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GS Paper: GS2

  • India’s Health Transformation

    Why in the news?

    India highlighted major achievements in healthcare over the past 12 years, focusing on universal health coverage, affordable healthcare, digital health, disease control, and healthcare infrastructure expansion.

    Key Highlights

    • Over 44 crore families are insured under Ayushman Bharat.
    • More than 1.86 lakh Ayushman Arogya Mandirs are operational.
    • Over: 47 crore telemedicine consultations delivered.
    • 12 new AIIMS have been operational since 2014.
    • Generic medicines available: 50–90% cheaper through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
    • Maternal and child mortality have significantly reduced.
    • TB incidence and malaria deaths declined sharply.

    Ayushman Bharat Programme

    Ayushman Bharat is India’s flagship universal health coverage programme launched in 2018.

    Four Pillars

    1. AB-PMJAY
    2. Ayushman Arogya Mandirs
    3. PM-ABHIM
    4. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)

    AB-PMJAY

    • Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
    • World’s largest publicly funded health insurance scheme.
    • Provides: ₹5 lakh annual insurance per family.
    • Covers: About 12 crore vulnerable families.
    • 44.14 crore Ayushman cards issued.
    • 12.03 crore hospitalisations covered.
    • Treatment worth: ₹1.80 lakh crore provided.
    • 36,218 hospitals empanelled.
    • Extends insurance coverage to: All citizens above 70 years.

    Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)

    • Purpose: Community-level comprehensive primary healthcare centres.
    • Preventive healthcare, Diagnostics, Mental healthcare, Teleconsultation, Free medicines, and Emergency care.
    • 1.86 lakh+ centres operational.
    • Over 540 crore cumulative footfall.

    PM-ABHIM

    • Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission
    • Objective: Strengthen healthcare infrastructure and pandemic preparedness.
    • Integrated public health labs.
    • Critical care hospital blocks.
    • Urban and rural wellness centres.
    • Disease surveillance systems.
    • Outlay: ₹64,180 crore.

    Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)

    • Objective: Develop citizen-centric digital healthcare ecosystem.
    • ABHA: Ayushman Bharat Health Account.
    • 14-digit digital health ID.
    • Portable digital health records.
    • Paperless healthcare access.
    • Better health data integration.
    • 20.49 crore app registrations.
    • 27,328 healthcare facilities connected.

    National Health Mission (NHM)

    • National Rural Health Mission
    • National Urban Health Mission.
    • Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan: Free antenatal care for pregnant women.
    • Janani Suraksha Yojana: Promotes institutional deliveries.
    • Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram: Free delivery and treatment for mothers and newborns.
    • Mission Indradhanush: Vaccinate partially immunised and unvaccinated children and pregnant women.
      • 5.46 crore children vaccinated.
      • 1.32 crore pregnant women covered.
      • WHO Recognition: India declared free from maternal and neonatal tetanus in 2015.

    U-WIN Platform

    • Purpose: Digital immunisation tracking platform.
    • 11.87 crore children registered.
    • 3.96 crore pregnant women registered.

    Tuberculosis Elimination

    • Programme: National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme
    • Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan: Community participation for TB elimination.
    • Support System: Nikshay Mitras provide nutritional and social support.

    Malaria Elimination

    • National Framework for Malaria Elimination launched in 2016.
    • Goal: Eliminate malaria by 2027.
    • Other Disease Control Achievements Improvements in: HIV/AIDS, Kala-azar, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Leprosy, and Lymphatic Filariasis.

    COVID-19 Response

    • 220 crore vaccine doses administered.
    • Testing labs expanded: From 14 to 3,400.
    • Oxygen-supported beds increased significantly.
    • Vaccine Maitri: Vaccines supplied to nearly 100 countries.

    Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

    • Screenings Conducted Over: 60 crore cancer screenings.
    • Diseases Covered: Oral cancer, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension.

    Affordable Healthcare

    • Jan Aushadhi Kendras: Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana
    • Benefits: Generic medicines available at 50–80% lower prices.

    AMRIT Pharmacies

    • Objective: Provide discounted life-saving medicines and implants.
    • Impact: ₹8,400 crore patient savings.

    Emergency Healthcare

    Ambulance Services

    • Dial 108: Medical emergencies.
    • Dial 102: Pregnant women and child transport.

    Digital Healthcare

    • eSanjeevani
    • 47 crore+ teleconsultations.
    • 2.34 lakh healthcare providers onboarded.

    Tele-MANAS

    • Purpose: Mental health tele-counselling service.
    • Coverage: Available in 20 languages across all States and UTs.
    • i-DRONE: Drone-based delivery of: Medicines, Vaccines, and Blood samples.
    • AI-enabled Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS).
    • “Cough Against TB” tool for TB screening.
    • MadhuNetrAI for diabetic retinopathy detection.

    Medical Education Expansion

    • Medical colleges more than doubled since 2014.
    • 157 new nursing colleges approved.
    • AYUSH Integration: Ministry of AYUSH established in 2014.
      • AYUSH facilities integrated with public health centres.
      • AYUSH Visa introduced in 2023.

    [2022] With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements:
    1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
    2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
    3. It has seamless portability across the country.
    .Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    [A] 1 and 2 only

    [B] 3 only

    [C] 1 and 3 only

    [D] 1, 2 and 3

  • [6th June 2026] The Hindu OpED: India needs innovative stratergies to eliminate TB

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2022] What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines?Linkage: The PYQ tests understanding of vaccine science, indigenous vaccine development, and the role of biotechnology in addressing public health challenges. The PreVenTB Trial evaluates indigenous vaccines (VPM1002 and Immuvac) for TB prevention, highlighting India’s growing capabilities in vaccine research and the use of biotechnology to combat infectious diseases.

    Mentor’s Comment

    India’s fight against tuberculosis (TB) has received a major boost with the publication of the ICMR-led PreVenTB Trial. The trial found that the indigenous vaccine candidates VPM1002 and Immuvac provide protection against both pulmonary TB and the difficult-to-diagnose extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The findings are significant as they offer new evidence from a large real-world Indian population at a time when India continues to bear one of the world’s highest TB burdens. They also strengthen hopes for achieving TB elimination, even as TB remains the leading infectious disease killer globally. 

