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GS Paper: GS2

  • Taiwan Fires HIMARS in Anti-Invasion Drill

    Why in the news?

    Taiwan conducted a live-fire exercise using the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) on its west coast for the first time, simulating strikes against an invading force from China and demonstrating its “shoot-and-scoot” capability.

    HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System)

    • Full form: High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).
    • Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin.
    • Country of origin: United States.
    • Type: Wheeled Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS).
    • Mounted on: A 6×6 military truck chassis.
    • Designed for: Precision long-range strikes.

    Range

    • Approximately 300 km (190 miles) using long-range precision rockets.
    • From western Taiwan, it can potentially strike targets in China’s Fujian Province across the Taiwan Strait.

    What is “Shoot-and-Scoot”?

    • A battlefield tactic used by mobile artillery systems.
    • Involves:
      1. Moving to a firing position.
      2. Launching rockets.
      3. Immediately relocating before enemy counter-attacks.

    [2022] Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news?

    a) It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.

    b) China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
    c) A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
    d) Though International Court, of Justice declared them as no man’s land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.

  • US Court Strikes Down Trump’s $100,000 H-1B Fee

    Why in the news?

    A US federal judge struck down former President Donald Trump’s controversial $100,000 fee on new H-1B visas, ruling that the measure amounted to an unlawful tax that could not be imposed without Congressional approval.

    What is the H-1B Visa Programme?

    • The H-1B visa is a non-immigrant work visa issued by the United States.
    • It allows US employers to hire foreign workers in speciality occupations requiring at least a bachelor’s degree and Specialised knowledge.

    Major Sectors

    • Information Technology (IT), Engineering, Healthcare, Finance, Consulting, and Research

    Annual H-1B Cap

    • General Cap: 65,000 visas annually for most private employers.
    • Additional Cap: 20,000 visas reserved for holders of advanced degrees from US institutions.

    Cap Exempt Entities

    • The following can file H-1B petitions throughout the year: Universities, Non-profit research organisations, and government research institutions.

    In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis? (2019)

    1. The foreign currency earnings of India’s IT sector
    2. Increasing the government expenditure
    3. Remittances from Indians abroad

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [10th June 2026] The Hindu OpED: India’s road through Myanmar is one of engagement

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2022] India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka. Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement.Linkage: The PYQ examines India’s approach towards political and economic instability in its neighbourhood. Similar to Sri Lanka, India’s engagement with Myanmar reflects a pragmatic neighbourhood policy that prioritises regional stability, connectivity, and strategic interests despite domestic political challenges.

    Mentor’s Comment

    Myanmar President U Min Aung Hlaing visited India from May 30 to June 3, 2026, marking the first visit by a Myanmar President to India since the 2021 military coup. The visit highlights New Delhi’s preference for pragmatic engagement over diplomatic isolation. The visit gains significance amid China’s growing influence in Myanmar, delays in India’s connectivity projects, instability along the India-Myanmar border, and the strategic importance of Myanmar in the Act East Policy.

    How Does Myanmar Occupy a Central Position in India’s Strategic Calculus?

    1. Geographical Gateway: Connects India directly with Southeast Asia and serves as the land bridge for the Act East Policy.
    2. Shared Border: Shares a 1,643-km border with four Northeastern States of India.
    3. Neighbourhood First Imperative: Ensures stability in India’s immediate strategic environment.
    4. Regional Connectivity: Supports physical, economic, and people-to-people integration with ASEAN.
    5. Strategic Buffer: Limits excessive external influence in India’s eastern neighbourhood.

    Why Has India Chosen Engagement Instead of Isolation?

    1. Pragmatic Diplomacy: Maintains engagement irrespective of Myanmar’s internal political arrangements.
    2. Strategic Necessity: Recognises Myanmar’s importance for connectivity, trade, and security interests.
    3. Policy Continuity: Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri reiterated that India does not intend to comment on Myanmar’s internal political arrangements.
    4. Regional Stability: Ensures sustained communication channels during political transitions.
    5. Counter-Isolation Approach: Prevents strategic vacuum creation in Myanmar.

    How Does China’s Expanding Influence Shape India’s Myanmar Policy?

    1. Strategic Competition: China has expanded engagement with Myanmar after the 2021 coup.
    2. Infrastructure Financing: Beijing filled gaps created by Western disengagement.
    3. Arms Supplies: Increased military cooperation with Myanmar authorities.
    4. Diplomatic Cover: Provides international support to Naypyidaw.
    5. Strategic Concern: Complete Chinese dominance in Myanmar would constrain India’s strategic space.

    Why Are Connectivity Projects Central to India’s Myanmar Engagement?

    Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project

    1. Objective: Connects Kolkata to Sittwe Port by sea and further links Myanmar’s inland waterways and roads to Mizoram.
    2. Maritime Component: Operational.
    3. Riverine Component: Operational.
    4. Cargo Milestone: First cargo shipment reached Sittwe in May 2023.
    5. Critical Gap: 109-km Paletwa-Zorinpui Road remains incomplete.
    6. Target Completion: Full operationalisation targeted for 2027.

