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  • Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism – NCA, Lok Adalats, etc.

    Do we really need a National Court of Appeal?

    The Supreme Court recently admitted an SLP (Special Leave Petition) under Article 136 of the Constitution on the setting up of a National Court of Appeal (NCA) with regional benches which will act as final courts of appeal in civil, criminal, revenue and labour matters <Can you tell us, what is SLP in comments>.

    In 1987, in the case of Bihar Legal Support Society v. the Chief Justice of India, the proposal to set up the National Court of Appeal was mooted and welcome by the then Chief Justice P N Bhagwati. The current petition by Chennai based lawyer has once, again brought the issue to the fore.

    The Supreme Court will set up a Constitution Bench to decide on the proposed NCA as primarily, it raises the following question related to the interpretation of the Constitution Answer in comments>.

    As of now, the Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in all cases. With the NCA, the role of the Apex Court would be restricted to hearing only constitutional and public law cases. Would this amount to tinkering with the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution?

    REASONS WHY NCA COULD BE A WELCOME PROPOSITION?

    Given the never-ending and ever –increasing case-load on the Apex Court, the NCA could be a welcome change on the following grounds:
    (a) Clearing the massive backlog: With the huge pendency of cases in all three levels of Judiciary, the National Court of Appeal with its regional benches may prove to be crucial in clearing the massive backlog of cases. About 98% of the Apex Court’s time is wasted on routine matters like bail pleas, dishonor of cheques, traffic violations, correcting errors in HC judgments.

    With the NCA hearing matters pertaining to civil, criminal, labour and revenue laws, Supreme Court would be able to concentrate on the more important public law concerns.

    (b) Restoring the Apex position of the Apex Court: With the Supreme Court getting an opportunity to hear exclusively on constitutional and public law matters, its position as the final arbiter on constitutional cases and on developing the law will be further strengthened.

    This is in tune with the scenario in England, UK and Wales where the Supreme Court only rules on matters of constitutional importance or sets a new legal precedent.

    (c) Greater access to justice: Access to justice is a fundamental right for all under the Indian Constitution. In the Indian scenario, this is proportionate to the distance from Supreme Court. As per a recent survey, majority of cases come from northern states like 14% from Delhi High Court in comparison to southern states like only 2.5% of cases from Kerala High Court and even fewer from North-eastern States. Setting up NCA with regional benches will help in reducing travelling expenses, with a better cost-benefit ratio.

    WHY SHOULD THE STATUS QUO BE MAINTAINED?

    The Centre has been challenging the move to set up the NCA on the following grounds:

    (a) Dilution of the powers of Apex Court: Currently, many citizens resort to Article 136 of the Constitution in any sort of matter. With the subject matter of disputes being divided amongst NCA and the Supreme Court, Supreme Court’s exclusive power to entertain appeals under Article 136 will be significantly diluted.

    (b) Compromise the unified structure of the Judiciary: Currently, there is one Apex Court with the High Court in states followed by subordinate courts. This integrated structure will suffer a backseat with NCA somewhere in the middle between High Courts and Supreme Court Answer in comments>.

    Moreover, earlier proposals to set up Regional Benches of the Supreme Court with one bench in each region have been rejected by the Supreme Court on the ground that it will affect the unitary character of the Judiciary and that there can be only one Supreme Court.

    For providing greater access to citizens from far-flung areas, it has been proposed that there could be dedicated courtrooms with video conferencing facilities for litigants and lawyers from far-flung areas. This will avoid the need of setting up regional benches and even NCA to a great extent.

    (c) Large-scale Constitutional amendments required: For bringing the NCA into existence, several provisions of the Constitution related to independence of Judiciary, hierarchy of Courts, powers of Supreme Court etc. will have to be amended. Moreover, Article 136 of the Constitution is a part of the basic structure and in view of the decision in Keshvananda Bharati case, limiting the powers of Supreme Court through NCA will be extremely difficult.

    The solution does not lie with creating courts of appeal because it would not bring down litigation. The Supreme Court has to exercise restraint on the manner of interference under its constitutional power. Today people take chances and come to Supreme Court on every issue, including challenging an adjournment order – Attorney General

    Law Commission Recommendation 

    • Law Commission in its 229th report submitted to the government in 2009 recommended setting up of four regional benches at Delhi, Chennai/Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai to deal with appeals arising out of high courts. Earlier 125th report had recommended setting up of NCA Answer in comments>.
    • It said, if necessary Article 130 may be amended to implement its suggestion that Cassation Benches may be set up in four regions, while the Constitution Bench sits in Delhi . < Is Law commission a constitutional or statutory or executive body? Answer in comments>

    But the Supreme Court rejected it in 2010, saying dividing the Supreme Court would affect the country’s unitary character. A Full Court comprising all SC judges reiterated its earlier resolutions passed in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2006 in this regard.

