep (91.8 per cent), Mizoram (91.3 per cent), Goa (88.7 per cent) and Tripura (87.2).
    • The bottom five states and UTs are Bihar (61.8 per cent), Arunachal Pradesh (65.4 per cent), Rajasthan (66.1 per cent), Jharkhand (66.4 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (67 per cent).

    4. Census 2011 Population Density Data

    • The density of population in the country has also increased from 325 in 2001 to 382 in 2011 in per sq km. Among the major states, Bihar occupies the first position with a density of 1106, surpassing West Bengal which occupied the first position during 2001.
    • Delhi (11,320) turns out to be the most densely inhabited followed by Chandigarh (9,258), among all states and UT’s, both in 2001 and 2011 Census. The minimum population density works out in Arunachal Pradesh (17) for both 2001 and 2011 Census.

    5. India’s Sex ratio as per 2011 Census

    • The sex ratio of population in the country in 2011 stands at 940 female against 1000 males, which is 10 per cent more than the last census when the number female per thousand male stood at 933. Haryana has the dubious distinction of having the worst male-female ratio among all states while Kerala fares the best.
    • The number of females per 1000 males in Haryana in 2011 stands at 879 followed by Jammu and Kashmir (889 female) and Punjab (895 females).
    • The other two worst-performing states in terms of skewed sex ration are Uttar Pradesh (912 females) and Bihar (918 females).
    • Five top performing states in terms of sex ratio were Kerala (1,084 females), Tamil Nadu (996), Andhra Pradesh (993), Chhattisgarh (991), Odisha (979).

    6. Child population in India as per Census of India 2011

    • Child population in the age of 0 to 6 years has seen an increase of 0.4 per cent to 164.5 million in 2011 from 163.8 million in 2001.
    • The child population (0-6) is almost stationary. In 17 states and UTs, the child population has declined in 2011 compared to 2001.
    • With the declaration of sex ratio in the age group 0-6, the Census authorities tried to bring out the recent changes in the society in its attitude and outlook towards the girl child. It was also an indicator of the likely future trends of sex ratio in the population.
    • There has been a decline of 8 per cent in the sex ratio of 0-6 age group. In 2011, the child sex ratio (0-6) stands at 919 female against 1000 male in comparison to 927 females in 2001.
    • Male child (0-6) population has increased whereas female child population has decreased during 2001-11. Eight states, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Meghalaya have proportion of child population more than 15 per cent.
    • The worst performing states in regard to sex ration in the age group of 0 to 6 years are Haryana (834 females), Punjab (846), Jammu and Kashmir (862), Rajasthan (888) and Gujarat (890).
    • The best performing states are Chhattisgarh (969), Kerala (964), Assam (962), West Bengal (956) Jharkhand (948) and Karnataka (948).

    7. SC/ST data as per 2011 Census Data

    • According to the Census, Scheduled Castes are notified in 31 states and UTs and Scheduled Tribes in 30 states. There are altogether 1,241 individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as SC’s in different states and UT’s.
    • The number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as ST’s is 705. There has been some changes in the list of SC’s/ST’s in states and UT’s during the last decade.
    • The SC population in India now stands at 201.4 million, which is 20 per cent more than the last census. The ST population stands at 104.3 million in 2011 – 23.7 per cent more than 2001.

    8. Religious demographics as per Census of India 2011

    The religious data on India Census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015. Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million), while Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India. For the first time, a “No religion” category was added in the 2011 census. 2.87 million Were classified as people belonging to “No Religion” in India in the 2011 census. – 0.24% of India’s population of 1.21 billion. Given below is the decade-by-decade religious composition of India till the 2011 census. There are six religions in India that have been awarded “National Minority” status – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis.

    9. Median marriage age as per Census 2011

    The median age increased for men – from 22.6 (2001) to 23.5 (2011) and for women – from 18.2 (2001) to 19.2 (2011)

    Source

    The next part of the series will cover the 2011 Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC). You must have read about it many times in the news, reading it on Civils Daily will make you clear as to what it’s actually about!

    FAQs

    1. What is the percentage of the child population in India according to Census 2011?

    According to the Census 2011, children aged 0-6 years constituted 13.12% of India’s total population.

    2. What are the important facts from Census 2011?

    • Total Population: 1.21 billion.
    • Male-Female Ratio: 940 females per 1000 males.
    • Literacy Rate: 74.04% (Male: 82.14%, Female: 65.46%).
    • Decadal Growth Rate: 17.64%.
    • Child Sex Ratio: 919 females per 1000 males.

    3. What is the caste-wise population distribution in India as per Census 2011?

    • The caste-based population data is not published as part of Census 2011. However, estimates suggest that Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) constitute around 16.6% and 8.6% of the total population, respectively.

    4. Where can I get a summary of the 2011 Census for UPSC?

    Various summaries and detailed PDF documents on Census 2011 tailored for UPSC preparation are available on government and educational platforms. You can find them by searching “Census 2011 UPSC PDF” or referring to sources like Civilsdaily and NCERT resources

    5. When is the latest Census of India conducted?

    The latest census was planned for 2021, but it has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collection is still pending as of the last update.

  • Different levels of Diplomacy | Track 1, Track 2, Track 3

    The Ministerial Session of the eighth edition of Delhi Dialogue, the pre-eminent annual Track 1.5 dialogue process for brainstorming on all aspects of the ASEAN-India relationship, took place in the evening of 18 February 2016 at New Delhi.