    India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway

    1. Route: Moreh (Manipur) to Mae Sot (Thailand).
    2. Length: Approximately 1,360 km.
    3. Regional Ambition: Planned extensions to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
    4. Strategic Outcome: Converts Northeast India into a gateway to Southeast Asia.
    5. Implementation Challenge: Missed the original completion target of 2019.

    Significance of IMT for Northeast India

    1. Market Access: Expands export opportunities.
    2. Economic Integration: Facilitates participation in ASEAN supply chains.
    3. Infrastructure Development: Improves logistics and transport efficiency.
    4. Employment Generation: Supports trade-led economic growth.

    What Challenges Continue to Delay Connectivity Projects?

    1. Internal Conflict: Myanmar’s civil conflict has intensified since the 2021 coup.
    2. Territorial Control: Armed groups control large stretches along project corridors.
    3. Construction Disruptions: Security threats increase costs and delays.
    4. Administrative Constraints: Weak governance affects implementation.
    5. Political Uncertainty: Creates investment and operational risks.

    How Does Security Cooperation Influence Bilateral Relations?

    1. Counter-Insurgency Cooperation: Addresses activities of Indian insurgent groups operating from Myanmar.
      1. NSCN-K (National Socialist Council of Nagaland–Khaplang): Historically operated camps in Myanmar’s Sagaing Region and carried out activities in Nagaland, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh.
      2. ULFA (Independent): Maintained safe havens in Myanmar after being pushed out of Bangladesh; cadres reportedly used Myanmar’s border areas for training and logistics.
      3. PLA (People’s Liberation Army of Manipur): One of several Meitei insurgent groups that established bases across the border.
      4. UNLF (United National Liberation Front): Operated from Myanmar’s territory for decades before several leaders and cadres were apprehended or surrendered.
      5. PREPAK (People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak) and KYKL (Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup): Maintained camps in Myanmar’s remote border regions.
    2. Territorial Assurance: Myanmar reiterated that its territory would not be used against India.
    3. Cybercrime Cooperation: Joint efforts target transnational cyber-scam networks.
    4. Rescue Operations: More than 2,400 Indian nationals rescued from scam centres in the last 18 months.
    5. Border Management: Enhances coordination against illegal activities.

    How Can Economic Cooperation Deepen India-Myanmar Relations?

    1. Bilateral Trade: Reached approximately $1.95 billion during 2025-26.
    2. Rupee-Kyat Settlement Mechanism: Reduces dependence on third-country currencies.
    3. Critical Minerals Cooperation: Supports supply chain diversification.
    4. Rare Earth Cooperation: Enhances strategic resource security.
    5. Investment Potential: Strengthens regional economic integration.

    Conclusion

    Myanmar remains central to India’s Act East strategy, border security, and regional connectivity goals. The recent engagement reflects New Delhi’s pragmatic approach that prioritises strategic interests, recognising that sustained cooperation is essential for stability, connectivity, and balancing external influence in the region.

    Value Addition: 

    China’s Key Interests in Myanmar

    1. China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC): Connects Yunnan province with the Indian Ocean.
    2. Kyaukpyu Port: Provides maritime access bypassing the Malacca Strait.
    3. Energy Security: Facilitates oil and gas pipelines from the Bay of Bengal.
    4. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Expands China’s regional footprint.

    Major Ethnic Armed Organisations

    1. Kachin Independence Army (KIA): Active in northern Myanmar.
    2. Arakan Army (AA): Influential in Rakhine State.
    3. Karen National Union (KNU): Active in southeastern Myanmar.
    4. Three Brotherhood Alliance: Significant anti-junta coalition.

    Security Concerns Along the India-Myanmar Border

    1. Insurgency: Provides safe havens for Northeastern insurgent groups such as NSCN-K, ULFA(I), PLA, PREPAK and KYKL, complicating border security and counter-insurgency operations.
    2. Drug Trafficking: Myanmar forms part of the Golden Triangle (Myanmar-Laos-Thailand), one of the world’s largest narcotics-producing regions, facilitating the trafficking of heroin and synthetic drugs into India’s Northeast.
    3. Arms Smuggling: Enables illicit movement of small arms and ammunition through porous borders, strengthening insurgent and criminal networks.
    4. Human Trafficking: Facilitates cross-border trafficking of women, children and migrant workers through informal routes and weak border controls.
    5. Cyber Fraud Networks: Hosts transnational scam centres involved in online fraud, cryptocurrency scams and human trafficking; over 2,400 Indian nationals have been rescued through bilateral cooperation in the past 18 months.

  • Coal Exchange Rules, 2026

    Why in the news?

    The Ministry of Coal notified the Coal Exchange Rules, 2026 on 4 June 2026, paving the way for the establishment of Coal Exchanges in India. The initiative aims to modernise coal marketing through transparent, competitive, and market-driven trading.

