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  • On Irregularities in Vertical Devolution

    On Irregularities in Vertical Devolution

    Introduction

    • Recent agitations and concerns raised by state governments highlight critical issues in the practice of fiscal federalism in India.
    • Kerala and Karnataka governments, supported by others, have underscored the urgency for the 16th Finance Commission (FC) to address vertical and horizontal inequalities in devolution

    Also read:

    Explained: Financial Devolution among States

    Trends in Vertical Devolution

    • Shrinking Divisible Pool: Historically, the divisible pool consisted mainly of income taxes and excise duties shared with states. However, recent changes have seen the exclusion of certain taxes, like corporation taxes, from the divisible pool, reducing the share available for states.
    • Expansion of Cesses and Surcharges: Despite the GST implementation, new cesses and surcharges continue to be introduced, contributing to the exclusion of an increasing share of gross tax revenue from net proceeds, impacting vertical devolution.
    • Conflicting Data: Discrepancies in government-released information on the quantum of cesses and surcharges have raised concerns about transparency and accurate reporting, which are vital for assessing the true extent of vertical devolution challenges.

    Financial Implications

    • Collection Trends: Disaggregated data analysis reveals a significant rise in the collection of cesses and surcharges over the past decade, with amounts not shared with states but retained solely by the Union government, exacerbating the vertical devolution imbalance.
    • Cumulative Collection: Cumulatively, substantial amounts have been collected as cesses and surcharges, depriving states of their rightful share and necessitating corrective measures to address historical wrongs in vertical devolution.

    Challenges in Tied Transfers

    [A] Nature of Transfers:

    • Central Schemes: The requirement for state contributions to centrally sponsored schemes and central sector schemes places a financial burden on states, undermining their fiscal autonomy and perpetuating a patron-client relationship with the Union government.
    • Conditionalities: Grants provided to states often come with conditionalities, such as labelling requirements, further limiting states’ flexibility in utilizing funds according to their specific needs.
    • Loan Nature: Most capital transfers to states are in the form of loans, adding to states’ debt burdens and constraining their financial freedom.

    [B] Impact on Federal Dynamics:

    • Centralizing Tendency: Imposed conditionalities and the reliance on centrally sponsored schemes reinforce a centralizing tendency, eroding the principles of cooperative fiscal federalism and undermining states’ autonomy in fiscal matters.
    • Substitution of Untied Transfers: The substitution of untied transfers with centrally sponsored schemes introduces rigidity in Union-State relations, hindering effective collaboration and diluting the spirit of cooperative federalism envisioned in the Indian federal structure.

    Scrutiny by Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)

    • Non-Transfer of Funds: Instances of non-transfer or short transfer of collected amounts, as highlighted by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), raise concerns about the effective utilization of funds and the transparency of financial management practices.
    • Consequences:
      1. Defeat of Collection Logic: The failure to transfer cesses and surcharges to the designated reserve funds undermines the intended purpose of their collection, leading to inefficiencies and potential misappropriation of funds.
      2. Ruse for Fund Diversion: The discrepancies in fund transfers raise suspicions regarding the true intent behind cesses and surcharges, with indications that they may serve as a means to divert funds away from the divisible pool for other government expenditures.

    Deviations from Finance Commission (FC) Recommendations

    [A] Assessment of Union Government’s Claims:

    • Retention of Gross Tax Revenue: While the retention of a portion of gross tax revenue by the Union government has a basis in constitutional provisions, the failure to adhere to FC recommendations on sharing net proceeds raises questions about the government’s commitment to equitable fiscal federalism.
    • Failure in Net Proceeds Sharing: Analysis of the share of central taxes devolved to states against FC-stipulated percentages reveals consistent underperformance by the Union government, indicating a significant deviation from FC recommendations.