    Why has a “one-size-fits-all” vaccine approach failed in TB control?

    1. Diverse Disease Pathways: TB infection can remain latent for years, progress to subclinical disease, or develop into active pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB.
    2. Biological Complexity: Individuals differ in infection status, age, comorbidities, and immune responses.
    3. Vaccine Limitations: Previous TB vaccine development largely focused on preventing pulmonary TB.
    4. Unrealistic Expectations: Search for a single vaccine capable of preventing all forms of TB has repeatedly disappointed global TB control efforts.

    How severe is the TB burden and why does it demand urgent action?

    1. Global Mortality: TB continues to kill more people annually than any other infectious disease.
    2. Burden in LMICs: Incidence in many low- and middle-income countries remains between 200-300 cases per 100,000 population.
    3. Elimination Threshold: TB incidence must decline to 10-20 cases per 100,000 population to approach elimination.
    4. Indian Context: India carries one of the world’s highest TB burdens, requiring sustained public health investments.
    5. Long-Term Challenge: Elimination demands decades of coordinated interventions rather than a single technological solution.

    What are the key pillars of a layered TB elimination strategy?

    1. Better Detection
      1. Advanced Diagnostics: Enables identification of subclinical TB before progression to active disease.
      2. Risk-Based Screening: Supports early detection among vulnerable populations.
      3. Public Health Impact: Reduces transmission and disease progression.
    2. Preventive Therapy
      1. Latent TB Treatment: Prevents inactive infection from progressing to active disease.
      2. Targeted Intervention: Particularly relevant for household contacts and high-risk populations.
    3. Vaccination
      1. Critical Tool: Complements diagnostics and preventive therapy.
      2. Population Protection: Reduces progression from infection to disease.
      3. Integrated Strategy: Most effective when combined with nutrition and case management.

    What are the major findings of the PreVenTB Trial?

    1. Institution: Conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
    2. Scale: Conducted at multiple sites across India.
    3. Participants: More than 12,700 household contacts of TB patients.
    4. Target Group: Individuals aged six years and above, including those with comorbidities and varying infection status.
    5. Vaccines Evaluated: VPM1002 and Immuvac.
      1. Efficacy of VPM1002
        1. Extrapulmonary TB Protection: 50.4% efficacy against EPTB.
        2. Pulmonary TB Protection: 21.4% efficacy against pulmonary TB overall.
      2. Efficacy of Immuvac
        1. Overall Protection: 64.6% efficacy against all forms of TB.
        2. Children Protection: More than 60% efficacy among children aged 6–10 years.
        3. Progression Prevention: More than 60% efficacy against progression to disease among individuals with latent infection.

    Significance

    1. First-of-Its-Kind Evidence: Demonstrates efficacy against both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.
    2. Real-World Conditions: Large Phase III trial conducted in an Indian population.
    3. Broad Coverage: Includes multiple age groups and disease forms.

    Why is extrapulmonary TB an important policy concern?

    Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection occurring in organs other than the lungs. It accounts for 15% to 40% of all TB cases and primarily affects lymph nodes, pleura, the spine, and the central nervous system.

    1. Hidden Burden: Harder to diagnose than pulmonary TB.
    2. Missed Cases: Frequently underreported and undetected.
    3. Higher Morbidity: Associated with severe complications and mortality.
    4. Clinical Impact: A reduction of over 50% in EPTB cases would significantly lower patient suffering and healthcare costs.
    5. Novel Evidence: Current findings provide rare vaccine efficacy data against EPTB.

    What opportunities do the findings create for children and adolescents?

    1. Strong Signal: Vaccine efficacy exceeded 60% among school-age children and adolescents.
    2. Policy Gap: India currently lacks a structured TB vaccination strategy beyond infancy.
    3. Booster Potential: Findings may support future booster-dose vaccination programmes.
    4. Disease Prevention: Offers protection before transition to adulthood, when disease burden increases.

    Why is nutrition emerging as a critical component of TB control?

    1. Low BMI Impact: Reduced vaccine efficacy observed among individuals with low Body Mass Index.
    2. Immune Function: Nutritional status influences vaccine effectiveness and disease resistance.
    3. Integrated Approach: Vaccination must be aligned with nutritional interventions.
    4. Policy Relevance: Supports strengthening nutrition-TB convergence programmes.

    What operational advantages does VPM1002 offer?

    1. Single-Dose Vaccine: Simplifies deployment.
    2. Modified BCG Platform: Uses an established vaccine platform.
    3. Manufacturing Ease: Can be produced at scale.
    4. Cost Effectiveness: Suitable for large population programmes.
    5. LMIC Relevance: Practical for resource-constrained settings.

    What lessons can India draw from previous vaccine decisions?

    1. TrueNat Example: Indigenous molecular test adopted by the National TB Elimination Programme before WHO qualification.
    2. COVID-19 Response: Covaxin received approval under a “clinical trial mode” during the pandemic to accelerate access while evidence accumulated.
    3. Rotavirus Vaccine: Indigenous vaccines were introduced despite early uncertainty and later demonstrated significant reductions in severe disease and child mortality.
    4. Policy Lesson: Timely deployment based on credible evidence can yield substantial public health gains.

    What should India’s future TB strategy look like?

    1. Targeted Vaccination: Deployment of VPM1002 and Immuvac among household contacts and high-risk groups.
    2. School-Based Vaccination: Focus on adolescents and school-going children.
    3. Preventive Therapy: Integration with latent TB treatment programmes.
    4. Nutritional Support: Strengthening nutrition interventions for vulnerable populations.
    5. Case-Based Management: Improved diagnosis and treatment adherence.
    6. Public Health Investment: Sustained funding and surveillance systems.
    7. Combination Approach: Multiple interventions rather than reliance on a single vaccine breakthrough.

    Conclusion

    The PreVenTB Trial offers a promising pathway for strengthening India’s TB elimination efforts through indigenous vaccines and targeted interventions. Achieving the goal of a TB-Mukt Bharat by 2025 and contributing to SDG 3’s target of ending the TB epidemic by 2030 will require a combination of vaccination, nutrition, early detection, and sustained public health action.