    Background

    • Legal Basis: The concept of Coal Exchanges emerged from the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2025
    • The amendment:
      • Introduced the concept of a Mineral Exchange.
      • Empowered the Central Government to facilitate transparent mineral trading.
    • Covers: Coal, Processed forms of coal, Other notified minerals.

    What is a Coal Exchange?

    A Coal Exchange is an organised electronic marketplace where multiple buyers and sellers can trade coal through transparent mechanisms.

    • Traditional System: One seller → Many buyers to Exchange-Based System: Many sellers ↔ Many buyers
    • Coal Exchanges will be authorised by the Coal Controller Organisation (CCO).
    • Registration validity: 25 years
    • Establish and operate trading platforms.
    • Frame market rules and bye-laws.
    • Facilitate coal transactions.
    • Ensure compliance with regulations.

    Role of Coal Controller Organisation (CCO)

    • Established in 1945.
    • Functions under the Ministry of Coal.
    • Headquarters Kolkata.
    • Functions
      • Regulates coal quality.
      • Collects and disseminates coal statistics.
      • Ensures compliance with coal grading standards.
      • Registers and regulates Coal Exchanges under the 2026 Rules.

    [2022] In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller’s Organization (CCO)?
    1.CCO is the major source of coal Statistics in Government of India.
    2.It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/ Lignite blocks.
    3.It hears any objection to the Government’s notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas.
    4.It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    [A] 1, 2 and 3

    [B] 3 and 4 only

    [C] 1 and 2 only

    [D] 1, 2 and 4

  • [9th June 2026] The Hindu OpED: The Oman CEPA, a new gateway for India’s exports 

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2024] Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.
    Linkage: The PYQ examines how strategic economic partnerships and connectivity initiatives enhance India’s regional influence and economic interests. The India-Oman CEPA similarly demonstrates how India leverages economic agreements with strategically located partners to strengthen trade connectivity, expand market access, and enhance its geopolitical footprint in the Gulf and adjoining regions.

    Mentor’s Comment

    The India-Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) came into force on June 1, 2026. The agreement provides duty-free access to 99.38% of India’s exports by value, up from just 1.53% under the earlier MFN regime, making it one of India’s most comprehensive trade agreements with a Gulf partner.

    How Does the CEPA Expand India’s Market Access in Oman?

    1. Duty-Free Access: Provides tariff-free access on 98.08% of tariff lines covering 99.38% of India’s export value.
    2. Previous Regime: Only 1.53% of Indian exports to Oman enjoyed duty-free treatment under the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) framework.
    3. Competitiveness: Enhances price competitiveness of Indian products across multiple sectors.
    4. Trade Growth: Bilateral trade expected to increase from $9.84 billion (FY2023-24) to $11.8 billion (FY2025-26).
    5. Economic Complementarity: Reflects growing integration between India’s manufacturing strengths and Oman’s import requirements.

    Why Is the CEPA Significant for India’s Diversification Strategy?

    1. Trade Diversification: Supports India’s objective of reducing excessive dependence on limited export markets.
    2. Regional Integration: Strengthens India’s economic presence in the Gulf region.
    3. Recent Trade Agreements: Builds upon agreements with:
      1. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
      2. Australia
      3. European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
      4. United Kingdom (under negotiation)
      5. New Zealand (under negotiation)
      6. European Union (under negotiation)
    4. Strategic Importance: Deepens engagement in a region critical for energy security, trade flows, and connectivity.

    Which Export Sectors Stand to Gain the Most?

    Textile and Apparel Sector

    1. Market Share: India accounts for 43% of Oman’s apparel imports.
    2. Knitted Apparel: India holds 31% of Oman’s knitted apparel imports.
    3. Tariff Elimination: Removal of Oman’s 5% tariff improves competitiveness.
    4. China Competition: Enhances India’s position against China, the dominant supplier.

    Chemicals Sector

    1. Market Presence: India supplies nearly 39% of Oman’s chemical imports.
    2. Tariff-Free Access: Strengthens India’s leadership position in the market.
    3. Export Expansion: Creates opportunities for higher value-added chemical exports.

    Engineering Goods Sector

    1. Automotive Market: Oman imports over $3.3 billion worth of automobiles annually.
    2. Current Share: India’s market share is approximately 5%.
    3. Expansion Opportunity: Preferential access can significantly improve penetration.
    4. Infrastructure Demand: Supports exports linked to Oman’s construction and industrial sectors.

    Pharmaceuticals Sector

    1. Market Share: India accounts for around 10% of Oman’s pharmaceutical imports.
    2. Regulatory Facilitation: Products approved by major international regulators receive faster approvals.
    3. Compliance Benefits: Reduces regulatory costs and market-entry barriers.
    4. Healthcare Demand: Expands opportunities for Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers.

