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  • Retail Direct Scheme for G-Secs

    The RBI has announced a scheme under which retail investors will be allowed to open retail direct gilt accounts (RDG) directly with the central bank.

    Retail Direct Scheme

    • The scheme is a one-stop solution to facilitate investment in government securities (G-secs) by individual investors.
    • Under RDG schemes, accounts can be opened through a dedicated online portal, which will provide registered users access to primary issuance of government securities and to NDS-OM.

    What is a gilt account?

    • A “Gilt Account” means an account opened and maintained for holding Government securities, by an entity or a person including ‘a person resident outside India’ with a “Custodian” permitted by the RBI.

    About Government Securities

    • These are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow money.
    • The two key categories are:
    1. Treasury bills (T-Bills) – short-term instruments which mature in 91 days, 182 days, or 364 days, and
    2. Dated securities – long-term instruments, which mature anywhere between 5 years and 40 years

    Note: T-Bills are issued only by the central government, and the interest on them is determined by market forces.

    Why G-Secs?

    • Like bank fixed deposits, g-secs are not tax-free.
    • They are generally considered the safest form of investment because they are backed by the government. So, the risk of default is almost nil.
    • However, they are not completely risk-free, since they are subject to fluctuations in interest rates.
    • Bank fixed deposits, on the other hand, are guaranteed only to the extent of Rs 5 lakh by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).

    Retail investors and G-Secs

    • Small investors can invest indirectly in g-secs by buying mutual funds or through certain policies issued by life insurance firms.
    • To encourage direct investment, the government and RBI have taken several steps in recent years.
    • Retail investors are allowed to place non-competitive bids in auctions of government bonds through their Demat accounts.
    • Stock exchanges act as aggregators and facilitators of retail bids.

  • 13th July 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1  The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

    GS-2 Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    GS-3  Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

         GS-4  Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion

    Questions:

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1) “For the for most of the moderates Politics remain a part time affair. The Congress was not a political party, but an annual three-day show”. Comment ( 10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2) Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics. But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to. In light of this, discuss the need for anti-discrimination law in India and its provisions. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3) The ascending stock of forex reserves in India has led to the view this will enable the sole devotion of monetary policy to domestic objectives. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your agreement. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4) The human beings often need encouragement or intervention to do what’s best for themselves or society at large. In the light of above statement bring out the Importance of behavioural economics concept of ‘nudge’ to encourage desirable social and economic change in the country. (10 Marks)

     

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    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

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  • [RSTV Archive] Cooperative Based Economic Development

    A new Ministry of Cooperation has been created to strengthen cooperative movement. This separate administrative structure was proposed in Union Budget earlier this year. New ministry is expected to streamline processes for cooperatives and realise the vision of ‘ Sahkar se Samriddhi’.

    In this article we will discuss and analyse all aspects of this issue.

    What is a Cooperative?

    • A cooperative is “an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned enterprise”.
    • Cooperatives are democratically owned by their members, with each member having one vote in electing the board of directors.

    Cooperative Movement in India

    The history of cooperatives in India goes back to more than a hundred years and they continue to stay relevant due to their grassroots reach and ability to bring economic growth to underserved sections.

    • The cooperative movement, which has its roots in the 19th century Europe, developed in pre-Independence India in response to agricultural distress and indebtedness.
    • Their growth was fostered, first by India’s erstwhile British rulers and, post-Independence, several steps have been taken to put assist in their growth and functioning.
    • The formal launch of the cooperative movement in India occurred with the introduction of the Cooperative Societies Act in 1904.
    • However, it notes that even before the passing of that law, “the practice of the concept of cooperation and cooperative activities were prevalent in several parts of India”.
    • In 1912, another Cooperative Societies Act was passed to rectify some of the drawbacks of the earlier law.
    • The next landmark change came in 1919 when cooperation was made a state subject. That allowed the various states to come up with their own legislation governing cooperatives.

    Who can form a cooperative in India?

    • Cooperatives are geared towards benefiting the chunk of Indian people — about 65 per cent of the country’s population — who depend on agriculture and related activities.
    • According to the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, at least 10 persons aged above 18 years with common economic objectives, like farming, weaving, consuming, etc, can form a cooperative society.

    Which are the key sectors where cooperatives operate in India?

