[WpProQuiz 1625]
[WpProQuiz_toplist 1625]
UPSC 2024 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)
Search results for: “”
-
The problem of equity in IPCC reports | Explained
Why in the news?
In a study published on March 4, researchers analyzed more than 500 future emissions scenarios the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessed in its latest reports.
Context-
- These scenarios relate to mitigation actions like reducing carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels and increasing carbon sequestration through forestry.
- It found that across all 556 scenarios, income, energy use, and emissions disparities between developed and developing countries are projected to continue up to 2050.
What are IPCC assessment reports?
- The IPCC’s Seventh Assessment Cycle (AR7) includes three Working Group reports covering physical science, climate adaptation, and mitigation action, along with a synthesis report consolidating their findings.
- Thematic special reports are also issued, all aimed at assessing climate-related scientific literature to provide comprehensive knowledge on climate change.
How does it assess future scenarios?
- Modeled Pathways: The IPCC utilizes “modeled pathways” to estimate the measures necessary to limit the warming of the Earth’s surface. These pathways are constructed using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which analyze human and earth systems.
- Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): IAMs are sophisticated models that encompass various disciplines, including macroeconomics, energy, vegetation, and earth systems. They provide insights into potential futures of the energy and climate system, as well as economies.
- Components of IAMs: IAMs include macroeconomic models that forecast GDP growth, energy models that project consumption patterns, vegetation models that assess land-use changes, and earth-system models that predict climate evolution based on physical laws.
- Policy-Relevant Guidelines: IAMs aim to offer policy-relevant guidance on climate action by integrating insights from diverse disciplines. They help policymakers understand the potential implications of various mitigation strategies and inform decision-making processes.
- Shortcomings of IAMs: Despite their usefulness, IAMs have limitations. They primarily prioritize least-cost assessments, which may not adequately address equity concerns. For example, the cost of implementing climate mitigation measures varies across countries and regions.
- Equitable Burden Sharing: Experts suggest that IAMs could be modified to enable countries to equitably share the burden of climate action. This approach could involve wealthier nations undertaking more substantial mitigation efforts, considering their greater capacity to bear the costs.
- Global Cooperation: Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and equitable distribution of responsibilities. IAMs can play a crucial role in informing international climate negotiations and agreements by providing insights into the potential impacts of different policy scenarios.
What did the new study find?
- Projection of Inequities in GDP: The scenarios indicate that per-capita GDP in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, West Asia, and the rest of Asia will remain below the global average even by 2050. These regions collectively represent 60% of the world’s population.
- Inequities in Consumption and Energy Use: The study identifies disparities between the Global North and the Global South in terms of consumption of goods and services, as well as energy and fossil fuel consumption.
- Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation Burden: Developing countries are projected to have higher carbon sequestration from land-based carbon sinks (e.g., forests) and greater deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies compared to developed countries. This indicates that poorer countries would bear the burden of both mitigation action and carbon dioxide removal.
- Disregard for Historical Responsibility: The study highlights that the scenarios disregard the historical responsibility of the Global North in contributing to climate change.
- Neglect of Future Energy Needs: The scenarios also overlook the future energy requirements of the Global South to achieve development goals, indicating a lack of consideration for the development needs of these regions in the models.
Why does equity matter?
- Principles of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), these principles emphasize that climate action should be guided by equity and recognize the differing responsibilities and capabilities of countries.
- Article 3 of UNFCCC: Article 3 underscores the obligation to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations based on equity and common but differentiated responsibilities. Developed countries are urged to take the lead in combating climate change.
- Differential Responsibilities: The principles acknowledge that while addressing climate change is a global imperative, developed nations, being wealthier and more technologically advanced, should bear a greater burden of climate action compared to developing nations.
- Equity Considerations in Climate Action: Researchers argue that mitigation pathways modeled using Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) often neglect equity considerations. These models may not align with the principle of equity, as they may not prioritize the responsibility of developed regions to accelerate towards net negative emissions and support less developed regions.
- Contradictory Scenarios: Despite the principles of equity and CBDR, the scenarios projected by IAMs may indicate the opposite, with developed regions not accelerating towards net negative emissions and potentially exacerbating global inequalities in climate action.
- Need for Redistribution of Carbon Budget: Equity principles imply that developed regions should expedite efforts towards achieving net negative emissions and allocate the remaining carbon budget to less developed regions. However, IAM scenarios may not reflect this redistribution of responsibility.
To address the equity issues highlighted in IPCC reports, several measures can be suggested: (Way Forward)
- Equity-Centered Modeling: Modify Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) to prioritize equity considerations, ensuring that mitigation pathways promote fair burden-sharing between developed and developing countries.
- Redistribution of Resources: Advocate for the redistribution of financial resources and technology transfer from developed to developing countries to support their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
- Climate Finance: Increase funding for climate adaptation and mitigation projects in developing countries through mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, ensuring that resources are allocated equitably and reach the most vulnerable communities.
- Technology Transfer: Facilitate the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing countries at affordable rates, enabling them to transition to low-carbon development pathways.
- Policy Coordination: Strengthen international cooperation and coordination on climate policies to ensure coherence and alignment with equity principles, fostering trust and collaboration among countries.
- Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: Prioritize the inclusion and empowerment of marginalized communities, including indigenous peoples and women, in climate decision-making processes to ensure their voices are heard and their needs addressed.
- Public Awareness and Education: Promote public awareness and education on the importance of equity in climate action, fostering a sense of shared responsibility and solidarity across countries and communities.
Conclusion:
The study on IPCC’s AR6 scenarios reveals persistent inequities in GDP, consumption, and mitigation burden between developed and developing countries. It underscores the importance of integrating equity considerations into climate action to address historical responsibilities and promote fair burden-sharing.
-
No major change in employment status or wages in 10 years
Why in the news?
Recently, a report by Bahutva Karnataka shows that the share of self-employed workers increased, while the share of those in formal employment remained low
What does the Report say?
- The stagnation in economic growth in India is evident in the share of households earning less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) of ₹375 a day, with approximately 34% falling below this threshold.
- Additionally, wage inequality has exacerbated the gap between the rich and the poor.
- In 2022, the top 1% and 10% of the population held 22% and 57% of the national income, respectively, while the bottom 50% held a significantly lower share at 12.7%, as per data from the World Inequality Database.
Key Highlights:
The Report compares the share of Employment across various employment categories in 2011-12 and 2022-23 for men and women-
- Low Formal Employment: The share of formal sector employment remained below 25%. Majority of employment (above 50%) was in the self-employed category.
- Increase in Self-Employment: Self-employment remained predominant, with over 50% of the workforce engaged in this sector. Self-employment saw a notable increase in the share of women, rising by 8% points from 56.5% in 2011-12 to 64.3% in 2022-23.
- Rise in Women’s Self-Employment: Women constituted the highest share of self-employed individuals. The share of self-employed women saw significant growth, indicating a rising trend of women engaging in entrepreneurial activities.
- Unpaid Labor: The report highlights an increase in the number of women engaged in unpaid labor within family businesses or farming. This rise reflects the lack of other remunerative employment opportunities and stagnant household earnings.
- Gender Disparities Persist: Despite increased participation in self-employment, gender disparities persist, with women often engaging in unpaid labor or informal work due to limited opportunities in the formal sector.