    Food Processing and Agriculture

    1. Processed Foods: Expands opportunities for Indian processed food exports.
    2. Sensitive Sectors: Dairy, cereals, edible oils, and certain agricultural products remain protected.
    3. Tariff Concessions: Exclusions ensure protection of domestic producers.

    How Does the CEPA Improve Trade Facilitation and Customs Procedures?

    1. Electronic Certification: Mutual acceptance of certificates issued by India’s Export Inspection Council (EIC).
    2. Paperless Trade: Reduces documentation burden.
    3. Organic Product Recognition: Accepts India’s National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) standards.
    4. SPS Cooperation: Strengthens coordination on sanitary and phytosanitary measures.
    5. TBT Cooperation: Improves transparency regarding technical barriers to trade.
    6. Customs Modernisation: Enhances regulatory cooperation and customs clearance efficiency.
    7. Perishable Goods: Facilitates faster movement of time-sensitive exports.
    8. Cost Reduction: Lowers transaction costs and logistics delays.

    How Does the Agreement Strengthen India’s Services Exports?

    1. Services Trade Value: Bilateral services trade exceeded $1 billion in 2024.
    2. Trade Surplus: India recorded a services trade surplus of nearly $447 million.
    3. Underperformance: India’s share in Oman’s global services imports remains only around 5%.
    4. Professional Services: Expands opportunities in Accounting, Engineering, Information Technology, Healthcare, Education, and Consulting

    Professional Mobility

    1. Intra-Corporate Transfers: Facilitates movement of professionals within companies.
    2. Specialists and Professionals: Improves market access for Indian skilled workers.
    3. Service Sector Integration: Strengthens cross-border business operations.

    Healthcare and AYUSH

    1. Traditional Medicine: Creates opportunities for AYUSH and wellness-related services.
    2. Medical Cooperation: Expands healthcare service exports.

    Why Is Oman’s Strategic Location Central to the CEPA’s Success?

    1. Geographic Position: Located at the crossroads of the Gulf, Indian Ocean, and East Africa.
    2. Key Ports: Hosts major ports at Soha, Duqm, and Salalah
    3. Logistics Hub: Emerging as an important global logistics and industrial centre.
    4. Gateway Function: Provides access to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets.
    5. East Africa Linkages: Facilitates trade with East African economies.
    6. Supply Chain Integration: Strengthens India’s participation in regional value chains.

    How Can Indian States and Industrial Clusters Benefit?

    1. Textiles: Textile hubs in Tamil Nadu are expected to gain.
    2. Jewellery: Jewellery manufacturing clusters in Gujarat benefit.
    3. Engineering: Engineering exporters in Maharashtra and Punjab gain market access.
    4. Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical producers in Telangana receive new opportunities.
    5. Seafood: Seafood exporters in Andhra Pradesh and Kerala benefit from reduced barriers.
    6. Regional Growth: Broadens export participation beyond traditional exporting regions.

    Does the CEPA Represent a Shift in India’s Trade Policy Approach?

    1. Beyond Tariffs: Expands trade policy from goods trade to services, investment, and regulatory cooperation.
    2. Economic Integration: Promotes deeper institutional cooperation.
    3. Investment Facilitation: Improves investor confidence and business predictability.
    4. Comprehensive Framework: Reflects India’s transition toward modern, next-generation trade agreements.
    5. GCC Engagement: Creates a foundation for wider economic integration with Gulf economies.

    Conclusion

    The India-Oman CEPA represents a significant evolution in India’s economic engagement with the Gulf region. By combining tariff liberalisation with services access, investment facilitation, customs cooperation, and professional mobility, the agreement transforms Oman from a bilateral trading partner into a strategic gateway connecting India to GCC and East African markets. Its success will depend on effective utilisation by Indian exporters, deeper supply chain integration, and sustained competitiveness across key sectors.

  • What is lost and gained in NFHS-6 

    Why in the News?

    The preliminary fact sheets of NFHS-6 (2023-24) have been released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, covering nearly 6.8 lakh households across all States and Union Territories except Manipur. For the first time, several critical health and demographic indicators have been omitted from the preliminary release.

    What is the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)?

    It is a large-scale, multi-round household survey conducted across India to collect comprehensive data on population dynamics, health, nutrition, and family welfare. Launched in 1992-93, it acts as a critical health “dashboard” that helps the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and other agencies evaluate existing government schemes, set development benchmarks, and design new public health policies.

    Key Features & Objectives

    1. Nodal Agency: The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, coordinates and provides technical guidance for the survey. 
    2. Policy Support: It supplies high-quality, reliable, and comparable data to track progress toward the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 
    3. Granular Scope: The survey covers national and state levels, and since NFHS-4, it provides highly localized estimates down to the district level.

    How has NFHS evolved as India’s principal health and demographic database?