    We will talk at lengths on the ASEAN-India relationship as we develop our introductory series on IR for IAS further, but today let’s understand diplomacy in its tracks!

    Traditionally, the term “diplomacy” referred to interaction between nation-states. More recently, however, scholars have delineated several levels of diplomacy. Tracks 1 and 2 are the most frequently used terms.

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    #1. Track 1 Diplomacy:

    Official discussions typically involving high-level political and military leaders and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, and treaties and other agreements. Heads of states meet, have hi-tea, discuss issues and release joint statements etc.

     

    #2. Track 2 Diplomacy:

    Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities aimed at building relationships and encouraging new thinking that can inform the official process.

    Since it is unofficial –  you can expect to see influential academic, religious, and NGO leaders and other civil society actors who can interact more freely than high-ranking officials. Think of Baba Ramdev and Amir Khan trying to chit chat with officials of Pak Foreign ministry, cajoling them into buying an idea (hopefully for more peace and er. yoga!)

    Here’s where we see the emergence of term – Track 1.5 to denote a situation in which official and non-official actors work together to resolve conflicts. Read this press release from MEA in the light of this definition – Ministerial Session of Delhi Dialogue VIII

    #3. Track 3 Diplomacy:

    People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups. It would not be further from truth if we say that the “aam aadmi” of India does not really hate his counterpart at Pakistan. Beyond the media and political blur, there are a lot of initiatives which get people closer (do we hear bollywood).

    Pakistan loves our films and actors, we love their cuisine and musicians!

    Normally focused at the grassroots level, this type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences, generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for marginalized people and communities.

    #4. Multitrack Diplomacy:

    A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including official and unofficial conflict resolution efforts, citizen and scientific exchanges, international business negotiations, international cultural and athletic activities, and other cooperative efforts.

    Reference – UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE

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  • Rule of Law v/s Rule by Law

    This article focuses on bringing clarity to the two very different concepts which look similar at face value.  Sir Ivor Jennings, the famous constitutional historian, characterized the Rule of Law as ‘an unruly horse’.

    First, let’s be clear about what the Rule of Law is not.

    Rule of Law should not be equated with law and order. The breakdown of law and order is a temporary phenomenon.

    Breakdown of the Rule of Law means the collapse of good governance and the breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State.

    Now, let’s see what the Rule of Law is.

    It may be difficult to define the concept with precision but in essence, it signifies a commitment to certain principles and values. Generally, the rule of law is the principle that no one is above the law and treated equally among citizens.

    The Rule of Law symbolizes the quest of civilized democratic societies to combine that degree of liberty without which law is tyranny with that degree of law without which liberty becomes license.

    However high you may be, the law is above you.

    For instance, One may be the Prime Minister or the Speaker or the Imam or the Archbishop or a judge or the Sankaracharya or whoever, all are equally subject to the law. That imparts the element of non-discrimination in the concept of the Rule of Law.

    What are the principles of the Rule of Law?

    It was A.V. Dicey, the English Professor and Constitutional expert, who developed this concept. He defined 3 principles that govern the rule of law.

    1. Supremacy of Law
      No man shall be punished or made to suffer in body or goods except for the violation of the law. Such a violation must be established in an ordinary court of the land and in an ordinary legal manner.
    2. Equality before Law
      No man is above the law and everyone, whatever his condition or rank is, is subject to the ordinary laws of the land. <It means a person can sue or be sued in a court of law>
    3. Predominance of Legal Spirit
      The result of the ordinary law of the land is Constitution. It indicates that the general principles of the constitution are the result of judicial decisions of the courts in England. <However, this principle does not apply in the case of a written constitution. It stands modified in India, where it reads that the constitution is the supreme law of the land & all other laws in order to be legally valid shall conform to the constitution>

    What is the importance of Rule of Law?

    Rule of Law is essential for the protection of human rights.

    This concept changed the mode of administration from “King was Law” to “Law is King”. It is quite essential for the healthy functioning of democracy.

    In its path-breaking judgment in Keshavanand Bharti’s case, our Supreme Court ruled that the Rule of Law is part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution.

    The Constitution in order to preserve the rule of law, has conferred the writ jurisdiction under Art. 32 and Art. 226 on Supreme Court and High Court respectively.

    How Rule of Law is different from Rule of Law?

    It is important not to confuse Rule of Law with rule by law.

    The existence of a law is necessary but that is not sufficient. The law must have a certain core component that guarantees the basic human rights and the human dignity of every person.

    Rule by law can become an instrument of oppression and it can give legitimacy to the enactment of laws that may grossly violate basic human rights.

    Let’s see with examples, how rule by law can be misused

    Nazi Germany put Jews in concentration camps and thereafter sent them to the gas chambers. The justification offered was that there was a law that empowered such acts to be done. But that was rule by law, not the Rule of Law.

    During the apartheid regime in South Africa, repressive and racially discriminatory laws against the black majority were sought to be justified on the basis of enacted laws.

    Let’s see the relevance of the Rule of Law in India

    In India, this concept is implicitly mentioned in the fundamental rights of our constitution. The equality before law (Article 14) includes Rule of Law in itself.

    Indian Constitution grants some exceptions to the Rule of Law.

    What are the exceptions to the Rule of Law in India?