    Value Addition

    Tuberculosis (TB): Key Facts

    1. Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    2. Transmission: Airborne droplets
    3. Types: Pulmonary TB and Extrapulmonary TB
    4. Latent TB: Infection without symptoms; can later progress to active disease
    5. SDG Target: End TB epidemic by 2030

    National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP)

    1. Formerly Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP)
    2. Based on National Strategic Plan for TB Elimination
    3. Uses molecular diagnostics and universal drug susceptibility testing
    4. Provides free diagnosis and treatment

    Major Government Initiatives

    1. Ni-kshay Portal: Facilitates digital tracking of TB patients.
    2. Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana: Provides nutritional support to TB patients.
    3. TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: Supports community participation in TB elimination.
    4. PM TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: Encourages adoption of TB patients through Ni-kshay Mitras.

  • 4 Years of Jan Samarth Portal

    Why in the news?

    Jan Samarth Portal has completed four years since its launch on 6 June 2022, marking progress in digital financial inclusion and seamless credit delivery.

    About Jan Samarth Portal

    • A single-window digital platform for credit-linked government schemes.
    • Connects:
      • Beneficiaries
      • Banks
      • Government schemes through one integrated system.
    • Objective:
      • Simplify access to institutional credit.
      • Improve financial inclusion and digital lending.
    • Sectors covered:
      • Agriculture
      • Business
      • Housing
      • Renewable energy
      • Livelihoods.

    Schemes Available on the Portal

    Agriculture and Rural Sector

    • Kisan Credit Card
    • Agriculture Infrastructure Fund
    • Agri Clinics and Agri Business Centres Scheme (ACABC)

    Business and Livelihood

    • Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
    • PM SVANidhi
    • Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme
    • Loan for Startups

    Renewable Energy

    • Rooftop Solar Installation Financing.

    Housing

    • Home loans for:
      • Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)
      • Lower Income Group (LIG)
      • Middle Income Group (MIG)

    Scale and Impact

    • Applications Processed 54.10 lakh applications processed.
    • Loan Value ₹3,00,951 crore applications processed through the portal.
    • Digital Approvals
    • 49.55 lakh beneficiaries approved.
    • ₹2,76,493.78 crore sanctioned digitally.

    [2020] Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?
    1.Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
    2.Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
    3.Consumption requirements of farm households
    4.Post-harvest expenses
    5.Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    [A] 1, 2 and 5 only

    [B] 1, 3 and 4 only

    [C] 2, 3, 4 and 5 only

    [D] 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

  • Old ties, new Nepal: What India needs to negotiates

    Why in the News?

    The visit of Rabi Lamichhane, chief of Nepal’s ruling Rashtriya Swatantra Party (RSP), to India has emerged as the most significant political engagement between the two countries since Nepal’s new government assumed office. This comes at a time when Prime Minister Balen Shah has imposed restrictions on foreign travel and prioritized domestic governance, resulting in limited high-level diplomatic exchanges. 

    Why Does Lamichhane’s Visit Mark a Turning Point in India-Nepal Relations?

    Political Transition

    1. Emerging Leadership: Rabi Lamichhane represents a new generation of political actors challenging Nepal’s traditional political establishment.
    2. Changing Political Landscape: Nepal’s political discourse is increasingly shaped by younger leaders and new political formations.
    3. Generational Shift: Nepal’s median age is approximately 38 years, while decision-making is gradually moving towards younger leadership groups.

    Diplomatic Significance

    1. Highest-Level Engagement: Lamichhane’s visit constitutes the most significant political engagement since Nepal’s new government came to power.
    2. Deadlock Resolution: The visit helps break a period of limited diplomatic interaction between the two countries.
    3. Recognition of New Nepal: India acknowledges that future engagement cannot remain confined to traditional political actors.

    Priority Signal from India

    1. Strategic Importance: Prime Minister Narendra Modi conveyed that Nepal remains India’s “priority partner.”
    2. Future Cooperation: India expressed willingness to elevate bilateral relations to “greater heights.”
    3. Continuity in Engagement: New Delhi signalled that engagement will continue irrespective of changes in Nepal’s domestic political landscape.

    How Is Nepal’s New Political Leadership Different from the Traditional Establishment?

    Governance-First Approach

    1. Domestic Prioritisation: Prime Minister Balen Shah has emphasized governance reforms over foreign policy activism.
    2. Foreign Travel Restriction: Shah imposed a self-declared restriction on foreign travel during the initial phase of his tenure.
    3. Administrative Focus: Greater emphasis on domestic accountability and service delivery.

    Protocol Changes

    1. Rank-Based Engagement: Shah declared that he would not meet officials below his own rank.
    2. Departure from Convention: Represents a shift from established diplomatic practices.
    3. Assertion of Sovereignty: Reflects increasing confidence among Nepal’s new political leadership.

    Anti-Establishment Politics

    1. Political Disruption: New political actors challenge long-established parties.
    2. Youth Mobilisation: Younger voters increasingly favour alternatives to traditional elites.
    3. Institutional Reconfiguration: Nepal’s political system is experiencing a broader transition.

    Why Can India No Longer Depend Solely on Traditional Political Networks in Nepal?

    Historical Pattern

    1. Elite-Centric Engagement: India traditionally dealt with established political leaders and long-term political actors.
    2. Political Continuity: Familiar actors often alternated in government, facilitating predictable diplomacy.
    3. Institutional Comfort: New Delhi developed extensive networks with traditional parties.

    Changing Political Reality

    1. New Stakeholders: Emerging leaders possess different political priorities and constituencies.
    2. Youth Influence: Younger demographics increasingly shape electoral outcomes.
    3. Political Fragmentation: Greater diversity within Nepal’s political landscape.

    Diplomatic Adaptation

    1. Broader Outreach: India must engage across the political spectrum.
    2. Institutional Engagement: Relationships cannot depend on a limited set of actors.
    3. Long-Term Relevance: Successful diplomacy requires adaptation to Nepal’s evolving political realities.

    How Did the 2015 Constitutional Crisis Damage India’s Image in Nepal?

    Constitutional Dispute

    1. Madhesi Concerns: India raised concerns regarding representation and rights of Madhesis with strong social and cultural links to India.
    2. Constitution Drafting: Differences emerged during Nepal’s constitution-making process.
    3. Political Sensitivity: Sovereignty concerns became central to public debate.