    1. Coverage: NFHS-6 collected information from nearly 6.8 lakh households across India, excluding Manipur.
    2. Policy Significance: Provides nationally representative data for health, nutrition, fertility, gender and social indicators.
    3. Survey Expansion: NFHS has progressively expanded its scope while retaining previous questions for comparability.
    4. Digital Transformation: NFHS-4 introduced district-level estimates and tablet-based data collection.
    5. Expanded Domains: NFHS-5 added education, disability, access to toilets, health insurance, bank accounts, bathing practices during menstruation, abortion-related indicators and age coverage up to 49 years for women and 54 years for men.
    6. Broader Adult Coverage: NFHS-6 expanded adult measurements to all individuals aged 15 years and above.

    Why has the reduction in indicators in NFHS-6 generated concern?

    1. Indicator Reduction: NFHS-6 preliminary fact sheet contains 101 indicators compared to 131 in NFHS-5, representing a reduction of nearly 23% in reported indicators.
    2. Net Change: 43 indicators were dropped and 13 were added, producing a net reduction of 30 indicators.
    3. Data Continuity Issue: Several long-running indicators are unavailable in the preliminary release.
    4. Policy Monitoring Gap: Removal affects trend analysis across survey rounds.
    5. Comparability Challenge: Limits direct comparison of progress in key health and demographic outcomes.

    Which important indicators have been removed from the preliminary fact sheets?

    Health Indicators

    1. Anaemia: Removed from preliminary fact sheets despite being a major public health concern.
    2. Mortality Indicators: Infant mortality, neonatal mortality and under-five mortality are absent.
    3. Sex Ratio at Birth: No current survey-based estimate available.
    4. Cancer Screening: Indicators covering cervical, breast and oral cancer screening removed.
    5. Comprehensive HIV Knowledge: Certain HIV-related indicators no longer available in the fact sheet.

    Living Conditions Indicators

    1. Sanitation Coverage: Household sanitation data absent.
    2. Clean Cooking Fuel Usage: Indicator removed from preliminary release.
    3. Internet Access: Household-level population living in households with internet access not reported.

    Why was anaemia removed and what does the evidence show?

    1. Worsening Trend: Anaemia has consistently shown deterioration in previous survey rounds.
    2. Children’s Anaemia: Increased from 58.6% (NFHS-4, 2015-16) to 67.1% (NFHS-5, 2019-21).
    3. Women’s Anaemia: Increased from 53.1% to 57% among women aged 15–49 years.
    4. Pregnant Women: Rose from 50.4% to 52.2%.
    5. Geographic Spread: Anaemia increased in 28 States and Union Territories.
    6. Severe Burden States: Assam recorded 35.7% to 68.4%; Mizoram recorded 19.3% to 46.4%.
    7. Policy Importance: Anaemia was a major target of the Anaemia Mukt Bharat campaign launched in 2018.
    8. Measurement Method: Earlier surveys measured haemoglobin using finger-prick blood samples.
    9. Methodological Concerns: Researchers questioned the reliability of portable analysers used for anaemia estimation.
    10. Future Tracking: Anaemia will now be monitored separately through the Diet and Biomarkers Survey under the National Institute of Nutrition.
    11. Alternative Data Collection: NFHS-6 collected venous blood and urine biomarkers instead of finger-prick methods.
    12. Additional Biomarkers: Survey collected information on nutritional deficiencies and obesity.
    13. Pending Release: Detailed biomarker dataset has not yet been released.

    What new themes and indicators have been introduced in NFHS-6?

    Digital Inclusion

    1. Digital Literacy: Introduced new questions assessing digital capabilities.
    2. Internet Use: Expanded assessment of digital access and usage patterns.
    3. Financial Fraud Awareness: Added questions on awareness of digital and financial fraud.

    Social and Economic Inclusion

    1. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT): Added questions on DBT access and receipt.
    2. Self-Help Group Membership: Introduced indicators on SHG participation.

    Public Health

    1. Hepatitis-B Testing: Included testing among men and women.
    2. Hepatitis-B Child Testing: Included dried blood spot collection among children aged 4-5 years.
    3. Expanded Biomarkers: Added broader nutritional and obesity-related measurements.

    What methodological and definitional changes have occurred in NFHS-6?

    1. HIV Module Revision: HIV testing component removed from survey implementation.
    2. Knowledge Questions Retained: HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviour questions retained.
    3. Ownership Redefinition: Women’s ownership of house or land shifted to a household-level measure.
    4. Hepatitis-B Classification: Moved from individual measure to birth-dose measure.
    5. Education Indicator Revision: Pre-school attendance reclassified into younger age bands.
    6. Demographic Revisions: Several indicators modified through definitional changes rather than removal.

    What do NFHS-6 findings reveal about maternal and child health outcomes?

    Maternal Healthcare

    1. Antenatal Care: Mothers receiving at least four antenatal check-ups increased by about seven percentage points compared with NFHS-5.
    2. Institutional Deliveries
      1. Institutional Births: Continued improvement in institutional delivery coverage.
    3. Child Nutrition
      1. Stunting Reduction: Number of children under five who are stunted declined.
      2. Exclusive Breastfeeding: Declined among infants under six months.
    4. Contraception
      1. Modern Contraceptive Use: Declined from 56.4% to 52.7%.

