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  • Government-owned Contractor-operated (GOCO) Model

    The Army’s ambitious plan for modernization of the Army Base Workshops (ABWs) and implementation of the ‘Government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO)’ model is delayed, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) said in its report.

    What is GOCO Model?

    • The GOCO model was one of the recommendations of the Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (Retd.) committee to enhance combat capability and re-balancing defence expenditure.
    • In GOCO model, the assets owned by the government will be operated by the private industries.
    • Under the GOCO model, the private companies need not make investments on land, machinery and other support systems.

    What is the current system?

    • Maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO): The Army follows the traditional ‘womb to tomb’ life cycle support management for maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) of its costly equipment.
    • Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME): It is responsible for the MRO system.

    Need for GOCO Model

    • High end technologies: In the last three decades, there has been a quantum jump in military technology and the MRO of military equipment has become very complex.
    • Lack of infrastructure: However, some repairs and overhauls have run into problems on account of lack of infrastructure, spares and expertise.
    • Poor performance of Corps: The infrastructure, expertise and work culture has not kept pace with time, leading to below par and inefficient performance.

     Benefits offered by the GOCO Model

    • Time savings: The main advantage of the model is that the targets are achieved in lesser time frame.
    • Competitiveness: Also, it will boost competitiveness among the private entities paving way to newer technologies.
    • Efficiency: The GOCO model will bring in corporate culture, leading to efficiency and accountability.
    • Expertise: Private operators can easily go into partnership with Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), both for expertise and spares.
    • Manpower saving: The government can save on manpower — 12,500 personnel workforce of the ABWs.
    • Technical training: This model also opens avenues for absorbing trained retired personnel, which can be built into the contract.

    Major issues with GOCO

    • Costly affair: The corporate world is driven by market forces, which means the GOCO model will be more costly. In most cases, private operators will want better infrastructure, which would have to be upgraded or replaced at government cost.
    • Corporate management: Private operators may not have the expertise to deal with military equipment; they are also unlikely to absorb the existing manpower and will want a younger and better-trained workforce.

     

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  • National Health Accounts Estimates: 2017-18

    Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) as a share of total health expenditure and foreign aid for health has both come down as per the findings of the National Health Accounts (NHA) estimates for India for 2017-18.

    What is National Health Accounts (NHA)?

    • The NHA estimates are prepared by using an accounting framework based on internationally accepted System of Health Accounts 2011, provided by the World Health Organization (WHO).
    • It is released by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
    • It describes health expenditures and flow of funds in the country’s health system over a financial year of India.
    • It answers important policy questions such as what are the sources of healthcare expenditures, who manages these, who provides health care services, and which services are utilized.
    • It is a practice to describe the health expenditure estimates according to a global standard framework, System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011), to facilitate comparison of estimates across countries.

    Objective of the NHA

    • To describe the Current Health Expenditures (CHE).

    The details of CHE are presented according to

    • Revenues of healthcare financing schemes: – entities that provide resources to spend for health goods and services in the health system;
    • Healthcare financing schemes: entities receiving and managing funds from financing sources to pay for or to purchase health goods and services;
    • Healthcare providers: entities receiving finances to produce/ provide health goods and services;
    • Healthcare functions: It describes the use of funds across various health care services.

    About NHA (2017-2018)

    • The 2017-18 NHA estimates shows government expenditure on health exhibiting an increasing trend and growing trust in public health care system.
    • With the present estimate of NHA 2017-18, India has a continuous Time Series on NHA estimates for both government and private sources for five years since 2013-14.
    • These estimates are not only comparable internationally, but also enable the policy makers to monitor progress towards universal health coverage as envisaged in the National Health Policy, 2017.

    Key Highlights

    Increase in GDP share: The NHA estimates for 2017-18 clearly show that there has been an increase in the share of government health expenditure in the total GDP from 1.15% in 2013-14 to 1.35% in 2017-18.

    Increase in govt share in expenditures: In 2017-18, the share of government expenditure was 40.8%, which is much higher than 28.6% in 2013-14.