    1. The President/Governor is not answerable to court of law in discharge of his executive functions.
    2. No criminal proceedings whatsoever can be instituted against the President or Governor of the state, while he is in office.
    3. No civil proceedings in which relief is claimed can be filed against President or Governor except after the expiration of a 2-month notice that is served on him.

    Under International laws, the visiting heads of state, heads of govt, ministers, officials, and foreign diplomats who are posted in the country are not subjected to the jurisdiction of local courts in the discharge of their official functions.

    What are the concerns regarding the Rule of Law in India?

    Legal experts have raised their concerns regarding the implementation of the Rule of Law in India. A free democratic society like India cannot have recourse to measures that violate the very essence of the rule of law.

    For instance, a law that permits the killing of suspected terrorists or enables indefinite detention without prior hearing at the absolute discretion of the executive is destructive of the rule of law. Fake encounters have no place in a govt professedly based on the rule of law.

    Therefore, we should strive to instill the rule of law temperament and culture at home and in educational institutions. The aim should be that rule of law becomes the secular religion of all nations based on tolerance and mutual respect.

  • Indian Polity | Timeline : States and UT Reorganization

    After India became independent, its constituent units were classified into 4 distinct categories – Part A, Part B, Part C, Part D. Their composition is as follows

    Part A statesFormer British provincesAn elected governor and state legislature9 states: Assam, Bihar, Bombay, East Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal
    Part B statesFormer princely states or groups of Covenanting statesRajpramukh (former princes)9 states: Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore-Cochin, and Vindhya Pradesh
    Part CFormer princely states and provincesChief commissioner10 states: Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch-Behar, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, and Tripura
    Part DUnion TerritoryGovernor appointed by the Indian presidentAndaman and Nicobar Islands
    Part C states were administered by the President through a Chief Commissioner or Lieutenant-Governor.

    1956: States Reorganization Act. Abolished the above 4-fold classification. Part A and Part B were merged. Part C territories – HP(including Bilaspur), Delhi, Manipur, and Tripura were made UTs and the rest merged with their adjoining states. Part D(Andaman & Nicobar Islands) was made a UT.

    Total States: 14
    UT Count: 6

    1960: Bilingual state of Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat.

    Gujrat becomes the 15th State.

    Total States: 15
    UT Count: 6

    1961: Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Portuguese colony till 1954 was converted into a UT by the 10th Constitutional Amendment Act. Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT.

    Total States: 15
    UT Count: 7

    1962: Goa, Daman and Diu were acquired from Portuguese by means of police action in 1961. Constituted as UT by the 12th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1962. They come 8th and 9th UT respectively.

    Total States: 15
    UT Count: 9

    1962: State of Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam by 13th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1962. Nagaland becomes the 16th State.

    Total States: 16
    UT Count: 9

    1962: 4 French establishments – Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam where handed over to India in 1954. Made a UT by the 14th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1962. Puducherry becomes the 10th UT.

    Total States: 16
    UT Count: 10

    1966: Punjab was bifurcated to create Haryana. UT of Chandigargh was formed. Hilly Areas of Punjab were merged with Himachal Pradesh. Haryana becomes the 17th State. Chandigargh becomes the 11th UT.

    Total States: 17
    UT Count: 11

    1970: HP elevated from the status of UT to the status of state. HP becomes the 18th State. The total UT count comes down to 10.

    Total States: 18
    UT Count: 10

    1971: Political Map of NE underwent a Major Change. Manipur, Tripura and Meghayala elevated to the status of state. The total State-count becomes 21.

    Total States: 21
    UT Count: 10

    1975: Referendum held in Sikkim and Sikkim became an integral part of India. 36th Constitutional Amendment made it the 22nd full-fledged state.

    Total States: 22
    UT Count: 10

    1986: Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh elevated from status of UT to the status of state. The total State-count becomes 24. The total UT-count comes down to 8.

    Total States: 24
    UT Count: 8

    1987: Goa elevated from status of UT to the status of state. Becomes the 25th State. The total UT count comes down to 7.

    Total States: 25
    UT Count: 7

    1991: Delhi becomes the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

    2000: Chhattisgargh(from MP), Uttarakhand(from UP) and Jharkhand(from Bihar) carved out to form independent states. The total State-count is 28.

    Total States: 28
    UT Count: 7

    2014: Andhra Pradesh bifurcated to form Telangana. Becomes the 29th State.

    Total States: 29
    UT Count: 7

  • History | Gandhiji’s 4 Satyagraha

    After his successful stint in South Africa, it was time for Gandhiji to try his tactics in his homeland, India. He tries to experiment with Satyagraha at a smaller scale before he goes for a mass movement. All his experiments were a huge success and thus lay the foundation of the Non-Cooperation movement which shook the British Raj.

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    1. Champaran Satyagraha – 1917

    Gandhiji was persuaded by Raj Kumar Shukla to study the conditions of the Indigo Plantation workers in Champaran, a district in Bihar.

    The system prevalent in the Indigo Plantations was the Tinkathia System*. In this system, the peasants were required to mandatorily cultivate indigo in 3/20th of their land holdings.

    Gandhiji did his research. At the same time, the Govt. appointed a Commission of Inquiry to go into the whole issue and nominated Gandhiji as one of its members. Needless to say, it found the Planters guilty of exploitation. A compromise was reached and Planters were ordered to refund 25% of the amount they had illegally taken.