    How have gender and social indicators changed between NFHS-5 and NFHS-6?

    1. Women’s Empowerment
      1. Internet Usage: Significant increase in women’s internet use.
      2. Spousal Violence: Women reporting spousal violence declined from 29.3% to 22.3%.
    2. Health Insurance
      1. Coverage Expansion: Increased from 33.7% to 88.2% of households in West Bengal.
      2. Largest State-Level Improvement: Andhra Pradesh increased from 21% to 63.6%.
    3. Nutrition Transition
      1. Overweight and Obesity: Share of women classified as overweight or obese increased in every State.

    What policy gaps emerge from the omission of key indicators?

    1. Mortality Monitoring Gap: Absence of infant and child mortality data weakens health assessment.
    2. Gender Monitoring Gap: Missing sex ratio at birth limits monitoring of gender discrimination.
    3. Nutrition Monitoring Gap: Lack of anaemia data affects evaluation of Anaemia Mukt Bharat.
    4. Environmental Health Gap: Missing sanitation and cooking fuel indicators weaken tracking of Swachh Bharat and clean energy transitions.
    5. Cancer Surveillance Gap: Absence of screening indicators limits preventive healthcare assessment.
    6. Evidence Gap: No alternative survey currently provides many of these indicators at NFHS scale.

    Conclusion

    NFHS-6 presents a mixed picture of India’s health transition. Improvements in maternal healthcare, institutional deliveries, health insurance coverage and digital inclusion indicate progress in human development outcomes. However, the omission of critical indicators such as anaemia, mortality and sex ratio at birth creates significant gaps in public health monitoring and long-term trend analysis. The challenge before policymakers is to balance methodological improvements with a continuity of data. This will ensure that India’s most important health survey remains both scientifically robust and policy relevant.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

    Linkage: Public healthcare delivery depends on robust health data for identifying gaps, targeting interventions and evaluating outcomes. NFHS-6 is a key instrument for evidence-based public health policymaking; therefore, the omission of indicators such as anaemia, mortality and sex ratio at birth may weaken assessment of healthcare outcomes and grassroots service delivery.

  • Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyaan (PMSMA)

    Why in the news?

    The Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyaan (PMSMA) completed 10 years on 9 June 2026. Since its launch in 2016, over 7.5 crore pregnant women have received antenatal care services under the scheme.

    About PMSMA

    • Launched: 9 June 2016
    • Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    • Objective:
      • Ensure safe pregnancy and childbirth.
      • Provide free and quality antenatal care (ANC).
      • Identify and manage high-risk pregnancies (HRPs).

    Beneficiaries

    • Pregnant women in Second trimester (13-27 weeks) and Third trimester (28 weeks till delivery)
    • Special focus on High-risk pregnancies and Women missing routine ANC services

    Key Features

    Monthly ANC Services

    • Conducted on the 9th of every month.
    • Available at designated government health facilities.

    Service Package

    • Clinical examination, Blood and urine tests, Ultrasonography, Free medicines, Nutrition counselling, Birth preparedness counselling, and Safe pregnancy awareness

    High-Risk Pregnancy (HRP) Identification

    What is a high-risk pregnancy?

    • Pregnancies with conditions that increase the risk of complications for the mother or baby.

    PMSMA Screens for 25 HRP Conditions

    • Important conditions include: Severe anaemia, HIV/AIDS, Syphilis, Gestational diabetes, Pregnancy-induced hypertension, Hypothyroidism, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Hepatitis B, Twin/multiple pregnancy, Previous Caesarean section, History of stillbirth, Teenage pregnancy, Advanced-age pregnancy, Negative blood group

    Follow-up Mechanism

    • HRPs linked to nearest: First Referral Unit (FRU)
    • Individual tracking till safe delivery.

    Extended PMSMA (2022)

    • Launched in January 2022.
    • Purpose: Strengthen follow-up care for high-risk pregnancies.

    Features

    • Additional ANC visits.
    • Continuous monitoring.
    • SMS reminders to: Beneficiary and ASHA worker
    • Financial incentives for pregnant women and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)

    [2024] With reference to the ‘Pradhan Manti Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan’, consider the following statements:
    1. This scheme guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services to women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy and six months post-delivery health care service in any government health facility.
    2. Under this scheme, private sector health care providers of certain specialties can volunteer to provide service at nearby government health facilities.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 only

    [C] Both 1 and 2

    [D] Neither 1 nor 2

  • Report on Datasets for State Finance Commissions (SFCs)

    Why in the news?

    The Ministry of Panchayati Raj released the Report of the Committee on Datasets for State Finance Commissions to strengthen evidence-based fiscal decentralisation and improve financial governance of local bodies.