    Border Blockade Legacy

    1. Economic Disruption: The India-Nepal border witnessed months-long disruptions.
    2. Public Hardship: Fuel shortages and supply constraints generated public dissatisfaction.
    3. Political Fallout: The episode became a defining moment in Nepalese perceptions of India.

    Trust Deficit

    1. Anti-India Sentiment: Sections of Nepal’s population viewed India as interfering in domestic affairs.
    2. Youth Perception: Negative narratives gained traction among younger Nepalese citizens.
    3. Diplomatic Challenge: Residual mistrust continues to influence bilateral relations.

    Why Has the “Big Brother” Narrative Become a Strategic Challenge for India

    1. Perception Problem
      1. Big Brother Image: India is viewed by some Nepalese groups as an overbearing neighbour.
      2. Sovereignty Concerns: Domestic political debates often invoke concerns regarding external influence.
      3. Political Mobilisation: Anti-India narratives occasionally become instruments of domestic politics.
    2. India’s Preferred Image
      1. Elder Brother Approach: India seeks to project itself as a supportive and benevolent partner.
      2. Mutual Respect: Emphasizes cooperation rather than dominance.
      3. Shared Prosperity: Focuses on development and connectivity partnerships.
    3. Strategic Consequences
      1. Influence Competition: Perceptions shape Nepal’s foreign policy choices.
      2. Youth Outreach Requirement: Future relations depend significantly on younger generations.
      3. Diplomatic Sensitivity: Managing perceptions becomes as important as managing policies.

    How Deep Is India-Nepal Interdependence Despite Political Differences?

    1. Open Border
      1. Mobility Framework: Citizens enjoy unrestricted cross-border movement.
      2. Social Integration: Facilitates extensive familial and cultural connections.
      3. Economic Benefits: Supports employment and commercial activities.
    2. Migration Linkages
      1. Nepalese in India: Approximately 80 lakh Nepalese citizens live and work in India.
      2. Indians in Nepal: Around 6 lakh Indians reside in Nepal.
      3. Human Connectivity: Creates one of the world’s most extensive people-to-people networks.
    3. Economic Interdependence
      1. Trade Relationship: India remains Nepal’s largest trading partner.
      2. Investment Flows: Indians account for nearly 30% of foreign investment in Nepal.
      3. Remittances: Estimated remittance flows amount to nearly US$3 billion from Nepal to India and US$1 billion from India to Nepal.
    4. Civilisational Bonds
      1. Shared Heritage: Common religious, cultural and historical traditions.
      2. Cross-Border Communities: Deep kinship networks across the border.
      3. Societal Integration: Civilisational links reinforce strategic relations.

    How Is China Benefiting from India’s Trust Deficit in Nepal?

    1. Geopolitical Competition
      1. Strategic Location: Nepal lies between two major Asian powers.
      2. Balancing Strategy: Kathmandu increasingly seeks leverage through diversified partnerships.
      3. Competitive Diplomacy: India and China compete for influence.
    2. China Card Diplomacy
      1. Political Instrument: Nepalese political actors increasingly use ties with China to strengthen bargaining power vis-à-vis India.
      2. Strategic Signalling: Chinese engagement provides alternatives to dependence on India.
      3. Policy Flexibility: Kathmandu seeks greater strategic autonomy.
    3. Boundary Dispute Context
      1. Territorial Claims: Nepal alleged Indian encroachment on Nepalese territory.
      2. Third-Party Involvement: Nepal sought Chinese and UN engagement on the issue.
      3. India’s Position: New Delhi firmly rejected any external role in resolving bilateral boundary matters.
    4. Institutional Penetration
      1. Diplomatic Presence: China maintains sustained engagement with Nepal’s political actors.
      2. Policy Influence: Beijing seeks long-term strategic partnerships.
      3. Regional Competition: Nepal has become an important arena of India-China competition.

    Why Is Connectivity Emerging as India’s Most Effective Diplomatic Tool?

    1. Development Partnership: Strengthens economic integration, delivers infrastructure benefits, and reinforces India’s role as a trusted development partner.
    2. Seamless Connectivity: Expands road, rail, air and digital links, facilitating trade, mobility and regional integration.
    3. Civilisational Linkages: Leverages shared cultural and religious heritage to strengthen people-to-people ties and soft power.
    4. Strategic Advantage: Generates goodwill, counters growing Chinese influence, and promotes long-term bilateral stability.

    What Should Be India’s Approach Towards the New Nepal?

    1. Respect for Sovereignty: Adopt a non-interference approach, engage all political stakeholders, and treat Nepal as an equal partner.
    2. Broad-Based Engagement: Build ties beyond traditional elites through outreach to emerging leaders, youth groups and institutions.
    3. Connectivity and Development: Expand infrastructure, digital integration and economic cooperation to deepen mutual interdependence.
    4. Trust-Based Diplomacy: Strengthen public goodwill, address historical mistrust and replace “big brother” perceptions with a partnership model.

    Conclusion

    As Nepal’s political landscape evolves, India must move beyond historical ties and engage a new generation of leaders through respect, trust and development partnership. An approach based on sovereignty, connectivity and equal partnership will be key to sustaining strong India-Nepal relations in a changing geopolitical environment.

    Value Addition

    India-Nepal Border Facts

    Border Length: 1,751 km open international border.

    Indian States Sharing Border

    1. Uttarakhand
    2. Uttar Pradesh
    3. Bihar
    4. West Bengal
    5. Sikkim

    Major India-Nepal Connectivity and Infrastructure Projects

    1. Jayanagar-Kurtha-Bijalpura Railway: Connects Jayanagar (Bihar, India) with Kurtha and Bijalpura (Madhesh Province, Nepal). It is Nepal’s first broad-gauge passenger railway and strengthens cross-border trade, mobility and regional integration.
    2. Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Pipeline: Connects Motihari (Bihar, India) with Amlekhgunj (Nepal). It is South Asia’s first cross-border petroleum pipeline and ensures reliable fuel supply while reducing transportation costs and leakages.
    3. Arun-III Hydropower Project: Located on the Arun River in Sankhuwasabha district of eastern Nepal. Developed by India’s SJVN Ltd, it strengthens bilateral energy cooperation and facilitates power exports to India.
    4. Cross-Border Transmission Lines: Includes the Muzaffarpur (Bihar)-Dhalkebar (Nepal) transmission line and new high-capacity corridors. These facilitate electricity trade and support Nepal’s emergence as a power-exporting nation.
    5. Integrated Check Posts (ICPs): Operational at Raxaul-Birgunj, Jogbani-Biratnagar, Sunauli-Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj Road-Nepalgunj. They streamline customs clearance, trade logistics and border management.
    6. Terai Road Project: India-assisted road network across Nepal’s Terai region improves connectivity along the India-Nepal border and enhances economic integration.
    7. Cross-Border Rail Corridors (Proposed/Under Development):
      1. Jogbani (Bihar)-Biratnagar (Nepal)
      2. Raxaul (Bihar)-Kathmandu Railway
      3. Nautanwa (UP)-Bhairahawa (Nepal)
    8. These projects aim to connect Nepal’s major economic centres with Indian transport networks.