    [B] Quantitative Analysis:

    • Shortfalls: Comparisons of actual devolutions with FC-recommended shares highlight substantial shortfalls, amounting to significant cumulative amounts over the years, representing a systemic failure in achieving equitable distribution of resources among states.
    • Cumulative Impact: The cumulative amounts not devolved to states underscore the magnitude of the fiscal imbalance and the urgent need for corrective measures to rectify historical injustices in vertical devolution.

    Way Forward: Reform Agenda for the 16th Finance Commission

    [A] Corrective Measures

    • Compensations to States: Addressing historical wrongs in vertical devolution requires compensatory measures to ensure fair resource distribution among states and rectify past imbalances.
    • Accurate Reporting: Mandating accurate reporting of “net proceeds” in budget documents is essential for transparency and accountability in fiscal management, enabling stakeholders to assess the true extent of resource allocation.
    • Addressing Shortfalls: Providing lump sum untied grants to states to offset past shortfalls in devolution is crucial to restoring states’ fiscal autonomy and promoting cooperative federalism.

    [B] Legislative Action:

    • Limiting Cesses and Surcharges: Enacting legislation to impose strict limits on the collection of cesses and surcharges, with provisions for automatic expiry and prevention of rechristening, is necessary to prevent misuse and ensure transparency in revenue generation.

    Conclusion

    • The stance of the 16th Finance Commission on vertical devolution is pivotal for the survival of fiscal federalism in India, requiring decisive action to address existing challenges and uphold the principles of cooperative federalism.

  • Row over Karnataka Temple Bill

    temple

    In the news

    • The Karnataka government’s recent move to amend the law governing the taxation of Hindu temples sparked significant debate and controversy.
    • It aims to overhaul the existing framework, particularly in terms of income allocation and management.

    Proposed Changes in Temple Taxation

    The Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Bill, 2024 aimed to modify several provisions in the existing law:

    • Income Allocation: The proposed change sought to divert 10% of the gross income of temples earning over Rs 1 crore annually to a common pool for temple maintenance. Section 19 of the Act outlines the purposes for which the common fund may be utilized, including religious studies, temple maintenance, and charitable causes.
    • Shift in Calculation: This change would shift from the previous norm of allocating 10% of the net income of temples with earnings over Rs 10 lakh annually.
    • Dedicated Common Pool: Additionally, 5% of the income of temples earning between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore annually would have been dedicated to the common pool.
    • Priests Welfare: The Congress government proposed utilizing the enhanced funds to support lower-income temples, provide assistance to ailing priests, and offer scholarships to priests’ families.

    Additional Amendments Proposed:

    • Committee of Management: The Bill proposed including a member skilled in Vishwakarma Hindu temple architecture and sculpture within the committee of management for temples.
    • Authority of Rajya Dharmika Parishat: It granted the Rajya Dharmika Parishat the power to appoint the chairman of temple management committees.
    • Infrastructure Oversight: The Bill mandated the creation of district-level and state high-level committees to oversee infrastructural projects facilitating temple pilgrimage.

    Criticism and Opposition

    • Interference into Religious Matters: BJP leaders accused the government of attempting to “rob” Hindu temples and questioned the selective targeting of Hindu institutions.
    • Questioning Motives: Concerns were raised regarding the selective taxation of Hindu temples, prompting questions about the government’s intentions.

    Constitutional Insights into the Issue

     

    The proposed Bill, which aimed to divert a percentage of temple income to a common pool, raised concerns about government interference in temple finances, potentially infringing on these constitutional rights under:

    • Article 25: Ensures individuals’ freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.
    • Article 26: Grants religious denominations autonomy to manage their religious affairs and establish institutions for religious and charitable purposes.

    Comparison with Other States

    • Telangana’s Model: Similar to Karnataka, Telangana also mandates temple contributions towards a common good fund, utilized for temple maintenance and related expenses.
    • Kerala’s Devaswom Boards: Kerala’s temples are managed by state-run Devaswom Boards, each with its own budget and administrative laws, overseen by government-appointed nominees.

