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Delhi’s air quality deteriorates, again
Air quality to oscillate between poor to very poor
- Delhi’s air quality deteriorated from ‘moderate’ to ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ on April 29.
- It will be oscillating between ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ for the next three days, according to the SAFAR-System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research.
- Delhi’s air typically worsens in October-November and improves by March-April.
What is the cause
- Current weather conditions are not unfavourable, unlike in winter.
- Hence, apart from local emissions, the deterioration in air quality is being attributed to an increase in fire counts, mostly due to burning of wheat crop stubble in northern India.
- Deteriorating air quality is worrying amid an increasing number of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and deaths.
Quality classification
- An AQI between 0-50 is considered ‘good.
- An AQI between 51-100 is considered satisfactory.
- An AQI between 101-200 is considered moderate.
- An AQI between 201-300 is considered poor.
- An AQI between 301-400 is considered very poor.
- An AQI between 401-500 is considered severe.
- Above 500 is the ‘severe-plus’ or ‘emergency’ category.
May 3, 2021
Key/Important Terms related to Ancient/ Medieval History
3rd May 2021

Important officers and their role in the Maurya Empire
1. Sannidhata – Treasurer and keeper of the stores in Maurya Period. He was in charge of the collection of revenue from various parts of the kingdom and looked after the income and expenditure by supervising the works of akshapataladhyaksha (Accountant-General)
2. Samharta– His function was to collect Revenue both in cash and kind.
3. Amatyas–They were some sort of administrative personnel or civil servants who filled the highest administrative and judicial appointments.
4. Rajukas–Ashoka appointed a class of officers known as the Rajukas, who were vested with the authority of rewarding as well we punishing people.
5. Adhyaksas- The officers who looked after the various departments.
6. Yuktas- They appear to have been the subordinate official whose duties were largely secretarial works and accounting.
7. Gopa and Sthanika- There was an intermediate level of administration between the district level and village level, which was administered by the Gopa and Sthanikas.
8. Gramika- Head of the village. He was not a paid servant and was chosen among village elders.
9. Grambhojaka- Gramika was helped by Grambhojaka.
10. Pramukha- Eighteen chief handicrafts of the time were organised in guilds called as Shrenis, the president of Shrenis was known as Pramukha.
Important officers of the Gupta empire
1. Uparika- He was directly appointed by the king as a provincial governor.
2. Kumaramatyas- A link between the central and the provincial administration under the Guptas was provided by the officers called Kumaramatyas and Ayuktas. Kumaramatyas was a body of top-ranking officials attached not only to the king but also to the crown-prince and sometimes placed in charge of district.
3. Gopasramin- In Samudraguptas period an officer working as akshapataladhikrita. Their function was to enter numerous matters in the accounts register, recover royal dues and to check embezzlement and recover fines.
4. Sandhivigrahika-The foreign minister, minister of war and peace. First appeared under the rule of Samudragupta.
5. Mahabaldikarta-Commander-in-Chief.
6. Mahadandanayaka-
7. Mahapratihara- Chief of palace guards.
8. Pustapala- Record-keeper. Maintained record of land transactions in a district. They were also known as Karanika.
9. Vishaya- Vishayas were divided into smaller parts called Vithis which were the villages and consisted of the lowest unit of administration.
10. Mahattama,Mahattaka and Mahattara- Elder who assisted the Gramika in the village administration.
11. Agharikas- During the reign of Harsha, Agharikas looked after the land given in charity.
12. Samantas- Feudal chiefs.
Important officers of Satvahana Period
1. Uparakshita- In Satvahanas kingdom, their function was building caves for monks.
2. Gaulamika- Administration of the villages was placed under them in the Satvahana period.
3. Valaikkarars- Troops in the royal service and were the bodyguard of the monarch
Medieval India

Amils– Revenue officers

Arz-i-mamalik– Minister in-charge of the army of the whole country.