    Important Border Areas Frequently in News

    1. Kalapani: Strategic Himalayan region claimed by both India and Nepal; located near the India-Nepal-China tri-junction.
    2. Lipulekh Pass: Important trade and pilgrimage route connecting India with Tibet; frequently features in territorial disputes.
    3. Limpiyadhura: Claimed by Nepal as part of its territory and included in Nepal’s revised political map in 2020.
    4. Susta: Border dispute area along the Gandak River due to changes in river course.

    Important Border Crossing Points

    1. Raxaul-Birgunj: Nepal’s busiest trade gateway; handles a major share of bilateral trade.
    2. Sunauli-Bhairahawa: Key route for trade and Buddhist tourism.
    3. Jogbani-Biratnagar: Major commercial corridor in eastern Nepal.
    4. Banbasa-Mahendranagar: Important western border crossing.
    5. Panitanki-Kakarbhitta: Connects eastern Nepal with West Bengal and the Siliguri Corridor.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] “India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.” Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement.

    Linkage: The PYQ tests India’s neighbourhood policy, management of bilateral relations, and balancing of strategic interests in South Asia. Similar to Sri Lanka, the article examines how India must adapt its diplomacy towards a changing Nepal while preserving influence amid growing Chinese presence and shifting domestic politics.

  • India-U.K. Critical Minerals Partnership

    Why in the news?

    India and the United Kingdom launched the Critical Minerals Global Supply Chain Observatory (GSCO) to strengthen cooperation in critical minerals, clean energy, and resilient supply chains.

    Key Highlights

    • Observatory launched: Critical Minerals Global Supply Chain Observatory (GSCO).
    • Objective: Monitor and analyse global critical mineral supply chains using data-driven systems.
    • Aim:
      • Expand cooperation in:
        • Critical minerals
        • Technology sharing
        • Clean energy transition
        • Supply chain resilience
    • Jointly operated by:
      • Technology Innovation in Exploration and Mining Foundation (TEXMiN)
      • Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
      • University of Cambridge
    • First announced during:
      • Visit of Keir Starmer to India in October 2025.
    • Indian side:
      • Union Mines Minister G. Kishan Reddy highlighted the role of the initiative in strengthening global supply chains.
    • Other areas discussed during India-U.K. talks:
      • Trade
      • Defence
      • AI
      • Climate cooperation
      • Technology
      • Education
      • People-to-people ties
    • External Affairs Minister: S. Jaishankar held discussions with U.K. Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper.

    What are Critical Minerals?

    • Critical minerals are minerals essential for:
      • Clean energy technologies
      • Electronics
      • Defence manufacturing
      • Electric vehicles
      • Renewable energy systems
    • Examples: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Graphite, and Rare Earth elements
    • Importance: Supply disruptions can affect economic and national security.

    [2025] Consider the following statements:
    I. India has joined the Minerals Security Partnership as a member.
    II. India is a resource-rich country in all the 30 critical minerals that it has identified.
    III. The Parliament in 2023 has amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 empowering the Central Government to exclusively auction mining lease and composite license for certain critical minerals.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    [A] I and II only

    [B] II and III only

    [C] I and III only

    [D] I, II and III

  • MY Bharat Receives Guinness World Records Recognition

    Why in News?

    Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat) received the Guinness World Records title for the “Most Users to Take an Online Quiz in One Week”. The recognition was awarded after 390,812 participants successfully completed the quiz during the assessment period.

    Key Highlights

    • The record was achieved through the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders’ Dialogue (VBYLD) Quiz.
    • Quiz objective: Promote youth participation and awareness regarding Viksit Bharat@2047.
    • Conducted through:
      • MY Bharat portal under the Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports.
    • Participation:
      • Over 50.42 lakh youth participated.
      • Covered all 28 States and 8 Union Territories.
    • Guinness assessment period:
      • 25 October to 31 October 2025.
    • During the assessment:
      • More than 8.39 lakh quiz participations recorded.
      • 390,812 participants certified after digital forensic audits and verification.
    • MY Bharat registrations:
      • 2.19 crore registrations within three years.
    • Union Minister:
      • Mansukh Mandaviya stated that nearly 65% of India’s population is below 35 years of age.
    • Significance:
      • Demonstrates digital youth engagement.
      • Encourages volunteering, leadership development, experiential learning, and community participation.
      • Supports the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.

    About Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat)

    • Launched by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports.
    • Objective: To provide a technology-driven institutional platform for youth development and participation.

    Focus Areas

    • Leadership development
    • Volunteerism
    • Skill enhancement
    • Community participation
    • Nation building initiatives

    [2018] Consider the following statements :
    Human capital formation as a concept is better explained in terms of a process which enables
    1. individuals of a country to accumulate more capital.
    2. increasing the knowledge, skill levels and capacities of the people of the country.
    3. accumulation of tangible wealth.
    4. accumulation of intangible wealth.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    [A] 1 and 2

    [B] 2 only

    [C] 2 and 4

    [D] 1, 3 and 4

  • [4th June 2026] The Hindu OpED: Preserving the record: On the right to be forgotten

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2017] Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy
    Linkage: The question examines the expansion of Article 21 and the constitutional status of informational privacy after the Puttaswamy judgment. The Right to be Forgotten is a direct extension of the right to informational privacy, raising questions about balancing privacy with open justice, transparency, and public access to judicial records.

