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  • [7th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Water management in India needs a new course

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2013] Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss.

    Linkage: India’s water management problems are explicitly stated to be a result of a “fragmented and sectoral approach”. This contrasts sharply with the need for a holistic “new course.” The existing situation is problematic because “rivers and other waterbodies are often interstate and multiple political jurisdictions are involved in administering the same waterbody”.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  In 2025, global water governance takes a historic turn as the United Nations declares it the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation and launches the Decade of Action on Cryospheric Science (2025–2034). These initiatives, aligned with World Water Day 2025 and World Day for Glaciers (March 21), focus directly on the vital connections between mountain glaciers, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. They promote the “Source-to-Sea (S2S)” approach, which integrates water governance from glacial sources all the way to ocean outlets, acknowledging their ecological and hydrological continuity.

    Today’s editorial will talk about water governance in India and the world. It will help with GS Paper I (Geography), GS Paper II (Policy Making) and GS Paper III (Environment).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Scientists and decision-makers need to pay attention to the Source to Sea (S2S) approach.

    What is the theme of World Water Day 2025?

    • Theme: Glacier Preservation
    • 2025 is also declared the International Year of Glaciers Preservation by the United Nations.
    • Marks the start of a Decade of Action on Cryospheric Science (2025-2034).

    Why is it significant?

    • Crucial Source of Freshwater: Glaciers act as natural water reservoirs, supplying freshwater to millions downstream. Their preservation ensures sustained water availability for drinking, agriculture, and ecosystems. Eg: The Himalayan glaciers feed rivers like the Ganga and Brahmaputra, supporting millions of people in India.
    • Indicator of Climate Change: Glaciers are sensitive to global warming; their rapid melting signals climate change impacts. Protecting them helps monitor and mitigate broader environmental risks. Eg: Melting Himalayan glaciers contribute to changing river flows, affecting flood and drought patterns in South Asia.
    • Supports Sustainable Development: Preserving glaciers helps maintain mountain ecosystems and supports downstream communities dependent on glacier-fed waters for their livelihoods and economic activities. Eg: Alpine glaciers support mountain agriculture and tourism, critical to local economies in regions like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

    Why is the Source-to-Sea (S2S) approach important for global water governance?

    • Integrated Management of Water Systems: S2S treats freshwater and marine systems as a connected continuum, ensuring that actions upstream (rivers, lakes) consider their impact downstream (coastal and marine environments). Eg: Pollution control in river basins like the Ganges directly affects the health of the Bay of Bengal ecosystem.
    • Improves Coordination Across Jurisdictions: S2S promotes cooperation among multiple stakeholders and political jurisdictions, bridging fragmented governance to manage shared water resources effectively. Eg: The Manila Declaration encourages countries to work together on ridge-to-reef management to protect water quality from land to ocean.
    • Facilitates Sustainable Solutions for Water and Marine Challenges: By addressing the entire water cycle, S2S enables holistic strategies that tackle issues like pollution, water diversion, and habitat loss, benefiting both terrestrial and marine biodiversity. Eg: Initiatives under the SIWI Action Platform connect freshwater and marine experts to develop better water management practices globally.

    What is the cryosphere? 

    The cryosphere includes all frozen water parts of Earth, such as glaciers, snow, sea ice, and permafrost. It helps regulate the climate, reflects sunlight, and stores Earth’s freshwater.

    How does the changing mountain cryosphere impact downstream water resources?

    • Altered Water Flow Patterns: Melting glaciers and shrinking snowpacks change the timing and volume of water flow downstream, leading to seasonal water shortages or floods. Eg: Reduced glacial melt in the Himalayas affects the flow of rivers like the Ganges, impacting water availability for millions.
    • Reduced Water Storage Capacity: Glaciers act as natural reservoirs, storing water during cold months and releasing it slowly. Their retreat means less buffering capacity during dry periods, causing water stress downstream. Eg: Declining glacier size in the Alps affects water supplies for European river basins in summer.
    • Increased Risk of Natural Hazards: Glacier melt can lead to the formation and sudden breach of glacial lakes, causing flash floods and damaging downstream ecosystems and communities. Eg: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalayas pose risks to villages and infrastructure along rivers like the Indus.

    What are the key challenges India faces in managing its water resources? 