    Issues with the Bill

    • Government Interference: The appointment of members from Hindu and other religions to temple management committees raises concerns about state involvement in temple affairs.
    • Contradiction to Secularism: Perceived as contradicting the principle of secularism advocating for a separation of religion and state involvement in religious matters.
    • Conflict with Autonomy: Opposition to the diversion of temple income for a common pool fund highlights concerns about encroachment on religious autonomy and financial mismanagement by the state.

    Conclusion

    • The Karnataka temple bill controversy underscores the complex interplay between governance, religion, and finance.
    • While intended reforms aimed to enhance temple infrastructure and support, differing interpretations and political alignments led to its rejection.
    • As states grapple with temple management, a balance between tradition, governance, and public welfare remains a constant challenge.

    Try this Question from CS Mains 2018:

    Q.How the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10)

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”ba3uieqcag” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • Article 371A’s Influence on Coal Mining Rules in Nagaland

    In the news

    • The Nagaland CM is facing pressure to regulate coal mining after a tragic incident where six miners died in an explosion.
    • The unique land rights granted under Article 371A of the Indian Constitution have complicated efforts to control illegal coal mining activities.

    Article 371A: Special Provisions for Nagaland

    Details
    Historical Context Established in 1963 for Nagaland, recognizing its autonomy after the Naga people’s struggle.
    Religious & Social Practices Protects Naga tribes’ customs, traditions, and religious practices from external interference.
    Customary Laws Allows continuation of indigenous legal systems and traditional methods of justice.
    **Autonomy Grants Nagaland autonomy in managing its land, forests, and natural resources.
    Legislation Reserves seats in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly for various tribes and communities.
    Special Rights Aims to protect Naga people’s rights and promote socio-cultural development within the state.

    Article 371A

    Why discuss this?

    • Rat-hole Mining: Nagaland’s coal mining policy, permitting rat-hole mining due to the scattered nature of coal deposits, presents challenges for effective regulation.
    • Licensing Restrictions: Small pocket deposit licenses, awarded to individual landowners, impose limitations on lease duration, mining area, and machinery usage, as outlined in the Nagaland Coal Policy (First Amendment) of 2014.

    Conclusion

    • The intersection of constitutional provisions, traditional land rights, and regulatory frameworks poses complex challenges for the Nagaland government in its endeavour to address illegal coal mining activities.
    • As legislative deliberations continue, concerted efforts towards public awareness, regulatory reforms, and enforcement actions remain imperative for safeguarding both natural resources and community welfare in the state.

  • Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    In the news

    • Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.

    About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)

    • It is a bi-national project between India and Nepal, aimed primarily at energy production and enhancing irrigation in both countries.
    • It involves the construction of a 315-meter high dam across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India).
    • It forms an 80 km long reservoir with a surface area of 116 km square and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion cubic meters.
    • Once completed, the PMP is expected to have a capacity of 5,040 megawatts (MW) and will be among the tallest dams globally, with an estimated cost ranging from Rs. 401.84 billion to Rs. 500 billion.
    • The project’s objectives include energy production and irrigation enhancement, but environmentalists have raised concerns about its potential impact on the region’s ecology and local communities.
    • This project underscores the progress of the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 between India and Nepal includes provisions for the integrated development of the Mahakali River basin.

    Obstacles to Progress

    • Benefit Sharing: Disagreements arise over the distribution of benefits, with India receiving a larger share of irrigation benefits while Nepal emphasizes the value of water as a precious resource.
    • Political and Bureaucratic Challenges: Political considerations, including impending elections in India and domestic political fragility in Nepal, hinder progress. Bureaucratic concerns further impede consensus-building.

    Back2Basics: Mahakali Treaty

    Details
    Mahakali River Also known as Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.