    1. Ahmedabad Satyagraha – 1918

    This time Gandhiji was dealing with the workers. Due to plague, the mill owners had increased the pay to 75% to attract workers. However, once the plague conditions subsided, the mill owners wanted to bring down the pay to 20%. The workers didn’t agree with this reduction and wanted 50% of the pay to remain. The logic they sited was that WW1 had increased the prices. Gandhiji didn’t want the interest of the industrialist class to be hurt. He tried hard to persuade Ambalal Sarabhai who was his friend but failed. Left with no option, he asked workers to go on a strike. When Gandhiji saw the strike subsiding, he went on a fast. This put pressure on the mill owners who agreed for the 35% increment.

    1. Kheda Satyagraha – 1918

    This is where Gandhiji teams up with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to help the cause of peasants. The peasants were in extreme distress as their crop produce had been 1/4th of the original. As per the revenue code, they were entitled for a full concession. However, the Govt. wasn’t willing to let go of their revenues and kept pressurizing the peasants.

    Gandhiji urged all farmers to fight unto death against this injustice of the British. He appealed the rich farmers to support to the poor farmers by not paying revenues despite having the capability. Later the British came out with a policy asking the rich farmers to pay their due voluntarily. (which backfired as no rich farmer willingly wanted to pay revenue)

    1. Rowlatt Satyagraha – 1919

    British, in the name of curbing terrorist violence, had introduced a Bill that severely curtailed the liberties of the Indians. It had provisions for arrest without warrant and detention for 2 years. Gandhiji called for a nation-wide hartal accompanied by fasting and praying. The Movement went in a different direction than what was expected. There were events of violent outbreaks which feared the Govt.

    The Rowlatt Satyagraha was withdrawn on 18th April, 1919 because of the Jaliawala Bagh Massacre that happened on 13th April 1919.

    Gandhiji called it a ‘Himalayan Blunder’. It should be noted that NCM was not the first Nationwide Movement, it was the Rowlatt Satyagraha.

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    *There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti. A detailed explanation of the same is given in NCERT.

    Ref : http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/hess103.pdf

  • Indian Polity | Speaker of the Lok Sabha

    The office of the Speaker is more than merely a presiding officer of the LS. One thing you will notice is that you will not find an exhaustive list of rules and procedures for the Officers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. That’s because these are offices of trust. We take for granted that when a Member is appointed a speaker, he/she keeps his party allegiance aside and acts in an impartial manner.

    Powers of the Speaker

    The Office of the Speaker is a very powerful one. He derives his powers from three sources – a. The Constitution, b. The Rules of Procedures and Conduct of Business of Lok Sabha and c. The Parliamentary Convention(residuary powers that are unwritten or unspecified).

    1. He is the sole authority to decide whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not. This decision of his cannot be challenged.

    The present Parliament is the best example to demonstrate how important this power can be. The Govt. enjoys a majority in the LS but not in the RS. Hence they are unable to get a lot of Bills passed. Our FM remarked that certifying the Bills as Money Bills are the only way to get them passed.

    *The Speaker has to consult Article 110 to mark a Bill as Money Bill. So it’s not entirely his discretion.

    1. He presides over the joint setting of the two houses. This privilege doesn’t belong to the Chairman of the RS. If the Speaker is absent, it goes to the Dy. Speaker of the LS. If the Dy. Speaker is absent, it goes to the Vice Chairman of the RS.
    2. The Speaker enjoys a special relationship with the Parliamentary Committees. All the Joint Parliamentary Committees are appointed by the Speaker and they report to him directly. Further, the Speaker nominates various members to these committees. If the Speaker himself is a Member, he becomes the ex-officio Chairman.
    3. The Office of the Speaker is retained till the 1st meeting of the next LS. All other Members cease to be in office once the LS dissolves.
    4. Special Role in Anti-Defection law. The Speaker has to accept the resignation of any Member of the House. This is to ensure that the resignation is voluntary. This decision is final but is open to Judicial Review. Ref: PRS India

  • Indian Polity | Types of Majorities

    There are 4 main types of Majority. The last one is Special Majority which has 3 sub-types.

    The most important Majorities will be Simple Majority and Special Majority of the 2nd kind. We will use the current strength of the Lok Sabha = 545 in the examples to explain.

    1. Absolute – More than 50% of the Total Strength of the House. Meaning

    1/2 x 545 = 273 or more. 

    This majority is never used anywhere but has a huge significance. If a political party has an Absolute Majority, it means it gets to form the govt., there is stability in the house.  

    1. Simple – Also called functional majority. It means a Majority of more than 50% of members present and voting.

    Let’s assume the members present and voting is 300 (out of 545). We have –

    1/2 X 300 = 150 or more

    Usage

    • When not stated what type of Majority in the Constitution, this majority is assumed.
    • Passage of Ordinary, Money, and Financial Bills.
    • Passage of No-Confidence Motion, Confidence Motion, Vote of Thanks to the President, Censure Motion, Adjournment Motion, Calling Attention Motion.
    • Election of the Speaker, Dy. Speaker, Dy. Chairman of RS.
    • Passage of approval to President’s Rule and Financial Emergency.
    • Approval by LS for discontinuance of Emergency.
    1. Effective – Means Majority of the Effective Strength of the House where Effective Strength is defined as Total Strength – No. of Vacancies. Vacancies arise due to 3 reasons – Death, Disqualification, and Resignation. Some sources mention Absenteeism as a vacancy but that is incorrect.