Ahl-i-qalam– Reporter

Baqqal– Trader, grain-dealer

Batai– Division of crop between the cultivator and landlord or the government, payments may be in

kind or cash

Barid- An intelligence officer appointed by the state to collect information

Chachar– Land out of cultivation for 3-4 years.

Chaauth or Chauthaai– One-fourth of the land revenue, originally a Zamindari charge in Gujrat demanded by Shivaji as a war expense.

Charai– A tax on cattle.

Dagh System– A system of branding of horses and animal.

Dam- A copper coin considered as 1/40* the silver rupee for the official purposes.

Dastur-al-amal- Rule book

Dhimmi- A non-Muslim client or subject

Darul Mulk- Capital

Gumashta- An agent or representative

Hamam– A room for the bath of hot and cold water

Hundi- A bill of exchange

Jamabandi– Settlement of the amount of revenue assessed upon an estate or district

Jarib– A measurement, land measurement or survey

Jihat– Extra cesses

Jizya– (a) In the literature of Delhi sultanate, any tax which is not kharaj or land tax

(b) In the Shariat, a personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims.

Kankut– Estimation of land revenue

Karori– A revenue officer.

Khiraj– Land revenue

Mahal- A group of land regarded as a unit for land revenue purposes.

Mansab– A military rank conferred by the Mughal emperor.

Mauza- Revenue term for village

Mokasa- Grant of land for military service, rent-free land.

Nabud– Remission of land revenue on account of natural disasters.

Paibaqi- Land reserved for allotment in jagir

Polaj- Land continuously in cultivation

Sarrafs– Money Chargers, bankers

Saurghal-Rent-free land

Taqavi- Advance of money for sowing or extending cultivation

Upari- Temporary occupant; tenant at will.

Usar- Barren land

Zawabit- Secular laws

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May 3, 2021
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May 3, 2021
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May 3, 2021
A WTO waiver on patents won’t help us against covid
There has been growing clamour across the world for waiver of intellectual property protection for Covid-19 vaccines under TRIPS. The article suggests alternatives to achieve the desired production of vaccines without setting the precedent for a waiver.

Waiver from TRIPS
- Last October, India and South Africa moved a motion at the WTO asking its council on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to provide a waiver on intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical patents.
- Many developing countries have since supported the joint move.
- While most advanced countries, home to the world’s major pharmaceutical companies, have opposed it.
- Nobel economist Joseph Stiglitz, along with activist Lori Wallach, penned an opinion piece making a case for such a waiver.
Voluntary licensing
- Alternative to waiver could be voluntary licensing arrangements between pharmaceutical companies and countries that wish to make vaccine doses for their own use.
- This is exactly what has occurred in India’s case, with a licensing agreement between AstraZeneca and Serum Institute of India.
- The recent difficulties with this arrangement are a result of India diverting some doses intended for export (or for Covax) to its domestic vaccination drive.
- But India will soon begin making other important global vaccines under similar licence arrangements, and a waiver would do nothing to speed up this process.
Compulsory licensing
- In the event that India needs to ramp up production more than is feasible via licences from global manufacturers, there is another alternative available, which is ‘compulsory licensing’.
- Such an approach would not permit the export of vaccine doses made under a compulsory licence.
- This approach should be taken by any developing country, if, for some reason, global pharmaceutical companies are unwilling to license a life-saving vaccine for domestic manufacture and distribution in that nation.
Why TRIPS waiver won’t help
- India’s limiting factors are a shortage of raw materials and low production capacity, neither of which would be cured with the supposed magic bullet of a WTO waiver.
- Not only would a WTO waiver not do anything to address the real bottlenecks that constrain the global production and distribution of vaccines, it would also set a bad precedent.
- It is true that governments, including the US and others, have significantly subsidized or incentivized in other ways the research and development activities of private pharmaceutical companies that now hold patents for major covid vaccines.
- Yet, these governments required the ingenuity of private enterprise to invent these vaccines.
Consider the question “What are the legal provisions to ensure the accessibility of life-saving drugs in the country?”