    Per-Capita increase in expenditure: In per capita terms, the government health expenditure has increased from Rs 1042 to Rs.1753 between 2013-14 to 2017-18.

    Focus on total healthcare: The primary and secondary care accounts for more than 80% of the current Government health expenditure.

    Social security expenditure: The share of social security expenditure on health, which includes the social health insurance program, Government financed health insurance schemes, and medical reimbursements made to Government employees, has increased.

    Decline in foreign aid: The findings also depict that the foreign aid for health has come down to 0.5%, showcasing India’s economic self-reliance.

    Decline in OOPE: The government’s efforts to improve public health care are evident with out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) as a share of total health expenditure coming down to 48.8% in 2017-18 from 64.2% in 2013-14.

    Way forward

    • After 18 months of Covid-19, financial year 2017-18 appears to be from another era.
    • However, learnings from that year’s NHA help us to plan for health system strengthening in the post-Covid years.
    • The special financing packages for Covid emergency response, announced by the central government in 2020 and 2021, represent an extraordinary situation.
    • The resolve to increase public financing for health must remain strong even after Covid.

     

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  • [pib] Soil Health Card Scheme

    National Productivity Council (NPC) has carried out a study on ‘Soil Testing Infrastructure for Faster Delivery of Soil Health Card in India’ in 2017.

    What did the study find?

    • In the study it was found that application of fertilizer and micronutrients based on Soil Health Card (SHC) recommendations resulted in 8-10% of savings.
    • It has led to an overall increase in the yield of crops to the tune of 5-6% reported by adopting the SHC recommendations.

     About Soil Health Card Scheme

    • Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme is promoted by the Department of Agriculture & Co-operation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
    • An SHC is meant to give each farmer soil nutrient status of his/her holding and advice him/her on the dosage of fertilizers and also the needed soil amendments, that s/he should apply to maintain soil health in the long run.
    • SHC is a printed report that a farmer will be handed over for each of his holdings.
    • It will be made available once in a cycle of 2 years, which will indicate the status of soil health of a farmer’s holding for that particular period.
    • The SHC given in the next cycle of 2 years will be able to record the changes in the soil health for that subsequent period.

    Parameters of SHC:

    • N, P, K (Macro-nutrients)
    • Sulfur (S) (Secondary- nutrient)
    • Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo (Micronutrients)
    • pH, EC (Electrical conductivity) , OC (Organic content)

    Try this PYQ:

    Q. The nation-wide ‘Soil Health Card Scheme’ aims at:

    1. expanding the cultivable area under irrigation.
    2. enabling the banks to assess the quantum of loans to be granted to farmers on the basis of soil quality.
    3. checking the overuse of fertilizers in farmlands.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”2l7krk8ive” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

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  • What is Dual Command System of Policing?

    The Dual Command System of Policing is being implemented in Bhopal and Indore.

    What is the ‘Dual Command’ System?

    • Under the dual command system, the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police (SP) share powers and responsibilities in a district.
    • Under this structure, the DM is entrusted with issuing arrest warrants, licenses while the SP has powers and responsibilities to investigate crime and make arrests.
    • The system is designed to ensure a lower concentration of power and making the police more accountable to the DM at the district level.

    How does the commissionerate system empower the police?

    • Under the police commissionerate system, the powers of both policing and magistracy are concentrated with the commissioner, who is directly accountable to the state government and the state police chief.
    • The commissioner of police under the commissionerate system exercises the powers and duties of a District Magistrate.
    • These powers are also available to any officer under the commissioner who is not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Police.
    • The police are also empowered to conduct externment proceedings and issue written orders to remove a person from their jurisdiction of the commissionerate for a maximum of two years.

    Need for such system

    Various committees constituted to suggest police reforms have recommended implementation of a police commissioner system.

    • Rapidly urbanized cities: This is for cities which have witnessed rapid urbanization and have a population of more than 10 lakhs.
    • Better accountability: In the 6th report of the National Police Commission, it noted that as compared to police in districts, police in commissionerate in small areas had a better account of themselves.
    • Complex security threats: It further pointed out that in urban areas, the changing dynamism and growing complexities of security threats required a swift and prompt response.
    • Quick responsivity: Usually in large urban areas, law and order situations develop rapidly, requiring a speed and effective operational response from the police.
    • Avoiding delayed action: In districts where the SPs and DMs do not have an understanding, orders to swiftly act are rarely issued in time which aggravates the situation.