    Joins Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganga.
    Signatories and Date Signed between Nepal and India on February 12, 1996.
    Objective Aimed at the integrated development of the Mahakali River, including projects like the Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage, and Pancheshwar Project.
    Ratification Process Required a two-thirds majority in the combined session of both houses of the Nepalese parliament.

    Faced opposition and scrutiny from parliamentarians during the process.
    Establishment of Commission Provision for the establishment of a Mahakali River Commission to oversee and regulate matters outlined in the treaty.

  • Early Bloom of Jacaranda sparks Climate Debate in Mexico

    Jacaranda

    Introduction

    • Mexico City’s iconic jacaranda trees, known for their stunning purple blooms in spring, are experiencing an unusual phenomenon this year, with some trees blooming as early as January instead of their typical spring awakening.

    About Jacaranda Trees

    • Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae.
    • Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, with some species found in the Caribbean and Africa.
    • Known for its stunning clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of purple, blue, or white, Jacaranda trees are prized as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes worldwide.
    • Jacaranda trees hold cultural significance in various regions, such as Brazil, where their blooming heralds the arrival of spring, and South Africa, where they are commonly planted in urban areas.
    • Some species of Jacaranda produce valuable timber, prized for its lightweight nature, durability, and attractive grain pattern, suitable for furniture and decorative woodworking.
    • While generally not invasive, Jacaranda trees can become weedy in introduced regions, though their ornamental value often outweighs any negative impacts, making them well-tolerated in urban landscapes.

  • Criminals of Politics: Analysis of Rajya Sabha Candidates by ADR

    In the news

    • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.

    Context:

    • Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
    • Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
    • Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.

    Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?

    • Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
    • Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
    • Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
    • Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
    • Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
    • Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.

    Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:

    • Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
    • Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
    • Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.

    Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics

    [A] Legislative Interventions

    • Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
    • Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
    • Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.

    [B] Establishment of Special Courts

    • Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
    • Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.

    [C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)

    • Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
    • Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.

    [D] Election Commission Initiatives

    • Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
    • Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.

    Major Judicial Interventions

    Background Key Outcome Significance
    Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records. Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details. Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
    Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005) Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates. Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more. Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
    Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more. Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
    People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA. Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs). Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.

    Way Forward

    • Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
    • State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
    • Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
    • Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
    • Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
    • Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.

    Try this question from CS Mains 2017:

    Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”roqfiebpzo” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • Why sustainable funding matters for India’s ‘Science Power’ ambition?

    In the news

    • National Science Day is commemorated on Feb 28 every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir CV Raman.

    About National Science Day 2024

    • Theme: “Science for Sustainable Development” underscores India’s commitment to leveraging science and technology for long-term socio-economic progress.
    • Key Driver: Science and technology play pivotal roles in India’s journey toward achieving developed nation status by 2047, aligning with global sustainability goals.

    The Current Scenario: R&D Spending in India

    • Low Expenditure: India’s expenditure on research and development (R&D) stands at a mere 0.64% of GDP, a concerning figure for a nation aspiring for technological advancement.
    • Stagnant Growth: Despite calls to double R&D spending, India’s allocation for fundamental research has seen a decline in recent years, highlighting the need for enhanced investment in scientific endeavours.

    science

    Comparative Analysis with Developed Nations

    • Global Benchmarks: Developed nations typically allocate 2-4% of their GDPs to R&D, showcasing a stark contrast to India’s minimal spending. Moreover, even Nations like South Korea have shown significant growth in R&D expenditures, averaging 10.9% annually over 2000–10 and 7.8% for 2010–19.
    • Private Sector Contribution: In economically advanced countries, the private sector contributes significantly to R&D investment, unlike India, where public funding dominates. In leading economies, the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), while in India, its share is only 37%. This disparity highlights the need for increased private sector investment in R&D in India.

    What is the significance of Sustainable Funding for India’s ‘Science Power’ Ambition?