- Economic Stagnation Impact: economic stagnation has led to limited growth in formal sector employment, pushing more individuals, especially women, towards self-employment and unpaid labor as alternative sources of livelihood.
The major observation in India: Many households still earn less than the NFLMW:
- Stagnant Income Growth: There has been no significant growth in income over the past five years across different employment categories.
- Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Many households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW). In 2019, an expert committee recommended the NFLMW to be at least ₹375 per day and ₹3,050 per week.
- Regional Disparities: Analysis of 34 States and Union Territories (UTs) revealed that in about 19 of them, more than 20% of households earned less than ₹375 a day or ₹3,050 a week in 2022-23.
- In states like Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, over 50% of households earned less than the recommended minimum wage.
- Large Number of Low-Income Workers: The report highlights that nearly 30 crore workers earn less than the minimum wage, indicating a significant portion of the workforce struggling with low earnings.
The year-wise wealth share of the top 10% and the bottom 50% of the population-
- Stagnant Income Growth vs. GDP Per Capita: Despite an increase in GDP per capita over the last decade, income growth among the majority of the population has remained stagnant.
- GDP Per Capita Increase: Over the past 10 years, GDP per capita in India has risen by 60%, indicating overall economic growth and prosperity.
- Low Earnings Below NFLMW: Despite GDP growth, close to 35% of total households still earn less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW).
- Increase in Wealth Disparity: The share of national wealth held by the wealthiest 10% of the population has increased from 63% in 2012 to 64.5% in 2022. Conversely, the share of wealth held by the poorest 50% of the population has decreased from 6.1% in 2012 to 5.6% in 2022.
What are the measures to resolve these issues?
- Promote Formal Employment: Encourage policies and initiatives to boost formal sector employment, providing stable income and social security benefits. Offer incentives to businesses to create more formal job opportunities.
- Focus on promoting vocational training and entrepreneurship among women to enhance their participation in formal sectors.
- Ensure Equal Pay and Opportunities: Enforce laws to ensure equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender. Implement policies to eliminate gender discrimination in hiring practices and promotion opportunities.
- Improve Minimum Wage Standards: Review and revise minimum wage standards regularly to ensure they are in line with the cost of living and provide a decent standard of living.
- Invest in Rural Development: Promote rural development initiatives to create alternative sources of livelihood and reduce dependency on agriculture, especially for women engaged in unpaid labor.
- Address Regional Disparities: Implement targeted interventions to address rural-urban disparities in income and employment opportunities. Focus on infrastructure development, skill enhancement, and investment promotion in economically backward regions.
- Enhance Social Safety Nets: Strengthen social safety net programs such as Universal Basic Income (UBI), healthcare, and education to provide a buffer against income volatility and support vulnerable households.
Conclusion:
Stagnant income growth and rising self-employment underscore economic challenges, with many households earning below the proposed minimum wage. Resolving issues requires promoting formal employment, equal pay, rural development, and progressive taxation.
PYQ Mains-
Q- Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.
- The stagnation in economic growth in India is evident in the share of households earning less than the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) of ₹375 a day, with approximately 34% falling below this threshold.
-
[18 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Myanmar conflict is a regional problem
Mains PYQ Relevance:
- Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders including the Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)
- The cross-border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (UPSC CSE 2019)
- Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (UPSC CSE 2016)
Note4Students:
- Prelims: ASEAN; Bilateral Relations;
- Mains: North-East India; Bilateral Relations; International Organisation; Act East Policy;
Mentor comments: The conflict in Myanmar is not just a domestic issue but a regional problem that requires support from ASEAN and other international stakeholders. The situation on the ground is dire, with over two million civilians displaced within Myanmar and 1.5 million seeking refuge outside the country since the 2021 coup. This mass exodus has led to significant destabilization, affecting approximately 25 million people living in poverty in Myanmar. The conflict has spilled over into neighboring countries, posing security risks and humanitarian challenges for Bangladesh, China, India, and Thailand. We must study and analyze this issue given the ASEAN neighbors step up their efforts to resolve the conflict and support Myanmar’s people in their quest for stable, prosperous, and democratic resolutions.
Let’s learn.
—
Why in the News?
Despite efforts by ASEAN and other international bodies to mediate, the conflict has worsened over the past three years.
- By the end of 2023, most of Myanmar’s townships are experiencing active fighting, with a substantial portion out of democratic control.
What is the Current Situation? - By the end of 2023, around 40% of Myanmar’s townships were beyond the junta’s control, with a surge in resistance groups challenging the junta’s authority.
- Operation 1027, an offensive by ethnic forces in October 2023, successfully overran numerous junta camps and gained control of border gates.
What are the two major causes that are responsible for the illegal migration of the Myanmar Population?
Since the 2021 coup in Myanmar, the two major issues have led to significant displacement, with over 1.5 million individuals seeking refuge outside the country.
- The Ethnic Conflict and ‘Rohingya Crisis’:
- The crisis has particularly affected the Rohingya population, with more than 960,000 Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh, primarily in the Cox’s Bazar region.
- Previously the conflict escalated in August 2017, leading to a massive exodus of Rohingya refugees following brutal crackdowns by the military in Rakhine State.
- This was described as “the most persecuted minority in the world,” that faced decades of violence, discrimination, and persecution in Myanmar.
- Natural Disasters:
- The situation has been worsened by environmental hazards like cyclones and monsoons, which pose additional risks with inadequate shelter and sanitation facilities.
- Cyclone Mocha in May 2023 caused widespread destruction and impacted Rohingya refugees.
- Although the International community, including organizations like UNHCR, is working towards providing humanitarian assistance, protection, and support, still the issue continues with escalations.
The challenges for ASEAN in Stability with Myanmar:
- Ineffectiveness of ASEAN:
- Despite claims of over 260 meetings by Indonesia, the ASEAN chair, to address the crisis in Myanmar, the conflict in Myanmar has worsened over the past three years, with most townships experiencing active fighting and a significant portion out of the junta’s control.
- ASEAN special envoy was stonewalled by Naypyidaw. This has been criticized for its inability to address the escalating violence and human rights abuses in Myanmar.
- Post-Coup Dilemma:
- After the 2021 coup in Myanmar, international stakeholders, including the US, UN, and EU, looked to ASEAN to lead efforts in resolving the conflict.
- However, ASEAN was engaged in discussions with junta leader General Min Aung Hlaing, reaching a five-point consensus after one month of serious events like the looting of Mizzima’s headquarters.
- Criticism for Ignoring People’s Response:
- Despite widespread calls for an end to military rule and the establishment of democracy, the State Administration Council (SAC) – the junta’s self-styled name – continues to ignore the people’s demands.
- The junta has escalated its suppression tactics, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial killings, and attacks on civilians and journalists, disregarding the population’s pleas for change.
Challenges faced by Independent Media in Myanmar:
- Media Landscape Post-Coup: Post military coup in 2021, led to severe crackdowns on independent media outlets, with licenses revoked and journalists facing violent repression hampering Freedom of Expression.
- Myanmar’s media landscape has evolved over the years, transitioning from strict censorship to more openness before facing setbacks post-coup.