    • Groundwater Depletion: Over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation, industrial use, and domestic consumption has led to alarming depletion rates of aquifers. This poses a significant threat to long-term water availability and agricultural productivity. Eg, states like Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan report over 100% utilization of groundwater resources, leading to critical water scarcity.
    • Water Pollution: Water pollution from industrial effluents, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff has made large quantities of freshwater unusable. According to the Central Pollution Control Board, more than 70% of India’s surface water is polluted, with rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna being majorly affected.
    • Climate Change and Erratic Weather Patterns: Changing rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and frequent floods induced by climate change are altering water availability. The Indian Meteorological Department has noted a decline in monsoon rainfall, which is critical for replenishing rivers, lakes, and groundwater reserves.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • Formulation and Revision of National Water Policies: The government introduced the first National Water Policy in 1987, and since then, it has been periodically updated to address emerging challenges. The latest draft policies emphasize integrated water resource management and sustainability. Eg, the 2019 draft National Water Policy focuses on water conservation, efficient use, and equitable distribution.
    • Institutional Reforms and Coordination Bodies: Committees have been set up to improve water governance by restructuring key institutions. Eg, in 2015, a committee was formed to merge the Central Water Commission and Central Ground Water Board into a unified National Water Commission to foster better coordination and planning.
    • Promotion of Sustainable and Integrated Approaches: The government supports approaches like Source-to-Sea (S2S) management, which integrates land, freshwater, coastal, and marine resource management. Eg, pilot projects in the Indo-Gangetic basin and Delhi waterbodies are being explored under the S2S framework to address pollution and water quality comprehensively.

    Way forward: 

    • Adopt Source-to-Sea (S2S) Approach Nationwide: Implement integrated water governance that connects glacial sources to coastal ecosystems, ensuring coordinated action across sectors and regions.
    • Strengthen Climate-Resilient Water Infrastructure: Invest in glacier monitoring, early warning systems, and sustainable groundwater management to adapt to climate-induced water variability and safeguard water security.

  • Maintaining India’s progress in food safety standards

    Why in the News?

    World Food Safety Day 2025 is observed with the theme “Food Safety: Science in Action.” It highlights India’s progress in food safety, though there are still some gaps to address.

    What is the theme of World Food Safety Day 2025?

    Theme: “Food Safety: Science in Action”. It emphasizes the importance of applying science to ensure food safety.

    How does it reflect India’s evolving approach to food safety?

    • Shift from Adulteration to Risk-Based Framework: Earlier, the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act, 1954 focused on whether food was adulterated or not. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 introduced a scientific, risk-based approach through the creation of FSSAI.
    • Adoption of International Scientific Standards: India aligned its food regulations with global norms like those of the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Eg: Standards for Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values are now scientifically defined.
    • Efforts to Strengthen Scientific Capacity: India is focusing on generating its own toxicological data and conducting Total Diet Studies (TDS) to suit local needs. Eg: Indian-specific dietary patterns and environmental factors are being considered to improve food safety regulations.

    What are Toxicology Studies?

    These are scientific assessments that evaluate the harmful effects of chemicals or substances (like pesticides, additives, contaminants) on living organisms, especially humans.

    Why are India-specific toxicology studies important for food safety?

    • Reflect Local Dietary Habits: International toxicology data may not match Indian dietary patterns and consumption levels. Eg: An average Indian may consume more rice or spices than Western populations, affecting exposure to contaminants.
    • Consider Unique Agricultural Practices: India’s crop varieties, pesticide usage, and farming methods differ from global practices. Eg: Pesticide residues on Indian-grown vegetables may vary significantly compared to Europe, requiring tailored safety limits.
    • Account for Environmental and Genetic Differences: Climate, water quality, and genetic factors influence how toxins impact health in India. Eg: Heavy metal contamination in groundwater in Indian regions could cause higher cumulative exposure, not captured by foreign studies.

    What is monosodium glutamate (MSG)? 

    MSG is a flavour enhancer commonly added to food to intensify the umami taste (a savoury flavour). It is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid found in many foods.

    How has the regulation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in India differed from global practices?

    • Continued Use of Outdated Warning Labels: While global authorities like JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) have declared MSG safe since 1971, India still mandates a warning label stating it is unsafe for infants. Eg: Most countries have removed such warnings, but India continues them despite scientific consensus.
    • Misleading Public Perception: The mandatory label in India has led to consumer fear and confusion, with many believing MSG is inherently harmful. Eg: This is misleading, as natural glutamates (chemically identical to MSG) are found in tomato, mushroom, garlic, and even breast milk.
    • Lag in Regulatory Modernisation: India has been slow to align its food safety regulations with global scientific evidence. Eg: Despite MSG receiving an “ADI not specified” status globally (indicating high safety), India still treats it with caution due to legacy regulations.