    Issues with the system

    • Power-sharing: There needs to be some clarity on what powers will be taken away from the revenue officers, collectors, SDMs and how it will impact the society before implementing it.

     

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  • What is a Tundra Satellite?

    Russia has successfully placed into orbit a military satellite believed to be part of the Kremlin’s early warning anti-missile system. This launch could be delivering a Tundra satellite.

    Tundra Satellite

    • The Tundra or EKS (Edinaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema) series of satellites is the next generation of Russian early-warning satellites.
    • The development of the EKS started in 2000.
    • These satellites carry a secure emergency communications payload to be used in case of a nuclear war.
    • They are launched on Soyuz-2-1b Fregat boosters into Molniya-orbits, inclined highly elliptical 12 h orbits.

    What are Tundra Orbits?

    • A Tundra orbit is a highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a high inclination (approximately 63.4°), an orbital period of one sidereal day.
    • A satellite placed in this orbit spends most of its time over a chosen area of the Earth, a phenomenon known as apogee dwell.
    • It makes satellites particularly well suited for communications satellites serving high latitude regions.
    • The ground track of a satellite in a Tundra orbit is a closed figure 8 with a smaller loop over either the northern or southern hemisphere.
    • This differentiates them from Molniya orbits designed to service high-latitude regions, which have the same inclination but half the period and do not hover over a single region.

    Back2Basics: Types of Orbits

    [1] Geostationary orbit (GEO)

    • Satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) circle Earth above the equator from west to east following Earth’s rotation – taking 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds – by travelling at exactly the same rate as Earth.
    • This makes satellites in GEO appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position.
    • In order to perfectly match Earth’s rotation, the speed of GEO satellites should be about 3 km per second at an altitude of 35 786 km.
    • This is much farther from Earth’s surface compared to many satellites.
    • GEO is used by satellites that need to stay constantly above one particular place over Earth, such as telecommunication satellites.
    • Satellites in GEO cover a large range of Earth so as few as three equally-spaced satellites can provide near-global coverage.

    [2] Low Earth orbit (LEO)

    • A low Earth orbit (LEO) is, as the name suggests, an orbit that is relatively close to Earth’s surface.
    • It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but could be as low as 160 km above Earth – which is low compared to other orbits, but still very far above Earth’s surface.
    • Unlike satellites in GEO that must always orbit along Earth’s equator, LEO satellites do not always have to follow a particular path around Earth in the same way – their plane can be tilted.
    • This means there are more available routes for satellites in LEO, which is one of the reasons why LEO is a very commonly used orbit.
    • It is most commonly used for satellite imaging, as being near the surface allows it to take images of higher resolution.
    • Satellites in this orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km per second; at this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle Earth.

    [3] Medium Earth orbit (MEO)

    • Medium Earth orbit comprises a wide range of orbits anywhere between LEO and GEO.
    • It is similar to LEO in that it also does not need to take specific paths around Earth, and it is used by a variety of satellites with many different applications.
    • It is very commonly used by navigation satellites, like the European Galileo system of Europe.
    • It uses a constellation of multiple satellites to provide coverage across large parts of the world all at once.

    [4] Polar Orbit

    • Satellites in polar orbits usually travel past Earth from north to south rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth’s poles.
    • Satellites in a polar orbit do not have to pass the North and South Pole precisely; even a deviation within 20 to 30 degrees is still classed as a polar orbit.
    • Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km.

    [5] Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)

    • SSO is a particular kind of polar orbit. Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun.
    • This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun.
    • This means that the satellite always visits the same spot at the same local time.
    • Often, satellites in SSO are synchronised so that they are in constant dawn or dusk – this is because by constantly riding a sunset or sunrise, they will never have the Sun at an angle where the Earth shadows them.
    • A satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. At 800 km, it will be travelling at a speed of approximately 7.5 km per second.