- Financial Struggles: Independent media outlets in Myanmar face financial challenges due to a collapse in digital advertising prices and restrictions on social media platforms.
How India’s Act East Policy can play a significant role in addressing the Myanmar issue?
- Economic Development and Trade: By promoting trade relations with ASEAN countries for economic development and industrialization, India can contribute to Myanmar’s economic growth and stability, which is crucial for addressing the ongoing crisis.
- Connectivity and Infrastructure Development: Projects like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Port Project, which connects India’s eastern seaports to Myanmar’s Sittwe Port, initiatives can improve trade routes and facilitate economic development in Myanmar, contributing to stability and progress.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Refugee Crisis: The Act East Policy can address the humanitarian aspect by providing support to refugees and working towards resolving the root causes of displacement, India can contribute to alleviating the humanitarian challenges faced by Myanmar and its people.
- Diplomatic Engagement and Regional Cooperation: India’s diplomatic efforts within ASEAN through active engagement and dialogue, India can support peace-building initiatives and contribute to stability in Myanmar.
Conclusion: The international community, including ASEAN and the UN, continues to work towards finding a political solution in Myanmar, emphasizing the importance of coordinated action, targeted sanctions, and diplomatic efforts to address the crisis and protect the people of Myanmar.
https://thewire.in/article/south-asia/has-military-rule-in-myanmar-affected-indias-act-east-policy
-
Kerala to challenge withholding of Presidential Assent for its Bills
Why in the news?
The unusual move of the Kerala Government will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of a Judicial Review of the decisions of the President of India.
Context-
- The President had withheld assent to Kerala University Laws (Amendment No. 2) Bill 2022, University Law Amendment Bill, 2022, and the University Law Amendment Bill, 2021 from the seven Bills that were referred to her in November 2023.
Key issues as per this situation-
- Legal Challenge by Kerala: Kerala plans to challenge the legality of President Droupadi Murmu withholding her assent for certain Bills passed by the Kerala Legislature.
- Scope of Judicial Review: Kerala’s move will open doors for a Constitutional debate on the scope of judicial review of the decisions of the President of India. The state argues that the legality of the President’s decisions and the factors influencing them can be judicially reviewed.
The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is derived from the Constitution of India:
- Constitutional Authority: The power of the President to withhold assent to a state bill is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution of India.
- Procedure: According to Article 200, when a bill is passed by the state legislature, it is presented to the Governor for assent. The Governor then forwards the bill to the President for consideration.
- Discretionary Power: The President has discretionary authority to either give assent to the bill or withhold it. This means the President can refuse to approve the bill if deemed necessary.
- Reasons for Withholding Assent: The President may choose to withhold assent for various reasons, such as if the bill violates constitutional provisions, conflicts with central legislation, or is against public interest.
- Constitutional Morality: The President’s decision to withhold assent should be guided by constitutional principles and morality. This ensures that the exercise of this power is in line with the spirit of the Constitution.
What are the Implications of the President withholding assent to a state bill?
- Legislative Stalemate: Withholding assent to a state bill effectively prevents it from becoming law. This can lead to a legislative stalemate, especially if the bill is crucial for the functioning of the state government or addresses pressing issues.
- Impact on State Governance: The inability to enact a state bill due to the President’s refusal to give assent can hinder the governance and administration of the state. It may delay or impede the implementation of policies and measures intended to address local challenges or meet the needs of the state’s residents.
- Constitutional Conflict: The withholding of assent by the President may lead to constitutional conflicts between the state government and the Union government. It raises questions about the division of powers between the Centre and the states and the extent of the President’s authority to state legislation.
- Political Implications: The President’s decision to withhold assent to a state bill can have political repercussions. It may strain the relationship between the state government and the central government, especially if there are underlying political tensions or differences in ideology.
- Legal Challenges: The state government may choose to challenge the President’s decision to withhold assent through legal means. This could involve seeking judicial review to determine the legality and constitutionality of the President’s action, especially if it is perceived as arbitrary or mala fide.
-
Governor stalls Ponmudy’s return to Cabinet
Why in the news?
TN Governor R.N. Ravi has declined to re-induct senior DMK leader and former Higher Education Minister K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, citing concerns about Constitutional Morality.
Context-
- Despite the SC’s suspension of Ponmudy’s conviction, the Governor believes his involvement in serious corruption as a public servant renders his re-induction inappropriate.
- The Governor’s stance emphasizes the need to uphold ethical standards in governance, especially regarding convicted individuals.
What are the key questions raised concerning the re-induct of the MLA’s in the Cabinet:
- Constitutional Morality: Governor R.N. Ravi is concerned about upholding constitutional morality. He questions whether it would be appropriate to re-induct K. Ponmudy into the Cabinet, considering the seriousness of the corruption charges against him and the fact that his conviction was not set aside by the Supreme Court, but only temporarily suspended.
- Legal Validity: Governor Ravi seeks the opinion of legal experts on the legality of re-inducting Ponmudy into the Cabinet without the conviction being overturned by the Supreme Court. This raises the question of whether such an action would adhere to legal principles and norms.
- Political Implications: The differing opinions between both raise questions about the political ramifications of the decision. While the Law Minister sees no issues in Ponmudy’s swearing-in, the Governor emphasizes the need for ethical governance.
- Timing and Elections: The timing of Ponmudy’s potential re-induction, particularly concerning the announcement of Lok Sabha elections, adds complexity to the situation. It raises questions about whether political considerations are influencing the decision-making process.
- Disqualification and Supreme Court Stay: Ponmudy’s disqualification as an MLA due to a conviction by the Madras High Court, followed by the Supreme Court’s stay on the conviction, raises questions about the legal status of his eligibility for public office and the implications for his potential re-induction into the Cabinet.
Discretionary power of the Governor in the appointment of ministers-
- Outlined in Article 163: There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except insofar as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
In the context of the appointment of ministers, the Governor’s discretionary power may be exercised in various situations, such as:
- Selection of Ministers: Although the Chief Minister typically recommends individuals for ministerial positions, the final decision regarding their appointment rests with the Governor. The Governor may exercise discretion in approving or rejecting the Chief Minister’s recommendations based on factors such as competence, integrity, and political considerations.
- Dismissal of Ministers: In cases where the Governor has reasons to believe that a minister is unfit to hold office or has lost the confidence of the legislature, they may use their discretionary power to dismiss the minister, even if the Chief Minister advises otherwise.
- Interests of the state: In exercising discretionary powers, the Governor must uphold constitutional morality and act in the best interests of the state. This includes considering the integrity, qualifications, and public trust in the individuals being appointed as ministers.
- Consultation: While the Governor is not required to consult anyone other than the Chief Minister in the appointment of ministers, they may seek advice or input from legal experts, constitutional authorities, or other relevant stakeholders to ensure a fair and transparent appointment process.
Conclusion:
Governor stalls former minister’s return, citing constitutional morality and corruption concerns. His discretion underscores ethical governance and legal validity in ministerial appointments, raising questions about political implications and timing.
-
Free trade has two faces and the one offering harmony must prevail
Why in the News?
- Recently, the discussion acknowledged free trade’s nuanced and multifaceted nature, highlighting its potential benefits for peace and economic development while recognizing historical and contemporary challenges in promoting equitable outcomes.