    1. Consumer Cooperative Society
    2. Producer Cooperative Society
    3. Co-operative Credit Societies
    4. Marketing Cooperative Society
    5. Housing Cooperative Society
    6. Co-operative Farming Societies
    • The various kinds of cooperatives in India include consumers’ cooperative societies, which seek to protect the interest of general consumers by making goods available at reasonable rates.
    • Then there are producers’ cooperative societies that protect the interest of small producers by enabling access to raw materials, tools and equipment, machinery, etc. are examples of producers’ co-operative societies.
    • Among the most famous cooperative brands in the country, Amul developed out of the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation, which is owned by 36 lakh milk producers in Gujarat.
    • It is an example of a cooperative marketing society, formed by small producers and manufacturers who find it difficult to sell their products individually.
    • Among other types of cooperatives are cooperative credit societies, which accept deposits from members and grant them loans at reasonable rates, and cooperative farming societies, which are formed by small farmers to work jointly and thereby enjoy the benefits of large-scale farming.

    Why needs cooperatives?

    It is easier to understand the need of the cooperatives by knowing its specific objectives. They can be summed as follows:      

    • Cooperatives are good, reliable opportunities for growth
    • They provide an opportunity for collective decision making.
    • They eliminate the unnecessary profits of middlemen in trade and commerce.
    • They aim to protect the rights of people both producers and consumers.
    • They promote mutual understanding and education among their members and people in general.
    • They bring together people at the grassroots and provide them collective bargaining power and benefits of economies of scale.
    • They provide an economic model with a higher level of entrepreneurial or social sustainability and often work as pressure groups to voice the views of their members in a larger market.
    • Being a part of a co-op improves your creditworthiness as a producer as well as a consumer.
    • They are easy to join, ensure equitable distribution of profits, prioritise welfare over individual profits, are stable in their functioning and output, and receive a substantial amount of government support.

    Why need a separate ministry?

    • Over the years, the cooperative institutions have experienced drying out of funding.
    • While the capital came from the Centre, in the form of equity or working capital, only a few states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka got to enjoy it, while other states could not receive much.
    • It had become important to restore the structure of these cooperatives.
    • Under the new Ministry, the cooperative movement would get the required financial and legal power needed to penetrate into other states also.

    How do these cooperative structures influence politics?

    • The cooperative institutions ranging from the village-level primary agricultural credit societies (PACSs) or the urban housing societies have been the starting point of a lot of present leaders.
    • That’s because these cooperatives elect their own board of directors.
    • Many veteran politicians of the day have been in connection with the cooperative movement in the past.
    • They often tend to start their political career through cooperative elections.
    • Control of co-operatives allows politicians to influence decisions upstream (who gets a cabinet seat) as well as downstream and ancillary fields (where are the votes coming from).
    • They are a source of funding and patronage.
    • A canny politician can leverage his/her power at the cooperative level all the way to state and national prominence.

    Challenges for cooperatives

    • Capital: As the income from agriculture in the rural sector has declined drastically there these banks need a new business model to function.
    • Regionality: Milk cooperatives are a huge source of income for the farmers but the growth of the dairy sector is dismal. The North and northeast do not contribute substantially to the dairy sector.  There is a need for policies for supporting ancillary services for the dairy sector.
    • State laws: State cooperative Laws are not in tune with the current socio-economic situation.

    Opposition from the states

    • In Maharashtra and Gujarat, there are many big cooperative societies engaged in sugar and milk production, power looms, and running urban and rural non-agri credit societies.
    • In Mh alone there are around 21,000 primary agriculture credit societies and 31 district cooperative banks.
    • It is believed that around 150 MLAs in Maharashtra are connected to this sector.
    • The Left parties have also expressed concern over the move, stating that it seeks to undermine the federal structure of the country. 
    • Cooperative societies are a state subject in the Constitution’s 7th Schedule.

    What will be the new cooperation ministry’s role?

    • Separate administration: With a focus to help deepen cooperatives as a true people-based movement, the ministry is mandated to “provide a separate administrative, legal and policy framework for strengthening the cooperative movement”.
    • Facilitation: The ministry will streamline processes for ease of doing business for cooperatives and enable the development of multi-state cooperatives.
    • Expansion: With the coming up of handicraft and weavers’ cooperatives and so on the farmers’ income can be doubled.
    • Economic boost: It will contribute towards economic growth and development. It will help in identifying other sectors where the cooperatives can come up which will be beneficial for the ones down the value chain.