    [6] Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)

    • Transfer orbits are a special kind of orbit used to get from one orbit to another.
    • Often, the satellites are instead placed on a transfer orbit: an orbit where, by using relatively little energy from built-in motors, the satellite or spacecraft can move from one orbit to another.
    • This allows a satellite to reach, for example, a high-altitude orbit like GEO without actually needing the launch vehicle.
    • Reaching GEO in this way is an example of one of the most common transfer orbits, called the geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

     

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  • Making the legislature work

    Context

    Parliament’s “performance” is assessed at the end of a session, typically in terms of bills discussed and passed. It is equally necessary to take stock of the issues facing the country and set expectations about what Parliament should be doing when the session is to commence.

    Analysing the repeal of laws from the standpoint of the parliamentary system and the functioning of Parliament

    • In the current session, three farm Acts will probably be presented for repeal.
    • Not referred to select committee: Three Acts were passed earlier amidst demands to refer them to a select committee.
    • This Lok Sabha — increasingly the Rajya Sabha as well — poses a riddle for the theory of representative democracy.
    • The ruling majority has a handsome majority — a 300 plus representation in the Lok Sabha — and by the standards of the FPTP system, a reasonable vote share of over 37 per cent.
    • Yet, laws passed by Parliament are increasingly being seen as unacceptable.
    • This non-acceptance is, perhaps, restricted to a small section. But the arguments put forward by them remain persuasive.
    • The “majority” government seems less representative than many minority governments of the past.
    • The government may have the majority in numbers, but does not have the capacity to take the majority along.
    • At this juncture, an important responsibility lies with the Opposition.

    Suggestions

    1] Role of the opposition

    • Coordinate: In Parliament, the Opposition will need to ensure coordination on common issues, strategise on parliamentary procedures and above all, endeavour to represent voices that have been suppressed by the current regime.
    • Avoid disruption: Acrimony might be unavoidable given that the current regime doesn’t give adequate respect to differences of opinion.
    • But it is incumbent on the Opposition to avoid creating pandemonium merely as a tactic.
    • Noise and sloganeering cannot replace the responsibility to represent.
    • Pandemonium is only a cover up for bad coordination and lack of homework.

    2] Role of the ruling party MPs

    • Probe the executive: The role of ruling party MPs is not merely to ram through the House whatever the government wishes but to also probe the executive delicately.
    • Assert the role as a representative: In allowing the government to sidestep all opposition, the MPs from the ruling party create an atmosphere wherein they lose any semblance of authenticity in their role as representatives.
    • Independence of ruling party members is connected both to intra-party democracy and to intra-party factionalism.
    • Need for intellectual position: It is also important that they have an intellectual position of their own.
    • The litmus test to their independence will be in how they express themselves in Parliament.
    • In any case, for Parliament to regain its representative character, ruling party members need to be more sincere about the parliamentary system, and unafraid of executive power.

    3] Role of civil society

    • Protests have played, and will continue to play, a critical role in forcing us to confront the issue of representation.
    • It must be reiterated that no democracy can exist without a robust civil society.
    • Its tension-ridden relationship with party politics must be recognised.
    • In that sense, the rising antinomy between Parliament and protests is more because of the unrepresentativeness of Parliament than due to the rebellious ways of civil society.

    Consider the question “What is the significance of the opposition to the laws enacted by the legislature? Suggest the steps need to be taken by the various participants in democracy.”

    Conclusion

    All the participants in the democracy need to recognise their role and ensure the the smooth functioning of democracy.

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  • UNCITRAL Model for Cross Border Insolvency

    The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has published a draft framework for cross-border insolvency proceedings based on the UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) model under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.

    About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)

    • The IBC, 2016 is the bankruptcy law of India that seeks to consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy.
    • It is a one-stop solution for resolving insolvencies which previously was a long process that did not offer an economically viable arrangement.
    • The code aims to protect the interests of small investors and make the process of doing business less cumbersome.

    Cross border insolvency proceedings

    • Cross-border insolvency proceedings are relevant for the resolution of distressed companies with assets and liabilities across multiple jurisdictions.
    • A framework for cross-border insolvency proceedings allows for the location of such a company’s foreign assets, the identification of creditors and their claims.
    • This helps establishing payment towards claims as well as a process for coordination between courts in different countries.