Evolution of Free Trade ideology:
- 19th Century Political Reformers and Free Trade: Free trade was the rallying cry of 19th-century political reformers (Particularly Adam Smith who was inspired by Thomas Hobbes), who saw it as a vehicle for defeating despotism, ending wars, and reducing crushing inequalities in wealth.
- The era’s economic cosmopolitanism encapsulated progressive causes such as anti-militarism, anti-slavery, and anti-imperialism.
- US Populists and Opposition to Tariffs: US populists in the late 19th century staunchly opposed the gold standard but were also against import tariffs, which they thought benefited big business and harmed ordinary people.
- They pushed to replace tariffs with a more equitable progressive income tax.
- Socialists’ View on Free Trade in the Early 20th Century: Then, during the early part of the 20th century, many socialists viewed free trade, supported by supranational regulation, as the antidote to militarism, wealth gaps and monopolies.
- Liberal Reformers’ Perspective on Protectionism: The 19th-century liberals and reformers were free traders because they thought protectionism served retrograde interests, including landed aristocrats, business monopolies and warmongers.
- They believed economic nationalism went hand in hand with imperialism and aggression.
- Historian Marc-William Palen cites a 1919 essay by the economist Joseph Schumpeter, who depicted imperialism as a “monopolistic symptom of atavistic militarism and protectionism—an ailment that only democratic free-trade forces could cure.”
Perception and misconceptions of Free trade:
- Controversial Term-Free trade has been controversial in economics, with many people arguing that it contributes to rising inequality.
- However, there is a grain of truth in the anti-trade stance, as growing trade did contribute to rising inequality and the erosion of the middle class in the US and other advanced economies in recent decades.
- Blind Spot of Globalization – If free trade got a bad name, globalisation’s boosters ignored its downsides or acted as if nothing could be done about them.
- This blind spot empowered political leaders like Donald Trump to weaponize trade and demonize racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and economic rivals.
- Diverse Opposition: Antipathy to trade is not limited to right-wing populists but also includes radical leftists, climate activists, food safety advocates, human-rights campaigners, labor unions, consumer advocates, and anti-corporate groups.
- US President Joe Biden has distanced himself from free trade, believing that building a secure, green, equitable, and resilient US economy must take precedence over hyper-globalization.
- Obstacle to Social Justice: All progressives believe that free trade stands in the way of social justice.
Instrumentalisation of Trade:
1) Instrumentalized for Authoritarian end:
- Under American Revolution: A particularly egregious example is Antebellum America, where free trade entrenched slavery.
- During the drafting of the US Constitution in 1787, America’s slave-owning southerners ensured that the text would prohibit the taxation of exports. They understood that free trade would ensure that plantation agriculture remained profitable and safeguard the slavery system on which it was based.
- When the North defeated the South in the US Civil War, slavery was abolished, and free trade was replaced with protectionism, which suited Northern business interests better.
- Under British imperialism: After the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, the British government nominally abandoned protectionism and led Europe to sign free-trade agreements.
2) Instrumentalized for militaristic ends:
- In Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, free trade was imposed through the barrel of a gun whenever the British encountered weak potentates ruling over valuable commodities and markets.
- The British fought the infamous Opium Wars of the mid-19th century to force Chinese rulers to open their markets to British and other Western goods so that Western countries, in turn, could buy China’s tea, silk, and porcelain without draining their gold.
- The opium was grown in India; a British monopoly forced farmers to work under horrendous conditions that left long-term scars.
- Free trade served repression and war, and vice versa.
Post-World War II trade regime:
- The American architects of the International Trade Organization followed in the footsteps of Cordell Hull—President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s secretary of state—believing they were pursuing world peace through free trade.
- Hull was an economic cosmopolitan and a supporter of the 19th-century radical free-trade advocate Richard Cobden.
- The post-war order was meant to be a system of global rules that eliminated bilateralism and imperial privileges.
- While the US Congress ultimately failed to ratify the ITO, some of its key principles—including multilateralism and non-discrimination—survived in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the precursor to the World Trade Organization (WTO) of today.
- Under GATT, commercial diplomacy replaced wars, and many non-Western countries—like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China—expanded their economies rapidly by leveraging global markets.
What are the present challenges to the Trade regime?
- Rise of Corporate Influence: Big corporations and multinational companies gained substantial power during this period, influencing trade negotiations to serve their interests.
- Neglect of Important Issues: Environmental concerns, public health, human rights, economic security, and domestic equity were overlooked as trade negotiations prioritized corporate interests.
- Departure from Original Vision: Trade deviated from the original vision of figures like Cobden and Hull, who likely envisioned it as a force for peace and prosperity, instead becoming a source of conflict.
- Shift in Trade Dynamics: The dominance of corporate influence shifted the focus of international trade away from broader societal welfare towards maximizing profits and corporate interests
Conclusion:
The lesson of history is that turning trade into a positive force requires democratizing it. This means that trade should work for the benefit of the broader public interest, not just for a select few. This is an important lesson to remember as the reconstruction of the world trade regime would occur in the years ahead.
Mains PYQ:
Q. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of the ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC 2018)
-
7 Ghost Particles pierce through Earth: IceCube Observations
Why in the news
- Researchers at the IceCube Observatory, buried beneath the Antarctic ice, have identified seven potential instances of elusive “Ghost Particles” or astrophysical Tau Neutrinos as they penetrated through Earth.
- These neutrinos are pivotal for understanding the cosmic exchanges between Earth and the vast universe.
What are Neutrinos?
- Neutrinos, often referred to as “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles characterized by their nearly zero mass and lack of electric charge.
- They traverse through matter with minimal interaction, making their detection extremely challenging.
- Previously believed to be massless, evidence has emerged indicating that neutrinos possess a very small mass.
- Neutrinos rank among the most abundant particles in the universe.
- While neutrinos and electrons behave similarly in terms of nuclear forces, neither of them engages in strong nuclear interactions.
- However, both participate in weak nuclear interactions.
- Neutrinos are produced during events such as nuclear fusion in stars like the Sun or nuclear fission in reactors.
Properties of Neutrinos
Electric Charge Electrically Neutral Mass Extremely Low (Exact Masses Not Known) Types Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino Interaction Weak Interaction Speed Close to the Speed of Light Spin Fermion, Half-Integer Spin Neutrino Oscillations Neutrinos Change Flavor during Travel Interactions Very Weak Interaction with Matter Abundance Among the Most Abundant Particles in the Universe Cosmic Messengers Can Carry Information from Distant Cosmic Sources Why Neutrinos are termed “Ghost Particles”?
- The weak charge and almost imperceptible mass of neutrinos render them exceedingly difficult for scientists’ to detect directly.
- Due to their rare interactions with other particles, tracking neutrinos proves nearly impossible.
Significance of Neutrino Detection
- The origins of the abundant neutrino particles remain largely unknown to scientists.
- There’s a hypothesis suggesting their potential role in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang, yet concrete evidence remains elusive.
- Understanding neutrinos better holds the promise of unraveling numerous scientific phenomena, including the mysterious origins of cosmic rays, which neutrinos are known to carry.
- Researchers anticipate that pinpointing the source of neutrinos will aid in explaining the origins of cosmic rays, a puzzle that has perplexed scientists for centuries.