    • Low Corporate Sector Investment: The primary reason for India’s low R&D expenditure is the inadequate investment by the corporate sector. While leading economies see two-thirds of R&D funding coming from corporations, in India, this share is only 37%. Increasing corporate investment in R&D is essential to boost innovation and technological progress.
    • Underestimation of GERD Data: There is evidence suggesting that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data may be underestimated. The current method of data collection relies on surveys and secondary sources like annual reports and databases like Prowess. However, this method may not capture all R&D-performing enterprises, leading to incomplete statistics
    • Foreign Investment Discrepancy: Foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in R&D spending in India. However, the latest statistics indicate that foreign MNCs’ R&D spending in India is only about 10% of what U.S. firms report spending in the country. Encouraging higher foreign investment in R&D can contribute to India’s scientific growth.
    • Challenges in Data Collection: Collecting accurate data from the private corporate sector poses a challenge due to factors like firms’ reluctance to disclose information and the limitations of existing databases like DSIR and Prowess. Enhancing data collection methods is crucial to obtaining a comprehensive picture of R&D activities in the country.

    Challenges Faced by India in Achieving ‘Science Power’ Ambition:

    • Limited Research Workforce: India faces a shortage of high-quality universities and appropriate job opportunities for graduates, which impedes the expansion of its research workforce. To enhance scientific capabilities, there is a critical need to establish more top-tier educational institutions and create avenues for skilled professionals in the field.
    • Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic red tape in India poses a significant challenge to research and innovation. Delays in fund disbursement, lengthy recruitment processes, and administrative inefficiencies hamper the pace of scientific advancements. Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing efficiency are essential to foster a conducive environment for research.
    • Lack of International Collaboration: India has relatively low levels of international collaboration compared to other developing nations, limiting its exposure to global scientific advancements and partnerships. Strengthening ties with international counterparts can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
    • Inadequate Funding: India’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP is significantly lower than other emerging nations like China and Brazil, as well as established economies like the United States and Europe. Insufficient funding limits the capacity for research and innovation, hindering India’s progress in the scientific domain.
    • Infrastructure and Technological Challenges: The development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor manufacturing requires robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. India’s limited investment in science and technology, coupled with bureaucratic hurdles and outdated procurement systems, hinders the adoption of global best practices and impedes research progress.

    Way forward

    • Sustainable funding: India is committed in making progress towards becoming a developed country by 2047 through sustainable means, including R&D funding.
    • Streamline bureaucracy: India needs to streamline its bureaucratic processes to enhance efficiency and reduce delays in funding and project approvals.
    • Increase R&D spending: India aims to increase its Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% of GDP, which is a national goal for some time.
    • Improve infrastructure and technology: India needs to improve its infrastructure and technological capabilities to drive innovation and research progress.
    • Increase in International collaboration: India aims to increase its international collaboration to facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.

    Conclusion

    • As India commemorates National Science Day under the theme of sustainable development, addressing the imperative of sustainable funding for science emerges as a critical priority.
    • By fostering a conducive ecosystem for R&D investment and optimizing budget utilization, India can pave the way for transformative scientific advancements and sustainable socio-economic progress.

    Back2Basics: CV Raman and Raman’s Effect

    Details
    Birth Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency on 7 November 1888.
    Appointment in IISc Appointed as Director of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933, served until retirement in 1948.
    Initial Research Published first research paper, “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture”, in 1906 while still a graduate student.
    Raman Effect Discovered phenomenon where light changes wavelength and frequency upon traversing transparent material, known as Raman Effect.
    Acoustics Worked on theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments, studied acoustics of various musical instruments including Indian ones.
    Colour of Sea Water Conducted observations on sea water using spectroscope,

    Concluded blue color not due to Rayleigh scattering, studied water color attribution.
    Spectroscopic Behaviour Investigated behavior of crystals spectroscopically, studied composition and characteristics of diamonds and colorful materials.
    Angular Momentum Discovered light photons have angular momentum, shifted to atoms that absorb them.
    Scientific Institutions Established Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru in 1949, became its first director.
    Awards and Recognition Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman Effect, first Indian and Asian to win Nobel in sciences.