    What should be the key areas where the ministry should focus?

    • Rural sector: Double farmers’ income can be achieved by growth of the food processing industry. India can learn from the Netherlands in this aspect.
    • Housing for all: Mass housing through cooperative societies in urban areas as majority urban poor live in slums.
    • Consumer cooperatives in urban areas: There are none in the country with credible work. As these can act as a balancing sector.
    • Ease of doing business: EODB norms should be extended to all cooperatives so that they are able to function without obstructions.

    Way forward

    • The new ministry should empower cooperatives to form their SPVs.
    • It should promote companies under the companies act which are formed by the cooperatives.
    • The cooperative should not be dependent only on govt or borrowing for capital.

    Reference:

  • Case for an anti-discrimination law

    Context

    “Silent segregation” on the grounds of marital status, gender, sexual orientation or eating preferences are followed in several housing societies and residents’ associations. Legal remedies are needed for its victims.

    Issue of the prevalence of discrimination on various grounds

    • The recent Pew Research Center Report has confirmed that a substantial number of Indians prefer not to have a person from a different religious community as their neighbour.
    • The absence of a proper legal recourse for those who suffer from housing discrimination only makes matters worse.
    • Social prejudice against members of the LGBTQIA+ community in the country remains strong, despite Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was read down by the Supreme Court of India.
    • In April, the Supreme Court, in Patan Jamal Vali vs State of Andhra Pradesh, recognised intersectional discrimination.
    • It is discrimination on the basis of the intersection of personal characteristics, such as that faced by Dalit women as Dalits, as women and in the unique category of Dalit women.
    • Discriminatory practices may also be indirect in nature, whereby policies that seem neutral and not expressly targeted at a particular group, still cause a disproportional adverse impact on disadvantaged sections of society.

    Why Article 15(1) is not enough

    • Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics such as religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.
    • But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to.
    • Nor does it expressly list ethnicity, linguistic identity, nationality, marital status, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance and other personal characteristics as prohibited grounds of discrimination.

    We need a comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework

    • A comprehensive anti-discrimination legal framework is required to fill the existing legal lacunae.
    • India is one of the few liberal democracies without such a framework.
    • The Sachar Committee, in 2006, recognised the need for an anti-discrimination law.
    • This was further reiterated by the Expert Group on Equal Opportunity Commission headed by Prof. N.R. Madhava Menon.

    Way forward

    • The States can lead the way, by enacting anti-discrimination laws in their respective jurisdictions.
    • States have a vital role in strengthening our right to equality.
    • The State legislature can use its powers under Entry 8 of List III in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution to enact an anti-discrimination law.
    • And if States take the initiative, the demand for a national anti-discrimination law to cover services and institutions under the domain of the Union government will be reignited.
    • The law should have provisions that prohibit employers, landlords, traders, service providers, private persons performing public functions, and public authorities, from discriminating.
    • Law should prohibit discrimination on grounds of caste, race, ethnicity, descent, sex, gender identity, gender expression, pregnancy, sexual orientation, religious identity, tribe, disability, linguistic identity, HIV-status, nationality, marital status, dietary preference, skin tone, physical appearance, place of residence, place of birth, age or analogous characteristics which are beyond the control of an individual or those that constitute a fundamental choice.
    • The law should also balance the anti-discrimination mandate with other rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
    • The anti-discrimination mandate can be restricted in pursuance of a legitimate objective.
    • Affirmative-action provisions can be included whereby public authorities are obliged to progressively realise diversification of their workforces.

    Consider the question “Article 15(1) of the Constitution of India prohibits the state from discriminating against individuals on basis of certain protected characteristics. But it does not bar private individuals or institutions from doing what the state is not permitted to. In light of this, discuss the need for anti-discrimination law in India and its provisions.”

    Conclusion

    We must recognise that anti-discrimination law is not a panacea for the problems of inequality and social prejudice that are deeply rooted in our society. Nevertheless, it is a necessary step — an idea whose time has come.