    Let’s assume the Number of Vacancies is 6. We have

    1/2 X (545-6) = 270 or more

    Usage

    • Removal of the VP. Initiated by the RS, requires an Effective Majority in the RS, thereafter Simple Majority in the LS. (this procedure is assumed since the Constitution doesn’t explicitly state it. Actual text available here)
    • Removal of the Speaker, Dy. Speaker and Dy. Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
    1. Special – This majority has 3 sub-types that require some attention.

    1st kind: Not less than 2/3 of the Members present and voting.

    Usage (only in 2 conditions)

    • Passage of Resolution under Art. 249 and Art. 312. What are they and when have they been used? 

    2nd kind: Fulfills the following criteria

    i) Not less than 2/3 of the Members present and voting.

    ii) Majority of the Total Strength of the House.

    Eg. Out of 545, 450 Members are present and 300 vote in favor. Both the above conditions are satisfied – 300 is more than 2/3 of 450 and 300 is more than 1/2 of 545.

    To make it simpler to remember, it is Special Majority of First kind + Absolute Majority.

    Usage

    • Passage of Constitutional Amendment Bills under Art. 368.
    • Approval by both Houses for the continuance of Emergency.
    • Removal of Judges of SC, High Court, CAG, CEC.
    • Approval for the creation of the State Legislative Council of a State under Art. 169.

    3rd kind:  This is used only once – during the impeachment of the President of India. Is mentioned in Art. 61 of the Constitution.

    2/3rd Majority of the Total Strength of the House.

    2/3 X 545 = 364 or more

    As a rule of thumb, you should never mention Special Majority in any answer as it could mean any of the 3 Special Majorities. 

  • Indian Polity | A Quick Brush up with Our Emergency Provisions

    Indian Polity | A Quick Brush up with Our Emergency Provisions

    Very quickly then, most of us are familiar with the 3 types of emergencies.

    We will study them under 3 heads –

    #a. When can they be imposed?

    #b. Features

    #c. Effects

    #1. Art. 352 – National Emergency

    a. When can it be imposed?

    3 conditions – War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion

    Note1: Armed Rebellion was changed from Internal Disturbance on the recommendation of the Shah Commission. Internal Disturbance was a vague term prone to misuse.

    Q1: What’s the difference between War and External Aggression?

    No technical difference! The President makes a “Proclamation of Emergency”. If it says its a war, its a war likewise of external aggression.

    b. Features

    Flashback : Lets go back to the time of the Emergency. All it took then was an oral instruction by the then PM Indira Gandhi to President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who received a lot of criticism).

    To understand National Emergency, we need to examine the 44th Amendment Provisions whose sole purpose was to put a check on such powers of the President.

    • Can only be proclaimed on the written advice of the Union Cabinet (not the PM). Perhaps, this is the only place where Union Cabinet has a role.
    • Expires in 1 month from its issue unless approved by a Special Majority (of the second kind*) – Not less than 2/3rd of the Members present and voting + Absolute Majority – in both the houses of the Parliament.
    • If the LS is dissolved, then RS shall approve it within 1 month and the re-constituted LS shall ratify within 30 days.
    • Once approved, the proclamation is extended for 6 months, which can be extended again for 6 more months.
    • Not less than 1/10th of the Members of the LS(this can only be initiated in the LS) may give notice in writing to the Speaker or President (when LS is not in session). If there is no session, a special sitting of the LS shall be held within 14 days. If the resolution, the President has to revoke the Emergency.

    c. Effects

    • Executive : State Govt. is not suspended. Union Govt. can issue orders to the State Govt. on subjects on the State List (something that it can’t normally do).
    • Legislature : State Legislature is not suspended. However, Parliament can make laws on the State subjects. Such laws remain valid for 6 months after the Emergency ceases to be.
    • Financial : Distribution as per the President’s will subject to approval by the Parliament.

    Effect on FR (2 clauses here)

    • Art. 19 automatically suspended (only in case of War and External Aggression)
    • President by a further order can specify other FRs that wont be operative, excepting Art. 20 and 21.

    Art. 20 and 21 are fundamental of the FRs and cannot be suspended. Interested readers can read the story of Judge Khanna’s courage here.

    #2. Art. 356 – President’s Rule

    a. When can it be imposed?

    If the President is satisfied that there exists a situation where the State Admin. cannot be carried in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, he can make a Proclamation of Failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State.

    Ambedkar had envisaged Art. 356 to remain a dead letter in the Constitution. Much to his surprise it has been used not less than 119 times during the first 63 years.

    b. Features

    Such a proclamation lapses after 2 months, unless approved by the Parliament by a simple majority. Once approved, it lasts for 6 months which can again be extended for 6 more months subjected to maximum of 3 years.

    To extend it beyond 1 year, 2 conditions must be fulfilled

    • National Emergency should be in operation (in whole of India or whole or any part of the State).
    • ECI certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.

    c. Effect

    The President can

    • declare Executive powers of the State rest with him. He can also delegate the same to any other authority (like the Governor) as per his liking.
    • dissolve or suspend the State Legislature. If suspended, the Parliament can exercise its legislative powers. (or delegate it to any other authority)

    Effect on FR : No Effect

    #3. Art. 360 – Financial Emergency (^Never imposed till date)

    a. When can it be imposed? 