About IceCube Observatory
- Location: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is situated near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
- Components:
- IceCube: The primary detector consists of 5,160 digital optical modules (DOMs) attached to vertical strings frozen into the ice.
- IceTop: Located on top of IceCube strings, it serves as a veto and calibration detector for cosmic rays.
- DeepCore: A denser subdetector within IceCube that lowers the neutrino energy threshold for studying neutrino oscillations.
- Construction:
- Completed in December 2010 with 86 strings deployed over seven austral summers.
- Involved melting holes in the ice to depths of 2,450 meters and deploying sensors connected to cables.
- Research Goals:
- Observing neutrinos from various astrophysical sources to study cosmic phenomena like exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, and black holes.
- Studying cosmic rays interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere to reveal structures not fully understood.
- Advancing neutrino astronomy and exploring high-energy processes in the Universe.
Recent Neutrino Observatories in news:
[1] Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)
- INO approved in 2015, is a proposed particle physics research mega project.
- Its objective is to study neutrinos in a 1,200 meter deep cave.
- The primary objective of the INO Project is to study neutrinos, one of the most abundant fundamental particles, coming from various sources and using an underground Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector.
- Its location is decided to be at the Bodi West Hills (BWH) region near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu (110 km from the temple town of Madurai).
[2] China’s TRIDENT
- Scheduled for completion in 2030, TRIDENT, aptly nicknamed “Ocean Bell” or “Hai ling” in Chinese.
- It will be positioned 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) beneath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
- It seeks to explore the realm of neutrinos, transient particles that momentarily interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.
PYQs:
(1) In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at the South Pole, which was recently in the news: (2015)
- It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
- It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
- It is buried deep in the ice.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
(2) India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements: (2010)
- Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
- Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
- Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
- Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
-
What is the HbA1C Test for Diabetes?
Why in the news-
- India faces a significant burden of diabetes, with an estimated 10.13 crore people affected and an additional 13.6 crore individuals classified as pre-diabetic.
- One of the most commonly-used tests to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) and to help manage diabetes, is the haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test.
What is the HbA1C Test?
- The HbA1C test, or glycated haemoglobin test, serves as a vital tool for diagnosing pre-diabetes and diabetes, offering insights into long-term blood glucose control.
- It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
- It provides a comprehensive view of average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months.
- It is recommended for individuals over 30 years and those with specific risk factors, with retests scheduled based on initial findings and individual health profiles.
Evolution and Acceptance
- Initially inconsistent, the test gained recognition for its correlation with blood glucose values and its role in monitoring glycemia, leading to improved standardization and accuracy.
- It is endorsed by medical bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association and.
- This underscores the test’s diagnostic utility, subject to stringent quality assurance measures.
Interpretation of Results
- Results are typically presented as percentages.
- Normal: Values below 5.7% are considered
- Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
- Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
- Alternatively, results may be expressed in mmol/mol, providing a comparable metric for assessment.
Limitations of the Test
- While informative, the HbA1C test may be supplemented by other tests, particularly in populations with conditions affecting assay accuracy.
- In India, factors like thalassemia prevalence and iron-deficiency anemia may impact test reliability, necessitating caution and additional indices for glycemic assessment.
PYQ:
‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations?
- Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go
- Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat
- Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals
- Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal samples from land surfaces and water bodies
Practice MCQ:
Consider the following statements about the HbA1C test:
- It is used in the diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease.
- It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
- It is recommended for individuals over 30 years.
How many of the given statements is/are correct?
- One
- Two
- Three
- None
-
Geo-Heritage Sites in India
Why in the news
- Pandavula Gutta, an ancient geological marvel predating the Himalayan hills, has been officially designated as Telangana’s sole Geo-heritage site.
- Also the 165 million-year-old meteor Ramgarh Crater in Rajasthan was declared geo-heritage site.
[A] Pandavula Gutta
- Pandavula Gutta is located in Jayashankar Bhupalpally District in Telangana.
- It is known for its rock art and geological heritage.
- The site features Paleolithic cave paintings depicting wildlife and symbols.
- Discovered in 1990, it showcases habitation from the mesolithic to medieval times.
- Recognized as the sole Geo-heritage site in Telangana, older than the Himalayan hills.
[B] Ramgarh Crater
- The Ramgarh Crater, also known as Ramgarh structure, Ramgarh Dome, and Ramgarh astrobleme, is a meteor impact crater located near the town of Ramgarh in Baran district of Rajasthan.
- It is established as an asteroid impact crater in India, excavated within sandstone, shale, and limestone horizons of the Lower Bhander Group of the Vindhyan Region.
- It was formed by a meteorite impact, with a diameter of 3.2 kilometers and an elevation of over 200 meters above the surrounding terrain.
- It is declared Conservation Reserve, namely Ramgarh Conservation Reserve, under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and a notified wetland under Wetland (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.
What are Geo-Heritage Sites?
- Geo-Heritage Sites in India are geological features of significant importance, either culturally or inherently, that provide insights into the Earth’s evolution or serve educational purposes.
- These sites are recognized and protected by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and the respective State governments.
- India presently has 34 National Geological Heritage Monument Sites.
- Examples:
-
- Mawmluh Cave in Meghalaya
- Majuli Island in Assam
- Chabimura in Tripura
- Purpose:
-
- Promote geotourism
- Preserve unique geological formations
- Enhance geological literacy among the public
Tap this link to read more about all Geo-Heritage Parks in India:
https://vikaspedia.in/education/childrens-corner/geological-heritage-sites-of-india
PYQ:
Q.Which one of the following statements is correct? (2021)
- Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora River.
- Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal River.
- Pandu-Lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada River.
- Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari River.
Practice MCQ:
Which of the given statements about the Ramgarh Structure is NOT correct?
- It is an asteroid impact crater.
- It is located in the Deccan Plateau.
- It is a notified wetland under Wetland (Conservation & Management) Rules, 2017.
- It is under Conservation Reserve under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
-
[pib] ULLAS Initiative
Why in the news
- The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education recently conducted the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT), under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram Initiative.
Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT)
- FLNAT is a nationwide assessment test conducted as part of the ULLAS initiative.
- It aims to evaluate the foundational literacy and numeracy skills of registered non-literate learners aged 15 and above.
- The assessment covers three aspects – Reading, Writing, and Numeracy – and is conducted in all districts of participating states/UTs.
- The test plays a crucial role in assessing the impact of teaching-learning sessions conducted under the ULLAS program and promoting literacy and numeracy skills among citizens.
- It is conducted in the regional language of the learners, aligning with the NEP 2020’s emphasis on multilingualism
- Qualifying learners receive a certificate from the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).
What is ULLAS Initiative?
- ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society.
- It seeks to advance lifelong learning and bridge literacy gaps among individuals aged 15 and above.
- The program aims to equip citizens with fundamental knowledge and skills essential for personal and national development.
- The ULLAS User-Friendly Mobile Application serves as a digital platform providing access to a wide range of learning resources via the DIKSHA portal.
Key Features of ULLAS
- Emphasizes continuous learning across all stages of life.
- Cultivates a culture of knowledge-sharing and individual growth.
- Provides participants with digital literacy skills.