Conclusion

While it may seem appealing, a WTO waiver on intellectual property protection is an inappropriate priority. It’s a distraction from the heavy lifting needed to create the capacity to fight the scourge of covid.
May 1, 2021
Hottest planet in the known universe discovered
About the plane
- TOI-1431b, also known as MASCARA-5b, was found 490 light-years from Earth and could be the hottest planet in the known universe.
- Researchers at the University of Southern Queensland’s Centre for Astrophysics in Toowoomba led the global team that made the discovery.
- NASA’s Training Exoplanet Survey Satellite first flagged TOI-1431b as a possible planet in late 2019.
- Dayside temperature reaches approximately 2700 degrees celcius and nightside temperature approaches approximately 2300 degrees celcius – no life could survive in its atmosphere.
- This temperature is significantly greater than the melting point of most metals, many of which will turn to liquid at under 2000 degrees celcius.
- Titanium melts at 1670 degrees, platinum at 1770 degrees, and stainless steel at between 1375 and 1530 degrees.
Planet with a retrograde orbit
- These types of planets, known as ultra-hot Jupiters, are rarely discovered but this particular one is even more unusual due to its retrograde orbit.
- In our Solar System, all the planets orbit in the same direction that the Sun rotates and they’re all along the same plane.
- This new planet’s orbit is tilted so much that it is actually going in the opposite direction to the rotation of its host star.
May 1, 2021
1st May 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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May 1, 2021
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May 1, 2021
India-Japan relations
The article discusses the areas in which India-Japan are cooperating and also highlight the areas in which both countries can expand cooperation.

Issues discussed in US-Japan summit
- The discussion focused on their joint security partnership given the need to address China’s recent belligerence in territorial disputes in the South and East China Seas as well as in the Taiwan Strait.
- Both sides affirmed the centrality of their treaty alliance, for long a source of stability in East Asia, and pledged to stand up to China in key regional flashpoints such as the disputed Senkaku Islands and Taiwan.
- Both sides acknowledged the importance of extended deterrence vis-à-vis China through cooperation on cybersecurity and space technology.
- Discussions also touched upon Chinese ambitions to dominate the development of new age technologies such as 5G and quantum computing.
- Given China’s recent pledge to invest a mammoth $1.4 trillion in emerging technologies, Washington and Tokyo scrambled to close the gap by announcing a Competitiveness and Resilience Partnership, or CoRe.
- Both sides have also signalled their intent to pressure on China on violations of intellectual property rights, forced technology transfer, excess capacity issues, and the use of trade-distorting industrial subsidies.
- Both powers repeatedly emphasised their vision of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific.
Issues that need to be discussed in Japan PM’s visit to India