    Mentor’ Comment

    A recent Delhi High Court order on the Right to be Forgotten has revived the debate over whether individuals can seek removal of their names from online court records. The case is significant because it brings into direct conflict two constitutional principles, the right to privacy recognised in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017) and the principle of open justice. This comes at a time when digitisation and search engines have made judicial records permanently accessible and searchable.

    What is the Right to be Forgotten?

    1. The Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) is the legal concept that empowers individuals to request the removal, erasure, or de-indexing of their personal data from internet searches, databases, and public platforms when that information becomes outdated, irrelevant, or harmful to their reputation. 
    2. It is built on the principle of informational self-determination, allowing people to reclaim control over their digital narrative and move on from past events without facing lifelong social or professional stigma.

    What is the Open Justice Principle?

    1. The Open Justice Principle is a foundational legal rule stating that judicial proceedings and records must be open to the public and the media to guarantee transparency, fairness, and public trust in the legal system. 
    2. It is summarized by the classic legal maxim: “Justice must not only be done, but must manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done.”

    How Has Digitisation Transformed the Debate on Open Justice and Privacy?

    1. Digital Permanence: Court records remain searchable indefinitely through search engines and online legal databases.
    2. Expanded Accessibility: Judicial records are accessible globally to anyone with internet access.
    3. Automated Archiving: Search engines and digital repositories replicate records across multiple platforms.
    4. Enhanced Public Scrutiny: Facilitates public understanding of judicial processes and legal developments.
    5. Persistent Reputational Impact: Allegations may remain associated with individuals even after acquittal or discharge.

    Implication

    The digital environment has transformed court publicity from a temporary consequence into a potentially permanent one

    Why Does the Right to be Forgotten Conflict with the Principle of Open Justice?

    1. Privacy Protection: Enables individuals to exercise control over personal information.
    2. Transparency Requirement: Ensures judicial functioning remains open to public scrutiny.
    3. Historical Record: Judicial decisions form part of the state’s official record.
    4. Democratic Accountability: Open records strengthen public confidence in courts.
    5. Freedom of Expression: Access to information supports informed public discourse.

    Core Constitutional Tension

    Right to PrivacyOpen Justice
    Protects personal dignityEnsures transparency
    Limits unnecessary exposureFacilitates public scrutiny
    Supports informational autonomyPreserves public records
    Prevents perpetual stigmaMaintains historical accuracy

    Why Did the Delhi High Court Favour Greater Privacy Protection?

    1. Search Engine Excerpts: Search engines may display isolated portions of judgments without context.
    2. Name-Based Discovery: Public access does not necessarily require searching cases through an accused person’s name.
    3. Replication Problem: Updating official records may not update copies stored on other websites.
    4. Context Loss: Fragmented information can misrepresent judicial outcomes.
    5. Digital Harm: Continuous association with allegations may affect reputation despite legal exoneration.

    Judicial Concern

    The Court recognized that merely updating records may not adequately protect privacy because digital content often persists across multiple platforms.

    Is Discoverability the Real Problem, or Is It Incomplete Information?

    The core issue is not public access itself but incomplete records.

    1. Acquittal Visibility: Searches should reveal both allegations and subsequent acquittals.
    2. Contextual Accuracy: Complete judicial history should accompany search results.
    3. Information Integrity: Users should receive accurate and updated records.
    4. Balanced Disclosure: Transparency should include final outcomes, not merely initial accusations.
    5. Digital Correction: Records should evolve with judicial developments.

    Example

    If an individual is acquitted, anyone accessing the proceedings should also immediately find the acquittal order instead of only the original accusation.

    Why Are Judicial Records Treated as Public Records of the State?

    1. Official Character: Court records constitute official acts of the State.
    2. Institutional Memory: They preserve the history of judicial administration.
    3. Legal Precedent: Judicial decisions guide future legal interpretation.
    4. Public Accountability: Citizens can assess judicial functioning.
    5. Rule of Law: Transparent records strengthen trust in legal institutions.

    Can Digital Accuracy Offer a Better Solution than Digital Erasure?

    Key Measures

    1. Record Updating: Reflect acquittals, discharges, settlements, and final outcomes prominently.
    2. Database Synchronisation: Ensure legal repositories regularly update records.
    3. Contextual Search Results: Display complete procedural history.
    4. Judicial Oversight: Impose obligations on registries and legal information platforms.
    5. Responsible Indexing: Ensure search engines provide context alongside judicial records.

    Expected Outcome: Protects privacy without undermining transparency or historical recordkeeping.

    How Does the European Experience Inform the Debate?

    The concept gained massive global prominence following the landmark 2014 Google Spain v. AEPD ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It is now strictly codified under Article 17 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as the “Right to Erasure”

    1. European Origin: RTBF emerged in response to persistent digital records.
    2. Balancing Test: Privacy claims are assessed against freedom of expression and public interest.
    3. Context-Based Approach: No absolute right to deletion exists.
    4. Public Interest Exception: Information relevant to public accountability may remain accessible.
    5. Proportionality Principle: Competing rights are balanced case-by-case.

    Conclusion

    The challenge is not whether judicial records should be accessible, but whether they should remain accurate and complete in the digital age. A balanced approach that preserves open justice while ensuring updated and contextualised records can protect both privacy and transparency, thereby strengthening public trust in the judiciary and the rule of law.

  • How Delhi HC’s pathbreaking ruling on Google keyword advertising means

    Why in the News?

    The Delhi High Court recently ruled that Google’s practice of allowing advertisers to purchase competitors’ registered trademarks as keywords for online advertisements can amount to trademark infringement.

    How Did the Hindware-Google Trademark Dispute Originate?

    Background of the dispute

    1. Hindware Trademark: Hindware possessed a registered trademark with substantial market goodwill built over decades in the sanitaryware sector.
    2. Discovery in 2013: Hindware found that competitors Grohe India Pvt. Ltd. and Cera Sanitaryware Ltd. had purchased the keyword “Hindware” through Google AdWords.
    3. Search Result Diversion: Searches for “Hindware”, “Hindware Sanitary”, or related terms displayed competitors’ websites and advertisements prominently.
    4. Consumer Impact: Users intending to purchase Hindware products were redirected toward rival brands.
    5. Legal Objection: Hindware argued that its trademark was being commercially exploited without authorization.

    How Does Google’s Keyword Advertising System Function?