- Promotes awareness and empowerment in financial matters.
- Imparts vital life skills such as legal literacy and digital competence.
- Enhances citizenship awareness and empowerment.
- Grants school/university credits to student volunteers.
- Offers recognition through certificates, letters of appreciation, and felicitation ceremonies.
PYQ:
Consider the following statements:
- As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
- As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
- In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (2018)
- 1 and 2
- 2 only
- 1 and 3
- 3 only
Practice MCQ:
- Consider the following statements about the ULLAS Initiative:
- It focuses on Foundational Literacy.
- Individuals aged 15 and above are eligible under this initiative.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
- Only 1
- Only 2
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
-
Indigenous Drug for Sickle Cell Disease developed
What is the news-
- Based in Delhi, Akmus Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited unveiled a groundbreaking drug for sickle cell disease on March 16.
- This drug marks India’s first indigenous, room-temperature stable solution for sickle cell disease, available at a mere 1% of the global price.
What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?
- Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetically inherited red blood cell disorder.
- It causes red blood cells to become hard, sticky, and sickle-shaped due to abnormal hemoglobin.
- This abnormality leads to complications such as pain, infections, acute chest syndrome, and stroke.
- Different types of SCD include HbSS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia, each varying in severity.
- SCD is diagnosed through a simple blood test, often identified at birth through new-born screening.
- Treatment focuses on managing complications with options like bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, gene therapies, and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
- The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology, represents a monumental achievement SCD Treatment.
About Akmus Sickle Cell Drug
- The oral suspension of Hydroxyurea is the basic component of the drug.
- Priced at less than ₹600, the drug is poised to revolutionize access to treatment for sickle cell disease patients nationwide.
- It is tailored for patients across all age groups.
- It offers convenience and precision in dosage administration through provided oral syringes.
What makes it a revolutionary drug?
- Room Temperature Stability: Unlike imported hydroxyurea solutions requiring storage at 2-8 degrees Celsius, Akmus Pharmaceuticals’ formulation ensures accessibility without stringent storage conditions.
- Cost-Efficiency: With the global brand priced at approximately ₹77,000, Akmus’ solution underscores a paradigm shift towards affordable medication.
Sickle Cell Disease Menace in India
- Prevalence among STs: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder mostly prevalent in districts with high tribal populations. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease that affects haemoglobin in red blood cells, resulting in morbidity and mortality (as per WHO).
- Health Priority: Recognizing sickle cell disease as a significant health challenge, India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
- National Mission: The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission launched in 2023, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2047.
PYQ:
Q. Consider the following statements in the context interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023)
- It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
- It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
- It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
- It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- Only one
- Only two
- Only three
- All four
Practice MCQ:
Q. Regarding the prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India, consider the following statements:
- Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disorder affecting affects haemoglobin in red blood cells.
- About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease.
- India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
- The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2030.
How many of the given statements is/are correct?
- One
- Two
- Three
- Four
-
India abstains in UNGA on Pak Resolution on Islamophobia
Why in the news
- India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly draft resolution on Islamophobia introduced by Pakistan and co-sponsored by China.
- India asserted that while condemning all acts of religious discrimination, it’s crucial to recognize religiophobia against various faiths rather than singling out one religion.
India’s Position on Islamophobia:
- Prevalence of Religiophobia: India emphasized that religiophobia extends beyond Abrahamic religions and affects followers of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
- Opposition to Precedence: India expressed concerns that adopting the resolution could set a precedent for numerous resolutions centered on specific religious phobias, potentially dividing the United Nations along religious lines.
- Religious Autocracy: India urged member states to consider the broader scope of religious discrimination globally in non-secular theocracies, highlighting the need to address challenges faced by all faiths.
- Contemporary Forms: India cited examples of attacks on religious places of worship and the spreading of hatred against non-Abrahamic religions as evidence of contemporary religiophobia.
What is UN General Assembly?
- The UNGA is the main policy-making organ of the United Nations, founded in 1945.
- It serves as a forum for all Member States to discuss and make recommendations on a wide range of international issues covered by the UN Charter.
- The UNGA is the only universally representative body of the UN, focusing on topics like international peace and security, development, disarmament, human rights, and international law.
Members/Observers
- The UNGA comprises all Member States, with each having an equal vote in the assembly. It elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General, and approves the UN budget.
- It has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, allowing them to participate in its work with certain limitations.
- Notable observers include the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine.
Functions
- The UNGA discusses, debates, and makes recommendations on various international issues within its competence, including political, economic, humanitarian, social, and legal matters.
- It plays a central role in standard-setting, codification of international law, and making recommendations to promote international political cooperation.
- It has the power to
- Consider and approve the UN budget,
- Elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, and
- Make recommendations on maintaining international peace and security, disarmament, and other matters outlined in the UN Charter.
What are UNGA Resolutions?
- A UNGA resolution is a formal expression of the General Assembly’s opinion, will, or intention on various matters of global significance.
- UNGA resolutions are adopted through a voting process during plenary sessions of the General Assembly.
- Each member state has one vote, and decisions are typically made by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.
- While UNGA resolutions are not legally binding on their own, they can influence the development of customary international law and provide guidance for the interpretation of treaties and conventions.
- Types of Resolutions:
-
- Binding Resolutions: Some resolutions are legally binding on member states, requiring them to take specific actions or comply with certain obligations.
- Non-binding Resolutions: Many resolutions are non-binding, serving as recommendations, expressions of concern, or statements of principle. While non-binding, these resolutions carry significant political weight and influence.
PYQ:
With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements:
- The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
- Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
- Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.
Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022)
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
-
18th March 2024 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions
[WpProQuiz 1624]
[WpProQuiz_toplist 1624]
UPSC 2024 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)
-
How to score 90+ in UPSC CSAT 2024? Detailed Strategy by Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir | 18th March 2024, 7 pm
CSAT Strategy for 90+ score in UPSC Prelims 2024
Attend FREE webinar on 18th March, 7 pm
First 100 will get access to Zeeshan sir’s CSAT Telegram group
In the last 3 years, a lot of things have changed about UPSC-CSE
Especially the ‘CSAT’ paper in the prelims
The mysterious, unpredictable, and devious nature of CSAT paper spares no one, not even the IIT-IIM grads.
It’s time to look at CSAT from a different perspective
No more is it about just practicing and solving math problems
It is about crafting a ranker’s process and following right strategy
Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir will be LIVE on 18th March at 7 pm for a FREE webinar where they will share exactly how you can ensure 90+ score in UPSC CSAT
Read what Zeeshan sir has to say about UPSC CSAT
“Hey UPSC aspirants, this is Zeeshan from Civilsdaily. I want to address a crucial aspect of your UPSC journey – the CSAT paper.
It’s increasingly becoming a major decider, and I’ve noticed that many aspirants, irrespective of their educational background, find it challenging.
Whether you’re from an IIT, a local college, a science or arts background, rural or urban areas, it doesn’t matter. What matters is your strategy and preparation approach.
Anyone can score above 90 in the CSAT with the right mindset and smart preparation.
This Monday I’ll be LIVE along with Dinesh Sharma sir, and we’ll be discussing how to tackle maths and logical reasoning questions, select high-scoring topics, and employ smart elimination techniques in CSAT, regardless of your academic background.