    What can improve food safety risk communication in India?

    • Simplify Scientific Language: Communicate complex terms like MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits) and ADIs (Acceptable Daily Intake) in easy-to-understand formats for the public. Eg: Instead of stating “0.1 mg/kg,” explain it as a level safe for lifelong consumption in common quantities of food.
    • Replace Misleading Labels with Evidence-Based Information: Outdated or alarming labels should be updated to reflect current scientific understanding. Eg: The MSG warning label in India should be replaced with factual information about its safety, as done in other countries.
    • Enhance Public Engagement and Transparency: Build public trust through open communication with consumers, industry, and media to explain regulatory changes and safety updates. Eg: When MRL limits for pesticides were revised, clearer messaging could have prevented public fear and misunderstanding.

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in India-Specific Scientific Research: Conduct localized toxicological studies and Total Diet Studies (TDS) to ensure food safety standards reflect Indian dietary habits, agricultural practices, and environmental conditions.
    • Strengthen Risk Communication and Public Awareness: Simplify scientific terms for the public, revise outdated labels, and build transparent engagement with stakeholders to promote informed consumer choices and trust in regulatory decisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] Briefly discuss the status and significance of the food processing industry in India.

    Linkage: The “status and significance of the food processing industry” in India is directly and fundamentally linked to the country’s food safety standards. For this industry to achieve and maintain a significant status, it must adhere to and uphold rigorous food safety standards. The perception and reality of food safety directly influence consumer trust, market access (both domestic and international), and overall economic contribution of the sector.

  • PM inaugurates Chenab Railway Bridge

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister inaugurated the world’s highest railway bridge over the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir.

    About the Chenab Rail Bridge:

    • Location: The Chenab Rail Bridge is the world’s highest railway bridge, situated over the Chenab River in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir. It is part of the Udhampur–Srinagar–Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL).
    • Height: The bridge rises to a height of 359 metres, which is 35 metres taller than the Eiffel Tower.
    • Structure and Length: It has a total length of 1,315 metres, comprising a 530-metre approach bridge and a 785-metre steel arch bridge.
    • Project Execution: Constructed by Konkan Railway Corporation, with contributions from Afcons Infrastructure, Ultra Construction & Engineering (South Korea), and VSL India.
    • Design and Engineering:
      • IISc Bengaluru designed the foundation.
      • IIT Delhi and IIT Roorkee conducted seismic analysis.
      • DRDO ensured it is blast-proof.
    • Durability and Safety: The bridge can withstand magnitude 8 earthquakes, blasts up to 40 tonnes of TNT, temperatures as low as -20°C, and wind speeds of 266 km/h.
    • Speed and Lifespan: It supports train speeds up to 100 km/h and has a lifespan of 120 years.
    • Key Milestones: The arch closure was completed in April 2021, and the Golden Joint Ceremony was held on August 13, 2022.

    PM also inaugurated Anji Bridge:

    • About: The Anji Bridge is India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge, built over the Anji River, a tributary of the Chenab.
    • Ranking: It is the second-highest railway bridge in India, after the Chenab Bridge.
    • Design: Originally planned as an arch bridge, the design was changed to cable-stayed due to geological challenges.
    • Structure Details: The total length is 725 metres, comprising an ancillary viaduct, approach bridge, and central embankment.
    • Features: It is supported by 96 cables ranging from 82 to 295 metres, with a deck width of 15 metres.
    • Resilience: The bridge is engineered to withstand seismic activity, unstable terrain, strong winds, heavy storms, and explosions.

     

    [UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:

    I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a future ready railway system by 2028. II. ‘Kavach’ is an Automatic Train Protection system developed in collaboration with Germany. III. ‘Kavach’ system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section.

    Which of the statements given above are not correct?

    Options: (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) I, II and III*

     

  • India elected to UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)  

    Why in the News?

    India has been elected to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the term 2026–2028.