    Mechanism of Google AdWords

    1. Keyword Advertising: Advertisers bid for specific words or phrases that trigger sponsored advertisements.
    2. Sponsored Search Results: Paid advertisements appear alongside or above organic search results.
    3. Auction-Based Model: Google conducts auctions among advertisers bidding for keywords.
    4. Revenue Generation: Google earns revenue through a Cost-Per-Click (CPC) model.

    Illustrative Example

    1. Trademark Search: A user searching for “Nokia” or “Sony” may be shown advertisements from competitors if those companies purchased the trademark as a keyword.
    2. Commercial Outcome: User attention may shift from the trademark owner to competing brands.

    Why Did Hindware Consider Keyword Advertising a Trademark Infringement?

    Hindware’s Legal Arguments

    1. Registered Trademark Protection: Hindware argued that its trademark enjoys legal protection under the Trade Marks Act, 1999.
    2. Unauthorized Commercial Use: Competitors used the trademark for generating advertising impressions without consent.
    3. Diversion of Customers: Searches intended for Hindware products were redirected toward rival companies.
    4. Misappropriation of Goodwill: Competitors benefited from brand value created through Hindware’s investments over decades.
    5. Consumer Confusion: Users searching specifically for Hindware could be influenced toward alternative brands.

    Trademark Law Basis

    1. Advertising Use: Hindware argued that keyword bidding constitutes use of a trademark in advertising.
    2. Section 29(6) Relevance: The practice falls within the statutory meaning of trademark use in advertising.

    [About Section 29(6) of Trade Marks Act, 1999: Trademark is deemed to be used if a person

    1. Affixes it to goods or packaging.
    2. Offers goods or services under that trademark.
    3. Imports or exports goods under that trademark.
    4. Uses the trademark in advertising.]

    What Defence Did Google Present Before the Court?

    Backend Function Argument

    1. Invisible Keywords: Google argued that keywords operate only as backend triggers.
    2. No Visible Display: Users cannot see purchased keywords during searches.
    3. Technical Facilitation: The platform merely facilitates ad placement based on advertiser-selected terms.

    Consumer Awareness Argument

    1. Sponsored Labels: Advertisements are marked separately from organic search results.
    2. Distinct Identification: Users can distinguish advertisements from natural search results.
    3. Reduced Confusion Claim: Clear labeling minimizes the possibility of consumer deception.

    Global Policy Argument

    1. International Practice: Google highlighted that keyword advertising involving trademarks is permitted in several jurisdictions.
    2. Policy Consistency: The company argued that its India policy aligns with broader global advertising practices.

    Competition Argument

    1. Market Access: Google contended that keyword bidding enables smaller firms to compete with established brands.
    2. Restriction Concern: Prohibiting keyword purchases could reduce competitive advertising opportunities.

    Why Did the Court Reject Google’s Position?

    1. Recognition of Trademark Use
      1. Commercial Exploitation: The Court held that keyword bidding amounts to trademark use in advertising.
      2. Revenue Generation: Google earns direct revenue through auctions involving trademarked terms.
      3. Advertising Function: Trademarked keywords serve as commercial tools for attracting consumers.
    2. Free-Riding on Goodwill
      1. Brand Investment: Trademark owners spend significant resources building consumer trust.
      2. Unfair Advantage: Competitors benefit from that goodwill without making equivalent investments.
      3. Monetization of Reputation: Google profits from the commercial value attached to others’ trademarks.
    3. Consumer Diversion
      1. Search Intent: Users searching for “Hindware” generally seek Hindware products.
      2. Traffic Redirection: Sponsored advertisements can divert consumers toward competing brands.
      3. Marketplace Distortion: Consumer attention shifts from the trademark owner to advertisers.
    4. Judicial Observation
      1. Free-Riding Finding: The Court observed that Google’s conduct effectively monetizes investments made by trademark owners.
      2. Commercial Benefit: Google derives revenue from trademark popularity despite not owning the trademark itself.

    What Did the Delhi High Court Ultimately Rule?

    1. Trademark Protection: Restrained Google from using “Hindware” or combinations of related words as advertising keywords.
    2. Infringement Recognition: Treated such use as capable of constituting trademark infringement under the Trade Marks Act.
    3. Goodwill Protection: Reinforced legal protection for brand reputation and consumer association.

    Significance of the Judgment

    1. Digital Trademark Jurisprudence: Establishes an important precedent for online trademark disputes.
    2. Platform Accountability: Expands scrutiny of intermediary business models.
    3. Consumer Interest Protection: Addresses concerns regarding diversionary advertising.

    What Are the Broader Implications for India’s Digital Economy?

    Impact on Digital Advertising

    1. Advertising Strategy Changes: Companies may face restrictions on bidding for competitors’ trademarks.
    2. Compliance Costs: Platforms may need stronger trademark monitoring systems.
    3. Keyword Auction Reforms: Search engines may need to redesign advertising policies.

    Impact on Trademark Law

    1. Expanded Interpretation: Strengthens protection against indirect commercial exploitation.
    2. Digital Application: Extends traditional trademark principles into online advertising environments.

    Impact on Competition

    1. Brand Protection: Strengthens rights of trademark owners.
    2. Market Entry Concerns: Smaller firms may lose a low-cost mechanism for attracting consumers.
    3. Competition-Law Debate: Raises questions regarding balance between competition and intellectual property rights.

    Impact on Platform Governance

    1. Intermediary Responsibility: Increases expectations of proactive trademark compliance.
    2. Algorithmic Accountability: Highlights legal scrutiny of automated advertising systems.

    What Are the Key Legal and Policy Issues Emerging from the Judgment?

    1. Trademark Rights vs Competition
      1. Trademark Protection: Ensures exclusive commercial benefit from brand identity.
      2. Competitive Advertising: Enables market entrants to challenge dominant firms.
    2. Intellectual Property vs Digital Innovation
      1. Rights Enforcement: Protects investments in brand development.
      2. Innovation Concerns: Excessive restrictions may affect advertising innovation.
    3. Consumer Protection vs Commercial Freedom
      1. Consumer Clarity: Reduces misleading diversion.
      2. Advertising Freedom: Limits comparative visibility strategies.