Join us LIVE on Zoom and transform your approach to CSAT. See you there!“
Sureshot CSAT program by Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir starts 19th March
Attend FREE Webinar on UPSC CSAT Strategy for Prelims 2024
In this masterclass, you will get:
- A 60-minute deep dive on how to tackle UPSC CSAT paper for Prelims 2024 and ensure a 90+ score.
- How UPSC CSAT has been evolving, changing patterns and difficulty levels?
- Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply in every attempt
Attend FREE webinar on 18th March, 7 pm
First 100 will get access to Zeeshan sir’s CSAT Telegram group
By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying UPSC CSAT paper with ease.
Zeeshan sir(Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until April 24)
Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?
Not sure yet?
We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.
- No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content.
- We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
- You can demand one free mentorship call from verified Civilsdaily mentors.
- You can always choose to unsubscribe.
-
Railways plans to develop multi-modal transport hubs
Why in the news?
- The Indian Railways will create mega railway terminals with multi-modal connectivity in aspirational cities with a population of more than 10 lakh across the country.
About the ‘Viksit Bharat’ Initiative –
- The program is part of the infrastructure being developed for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Viksit Bharat’ initiative
- Viksit Bharat 2047 is the vision to transform India into a developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of independence.
- This vision encompasses various facets of development, such as economic growth, environmental sustainability, social progress, and good governance, to make India a developed nation by 2047.
Key Provisions as per Railways Plans-
- Inclusivity and Expansion: The initiative aims to be inclusive by considering inputs from stakeholders and has a vision for expansion beyond its initial parameters to cater to the needs of densely populated areas.
- The Railway Ministry is actively working on improving the passenger experience in a mission mode, indicating a focused and accelerated effort in this regard.
- Efforts are being made to improve the cleanliness of coaches and maintain proper amenities on railway premises to enhance the overall travel experience for passengers.
- Zero Tolerance Policy: The Ministry has issued a warning that any laxity on the part of senior officers will not be tolerated, emphasizing the importance of accountability and responsibility in ensuring passenger satisfaction.
- Quality check and Monitoring: Principal Chief Mechanical Engineers (PCMEs) of Zonal Railways have been instructed to closely monitor and ensure sustained housekeeping and maintenance activities, indicating a hands-on approach to implementing these improvements.
Implementing the initiatives outlined could face several challenges:
- Resource Constraints: Adequate funding, manpower, and infrastructure might be lacking, especially for initiatives that require significant investment in upgrading facilities and maintaining cleanliness.
- Resistance to Change: Resistance from existing systems, bureaucracy, and resistance to change among stakeholders could impede the implementation of new initiatives.
- Coordination Issues: Effective coordination among various departments and agencies involved in railway operations may be challenging, leading to delays or inefficiencies in implementation.
- Technical Challenges: Addressing technical issues related to rolling stock maintenance, cleanliness, and passenger amenities may require specialized expertise and resources.
- Operational challenges: The vast scale of railway operations across the country presents logistical challenges in ensuring uniform implementation of initiatives and maintaining standards consistently.
- Training and Capacity Building: Providing adequate training and capacity building for staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives may be necessary but could also be challenging to execute effectively.
To address the challenges mentioned, several measures can be taken:
- Resource Mobilization: Explore alternative sources of funding such as public-private partnerships (PPPs), seek investment from international organizations, and allocate budgetary resources efficiently.
- Capacity Building: Invest in training programs, workshops, and skill development initiatives to enhance the capabilities of staff involved in implementing and maintaining the initiatives.
- Technology Adoption: Embrace technological solutions such as automated maintenance systems, real-time monitoring tools, and digital platforms to improve efficiency, accuracy, and transparency in operations.
- Stakeholder Engagement and Communication: Conduct extensive stakeholder consultations to garner support for initiatives, communicate the benefits clearly, and create awareness about the need for change.
- Simplify bureaucratic procedures, delegate decision-making authority where appropriate, and establish clear accountability mechanisms to facilitate faster implementation.
Conclusion
- Indian Railways’ mega terminals aim to transform connectivity in aspirational cities. Challenges like resource constraints and resistance necessitate measures like stakeholder engagement, technology adoption, and streamlined processes for successful implementation.
-
India ranks 134th in global human development index, says UNDP report
Why in the news?
Recently, India’s progress in the global Human Development Index (HDI), as reported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Context-
- India’s ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) improved by one position in 2022 to 134 out of 193 countries compared to 135 out of 191 countries in 2021. Switzerland has been ranked number one.
The Human Development Index (HDI)-
About
The Human Development Index (HDI), initially introduced by the UNDP in 1990, is a statistical composite index. It measures a country’s average achievement across three fundamental dimensions:
- Health: This dimension is represented by life expectancy at birth. It reflects the overall health and well-being of the population and their access to healthcare services.
- Education: This dimension includes indicators such as expected years of schooling for children entering school and mean years of schooling for adults. It assesses the level of educational attainment and the availability of educational opportunities within a country.
- Standard of Living: This dimension is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). It reflects the economic prosperity and living standards of the population, including income levels and access to basic necessities.
Background
- The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen. It is used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess a country’s development as part of the Human Development Report.
- Alongside the Human Development Index (HDI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also presents the Human Development Report (HDR) which present-
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI),
- Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),
- Gender Inequality Index(GII) since 2010 and
- Gender Development Index (GDI) since 2014
Key Points as per Report-
- India’s Rank on the HDI: India moved up one rank on the Human Development Index (HDI) from 135 in 2021 to 134 in 2022, with slight improvements in life expectancy and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
- Comparison with Neighbors: India ranks below its southern neighbour Sri Lanka (ranked 78) and China (ranked 75) in the High Human Development category, and below Bhutan (ranked 125) and Bangladesh (ranked 129) in the Medium Human Development category.
- Reducing inequalities: The report highlights a reverse trend in reducing inequalities between wealthy and poor nations. Despite interconnected global societies, collective action on climate change, digitalization, poverty, and inequality is lacking, leading to a widening human development gap.
- Challenges in Democracy: While nine in 10 people worldwide endorse democracy, over half express support for leaders who may undermine it. Political polarization and limited control over government decisions are prevalent, leading to protectionist or inward-turning policy approaches.
Action Plans as per report-
- Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthen international cooperation and collaboration among governments, NGOs, businesses, and other stakeholders to address global challenges collectively. This could involve fostering dialogue, partnerships, and agreements that promote shared goals and responsibilities.
- Policy Coordination: Enhance coordination and coherence in policymaking at national and international levels to ensure that policies address interconnected challenges comprehensively. This may involve integrating diverse perspectives, aligning strategies across sectors, and leveraging resources efficiently.
- Investment in Sustainable Development: Increase investments in sustainable development initiatives that prioritize environmental conservation, social equity, and economic prosperity. This could include funding for renewable energy, education, healthcare, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation programs.
- Empowering Communities: Empower local communities and grassroots organizations to participate in decision-making processes and contribute to problem-solving efforts. This could involve providing resources, capacity-building support, and platforms for civic engagement.