1) Continuation of balancing security policy
- First, one can expect a continuation of the balancing security policy against China that began in 2014.
- Crucially, India’s clashes with China in Galwan have turned public opinion in favour of a more confrontational China policy.
- In just a decade, New Delhi and Tokyo have expanded high-level ministerial and bureaucratic contacts, conducted joint military exercises and concluded military pacts such as the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) logistics agreement.
- Both countries need to affirm support for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific and continued willingness to work with the Quad.
- Both countries need to take stock of the state of play in the security relationship while also pushing the envelope on the still nascent cooperation on defence technology and exports.
2) Expanding cooperation in various sectors
- The two powers will look to expand cooperation in sectors such as cybersecurity and emerging technologies.
- Digital research and innovation partnership in technologies from AI and 5G to the Internet of Things and space research has increased between the two countries in the recent past.
- There is a need to deepen cooperation between research institutes and expand funding in light of China’s aforementioned technology investment programme.
- Issues of India’s insistence on data localisation and reluctance to accede to global cybersecurity agreements such as the Budapest Convention may be discussed in the summit.
3) Economic ties
- Economic ties and infrastructure development are likely to be top drawer items on the agendas of New Delhi and Tokyo.
- Though Japan has poured in around $34 billion in investments into the Indian economy, Japan is only India’s 12th largest trading partner.
- Trade volumes between the two stand at just a fifth of the value of India-China bilateral trade.
- India-Japan summit will likely reaffirm Japan’s support for key manufacturing initiatives such as ‘Make in India’ and the Japan Industrial Townships.
- Further, India will be keen to secure continued infrastructure investments in the strategically vital connectivity projects currently under way in the Northeast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4) Joint strategy toward key third countries
- In years past, India and Japan have collaborated to build infrastructure in Iran and Africa.
- Both countries have provided vital aid to Myanmar and Sri Lanka and hammer out a common Association of Southeast Asian Nations outreach policy in an attempt to counter China’s growing influence in these corners of the globe.
- However, unlike previous summits, the time has come for India and Japan to take a hard look at reports suggesting that joint infrastructure projects in Africa and Iran have stalled with substantial cost overruns.
- Tokyo will also likely try to get New Delhi to reverse its decision not to join the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
Consider the question “Changes on the geopolitical horizon offers India-Japan relations multiple avenues to deepen their ties. In light of this, discuss the areas of cooperation and shared concerns for India and Japan.”

Conclusion

Writing in 2006, Shinzo Abe, expressed his hope in his book that “it would not be a surprise if in another 10 years, Japan-India relations overtake Japan-U.S. and Japan-China relations”. Thus far, India has every reason to believe that Japan’s new Prime Minister is willing to make that dream a reality.
May 1, 2021

Important Historical Literature/Books/Newspapers in the Freedom Struggle and Important Social Religious Reforms Movements

1st May 2021

Important Socio-Cultural Reform movements

1. Brahmo Samaj

Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) founded the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828; it was later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
The Samaj was committed to “the worship and adoration of Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable Being who is the author and Preserver of the Universe”.
Prayers, Meditations and reading of the Upanishads were to be the forms of worship and no forms of a graven image, statute or sculpture, carvings, paintings, picture, portraits etc were to be allowed in the Samaj buildings, thus underlining the Samaj’s opposition to idolatry and meaningless rituals.
The long-term agenda of Brahmo Samaj was to Purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.
This long-terms agenda was based on twin pillars of reason and Vedas and
The Samaj kept its emphasis on human dignity, opposition to idolatry and criticism of social evils such as Sati.
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore gave a new life to the movement when the joined it in 1843.
The Samaj supported widow remarriage, women’s education, the abolition of polygamy improvement in ryots’ condition and temperance.
When Keshub Chandra Sen was made the acharya by soon after he joined it, the Samaj experienced another phase of energy, vigour and eloquence. He was instrumental in popularising the movement.
After Keshab Chandra Sen was dismissed from the Brahmo Samaj owing to his radical reforms he founded Brahmo Samaj of India.
Significance of the Brahmo Samaj-
- Denounce polytheism and idol worship.
- Discarded faith in divine avatars.
- It denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
- It criticised the caste system.
- Took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of the soul.

2. Prarthana Samaj

Keshab Chandra Sen helped found the Prarthana Samaj in Bombay in 1863.
They relied on education and persuasion rather than on confrontation with Hindu orthodoxy.
It’s four-point social agenda includes-
- Disapproval of the cast system.
- Women’s education.
- Widow remarriage
- Raising the age of marriage for both male and female.
Prominent figures include-
- G. Ranade (1842-1901)
- G. Bhandarkar
- G. Chandavarkar.

3. Young Bengal Movement

Henry Vivan Derozio, who taught at the Hindu College was the leader and its inspirer.
During the 1820s and early 1830s, there emerged a radical intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal which came to be known as ‘Young Bengal Movement’.
Drawing inspiration from the French Revolution, Derozio inspired his pupils to
- Think freely and rationally.
- Question all authority.
- Love, liberty and equality and freedom.
- Oppose decadent customs and traditions.
The movement also supported women’s rights and education.
The movement, however, failed to have long term impact, reasons for which are-
- Prevailing social conditions at that time were not ripe for the adoption of radical ideas.
- The movement lacked any real link with the masses.