  • Strategic cooperation between India, Italy and Japan can ensure a free Indo-Pacific

    Context

    Recently, Mr. Draghi, Italy’s Prime Minister described Chinese competitive practices as “unfair” and invited the EU to be franker and more courageous in confronting Beijing on various issues. Against this backdrop, a trilateral partnership between India-Japan-Italy could play important role in the Indo-Pacific region.

    India’s growing centrality in Indo-Pacific strategic architecture

    • Countries that share similar values and face similar challenges are coming together to create purpose-oriented partnerships.
    • In the context of the Indo-Pacific, the challenges posed by China’s assertive initiatives clash with a region lacking multilateral organisations capable of solving problems effectively.
    • But as a new pushback against China takes shape and as Indian foreign policy becomes strategically clearer, there is new momentum to initiatives such as the Quad.

    India-Italy-Japan trilateral partnership

    • Recently, Italy has also begun to signal its intention to enter the Indo-Pacific geography.
    • It has done so by seeking to join India and Japan in a trilateral partnership.
    • Italy has become more vocal on the risks emanating from China’s strategic competitive initiatives.
    • On the Indian side, there is great interest in forging new partnerships with like-minded countries interested in preserving peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.
    • The responsibility of keeping the Indo-Pacific free and open, and working for the welfare of its inhabitants falls on like-minded countries within and beyond the region.

    Potential of trilateral partnership

    • Their compatible economic systems can contribute to the reorganisation of the global supply chains that is now being reviewed by many players as a natural result of the Chinese mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic.
    •  At the security level, the well-defined India-Japan Indo-Pacific partnership can easily be complemented by Italy.
    • At the multilateral level, the three countries share the same values and the same rules-based world view.

    The way forward for trilateral cooperation

    • The Italian government must formulate a clear Indo-Pacific strategy that must indicate its objectives.
    • But Rome must go beyond that in defining and implementing, at the margins of the EU’s common initiatives, its own policy with respect to the Indo-Pacific.
    • The India, Italy and Japan trilateral initiative can be a forum to foster and consolidate a strategic relationship between these three countries, and specifically expand India-Italy bilateral relations.
    • A trilateral cooperation can be the right forum for India and Italy to learn more from each other’s practices and interests and consolidate a strategic dialogue that should include the economic, the security and the political dimensions.
    •  To consolidate the trilateral cooperation in this field, the three countries need to define a common economic and strategic agenda.

    Conclusion

    A clear political will is needed from all sides, and Italy, in particular, should recognise its interests in playing a larger role towards the maintenance of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Robust India-Italy strategic ties can be the first step towards the realisation of this goal.

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    Why Pay When You Can Learn For Free? Get FREE Access To Over 13 Different Clubs And Start Learning Today!

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  • Arbitration in India: Issues

    Context

    Plagued by delays and rising costs, arbitration in India needs urgent attention. The pandemic has only worsened the situation.

    Issues with arbitrations process in India

    • Arbitrations in India suffers from rising costs and sluggish proceedings.
    • Arbitration proceedings are often dragged on by lawyers on either side filing misconceived applications at various stages of the proceedings.
    • Litigants, too, at times contribute to this delay with their stubbornness in not conceding a loss or defeat.
    • The courts have narrowed down the scope of judicial interference under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
    • The very limited recourse for setting aside an arbitral award under the Act invariably means that it will be upheld, even if it appears unfair or illogical.
    • The aggrieved party may well be stuck with the award and precluded forever from challenging it.
    • Arbitration hearings are generally held in camera, and decisions are usually not publicly accessible, giving rise to doubts about impartiality and fairness.
    • Arbitration proceedings have become more complex with time.
    • The Supreme Court, in Guru Nanak Foundation v. Rattan Singh and Sons, had expressed disappointment against the procedural delays and tardiness in the resolution of disputes through arbitration.
    • Even the clauses providing for fees of the arbitrators and fixed timelines for disposal are often disregarded by the players
    • The inevitable consequence of these drawbacks is a slow departure of the biggest litigant, the government, from the arbitration spectrum.
    • A sector that is dominated by approvals, protocols and scrutiny, uncertainty about the budget outlay towards arbitrations and unexpected delays in disposal does not inspire confidence and detracts from the sanctity of the process.