- Promotion of Dialogue and Understanding: Foster dialogue, empathy, and mutual understanding among diverse communities to mitigate polarization and build social cohesion. This could involve promoting education, cultural exchange programs, media literacy, and initiatives that promote tolerance and respect for human rights.
- Transparency and Accountability: Enhance transparency, accountability, and integrity in governance structures and institutions to rebuild trust and confidence among citizens. This could involve strengthening anti-corruption measures, promoting open government initiatives, and ensuring inclusive and participatory decision-making processes.
- Investment in Education and Awareness: Invest in education, public awareness campaigns, and media literacy programs to increase awareness of global challenges, their interconnections, and the importance of collective action. This could help foster a sense of shared responsibility and mobilize public support for collaborative solutions.
- Promotion of Inclusive Economic Growth: Promote inclusive economic growth that benefits all segments of society, reduces inequality, and creates opportunities for marginalized populations. This could involve implementing policies that support job creation, entrepreneurship, social protection, and access to essential services.
- Resilience Building: Build resilience to global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and economic crises by investing in preparedness, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This could involve strengthening healthcare systems, disaster risk reduction measures, and social safety nets.
- Advocacy and Leadership: Advocate for political leadership and commitment at all levels to prioritize collective action and address shared challenges effectively. This could involve mobilizing political will, engaging with policymakers, and holding leaders accountable for their actions.
Conclusion-
Strengthening multilateral cooperation, policy coordination, sustainable development investment, empowering communities, promoting dialogue, transparency, education, inclusive economic growth, resilience building, and advocating for leadership are vital for addressing global challenges collectively and fostering a sustainable future.
Mains PYQ-
Q- Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.(UPSC IAS/2019)
-
Food factor: On the latest retail inflation data
Why in the news?
- India’s retail inflation remained virtually unchanged at 5.09% in February, even as food prices paid by consumers resurged from 8.3% in January to 8.66% in February.
Context-
- Most economists expect inflation to stay in the 5.1%-5.2% range in March as well, which would lift average inflation in the last quarter of this year over the 5% average projected by the RBI
The primary reason behind the food inflation in February-
- Vegetable Prices Surge: Vegetables experienced a significant price surge, with a seven-month high pace of 30.25% in February. This spike in vegetable prices contributed significantly to the overall food inflation.
- Rise in Egg and Meat Prices: Prices of eggs and meat/fish also rose at a faster pace in February compared to January. Eggs witnessed a notable increase from 5.6% to 10.7%, while meat and fish prices rose from 1.2% to 5.2%.
- Deceleration in Pulses and Spices Prices: While there was a slight deceleration in the inflation rate of pulses and spices compared to the previous year, these items still experienced steep price increases. Pulses inflation stood at 18.5%, and spices recorded a 13.5% increase.
- Regional Disparities: Food inflation varied across different states, with some states experiencing inflation rates above the RBI’s upper tolerance threshold of 6%. States like Odisha, Telangana, Haryana, and Assam recorded high inflation rates, while others like Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal had relatively lower inflation rates.
- Seasonal Factors and Supply Chain Issues: Seasonal factors, along with supply chain disruptions, could have contributed to the rise in food prices. Factors such as adverse weather conditions, transportation constraints, and supply-demand imbalances may have affected the availability and prices of food items in the market.
To address inflation-related issues in the short term and long term, several measures can be considered:
[A] Short-Term Measures:
Supply-Side Interventions:
- Increase the supply of essential commodities by releasing buffer stocks, if available.
- Facilitate faster transportation of perishable goods through streamlined logistics and distribution channels.
- Establish temporary market outlets to directly connect farmers with consumers, reducing intermediary costs and price hikes.
Import Policies:
- Relax import restrictions on essential food items to augment domestic supply and stabilize prices.
- Expedite customs clearance procedures to ensure timely availability of imported goods in the market.
Price Monitoring and Control:
- Implement strict price monitoring mechanisms to prevent hoarding and profiteering.
- Set up special task forces or committees to monitor price movements and take swift action against price manipulation.
Demand Management:
- Promote alternative dietary choices to alleviate pressure on high-priced items.
- Encourage conservation and rational utilization of essential commodities through public awareness campaigns.
[B] Long-Term Measures:
Investment in Agriculture Infrastructure:
- Enhance investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems, cold storage facilities, and transportation networks, to improve productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.
Crop Diversification and Technology Adoption:
- Encourage farmers to diversify their crops to mitigate the impact of price volatility.
- Promote the adoption of modern agricultural practices, including mechanization, precision farming, and biotechnology, to enhance crop yields and resilience to climate change.
Market Reforms:
- Implement market reforms to create a more efficient and transparent agricultural marketing system.
- Facilitate the establishment of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and agricultural cooperatives to empower farmers and strengthen their bargaining power in the market.
Food Processing and Value Addition:
- Promote investment in food processing industries to add value to agricultural produce and reduce post-harvest losses.
- Establish food processing clusters and agro-industrial parks to encourage entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities in rural areas.
Risk Management and Insurance:
- Introduce crop insurance schemes and risk management tools to protect farmers from income volatility caused by price fluctuations and natural disasters.
- Provide training and technical assistance to farmers to improve their risk assessment and management capabilities.
Sustainable Agriculture Practices:
- Encourage the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, including organic farming, agroforestry, and soil conservation, to ensure long-term environmental sustainability and food security.
Conclusion-
To mitigate food inflation, short-term measures such as supply-side interventions and price monitoring are essential, while long-term solutions like investment in agriculture infrastructure and market reforms are crucial for sustainable food security.
-
Nana Jagannath Shankarseth: The ‘Architect of Mumbai’
Why in the news-
- The Maharashtra cabinet has resolved to request the Ministry of Railways to rename Mumbai Central station after Nana Jagannath Shankarseth, a revered social reformer, educationist, and philanthropist often hailed as the “architect” of Mumbai.
About Nana Jagannath Shankarseth (1803-1865)
- Born on February 10, 1803, in Murbad, Thane, into the affluent Murkute family.
- His father, Shankar Murkute, earned the nickname “Shankar Sheth” due to his success in the jewellery and diamond trade.
- He contributed in terms of both ideas and money to multiple sectors, to lay a strong foundation for the Bombay City.
- He was greatly inspired by the legendary merchant and philanthropist Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.
Contribution of Nana Jagannath Shankarseth
- Founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse.
- Played a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1853, contributing to India’s infrastructural development.
- Recognized the importance of education in societal progress and opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform.
- Co-founded the School Society and the Native School of Bombay, laying the foundation for educational institutions that nurtured future leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
- Established the Bombay Native Education Society in 1822, the first of its kind in Western India, to promote education among the masses.
- Collaborated with Sir George Birdwood and Dr Bhau Daji in major reconstruction efforts in Mumbai starting in 1857, transforming the city’s urban landscape.
- Became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.
- Honored with a marble statue at the Asiatic Society of Mumbai a year after his death in 1865, commemorating his contributions to society.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2012:
Q.The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he-
- exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British
- interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians
- stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Practice MCQ:
Q. Consider the following events:
He founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse. Recognizing the importance of education in societal progress, he opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform. He became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.
The above description is mentioned about which of the following personality?
a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
b) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde
c) Nana Jagannath Shankarseth
d) Dhondo Keshav Karve