4. Paramhansa Mandalis

It was founded in Maharashtra in 1849.
The founder of this movement believed in one god.
They were primarily focused on breaking the caste barriers.
They also advocated widow remarriage and women’s education.
Branches of Paramhansa Mandalis existed in Poona, Satara and other towns of Maharashtra.

5. Satya Shodhak Samaj

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.
Its leadership came primarily from the backward classes-Malis, Telis, Kunbis, Saris and Dhangars.
Main aims of the movement were-
- Social service.
- Spread of education among women and lower classes.
Phule aimed at the complete abolition of the caste system and socio-economic equalities.
The movement gave a sense of identity to the deprived communities as a class against Brahmins who were seen as the exploiters.

6.The Ramkrishna Movement

It was led by Ramkrishna Paramhansa.
The Brahmo Samaj appealed more to the intellectual elite in Bengal, while the average Bengali found more emotional satisfaction in the cult of bhakti and yoga so the movement found many followers.
Two objectives of the Ramakrishna movement were
- To bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renunciation and practical spirituality.
- In conjunction with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable works, looking upon all men, women and children, irrespective of caste, creed or colour, as veritable manifestations of the Divine.
The second objective was taken up by Swami Vivekananda after Ramakrishna’s death when he founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
Paramahamsa sought salvation through traditional ways of renunciation, meditation and bhakti amidst increasing westernisation and modernisation.

7. The Servants of India Society.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915), founded the Servants of India Society in 1905 with the help of M.G. Ranade.
The aim of the society was-
- to train national missionaries for the service of India;
- to promote, by all constitutional means, the true interests of the Indian people;
- to prepare a cadre of selfless workers who were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.
The society chose to remain aloof from political activities and organisations like the Indian National Congress.

8. Arya Samaj

Dayananda Saraswati (1824-1883) founded the movement.
Dayananda subscribed to the Vedic notion of chaturvarna system in which a person was not born in any caste but was identified according to the occupation the person followed.
The Arya Samaj fixed the minimum marriageable age at twenty-five years for boys and sixteen years for girls.
Inter-caste marriages and widow remarriages were also encouraged. Equal status for women was the demand of the Samaj, both in letter and in spirit.

9. Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement

It was started by Sree Narayana Guru Swamy (1856- 1928) among the Ezhavas of Kerala.
Ezhavas were a backward caste of toddy-tappers and were considered to be untouchables, denied education and entry into temples.
The SNDP movement was an example of a regional movement born out of the conflict between the depressed classes and upper castes.
Sree Narayana Guru held all religions to be the same and condemned animal sacrifice besides speaking against divisiveness on the basis of caste, race or creed.
The movement as a whole brought transformative structural changes such as upward social mobility, a shift in the traditional distribution of power and a federation of ‘backward castes’ into a large conglomeration.

10. Sef-Respect Movement

This movement was started by V. Ramaswamy Naicker, a Balija Naidu, in the mid-1920s.
The movement aimed at a rejection of the brahminical religion and culture which Naicker felt was the prime instrument of exploitation of the lower castes.
He sought to undermine the position of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests.

11. Temple Entry Movement

K. Madhavan, a prominent social reformer and editor of Deshabhimani, took up the issue of temple entry with the Travancore administration. Nothing transpired.
In the meanwhile, Vaikom, in the northern part of Travancore, became a centre of agitation for temple entry.
In 1924, the Vaikom Satyagraha led by K.P. Kesava was launched in Kerala demanding the throwing open of Hindu temples and roads to the untouchables.
Gandhi undertook a tour of Kerala in support of the movement.
Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan were among the satyagrahis.
Finally, in 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclamation throwing open all government-controlled temples to all Hindus.