    If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.

    b. Features

    It will ordinarily remain in force for 2 months, unless its is approved by both the houses. If LS is dissolved in this period, similar clause as that of the National Emergency applies.

    c. Effect

    The financial autonomy of the states is transferred. The President can

    • suspend distribution of financial resources.
    • issue directions to follow canons of finance.
    • direct the State Govt. to reduce the Salaries of their employees.
    • direct the governors to reserve all financial and money bills for his consideration.

    Effect on FR : No Effect

    Now is the time for 2 quick questions

    1. Attempt the following table. You need to give me the dates corresponding to A,B,C,D,E,F.
    TypeDate of IssueLast Date of ApprovalLast Date of Validity
    3521/1/2016AB
    3561/1/2016CD
    3601/1/2016EF
    1. Mention that checks and balances put in place to curb the improper use of Art. 356.

    Hint : R. Bommai vs Union Of India

    Additional Reads 

    1. Click here for everything on the types of Majority.
    2. Justice Khanna’s Courage 

  • backlink satış


    reklam

    Selam, dunya. 1 kac haftadir psikolojik olarak cok yogun seyler yasamaktan post paylasmak istemiyordum, fakat bugun duzenin ilk adimi olarak ilginc fakat gorunmeyen bir mutluluk icerisindeyim. Simdi sizlere link insaasi nedir ? ve nasil yonetilmeli, insaa edilmeli ? Bu gucten nasil faydalanmalisin, bunlar hakkinda bilgi aktarmaya calisacagim. Bir yapay zekanin gozunden kaliteli ve temiz bir link insaasi nasil yapilmalidir ! Hadi hep beraber tekrar edelim.

    backlink

    Linkbuilding yani Link insaasi Nedir ? ve Neden Gereklidir ?

    Linkinsaasi, seocalismalarinizin guc bolgesi dersek pek yanlis olmaz bunun nedeni sizin, websiteniz disinda gerceklestirdiginiz calismalar sizin, bilinirliginizi ve otoritenizi arttirmaktadir, ic seo ile otorite tamamen zaman ile ve cok yavas ilerlemektedir, bu secenegi bilin fakat gerek duymayin.

    Simdi sizlere nasil bir linkinsaasi sizi google un yapay zekasinin gozunde kaliteli,temiz ve guvenilir gosteri ? bunu aktaracagim.

    Linkbuilding yani linkinsaasi off page denilen yani sayfa disi anlamina gelen calismalardir, seo calismalariniz icin websiteniz disinda farkli websiteler ile kurulan baglantilardir, bu baglantilar websitenizin otoritesini arttiracaktir, cunku google botlari sizleri farkli siteleri tararken, url adresinizi ve alakali oldugunuz anahtar kelimelerde yukselmenizi saglayacaktir.

    Fakat ! Burasi onemli nasil websiteler ile dis baglanti insaasi gerceklestirmelisiniz, simdi bunu ogrenelim ! Aslinda bu nokta tam olarak organik seo ve yapay seo nun kesisim noktasidir, aslinda ole birsey yoktur fakat insanlarin yarattigi algoritmadan tam olarak boyle bir kesisim noktasi gelismistir, yani google yalnizca arama motorunun algoritmasini yonetmiyor, sizlerin zihinlerinizinde artik google algoritmalarinin kontrol altinda gelistirildiginden bahsediyorum.

    Simdi bu konuyu burada unutun. Sizde unutun. Nasil websiteler ile baglanti gelistirmelisin ? Burdan devam edelim.

    Sizin icin en kolay ve kaliteli gelistirilcek baglanti yontemleri arasinda, temiz comment backlinkler vardir ! Bakin temiz diyorum, temiz ve kaliteli ve kalici.

    Temiz Comment Backlink Nedir ?

    backlink satış

    Temiz comment backlink nedir ? Temiz comment backlink yukarida gormus oldugunuz gibi 71 DA 12 PA ! ( da degerinin degil pa degerinin oncelik oldugunu bilmelisiniz, fakat da degeri pa degerinin degerini arttirmaktadir. )

    3,4 adet yorum almis bir kaliteli icerikli bir post
    Kaliteli icerik ureten milyonlarca siteden 1 tanesi
    comment backlink

    Yukarida gormus oldugunuz gibi, kaliteli ve yuksek otorite degerli bir websiteden, guzel bir yorumla anahtar kelimeniz ve site iceriginiz ile alakali backlink almaniz mumkundur,

    Bugun 71 DA demek, anlattigi herseye inandiginiz seo hocalarinizin website otorite degerlerinin yaklasik 2,5 katidir. SEO uzun vadedeli bir oyundur, aldiginiz backlink icin oncelik oolarak kalici olmasi olmalidir. Eger kalici olmayacagindan emin oldugunuz bir backlink ekliyorsaniz ve yolunuz uzunsa o yoldan donun ! Hic almayin, uzun vaadede artilarini goreceksinizdir.

    En dogal yol ile, bu sekilde websitelerini kesfederek kaliteli ve temiz ve KALICI backlink insaasi yaparsiniz, bu yazimizda yalnizca comment backlink ile yuksek ve kaliteli sandiginiz bir websiteden daha fazla fayda saglayacagindan supheniz olmasin.