    Current status of foreign stakeholders and courts in other jurisdictions under IBC

    • While foreign creditors can make claims against a domestic company, the IBC currently does not allow for automatic recognition of any insolvency proceedings in other countries.
    • Current provisions under the IBC do not allow Indian courts to address the issue of foreign assets of a company being subjected to parallel insolvency proceedings in other jurisdictions.

    The UNCITRAL model

    • The UNCITRAL model is the most widely accepted legal framework to deal with cross-border insolvency issues.
    • It has been adopted by 49 countries, including the UK, the US, South Africa, South Korea and Singapore.
    • The law allows automatic recognition of foreign proceedings and rulings given by courts in cases where the foreign jurisdiction is adjudged.
    • Recognition of foreign proceedings and reliefs is left to the discretion of domestic courts when foreign proceedings are non-main proceedings.
    • The model law deals with four major principles of cross-border insolvency:
        • Direct access to foreign insolvency professionals and foreign creditors to participate in or commence domestic insolvency proceedings against a defaulting debtor.
        • Recognition of foreign proceedings & provision of remedies.
        • Cooperation between domestic and foreign courts & domestic and foreign insolvency practitioners.
        • Coordination between two or more concurrent insolvency proceedings in different countries. The main proceeding is determined by the concept of Centre of Main Interest (COMI).
          • The COMI for a company is determined based on where the company conducts its business on a regular basis and the location of its registered office.
      • It is designed to assist States in reforming and modernizing their laws on arbitral procedure so as to take into account the particular features and needs of international commercial arbitration.

    Issues with Indian framework

    • The framework for cross-border insolvency adopted in India may require reciprocity from any country which seeks to have its insolvency proceedings recognized by Indian courts.
    • This would allow Indian proceedings for foreign corporate debtors to be recognized in foreign jurisdictions.

    Back2Basics: UNCITRAL

    • It is an affiliate organization to the UN made up of business and legal professionals.
    • This group develops model standards and procedures for dealing with issues affecting international business.
    • Perhaps most notably, UNCITRAL promulgated the Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG).
    • The CISG is a model law commonly used as the governing provisions in contracts between parties from different nations.

     

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  • Good Samaritan Scheme

    The Good Samaritan scheme, meant to encourage and felicitate those helping road accident victims, has received a poor response from the states more than a month since its launch.

    Good Samaritan Scheme

    • The Road Transport and Highways Ministry announced this scheme so that taking a road crash victim to hospital is not just hassle-free but there is also the incentive of a reward and recognition.
    • Historically, Indians are reluctant in taking victims to hospital because of associated legal processes and investigations that follow.
    • To address that, the Centre inserted Section 134A in the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019, which deals with “Protection of Good Samaritans”.

    Need for such scheme

    • India witnesses around 5 lakh road accidents and 1.5 lakh deaths from them every year.
    • As per several government assessments and independent studies, a large number of deaths occur because the victims did not get medical help within the golden hour.

    Key features of the scheme

    • Non-liability: Under the scheme, a good samaritan will not be liable for any civil or criminal action for any injury to or death of the victim of an accident involving a motor vehicle.
    • Reward: The scheme entitles any person, who helps save a life by taking a road crash victim to the hospital during golden hour, to a reward of Rs 5,000 per accident.
    • Anonymity clause: The new law is that the “Good Samaritan” is free to not disclose their name to the hospital or law enforcement authorities; they can also choose not to take part in any legal process.

    Issues with the scheme

    Ans. Poor response from the states

    • Despite the Centre willing to give an initial grant of Rs 5 lakh for it, states have not even opened bank accounts to get the money.
    • The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has sent several reminders to states to operationalize the scheme.

     

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  • What is Omicron Variant?

    A new lineage of SARS-CoV-2 has been designated as a Variant of Concern (VoC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has been named Omicron.