12. Aligarh Movement

A section of Muslims led by Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) was ready to allow the official patronage to stimulate a process of growth among Indian Muslims through better education and employment opportunities.
He wanted to reconcile Western scientific education with the teachings of the Quran which were to be interpreted in the light of contemporary rationalism and science even though he also held the Quran to be the ultimate authority.
He said that religion should be adaptable with time or else it would become fossilised, and that religious tenet was not immutable.
He advocated a critical approach and freedom of thought and not complete dependence on tradition or custom.
He was also a zealous educationist-founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (later, the Aligarh Muslim University) at Aligarh in 1875.
The Aligarh Movement emerged as a liberal, modern trend among the Muslim intelligentsia based in Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh.
It aimed at spreading-
- (i) modern education among Indian Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam;
- (ii) social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s education, slavery, divorce, etc.
The ideology of the followers of the movement was based on a liberal interpretation of the Quran and they sought to harmonise Islam with modern liberal culture.
They wanted to impart a distinct socio-cultural identity to Muslims on modern lines.

13. The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)

The Deoband Movement was begun at the Darul Uloom,Deoband, in Saharanpur district (United Provinces) in 1866 by Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi (1832-80) and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi (1828-1905) to train religious leaders for the Muslim community.
The Deoband Movement was organised by the orthodox section among the Muslim ulema as a revivalist movement.
It has the twin objectives of propagating pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims and keeping alive the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers.
On the political front, the Deoband school welcomed the formation of the Indian National Congress and in 1888.
Shibli Numani, a supporter of the Deoband school, favoured the inclusion of English language and European sciences in the system of education.
He founded the Nadwatal Ulama and Darul Uloom in Lucknow in 1894-96. He believed in the idealism of the Congress and cooperation between the Muslims and the Hindus of India to create a state in which both could live amicably.

14. Sikh Reform Movements.

The Sikh community could not remain untouched by the rising tide of rationalist and progressive ideas of the nineteenth century.
The Singh Sabha Movement was founded at Amritsar in 1873 with a two-fold objective—
- to make available modern western education to the Sikhs, and
- to counter the proselytising activities of Christian missionaries as well as the Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists and Muslim maulvis.
For the first objective, a network of Khalsa schools was established by the Sabha throughout Punjab.
In the second direction, everything that went against the Gurus’ teachings was rejected, and rites and customs considered to be consistent with Sikh doctrine were sought to be established.
The Akali movement (also known as Gurudwara Reform Movement) was an offshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.
It aimed at liberating the Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants.
The government tried its repressive policies against the non-violent non-cooperation satyagraha launched by the Akalis in 1921 but had to bow before popular demands.
The government passed the Sikh Gurudwaras Act in 1922 (amended in 1925) which gave the control of gurudwaras to the Sikh masses to be administered through Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) as the apex body.
The Akali Movement was a regional movement but not a communal one.

15. The Theosophical Movement

A group of westerners led by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott, who were inspired by Indian thought and culture, founded the Theosophical Society in New York City, the United States in 1875.
In 1882, they shifted their headquarters to Adyar, on the outskirts of Madras.
The society believed that a special relationship could be established between a person’s soul and God by contemplation, prayer, revelation, etc.
It accepted the Hindu beliefs in reincarnation and karma and drew inspiration from the philosophy of the Upanishads and Samkhya, yoga and Vedanta schools of thought.
It aimed to work for the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or colour.
It opposed child marriage and advocated the abolition of caste discrimination, uplift of outcastes, improvement in the condition of widows.
In India, the movement became somewhat popular with the election of Annie Besant (1847-1933) as its president.
She laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras in 1898 where both Hindu religion and Western scientific subjects were taught.
The Theosophical Society provided a common denominator for the various sects and fulfilled the urge of educated Hindus.
To an average Indian, the Theosophist philosophy seemed to be vague and lacking a positive programme; to that extent, its impact was limited to a small segment of the westernised class.
As religious revivalists, the Theosophists did not attain much success.
But as a movement of westerners glorifying Indian religious and philosophical traditions, it gave much-needed self-respect to the Indians fighting British colonial rule.
Viewed from another angle, the Theosophists also had the effect of giving a false sense of pride to the Indians in their outdated and sometimes backwards-looking traditions and philosophy.