    About the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):

    • Establishment: It is one of the 6 principal UN organs, created in 1945 under the UN Charter.
    • Mandate: It coordinates the UN’s economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural work.
    • Role: ECOSOC serves as the central platform for global policy dialogue, review, and development recommendations.
    • Composition: ECOSOC has 54 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year terms.
    • Decision-Making: Decisions are made by simple majority; no permanent members; presidency rotates annually.
    • Functions and Powers:
      • Coordination: Oversees 15 specialized agencies (e.g., WHO, ILO), 8 functional commissions, and 5 regional commissions.
      • Promotion Areas: Focuses on living standards, employment, human rights, education, healthcare, and environmental protection.
      • Engagement with NGOs: Grants consultative status to over 1,600 NGOs and organizes global conferences.
      • UN Oversight: Supervises agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNHCR.
    • Sessions and Meetings:
      • Main Sessions: Held each July, along with an organizational session.
      • Finance Dialogues: Hosts April meetings with finance ministers from the IMF and World Bank.
      • SDG Monitoring: Organizes the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) to track progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • Legal and Institutional Details:
      • UN Charter Basis: Defined under Chapter X (Articles 61–72) of the Charter.
      • Headquarters: Located in New York.
      • Scope: ECOSOC is the largest and most complex UN body, shaping global development policy.

    India and ECOSOC:

    • Membership: India is serving its 18th term as a member, elected for the 2026–28 period.
    • Subsidiary Roles: India has held positions in bodies like the UN Statistical Commission, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and UNAIDS Board.
    • Recent Milestone: India recently joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), highlighting its data expertise.
    • Policy Priorities: India supports inclusive growth, SDG progress, and south-south cooperation through evidence-based multilateral leadership.
    [UPSC 2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:

    1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.

    2. It is elected by a 2/3 majority of The General Assembly for a 3-year term.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • UMEED Portal for Waqf Properties

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister for Minority Affairs has launched the Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency and Development (UMEED) portal—a centralised digital platform to manage Waqf properties across India.

    Tap to read more about the Waqf and the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

    About the UMEED Portal

    • Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs on June 6, 2025.
    • Core Purpose: It ensures real-time registration, verification, and monitoring of Waqf properties across India.
    • Legal Alignment: The portal is aligned with the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, which received presidential assent in April 2025.
    • Governance Shift: UMEED aims to promote transparency, accountability, and public participation by making Waqf data digitally traceable.

    Key Features:

    • Centralized Registration: All Waqf properties must be registered on a single digital platform.
    • Documentation: Each property receives a 17-digit ID and must include ownership papers, exact measurements, and geotagged location data.
    • User-Friendly Design: Features include dropdown-based input, GIS mapping, and a grievance redressal system.
    • 3-Tier Verification:
      • Maker: Mutawalli enters the property data.
      • Checker: District official verifies the entry.
      • Approver: CEO or authorised Waqf Board officer grants approval.
    • Transparency and Privacy: Public access to basic property details is allowed, while data privacy is ensured.
    • Eligibility Rule: Properties registered in women’s names are not eligible as Waqf properties, though women and vulnerable groups remain priority beneficiaries.
    • Support System: A toll-free helpline is available for technical assistance.

    Registration Process:

    • Responsible Authority: State Waqf Boards are in charge of registering properties.
    • Deadline: All registrations must be completed within 6 months of the portal’s launch.
    • Required Data: Includes property size, ownership documents, geotagging, and whether the land is government-owned.
    • Extension Policy: A 1–2 month extension may be granted upon valid request.
    • Non-Compliance: Unregistered properties will be marked as “disputed” and referred to the Waqf Tribunal.
    • Missing Documents: In such cases, the mutawalli must approach the Tribunal for validation.

  • Should India amend its nuclear energy laws?

    Why in the News?

    India is thinking about changing the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act, 2010, and the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. These changes would let private companies build and run nuclear power plants.

    Why is there a proposal to amend India’s nuclear energy laws?

    • To Attract Private and Foreign Participation: Current laws like the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010, deter foreign companies due to strict liability provisions. Amending them would enable global firms like Westinghouse (U.S.) and Électricité de France (EDF) to invest and supply nuclear technology.
    • To Meet India’s Clean Energy Targets: India aims to scale up nuclear capacity from 8 GW to 100 GW by 2047 as part of its low-carbon energy transition. Legal reforms are essential to unlock the necessary investments and partnerships to achieve this scale.

    What are the concerns about foreign investment and liability?