    Conclusion

    The Delhi High Court’s ruling marks an important step in adapting trademark law to the digital economy. By recognizing keyword advertising as potential trademark use, the judgment strengthens brand protection while raising important questions about competition, platform accountability, and consumer choice in online markets.

    Value Addition

    Trademark

    1. Definition: A sign, symbol, word, phrase, logo, design, or combination distinguishing goods or services of one entity from another.
    2. Legal Basis: Trade Marks Act, 1999.
    3. Validity: Registration valid for 10 years and renewable indefinitely.

    Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Ecosystem in India

    Constitutional Basis:

    1. Article 300A: Protects property rights.
    2. Legal Shield: Guarantees no property deprivation without legal authority.
    3. IP Inclusion: Covers both tangible and intellectual property

    Institutional Framework

    1. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT):
      1. Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
      2. Status: Non-statutory body (Central Government Department).
      3. Policy Maker: Formulates and amends all national IPR policies.
      4. Parent Body: Oversees the functioning of the CGPDTM and CIPAM.
      5. Global Liaison: Represents India at international forums like WIPO.
    2. Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM)
      1. Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (attached office of DPIIT).
      2. Status: Statutory body.
      3. IP Registry: Manages statutory offices for Patents, Designs, Trade Marks, and Geographical Indications.
      4. E-Filing Hub: Operates the centralized online registration portals.
      5. Quasi-Judicial Power: Hears and decides intellectual property disputes and oppositions.
    3. Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM)
      1. Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry (professional body under DPIIT).
      2. Status: Non-statutory body (Executive Agency).
      3. Policy Executor: Implements targets set by the National IPR Policy.
      4. Public Outreach: Conducts IP awareness campaigns across schools and universities.
      5. Enforcement Training: Trains police, customs, and judiciary staff to curb piracy.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2024] What is the present world scenario of Intellectual Property Rights with respect to life materials? Although India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.

    Linkage: The PYQ examines the protection, commercialization, and enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in a rapidly evolving technological environment. The Delhi High Court’s ruling extends trademark protection to digital advertising practices, addressing new-age IPR challenges in the platform economy.

  • U.S. Proposal for 12.5% Tariff on India under Section 301

    Why in the news?

    The Office of the United States Trade Representative proposed a 12.5% tariff on imports from India and several other countries for allegedly failing to effectively enforce prohibitions on goods produced using forced labour.

    Key Highlights

    • Proposed tariff: 12.5% on imports from 54 countries including India.
    • Investigation launched under: Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act, 1974.
    • The proposal is: Not final yet.
    • Public hearings scheduled for: July 7, 2026.

    What is Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act?

    Section 301 empowers the U.S. government to:

    • Investigate unfair trade practices by foreign countries.
    • Impose:
      • Tariffs
      • Trade restrictions
        if practices are seen as harmful to U.S. commerce.

    Reason for the Investigation

    The U.S. alleged that some countries:

    • Failed to effectively prevent imports of goods produced using: Forced labour.

    India’s Response

    The Ministry of Commerce and Industry stated that:

    • India remains engaged with the U.S. regarding:
      • Section 301 proceedings
      • Interim trade agreement negotiations.

    Timeline of Key Events

    • March 2026: USTR launched investigations.
    • June 2026: U.S. trade delegation visited India.
    • June 22: Deadline for hearing participation requests.
    • July 6: Deadline for written submissions.
    • July 7: Public hearings.

    Sectors Likely to be Impacted

    Labour intensive sectors may face major impact:

    • Textiles
    • Garments
    • Leather products
    • Carpets
    • Brassware

    What is Forced Labour?

    According to international labour standards:

    • Forced labour refers to work extracted under threat, coercion or without voluntary consent.

    [2018] International Labour Organization’s Conventions 138 and 182 are related to –

    A Child labour

    B Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change

    C Regulation of food prices and food security

    D Gender parity at the workplace

  • Cross Border UPI Payments Launched in Cambodia

    Why in the news?

    NPCI International Payments Limited and ACLEDA Bank Plc. launched cross border UPI payments in Cambodia through KHQR, Cambodia’s national QR code system.

    Key Highlights

    • Indian travellers can now use:
      • Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
        for QR based payments in Cambodia.
    • Integration completed through: Bakong’s KHQR system.
    • Launch ceremony held in Phnom Penh.

    What is UPI?

    The Unified Payments Interface (UPI):

    • Is a real time digital payment system developed in India.
    • Operated by: National Payments Corporation of India.
    • Enables: Instant bank to bank transfers using mobile applications.

    What is NIPL?

    NPCI International Payments Limited (NIPL):

    • International arm of NPCI.
    • Responsible for:
      • Expanding UPI and RuPay globally.

    About KHQR

    • Cambodia’s national QR code standard.
    • Operates through:
      • Bakong payment system.
    • Managed by:
      • National Bank of Cambodia.

    Features of the Partnership

    Phase 1

    • Indian travellers in Cambodia can:
      • Scan KHQR codes and make payments.
    • Covers:
      • More than 4.5 million Cambodian merchants.

    Future Phase

    • Cambodian citizens visiting India will also be able to:
      • Use Cambodian banking apps to scan UPI QR codes in India.

    Benefits of the Initiative

    For Travellers

    • Reduces need for:
      • Currency exchange
      • Carrying cash.
    • Enables:
      • Seamless digital transactions.

    For Merchants

    • Access to Indian tourists.
    • Faster and secure payments.
    • Lower cash handling costs.

    Importance of UPI Internationalisation

    • Promotes: India’s digital public infrastructure globally.
    • Strengthens: FinTech diplomacy.
    • Supports: Cross-border digital payments and trade.

    Countries Accepting UPI

    • UPI is currently accepted in Singapore, United Arab Emirates, France, Mauritius, Nepal, Bhutan, Qatar, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia.

    Legal Status of NPCI

    • Company Status: Registered as a Non-Profit Company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013.
    • Ownership: Owned and operated by a consortium of major banks in India.
    • Regulatory Oversight: It is regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.

    [2025] Consider the following countries:
    I. United Arab Emirates
    II. France
    III. Germany
    IV. Singapore
    V. Bangladesh
    How many countries amongst the above are there other than India where international merchant payments are accepted under UPI?

    [A] Only two

    [B] Only three

    [C] Only four

    [D] All the five