    Way forward

    • Arbitrators have endeavoured to simplify the proceedings by limiting the pleadings, insisting on written arguments, reducing the number of sittings and laying down a schedule for various milestones.
    • Some restraint is needed from all quarters to bring its wheels back on the tracks. These are:
    • A small check on the arbitral fees and timelines.
    • Careful drafting of arbitration clauses.
    • Stringent procedural safeguards to curb delays.
    • Expeditious disposal of the court proceedings and legislative intent towards all of the above.

    Consider the question “What are the issues faced by the arbitration in India? Suggest the measures to deal with these issues.” 

    Conclusion

    Arbitration still has the inherent potential and characteristics to outperform other modes of dispute resolution, but for that to happen, some changes are a must.

  • New Ministry of Cooperation should enable people to leverage community networks

    Context

    India now has a Ministry of Cooperation that aims to strengthen the country’s cooperative movement. This is an opportune moment to look at the movement’s history, examine the potential of cooperatives and analyse the challenges they face.

    Development of Farmer Producer Companies in India

    • India’s significant tryst with dairy cooperatives began in the 1950s with the success of what we know today as Amul.
    • The nation took note of this initiative and the National Dairy Development Board was set up in 1965.
    • However, the expansion wasn’t working the way it had been envisaged.
    • The need for a new model was felt soon as cooperatives outside Anand were not holding regular and proper elections.
    • Their accounts were not audited.
    • As a result, a committee was set up in the Company Affairs Ministry to allow farmers to set up companies.
    • The Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) would run on the principle of “one share one vote” and the essence of cooperatives would not be diluted.
    • The Parliamentary Committee looked into the Bill to give legal backing to FPCs, with this, the Companies Act (Second Amendment), 2002 became law.

    Funding the FPCs

    • The existing funding vehicles were designed to cater to cooperatives, not FPCs
    •  Around 2010, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) had been commissioned to develop a plan for restructuring NABARD.
    • As a result, the restructured NABARD had a special window for FPCs.

    Community-based cooperatives

    •  The Cheliya community set up a chain of Hearty Mart “cooperative” supermarkets in villages in Gujrat using the franchise model.
    •  Just as the network of Charotar Patels that Kurien relied on in the case of Amul —Cheliya community have played a key role in the spread of the model.
    • The idea of leveraging the community network was tried in some parts of the country in the context of re-imagining economic infrastructure.
    • To deal with the electricity board failures, a distribution company was run on a community basis.
    • This model has, in fact, worked in places like Kanpur, even Kerala.

    Social cooperatives

    • The concept of social cooperatives builds on the idea of communities creating infrastructure by using local material and family labour.
    • These can be the village tank, paving the village road — with or without MGNREGA — finishing the last-mile construction of a canal network or even keeping watch on the contractor.
    • The pandemic seems to have increased the significance of community effort.
    • Reducing vaccine hesitancy, providing food to those waiting outside hospitals and, most importantly, looking after orphaned children are imperatives crying out for the cooperative model.

    Way forward for new Ministry of Cooperatives

    •  Keeping in mind social needs while using resources is a large part of the solution to our current predicament.
    • The pandemic will not follow the laws of corporate finance, cooperation has a lot to speak for itself, the new ministry should take this message.
    • The new work-from-home model will create several problems as well as offer opportunities.
    • The new ministry is a recognition of the needs of our times.
    • But it should not be just about pumping in money. 

    Conclusion

    This is the time to design models that help those who help themselves. We will wait expectantly to see how the new ministry works.

  • 12th July 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1  Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-significant events, personalities, issues

    GS-2  Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources

    GS-3  Agriculture and Related Issues. Food processing and related industries in India; Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment;
    Inclusive growth and issues arising from it 
     

    GS-4 Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.

    Questions:

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1) With the arrival of Lord William Bentinck the British Indian State experienced ‘The Wind of Change’. Comment (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2) The proportion of India’s children attending a government school is declining. What are the implications of such decline and suggest ways to deal with the issue of decline. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3) Examine the significance of cooperatives in the agriculture sector in India. What are the challenges facing the sector? What would be the role played by recently created Ministry of Cooperation in this regard. (15 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4) School play an important role in developing values and ethics in children. Discuss the importance of schools in ensuring ethical citizens in context of New Education Policy 2020 (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 1st June is uploaded on 1st June then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 1st June is uploaded on 3rd June, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Swatantra so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. Swatantra Sir’s tag is available, tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

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