    • Foreign Companies Fear Being Blamed After Accidents: They worry they’ll be held legally responsible if something goes wrong, which could cost them a lot of money. Eg: U.S. company Westinghouse and French company Areva stayed away from India’s nuclear sector due to strict liability laws.
    • Indian Law Puts All Blame on the Operator: India’s current law makes the plant operator fully responsible, even if the equipment from foreign suppliers fails. Eg: If a part made by a foreign company causes a problem, only NPCIL (Indian operator) is blamed and has to pay.
    • Old Accidents Still Raise Worries: Events like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy make people cautious about giving foreign companies a free pass on liability. Eg: In 2012, the NDA opposed changes in law that would reduce foreign companies’ responsibility, citing past disasters.

    How will the amendments help achieve 100 GW capacity?

    • Enabling Foreign Participation: Amendments will remove liability-related hurdles, allowing global firms to invest and supply technology. Eg: Westinghouse (U.S.) and EDF (France) may enter Indian projects if liability norms align with international standards.
    • Boosting Domestic-Private Sector Involvement: Changes in laws like the Atomic Energy Act could allow Indian private companies to build and operate reactors. Eg: Companies like L&T and BHEL may contribute to infrastructure and component manufacturing at scale.
    • Attracting Investment in Advanced Reactors (SMRs): Legal clarity could attract funds and partnerships in Small Modular Reactors, helping scale capacity rapidly. Eg: New-age firms working on SMRs may partner with India if assured of returns and limited liability.

    What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)? 

    • Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are compact nuclear power plants that produce up to 300 MW of electricity and are built in factories for easy transport and quicker installation.
    • They use advanced, safer designs with features like passive cooling and are ideal for remote areas, industrial use, and integration with renewable energy sources.

    What challenges exist in small modular reactor (SMR) technology transfer?

    • Profit-Driven Technology Sharing: Private foreign firms transfer technology only if it’s commercially viable, not for strategic or public interest reasons. Eg: U.S. companies will share SMR tech only if returns outweigh security or IP risks.
    • Restrictions by National Governments: Export controls and national security concerns limit what tech can be transferred internationally. Eg: The U.S. government regulates tech transfers; past transfers to China (like AP1000) led to cloning and IP misuse.
    • Partial Transfers and Proprietary Control: Even friendly countries often retain core tech and allow only partial local production. Eg: Russia’s Rosatom allowed India to build sub-components of VVER reactors but kept control over critical hot sections.

    What is the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC)? 

    • The Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) is an international treaty that establishes a global fund to provide prompt compensation to victims of nuclear accidents.
    • It assigns primary liability to nuclear plant operators while limiting supplier liability, ensuring faster financial support and shared responsibility among participating countries.

    Why is the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) important for nuclear compensation?

    • Ensures Quick Compensation Without Legal Delays: CSC focuses on giving fast financial help to victims of nuclear accidents without long court cases. Eg: After a nuclear incident, funds can be released immediately to affected people, unlike long litigation seen in Bhopal.
    • Fixes Responsibility on the Operator Only: CSC channels all liability to the nuclear plant operator, protecting suppliers unless there’s proven misconduct. Eg: If NPCIL runs the plant, it bears full responsibility, not companies like Westinghouse or Rosatom.
    • Creates an International Compensation Fund: It sets up a multi-tiered fund (including global contributions) to support countries during large-scale accidents. Eg: A country can access a global pool of money through CSC if the cost of a disaster exceeds national capacity.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Framework to Balance Liability and Investment: Amend India’s nuclear laws to align liability rules with international standards like the CSC, ensuring fair responsibility for operators while providing enough protection to attract foreign and private investments.
    • Promote Technology Transfer and Domestic Capacity Building: Create transparent policies and incentives that encourage foreign companies to share advanced nuclear technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) with Indian firms, while simultaneously building India’s own manufacturing and operational capabilities to achieve energy targets sustainably.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.

    Linkage: The article  indicate that discussions are ongoing in India to amend its nuclear liability framework (specifically, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA), 2010, and the Atomic Energy Act (AEA), 1962). The primary reason for these proposed amendments is to allow private companies to build and operate nuclear energy-generation facilities and to expand India’s nuclear energy capacity from 8 GW to 100 GW by 2047, aligning with the country’s clean energy goals.

  • Global Energy Investment Report, 2025

    Why in the News?

    China will lead global energy investments in 2025, making up over a quarter of total spending, says the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 10th edition Global Energy Investment Report, 2025.