    Siz Değerli Müşterilerimiz İçin Yeni Ve Kapsamlı Bir Hacklink Paketi yaptık Bu Pakette ( E-ticaret , Adsense , Blog Vb.. ) Sitelerinize Kaliteli Ve Az Çıkışlı Hacklink satın alabilirsiniz. Hacklinklerimiz 0 Güvenli ve Silinmeme Garantilidir Silindiği takdirde Siz Değerli Müşterilerimizin İsteğine göre Aynı Kalitede veya daha kaliteli link değişimini Ücretsiz Şekilde yapmaktayız Bizde Müşteri Memnuniyeti Her Zaman Önemlidir..
    Bunların Yanı Sıra Tam 60 Legal içerikli ( Haber, Teknoloji, Blog Sağlık, Yemek VB. ) Sitelerimizden Tanıtım yazısı satışı yapmaktayız

    Peki Bu Hacklink Paketinin Pr – Alexa ve Ücret Bilgileri Nelerdir ?
    backlink satış
    Pagerank 8-7-6-5 Şekilde Alexaları 1k’dan 600k’ya kadar Her Kalitede Ve Çeşit Vardır Gerek düz .edu Gerek edu uzantılı veya gov uzantılı yüksek kaliteli hacklink’ler alabilirsiniz Siz değerli müşterilerimiz linklerden Daha çok etki görmesi için az çıkış yapmaktayız ve böylece siteler daha kaliteli etki etmektedir.

    biz kendimizi bu işe adadık ve nasıl bir galerici veya ticaret yapan insanlar var ise bizde buradan ekmeğimizi kazanıyoruz.. ve elimizden gelen yardımı ve indirimleri müşterilerimize yapıyoruz.. ben bu işi yaklaşık 5 yıldır yapıyorum.. benim Felsefem “MÜŞTERİLERİM KAZANIRSA BEN KAZANIRIM..”

    Fiyat konusunda Geldiğimizde 10 Site 100TL 20 site 200TL gibi gidiyor lakin toplu alımlarda indirim yapıyoruz ve bu verdiğim fiyatlar üzerinden pazarlık Sünnettir..
    Bana bir Telefon veya Skype Kadar Uzaktasınız
    comment backlink
    SKYPE: profseocu ( Skype ismi: profseocu )

    0 Müşteri Memnuniyet Garantisi ve Yüksek Kalite ve Uygun fiyat GARANTİSİ İLE Sektörde 5 Yıllık Tecrübe ile Profesyonel Hacklink Satışı yapıyorum

    REFERANSLARDAN SADECE 1 MÜŞTERİMİN SAYAÇ BİLGİLERİ.. SEKTÖR VİDEO
    BİZİ DİĞERLERİNDEN AYIRAN EN BÜYÜK ÖZELLİK İŞİMİZE GERÇEKTEN SAHİP ÇIKMAMIZ VE CİDDİ TİCARET AHLAKI İLE YAPMAMIZDIR !
    Neden Biz ? biraz bundan bahsedelim..

    Hacklink’te En büyük Problem Kalkma Silinme Problemidir ! Peki Sizdekiler Siliniyormu ? Çok Nadir olarak silinir çünkü link ekleyeceğimiz sitelere 0 Güvenlik Çekip Siz Müşterilerimize Sunuyoruz.. Peki ya Silindiği vakit ne olacak.. işte en önemli kısım budur Hacklink Olayında Olduki silindi diyelim 7/24 Telefon

  • hacklink satış


    reklam

    Selam, dunya. 1 kac haftadir psikolojik olarak cok yogun seyler yasamaktan post paylasmak istemiyordum, fakat bugun duzenin ilk adimi olarak ilginc fakat gorunmeyen bir mutluluk icerisindeyim. Simdi sizlere link insaasi nedir ? ve nasil yonetilmeli, insaa edilmeli ? Bu gucten nasil faydalanmalisin, bunlar hakkinda bilgi aktarmaya calisacagim. Bir yapay zekanin gozunden kaliteli ve temiz bir link insaasi nasil yapilmalidir ! Hadi hep beraber tekrar edelim.

    backlink

    Linkbuilding yani Link insaasi Nedir ? ve Neden Gereklidir ?

    Linkinsaasi, seocalismalarinizin guc bolgesi dersek pek yanlis olmaz bunun nedeni sizin, websiteniz disinda gerceklestirdiginiz calismalar sizin, bilinirliginizi ve otoritenizi arttirmaktadir, ic seo ile otorite tamamen zaman ile ve cok yavas ilerlemektedir, bu secenegi bilin fakat gerek duymayin.

    Simdi sizlere nasil bir linkinsaasi sizi google un yapay zekasinin gozunde kaliteli,temiz ve guvenilir gosteri ? bunu aktaracagim.

    Linkbuilding yani linkinsaasi off page denilen yani sayfa disi anlamina gelen calismalardir, seo calismalariniz icin websiteniz disinda farkli websiteler ile kurulan baglantilardir, bu baglantilar websitenizin otoritesini arttiracaktir, cunku google botlari sizleri farkli siteleri tararken, url adresinizi ve alakali oldugunuz anahtar kelimelerde yukselmenizi saglayacaktir.

    Fakat ! Burasi onemli nasil websiteler ile dis baglanti insaasi gerceklestirmelisiniz, simdi bunu ogrenelim ! Aslinda bu nokta tam olarak organik seo ve yapay seo nun kesisim noktasidir, aslinda ole birsey yoktur fakat insanlarin yarattigi algoritmadan tam olarak boyle bir kesisim noktasi gelismistir, yani google yalnizca arama motorunun algoritmasini yonetmiyor, sizlerin zihinlerinizinde artik google algoritmalarinin kontrol altinda gelistirildiginden bahsediyorum.