    Key Highlights

    • Released by V. Anantha Nageswaran.
    • The report aims to strengthen: Fiscal decentralisation, Local public finance, and Data-driven governance
    • Focuses on improving data availability for Panchayats and State Finance Commissions (SFCs)

    Why is the Report Important?

    According to the Chief Economic Adviser:

    • Better data leads to better governance.
    • Sound fiscal decisions require: Reliable data, Timely data, and Granular (local-level) data
    • Effective delivery of services such as: Drinking water, Roads, Street lighting, Anganwadi services depend on empowered local governments.

    Major Recommendations

    • Panchayat-Level Fiscal Database: Creation of comprehensive databases on: Revenue, Expenditure, Assets, Liabilities.
    • Use of Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI): Classification of PAI indicators for SFC analysis and recommendations.
    • State Finance Commission Cells: Dedicated SFC Cells in State Governments, to support: Data collection, Research, Technical analysis
    • Standardised Accounting Framework: Uniform accounting and reporting systems across States.
    • Common Reporting Framework: Standard format for SFC reports. Enables comparison and consistency.
    • Data Handbooks: Publication of comprehensive Panchayat data handbooks.
    • State Finance Commission Manual: Preparation of a standard operational guide for future SFCs.

    State Finance Commission (SFC)

    • Constitutional Basis: Article 243-I: Provides for constitution of a State Finance Commission by the Governor every five years.
    • Functions
      • Review financial position of Panchayats.
      • Recommend distribution of State taxes, Duties, Tolls, Fees between State Government and local bodies.
      • Suggest measures to improve local finances.

    [2025] Consider the following statements :
    I. Panchayats at the intermediate level exist in all States.
    II. To be eligible to be a Member of a Panchayat at the intermediate level, a person should attain the age of thirty years.
    III. The Chief Minister of a State constitutes a commission to review the financial position of Panchayats at the intermediate levels and to make recommendations regarding the distribution of net proceeds of taxes and duties, leviable by the State, between the State and Panchayats at the intermediate level.
    Which of the statements given above are not correct?

    [A] I and II only

    [B] II and III only

    [C] I and III only

    [D] I, II and III

  • The ordinance question before the SC

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court recently witnessed the swearing-in of five new judges after a Presidential Ordinance increased its sanctioned strength from 34 to 38 judges. While two appointments filled pre-existing vacancies, three judges were appointed to posts that exist solely because of the Ordinance.

    How has the Ordinance altered the composition of the Supreme Court?

    1. Presidential Ordinance: Increased the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court from 34 judges to 38 judges.
    2. Five New Appointments: Five judges were sworn in following the Ordinance.
    3. Existing Vacancies: Two appointments filled already existing lawful vacancies.
    4. Ordinance-Created Posts: Three appointments were made against posts created solely through the Ordinance.
    5. Temporary Basis: The additional posts continue only so long as the Ordinance remains operational or is replaced by legislation.
    6. Constitutional Provision: Article 124 leaves determination of the number of Supreme Court judges to Parliament.

    Why does the issue raise concerns regarding judicial independence?

    1. Security of Tenure: Judicial independence requires judges to occupy constitutionally secure offices free from executive discretion.
    2. Executive Dependence: Ordinance-created positions remain dependent upon the executive’s temporary legislative action.
    3. Institutional Perception: Independence includes not merely actual autonomy but also the appearance of autonomy from political branches.
    4. Temporary Offices: Judges occupying posts that may disappear if the Ordinance lapses could create perceptions of institutional dependence.
    5. Basic Structure Doctrine: Judicial independence forms part of the Constitution’s basic structure and cannot be diluted indirectly.

    How does the controversy relate to the NJAC judgment and judicial primacy?

    1. NJAC Judgment (2015): Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India struck down the 99th Constitutional Amendment and the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).
    2. Parliamentary Support: The amendment was passed by 367 votes to 1 in the Lok Sabha and ratified by States.
    3. Composition of NJAC: Included the Chief Justice of India, two senior-most judges, the Union Law Minister, and two eminent persons.
    4. Veto Provision: Any two members could veto a recommendation.
    5. Judicial Concern: The Court held that this arrangement undermined judicial primacy in appointments.
    6. Present Contradiction: Critics argue that accepting appointments against Ordinance-created posts appears inconsistent with the Court’s earlier insistence on institutional independence.

    Why is the use of Ordinances controversial in constitutional governance?

    1. Article 123 Power: Enables the President to promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
    2. Temporary Nature: Ordinances cease to operate six weeks after Parliament reassembles unless approved.
    3. Executive Withdrawal: Ordinances may be withdrawn before parliamentary approval.
    4. Democratic Concern: Frequent reliance on Ordinances may bypass normal legislative scrutiny.
    5. Institutional Stability: Temporary laws may create uncertainty in long-term institutional arrangements such as judicial appointments.

    What has the Supreme Court previously held regarding Ordinance-making powers?