    Elected member of Royal Society of London in 1924.

    Honored with India’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1954.

    Received Lenin Peace Prize, Franklin Medal, and Hughes Medal in 1930.

  • In news: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    In news: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    In the news

    • The Odisha government’s estimation of the tiger population in its forests has been reported to be 30 Royal Bengal Tigers, while the All India Tiger Estimation-2022 report has found only 20 tigers present.

    About All Odisha Tiger Estimation:

    • The State tiger census was conducted by the State Forest Department.
      • According to the census, the State has 30 Tigers out of which Similipal Tiger Reserve recorded 27 tigers in the wild.
      • The remaining three belong to Hirakud wildlife division (Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary), Paralakhemundi territorial division and Keonjhar territorial and wildlife division.
    • Methodology: The census was conducted using camera-trapping exercises.

    About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    • Concerned over the sizeable number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in its Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), largely due to inbreeding, the Odisha government has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to consider introducing female tigers from other landscapes to the reserve.
    Details
    Location and Size Located in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj District, spanning 2750 sq km.

    Surrounded by high plateaus and hills;

    Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks reach 1515 m.
    History Initially a hunting ground, designated as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in 1973,

    Later declared a wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
    Flora and Fauna Rich biodiversity includes tigers, leopards, elephants, gaur, diverse bird species, King cobras, orchids, and medicinal plants.
    Tribes Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, with traditional conservation practices.
    UNESCO Recognition UNESCO listed it as a Biosphere Reserve in May 2009 due to its ecological significance.
    Recent Events A significant fire in 2021 posed a threat to the reserve’s biodiversity, highlighting ongoing conservation challenges.
    Global Recognition Recognized as a Global Network of Biospheres site since 2009.

    Melanism in Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)

    • Genetic Anomaly: Melanism, a genetic condition, results in increased melanin production, leading to black or nearly black skin, feathers, or hair in animals.
    • Pseudo-Melanism: The royal Bengal tigers of Similipal boast a unique lineage with elevated melanin levels, resulting in black and yellow interspersed stripes on their coats, making them pseudo-melanistic rather than entirely black.
    • Genetic Mutation: Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
    • Inbreeding and Isolation: Genetic analyses suggest that Similipal’s black tigers may have originated from a small founding population, leading to inbreeding due to isolation from other tiger populations.

    What are the Population Dynamics and Conservation Efforts made by Odisha Govt?

    • High Frequency: Approximately 37% of tigers in Similipal Tiger Reserve exhibit pseudo-melanistic traits, highlighting the prevalence of this unique phenotype.
    • Conservation Measures: Odisha plans to establish a melanistic tiger safari near Similipal, aiming to raise awareness about tiger conservation and provide visitors with an opportunity to observe these rare big cats up close.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:

    Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”6rt05p6t3w” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • 4 IAF Gaganyaan Astronaut-designates named

    Gaganyaan

    In the news

    • Prime Minister announced the astronaut designates for India’s inaugural crewed spaceflight, Gaganyaan, slated for a 2025 launch.

    About Gaganyaan Mission

    • The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s initiative to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 members into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
    • It aims to demonstrate India’s indigenous capability in undertaking human space flights, with an immediate goal of executing a manned mission.
    • GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will be used as a launch vehicle in Gaganyaan mission.

    Gaganyaan

    Technological Requirements

    • Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 serves as the launch vehicle, equipped with Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module to ensure crew safety.
    • Orbital Module (OM):
      1. Crew Module (CM): Provides a habitable space for crew members, featuring a double-walled rigid construction and essential life support systems.
      2. Service Module (SM): Supports the Crew Module in orbit, housing propulsion, thermal, and power systems.
    • Crew Escape System (CES): Facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission, ensuring their safety.
    • Life Support System: Ensures a conducive environment for crew members in space, addressing physiological needs and emergency provisions.