    Back2Basics: International Energy Agency (IEA)

    • Establishment: The IEA was formed in 1974 under the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in response to the 1973 oil crisis, with headquarters in Paris, France.
    • Membership: It has 31 member countries (e.g., US, UK, France, Japan) and 11 association countries like India, China, and Brazil.
    • India’s Role: India joined as an Association Country in 2017, gaining access to data-sharing, policy support, and technical cooperation.
    • Expanded Mission: The IEA now supports energy security, clean energy transitions, emissions tracking, and policy development.
    • Global Influence: Its major reports—World Energy Outlook, Net Zero by 2050, and Energy Technology Perspectives—guide governments and investors worldwide.

    About the Global Energy Investment Report:

    • Origin and Purpose: Officially titled World Energy Investment Report, is the IEA’s flagship annual publication.
    • Published since 2016: To assess investment flows across the global energy system.
    • Scope of Coverage: It tracks investments in fossil fuels, renewables, electricity supply, critical minerals, energy efficiency, R&D, and innovation financing.
    • Strategic Value: The report helps determine if current investments support climate goals and universal energy access.

    Global Energy Investment Report, 2025

    Key Highlights from the 2025 Report:

    • China’s Role: China will account for over 25% of global energy investment, with over $625 billion in clean energy, though it also approved 100 GW of new coal plants in 2024.
    • Global Trends: Clean energy investment will hit $2.2 trillion, over twice the amount spent on fossil fuels, yet still falls short of COP28 targets.
    • Africa’s Investment Gap: Africa’s fossil fuel investment dropped from $125 billion to $54 billion, and it still receives only 2% of global clean energy funds, mainly due to debt burdens.
    • India’s Position: India’s renewables investment rose from $13 billion (2015) to $37 billion (2025), while fossil fuel investment also increased. However, grid and storage spending declined to $25 billion.
    • Financing Barriers: India’s high cost of capital—80% above advanced economies—limits clean energy growth. The “Baku to Belem Roadmap” seeks to mobilize $1.3 trillion by 2035 for such regions.
    • Global Mismatch: While $1 trillion is spent annually on power generation, only $400 billion goes to grid infrastructure, affecting distribution capacity.
    [UPSC 2022] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.

    2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with The Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”.

    3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.

    4.Some Indian companies are members of EP100.

    5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) 1,2,4 and 5 (b) 1,3 and 4 only* (c) 2,3 and 5 only (d) 1,2,3,4 and 5

     

  • [pib] NAMASTE Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Social Justice launched the Waste Picker Enumeration App under the National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Scheme to support and formalize India’s informal sanitation workforce.

    About NAMASTE Scheme:

    • Launch: It is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2022.
    • Implementing Agencies: It is jointly implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), with the National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) as the executing body.
    • Initial Focus and Expansion: Initially aimed at sewer and septic tank workers (SSWs), the scheme was expanded in June 2024 to include waste pickers.
    • Core Objective: To promote safety, dignity, skill development, and social inclusion for sanitation workers.

    Key Features of the Scheme:

    • Identification: The scheme aims to enumerate SSWs and waste pickers to formally integrate them into government support systems.
    • Skill Training: It provides occupational training to ensure sanitation work is safe and professional.
    • Protective Gear: PPE kits are distributed to reduce workers’ health risks.
    • Health Coverage: Workers and their families receive Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) health insurance.
    • Safety Equipment: Sanitation Response Units (SRUs) are supported with modern safety tools.
    • Livelihood Support:
      • Encourages mechanized sanitation work.
      • Offers capital and interest subsidies for buying equipment.
    • Collective Formation: Supports sanitation workers in forming Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and sanitation enterprises.
    • Awareness Campaigns: ULBs and NSKFDC conduct campaigns promoting dignified and safe sanitation practices.

    Key Achievements (as of May 29, 2025):

    • Enumerated Workers: Over 80,000 sewer and septic tank workers have been identified and validated.
    • Health Coverage: 26,447 health cards issued under PM-JAY.
    • PPE Distribution: 45,781 PPE kits delivered to frontline workers.
    • Safety Kits: 354 Emergency Response Safety Kits provided to sanitation teams.
    • Waste Picker Integration: NAMASTE now aims to profile 2.5 lakh waste pickers, offering them ID cards, insurance, skilling, and livelihood assistance.
    [UPSC 2016] Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to:

    Options: (a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood (b) release the sex workers from their practice and provide them with alternative sources of livelihood (c) eradicate the practice of manual scavenging and rehabilitate the manual scavengers* (d) release the bonded labourers from their bondage and rehabilitate them

     

  • Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi

    Why in the News?