    1. D.C. Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1986): Held that repeated re-promulgation of Ordinances amounts to a fraud on the Constitution.
    2. Krishna Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar (2017): Seven-judge Bench ruled that Ordinance-making cannot become a parallel source of legislation.
    3. Legislative Supremacy: Ordinances are intended as exceptional measures, not substitutes for parliamentary law-making.
    4. Constitutional Morality: Executive convenience cannot replace legislative deliberation.

    What legal uncertainties arise if the Ordinance lapses?

    1. Reversion of Strength: Supreme Court strength would revert from 38 to 34 judges.
    2. Status of Judges: Questions may arise regarding judges appointed against Ordinance-created posts.
    3. Unsettled Position: No direct precedent exists concerning judges appointed to judicial offices that cease due to lapse of an Ordinance.
    4. De Facto Doctrine: Judicial acts may continue to remain valid under the doctrine affirmed in Gokaraju Rangaraju v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1980).
    5. Institutional Litigation: Potential legal challenges may emerge regarding continuation of such appointments.

    How has the Collegium’s decision to recommend appointments against Ordinance-created judicial posts generated constitutional concerns?

    1. Anticipated Vacancies: Forthcoming retirements are expected to create regular vacancies in the Court.
    2. Possible Regularisation: Some Ordinance-appointed judges may subsequently occupy these permanent posts.
    3. Continuing Uncertainty: At least one appointment remains dependent on the validity of the Ordinance.
    4. Expectation of Ratification: The decision assumes Parliament will replace the Ordinance with legislation.
    5. Balancing Priorities: The Collegium sought to address judicial vacancies while relying on future legal regularisation.

    Does judicial independence require more than formal constitutional safeguards?

    1. Substantive Independence: Independence is not merely the legal authority to disagree with the executive.
    2. Perception of Neutrality: Courts must remain visibly detached from political dependence.
    3. Institutional Confidence: Public trust depends on the judiciary appearing free from executive patronage.
    4. Constitutional Culture: Independence requires an instinctive separation from executive influence, not merely procedural safeguards.
    5. Separation of Powers: Long-term legitimacy rests on maintaining clear constitutional boundaries among institutions.

    Conclusion

    The controversy is less about the competence of the appointed judges and more about the constitutional method through which their offices were created. The episode highlights the tension between addressing judicial vacancies and preserving judicial independence. A constitutional democracy requires not only an independent judiciary but also institutional arrangements that are visibly free from executive dependence and temporary political contingencies.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2014] Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act, 2014 with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.

    Linkage: The PYQ examines judicial independence and the constitutional principles governing appointments to the higher judiciary. The article questions whether appointments to Ordinance-created Supreme Court posts are consistent with the judiciary’s insistence on institutional independence reflected in the NJAC judgment.

  • Nepal on Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura Dispute

    Why in the news?

    Shisir Khanal, Foreign Minister of Nepal, stated that Nepal seeks resolution of the Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura border dispute with India through diplomatic means and is not seeking third-party mediation.

    Key Highlights

    • Nepal reiterated its claim over the Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura trijunction.
    • Nepal clarified: Contact with the United Kingdom was regarding access to historical documents, not mediation.
    • India’s stand: Border issue should be resolved through existing bilateral mechanisms. No scope for third-party intervention.
    • Issue resurfaced after India announced the 2026 Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra route through Lipulekh Pass.
    • Nepal protested to India and China regarding use of the disputed area.

    About the Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura Dispute

    • Tri-junction area involving: India, Nepal and China (Tibet Autonomous Region).

    Strategic Importance

    • Lipulekh Pass: An important Himalayan mountain pass.
      • Used for: Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra and Trade with Tibet.

    Origin of the Dispute

    Treaty of Sugauli (1816)

    • Signed between British East India Company and Kingdom of Nepal.
    • Treaty defined Kali River as western boundary of Nepal.

    Core Issue

    • Disagreement over Origin/source of Kali River.
    • Nepal claims Limpiyadhura is the river’s origin. Hence Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura belong to Nepal.
    • India maintains a different interpretation of river origin and boundary alignment.

    Recent Developments

    2020 Map Controversy

    • Nepal released a new political map including Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura.
    • Nepal amended constitution to incorporate the map.

    Nepal’s New Political Context

    • Current government led by Balendra Shah.The
    • Foreign Minister said Nepal seeks a development-focused relationship with India. Wants to move beyond “old geopolitical baggage”.

    India-Nepal Cooperation

    • Recent Developments: Operationalisation of Peer-to-peer cross-border digital payment system.
    • Agreement Between: Nepal Clearing House Ltd and National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).

    About Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra

    • Pilgrimage to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar.
    • Sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Bon followers.
    • Indian routes Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand) and Nathu La Pass (Sikkim).

    [2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade.
    2.“Textile and textile articles” constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh.
    3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    a) 1 and 2 only
    b) 2 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1, 2 and 3