    Simdi bu konuyu burada unutun. Sizde unutun. Nasil websiteler ile baglanti gelistirmelisin ? Burdan devam edelim.

    Sizin icin en kolay ve kaliteli gelistirilcek baglanti yontemleri arasinda, temiz comment backlinkler vardir ! Bakin temiz diyorum, temiz ve kaliteli ve kalici.

    Temiz Comment Backlink Nedir ?

    backlink satış

    Temiz comment backlink nedir ? Temiz comment backlink yukarida gormus oldugunuz gibi 71 DA 12 PA ! ( da degerinin degil pa degerinin oncelik oldugunu bilmelisiniz, fakat da degeri pa degerinin degerini arttirmaktadir. )

    3,4 adet yorum almis bir kaliteli icerikli bir post
    Kaliteli icerik ureten milyonlarca siteden 1 tanesi
    comment backlink

    Yukarida gormus oldugunuz gibi, kaliteli ve yuksek otorite degerli bir websiteden, guzel bir yorumla anahtar kelimeniz ve site iceriginiz ile alakali backlink almaniz mumkundur,

    Bugun 71 DA demek, anlattigi herseye inandiginiz seo hocalarinizin website otorite degerlerinin yaklasik 2,5 katidir. SEO uzun vadedeli bir oyundur, aldiginiz backlink icin oncelik oolarak kalici olmasi olmalidir. Eger kalici olmayacagindan emin oldugunuz bir backlink ekliyorsaniz ve yolunuz uzunsa o yoldan donun ! Hic almayin, uzun vaadede artilarini goreceksinizdir.

    En dogal yol ile, bu sekilde websitelerini kesfederek kaliteli ve temiz ve KALICI backlink insaasi yaparsiniz, bu yazimizda yalnizca comment backlink ile yuksek ve kaliteli sandiginiz bir websiteden daha fazla fayda saglayacagindan supheniz olmasin.

    Siz Değerli Müşterilerimiz İçin Yeni Ve Kapsamlı Bir Hacklink Paketi yaptık Bu Pakette ( E-ticaret , Adsense , Blog Vb.. ) Sitelerinize Kaliteli Ve Az Çıkışlı Hacklink satın alabilirsiniz. Hacklinklerimiz 0 Güvenli ve Silinmeme Garantilidir Silindiği takdirde Siz Değerli Müşterilerimizin İsteğine göre Aynı Kalitede veya daha kaliteli link değişimini Ücretsiz Şekilde yapmaktayız Bizde Müşteri Memnuniyeti Her Zaman Önemlidir..
    Bunların Yanı Sıra Tam 60 Legal içerikli ( Haber, Teknoloji, Blog Sağlık, Yemek VB. ) Sitelerimizden Tanıtım yazısı satışı yapmaktayız

    Peki Bu Hacklink Paketinin Pr – Alexa ve Ücret Bilgileri Nelerdir ?
    backlink satış
    Pagerank 8-7-6-5 Şekilde Alexaları 1k’dan 600k’ya kadar Her Kalitede Ve Çeşit Vardır Gerek düz .edu Gerek edu uzantılı veya gov uzantılı yüksek kaliteli hacklink’ler alabilirsiniz Siz değerli müşterilerimiz linklerden Daha çok etki görmesi için az çıkış yapmaktayız ve böylece siteler daha kaliteli etki etmektedir.

    biz kendimizi bu işe adadık ve nasıl bir galerici veya ticaret yapan insanlar var ise bizde buradan ekmeğimizi kazanıyoruz.. ve elimizden gelen yardımı ve indirimleri müşterilerimize yapıyoruz.. ben bu işi yaklaşık 5 yıldır yapıyorum.. benim Felsefem “MÜŞTERİLERİM KAZANIRSA BEN KAZANIRIM..”

    Fiyat konusunda Geldiğimizde 10 Site 100TL 20 site 200TL gibi gidiyor lakin toplu alımlarda indirim yapıyoruz ve bu verdiğim fiyatlar üzerinden pazarlık Sünnettir..
    Bana bir Telefon veya Skype Kadar Uzaktasınız
    comment backlink
    SKYPE: profseocu ( Skype ismi: profseocu )

    0 Müşteri Memnuniyet Garantisi ve Yüksek Kalite ve Uygun fiyat GARANTİSİ İLE Sektörde 5 Yıllık Tecrübe ile Profesyonel Hacklink Satışı yapıyorum

    REFERANSLARDAN SADECE 1 MÜŞTERİMİN SAYAÇ BİLGİLERİ.. SEKTÖR VİDEO
    BİZİ DİĞERLERİNDEN AYIRAN EN BÜYÜK ÖZELLİK İŞİMİZE GERÇEKTEN SAHİP ÇIKMAMIZ VE CİDDİ TİCARET AHLAKI İLE YAPMAMIZDIR !
    Neden Biz ? biraz bundan bahsedelim..

    Hacklink’te En büyük Problem Kalkma Silinme Problemidir ! Peki Sizdekiler Siliniyormu ? Çok Nadir olarak silinir çünkü link ekleyeceğimiz sitelere 0 Güvenlik Çekip Siz Müşterilerimize Sunuyoruz.. Peki ya Silindiği vakit ne olacak.. işte en önemli kısım budur Hacklink Olayında Olduki silindi diyelim 7/24 Telefon