    Behind the name: Omicron

    • The WHO has been using Greek letters to refer to the most widely prevalent coronavirus variants, which otherwise carry long scientific names.
    • It had already used 12 letters of the Greek alphabet before the newest variant emerged in South Africa this week.
    • After Mu, the 12th named after a Greek letter, WHO selected the name Omicron, instead of Nu or Xi, the two letters between Mu and Omicron.
    • The WHO said Nu could have been confused with the word ‘new’ while Xi was not picked up following a convention.

    Why is the Omicron variant interesting?

    • The Omicron variant is interesting due to the fact that it has a large number of mutations compared to other prevalent variants circulating across the world.
    • This includes 32 mutations in the spike protein.
    • Many of these mutations lie in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein, a key part of the protein required for binding to the human receptor proteins for entry into the cell.
    • It can thus play an important role in recognition by antibodies generated due to a previous infection or by vaccines.

    What do spike mutations do?

    • Many of the mutations in the spike protein have been previously suggested to cause resistance to antibodies as well as increased transmission.
    • Thus, there is a possibility that this variant could be more likely to re-infect people who have developed immunity against previous variants of the virus.
    • The behavior of the virus is not yet accurately predictable based on the evidence on individual mutations.

    Does the variant result in vaccine breakthrough infections?

    • Some of the initial individuals identified to be infected with the variant have been vaccinated for COVID-19 and therefore the variant can indeed cause vaccine breakthrough infections.
    • This should not be of concern, since the prevalent variants of concern including Delta have been shown to cause breakthrough infections.
    • Whether the variant causes more breakthrough infections than Delta is not currently known.

    How can we be prepared for the variant?

    • Enhanced surveillance and genome sequencing efforts are essential to detect and track the prevalence of the Omicron variant.
    • Rapid sharing of genome sequences of the virus and the epidemiological data linked with it to publicly available databases will help in developing a better understanding of the variant.
    • Existing public health and social measures need to be strengthened to control and prevent transmission.
    • Enhancing vaccination coverage across different regions along with access to testing, therapeutics and support will be essential for combating the new variant.
    • Equitable access to vaccines would be key to controlling the Omicron variant, and slowing down the emergence of any future variants.

     

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  • Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project

    If built on time, Jaitapur Project in Maharashtra would be the largest nuclear power generating station in the world by net generation capacity, at 9,900 MW.

    Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project

    • Jaitapur Project is a proposed nuclear power plant in India.
    • The power project is proposed by Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and would be built at Madban village of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra.
    • It is being built with technical cooperation from France.

    Project description

    • It is proposed to construct 6 European Pressurized Reactors designed and developed by Framatome (former Areva) of France, each of 1650 MW, thus totaling 9900 MW.
    • These are the third generation pressurized water reactors (PWR).
    • The cost of building the plant is about ₹20 crore (US$2.7 million) per MW electric power compared with ₹5 crore (US$660,000) per MW electric power for a coal power station.
    • A consortium of French financial institutions will finance this project as a loan. Both French and Indian government will give sovereign guarantee for this loan.

    Issues with the project

    (I) Liability for nuclear damage

    • The lack of clarity on the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 passed in Indian Parliament in August 2010 is a hurdle in finalizing deal.
    • This Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 has a clause that deals with the legal binding of the culpable groups in case of a nuclear accident.
    • It allows only the operator (NPCIL) to sue the manufacturers and suppliers. Victims will not be able to sue anyone.

    (II) Clearance issue

    • Environmental effects of nuclear power and geological issues have been raised by anti-nuclear activists of India against this power project.
    • Even though the Maharashtra state govt completed land acquisition in 2010, only few people had accepted compensation cheques.

    (III) Seismicity of the area

    • Since Jaitapur is a seismically sensitive area, the danger of an earthquake has been foremost on the minds of people.
    • According to the Earthquake hazard zoning of India, Jaitapur comes under Zone III. This zone is called the moderate Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
    • The presence of two major creeks on the proposed site has been ignored while clearing the site.

    (IV) Nuclear waste disposal

    • It is not clear where the nuclear waste from the site will be shipped for recycling or removed for disposal.
    • The plant is estimated to generate 300 tonnes of used nuclear fuel each year.

     

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