    Phases of Gaganyaan Mission

    • Testing Phase: Included Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT), crucial for validating safety mechanisms and system performance.
    • Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission, involving advanced tests and flight trials. Vyommitra AI humanoid underwent tests for this mission.
    • Manned Mission: Culminates in executing the human spaceflight module of Gaganyaan, following successful unmanned missions.

    Significance of the Mission

    • Technological Advancement: Propels India towards future technological capabilities, fostering affordable space programs and scientific exploration.
    • Youth Inspiration: Inspires youth towards careers in science and technology, igniting innovation and creativity in space science.
    • Diplomatic Collaboration: Opens avenues for international cooperation in space exploration, enhancing diplomatic ties and knowledge exchange.
    • Scientific Breakthrough: Enables groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, material science, and biology through microgravity experiments.
    • Economic Growth: Stimulates economic development, technology spin-offs, and job creation, contributing to India’s overall progress.

    Challenges Associated

    • Indigenous Technology: Reliance on indigenous technology necessitates complex research and development efforts, ensuring program safety.
    • Space Transportation Vehicle: Development of customized launch vehicles poses challenges due to payload constraints and weight limitations.
    • Training and Simulation: Lack of critical space training facilities necessitates dependence on other space agencies, augmenting challenges.
    • Regenerative Environment: Creation of self-sustaining life support systems in space remains a daunting task, requiring innovative solutions.
    • Crew Safety: Mitigating risks associated with crew safety, including psychological and physiological effects of space travel, is imperative.

    Conclusion

    • The Gaganyaan Mission epitomizes India’s leap towards space exploration, encapsulating aspirations of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and international collaboration.
    • Amidst challenges and complexities, India stands poised to script a new chapter in its space odyssey, inspiring generations and propelling towards the frontiers of the cosmos.

  • Completion of Genome India Project

    Genome India Project

    In the news

    About the Genome India Project

    Details
    Initiative Launched in 2020 by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and ISRO
    Aim To sequence 10,000 Indian genomes for a reference genome.
    Objective Understand Indian genetic variations for predictive diagnostics.
    Scope Involves 20+ institutions to collect samples and create a reference grid.
    Significance Addresses India’s genetic diversity for personalized healthcare.
    Applications Advances biotech, agriculture, and healthcare for diseases like diabetes and cancer.

    What is Genome Sequencing?

    • Genome sequencing involves deciphering the complete set of genetic instructions contained within an organism’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
    • It entails determining the sequence of the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
    • The human genome comprises over 3 billion of these genetic letters, but current DNA sequencing methods can only handle short stretches at a time.
    • While human genomes consist of DNA, viruses can have genomes composed of either DNA or RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
    • Notably, viruses like the coronavirus possess RNA genomes.
    • Each organism possesses a unique genome sequence, making genome sequencing a vital technique for understanding genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.

    Outcomes of the Genome India Project

    • Population Complexity: India’s vast population, comprising over 4,600 distinct groups, exhibits significant genetic diversity, owing to factors such as endogamy.
    • Unique Variations: Various disease-causing mutations are amplified within specific population groups, highlighting the importance of understanding India’s genetic landscape.

    Future Implications

    • Insight into Population Diversity: The project aims to provide deeper insights into India’s genetic diversity, facilitating improved diagnostic methods and medical counselling.
    • Personalized Medicine: Identifying genetic predispositions to diseases and developing personalized drugs are envisioned outcomes, enhancing healthcare interventions.
    • Biobank Establishment: A biobank housing 20,000 blood samples, located at the Centre for Brain Research, IISc, supports genome sequencing efforts.
    • Data Archiving: Data archiving at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), set up by the DBT at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, underscores the project’s commitment to transparency and collaboration.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2017:

    d) 1, 2 and 3

     

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