    The Tamil Nadu government has officially notified a Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi in Ramanathapuram district.

    Greater Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi

    What is a Bird Sanctuary?

    • India’s bird sanctuaries are established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WLPA).
    • Section 18 of the WLPA empowers State governments to declare wildlife or bird sanctuaries based on ecological or zoological importance.
    • The law prohibits hunting of protected birds and prescribes penalties for violations, including fines and imprisonment.

    About Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus):

    • Overview: It is the largest and most widespread flamingo species, found across Africa, southern Europe, and South and Southeast Asia, including India and Pakistan.
    • Presence in India: India hosts both Greater and Lesser Flamingos. Greater Flamingo is the state bird of Gujarat.
    • Behaviour and Diet: These birds form monogamous pairs and get their pink coloration from a diet rich in brine shrimp and algae. They are omnivores, feeding on invertebrates, small fish, algae, and decaying plant matter.
    • Habitat: They prefer saltwater lagoons, mudflats, and saline lakes, and are important indicators of wetland health.
    • Migration Pattern: Every year, 100,000–150,000 flamingos migrate from Gujarat to Mumbai, typically arriving in November and settling in the Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.
    • Migration Triggers: Their movement depends on food availability, water levels, and colony crowding.
    • Conservation Status:
      • IUCN Red List: Least Concern (LC) (species is widespread and abundant)
      • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule II (protected but with lesser penalties than Schedule I)
      • CMS (Convention on Migratory Species): Appendix II (species need international cooperation for conservation)
      • CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): Appendix II (trade is regulated to avoid overexploitation)

    About the Flamingo Sanctuary at Dhanushkodi:

    • Location: The sanctuary lies in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, spanning 524.7 hectares in Rameshwaram taluk.
    • Habitat: It includes mangroves, sand dunes, mudflats, and marshes, supporting migratory birds, marine life, and sea turtles.
    • Flyway Connection: The site falls along the Central Asian Flyway, a key route for wetland migratory birds.
    • Bird Census: The 2023–24 wetland bird survey recorded over 10,700 birds, including herons, egrets, sandpipers, and both flamingo species.
    • Ecological Importance: Mangrove species like Avicennia and Rhizophora dominate the area, offering breeding grounds and coastal protection.
    [UPSC 2015] With reference to an organization known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    (1) It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations. (2) The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspots’ originated from this organization. (3) It identifies the sites known/referred to as ‘Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas’.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • [pib] EnviStats India Report, 2025

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the 8th edition of EnviStats India: Environment Statistics Report.

    About EnviStats India Report:

    • Launch: It is an annual report released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), first launched in 2018.
    • Global Framework: It follows the UN’s Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 2013.
    • Data Compilation: The report consolidates environmental data from multiple ministries and departments of the Indian government.
    • Policymaking Support: It helps in evidence-based policymaking by identifying environmental challenges, resource needs, and trends.

    Key Highlights of EnviStats India, 2025:

    • Energy and Fisheries:
      • Thermal power generation rose from 7.92 lakh GWh (2013–14) to 13.26 lakh GWh (2023–24).
      • Renewable energy generation increased from 65,520 GWh to 2.26 lakh GWh over the same period.
      • Inland fish production jumped from 61.36 lakh tonnes to 139.07 lakh tonnes.
      • Marine fish production grew from 34.43 lakh tonnes to 44.95 lakh tonnes.
    • Climate and Weather Trends:
      • Annual mean temperature increased from 25.05°C (2001) to 25.74°C (2024).
      • Minimum temperature rose from 19.32°C to 20.24°C; maximum temperature from 30.78°C to 31.25°C.
      • Rainfall patterns showed year-to-year variability, but no clear long-term trend.
    • Biodiversity Statistics:
      • India’s faunal diversity includes 1,04,561 species, contributing to the global count of 16,73,627 species.
      • It includes 20,613 marine, 9,436 freshwater, and 22,404 soil species.
      • Mangrove and estuarine ecosystems show high biodiversity richness.
    • Expenditure Trends:
      • The Environment Sustainability sector had the highest allocation: ₹2,433.24 crore in 2021–22.
      • Spending on Conservation of Natural Resources showed a rising trend.
      • Agro-forestry received the lowest funding among the three major environmental sectors.
    [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).

    2. CGWA was’ formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.

    3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only * (c) 2 only (d) 1 and 3 only