Important Newspapers associated with the freedom Struggle

Name of the Paper or journal

Year and Place of Publication

Name of the Founder or Editor

Bengal Gazette

1780, Calcutta

James Augustus Hicky

India Gazette

1787, Calcutta

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was associated with it

Bombay Herald (First Paper from Bombay)

1789, Bombay

————

Digdarshana

(First Bengali Monthly)

1818, Calcutta

———–

Bengal Gazette (First Bengali Newspaper)

1818, Calcutta

Harishchandra Ray

Sambad Kaumudi

(Weekly in Bengali)

1821

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Mirat-ul-Akbar (First Journal in Persian)

1822, Calcutta

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Banga-Duta (A weekly in four languages- English, Bengali, Persian, Hindi)

1822, Calcutta

Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore and others.

Bombay Times (From 1861 onwards, The Times of India)

1838, Bombay

Foundation laid by Robert Knight Started by Thomas Bennett

Rast Goftar (A Gujarati fortnightly)

1851

Dadabhai Naoroji

Hindu Patriot

1853, Calcutta

Girishchandra Ghosh

Bengalee

1862, Calcutta

Girishchandra Ghosh

(Taken over by S.N. Banerjea in 1879)

Amrit Bazar Patrika

1868, Jessore District

Sisirkumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

Bangadarshana (In Begali)

1873, Calcutta

Bankimchandra Chatterji

Indian Statesman

(Later, The Statesman)

1875, Calcutta

Started by Robert Knight

The Hindu (In Egnlish)

(Started as weekly)

1878, Madras

G.S. Aiyar, Viraraghavachari and Subha Rao Pandit

Tribune (daily)

1881, Lahore

Dayal Singh Majeetia

Kesari(Marathi daily) and Maharatta (English weekly)

1881, Bombay

Tilak, Chiplunkar, Agarkar

Swadeshmitran (A Tamil paper)

Madras

G.S. Aiyar

Paridasak (a weekly)

1886

Bipin Chandra Pal (publisher)

Yugantar

1906, Bengal

Barindra Kumar Ghosh andBhupendra Dutta

Indian Sociologist

London

Shyamji Krishnavarma

Bande Matram

Paris

Madam Bhikaji Kama

Talwar

Berlin

Virendranath Chattopadhyay

Ghadar

Vancouver

Ghadar Party

Bombay Chronicle (a daily)

1913, Bombay

Started by Pherozeshah Mehta

The Hindustan Times

1920, Delhi

Founded by K. M. Panikkar as a part of the Akali Dal Movement

Leader (in English)

———-

Madan Mohan Malaviya

Bahishkrit Bharat (Marathi fortnightly)

1927

B. R. Ambedkar

Kudi Arasu (Tamil)

1910

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar)

Bandi Jivan

Bengal

Sachindranath Sanyal

National Herald

1938

Started by Jawaharlal Nehru

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May 1, 2021

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Air quality to oscillate between poor to very poor

What is the cause

Quality classification

3rd May 2021

Important officers and their role in the Maurya Empire

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Waiver from TRIPS

Voluntary licensing

Compulsory licensing

Why TRIPS waiver won’t help

Conclusion

About the plane

Planet with a retrograde orbit

Issues discussed in US-Japan summit

Issues that need to be discussed in Japan PM’s visit to India

1) Continuation of balancing security policy

2) Expanding cooperation in various sectors

3) Economic ties

4) Joint strategy toward key third countries

Conclusion

Important Socio-Cultural Reform movements

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