    CONCLUSION: The burgeoning backlog of cases plaguing all the three levels of judiciary demand more resources and institutional reforms to deal with the problem. However, any proposals to set up institutions like the NCA will require Constitutional amendments and major Legislative will to go through. This at present is not forthcoming. The idea of a National Court of Appeal requires consideration, but in a manner that would not undermine the undoubted authority of the Supreme Court of India. The next hearing for the matter is slated up for April 4.

    P.S. This article is published with inputs from a CD user  Joyousjojo (name changed on request).

    P.P.S. If you want to write explainers for CD, mail us your explainer at hello@civilsadily.com

  • syria vs ISIS

    the Syria army just took back the historic city of pylmira from the ISIS.Should it be considered important topic of global interest because the city have UNESCO’s heritage site i.e. the temple of BEL

  • Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

  • Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme

    • The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved introduction of Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS) for technology upgradation of the textiles industry <Who chairs CCEA? Who are its members? What are its functions? Answer in comments>
    • The ATUFS replaces existing Revised Restructured Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (RR-TUFS) to give a boost to textile sector under Make in India campaign

     

    ATUFS targets:

    • Employment generation (including women) and global export by encouraging garment and apparel industry <very labour intensive sector>
    • Promote Technical Textiles which is a sunrise sector for export and employment creation <can you tell us about technical textiles in comments>
    • Improvement in quality and productivity by promoting conversion of existing looms to better technology looms
    • Encourage better quality in textile processing industry and keep check on import of fabrics by the garment sector

    Two broad categories of ATUFS:

    1. Apparel, Garment and Technical Textiles sectors would be provided on capital investment with fifteen per cent subsidy. However, it will be subject to a ceiling of Rs. 30 crore for entrepreneurs over a period of five years
    2. Remaining sub-sectors of textile sectors would be provided subsidy at a rate of 10 percent. However, it would be subject to a ceiling of Rs.20 crore

    Advantages:

    • 12,671 crore is for committed liabilities under the ongoing RR-TUFS scheme and Rs. 5,151 crore is for new cases under ATUFS
    • The amended scheme would give a boost to ‘Make in India’ in the textiles sector
    • It is expected to attract investment to the tune of one lakh crore rupees, and create over 30 lakh jobs
    • All cases pending with the Office of Textile Commissioner which are complete in all respects, shall be provided assistance under the ongoing scheme and the new scheme will be given prospective effect
    • Office of Textile Commissioner (TXC) is being reorganised & its offices shall be set up in each state
    • Officers of the TXC shall be closely associated with entrepreneurs for setting up the industry, including processing proposals under the new scheme, verifying assets created jointly with the bankers and maintaining close liaison with the State Government agencies

    About TUFS:

    • TUFS was introduced by the Union Government in 1999
    • Aim was to facilitate new technology for making the Indian textile industry globally competitive and to reduce the capital cost for the textile industry
    • The scheme was earlier amended for continuation during the 12th Five Year Plan into Revised Restructured Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme
    Published with inputs from Swapnil

  • Civils Digest in HINDI – First edition released | Pay what you want

    प्रिय साथियों,

    ‘सिविल्स डाइजेस्ट’ का प्रथम हिंदी अंक आपके हाथों में है। इसके प्रकाशन के पीछे कोई व्यावसायिक कारण न होकर एक ऐसी ज़रूरत है जिसके लिए हमने हिंदी माध्यम के साथियों को परेशान होते हुए देखा है। आप जानते हैं कि ‘द हिंदू’ समाचार पत्र पढ़ना सिविल सेवा की तैयारी का एक अनिवार्य अंग है, लेकिन हमारे बहुत से ऐसे साथी हैं जिन्हें अंग्रेजी पढ़ने या समझने में कई तरह की समस्याओं से दो चार होना पड़ता है। ऐसा नहीं है कि उन्हें अंग्रेजी नहीं आती बल्कि इसे ऐसे समझिये कि अंग्रेजी कभी उनकी पहली भाषा नहीं रही। यही कारण है कि हमारे अधिकांश साथी ‘द हिंदू’ या ‘इंडियन एक्सप्रेस’ जैसे समाचार पत्र चाहकर भी नहीं पढ़ पाते, या पढ़ते भी हैं तो हिंदी की अपेक्षा उन्हें उसमें दोगुना समय लगता है। हमने जब इस बारे में सोचा तो पहले पहल मूल हिंदी में एक पत्रिका निकालने का निर्णय लिया किंतु फिर पाया कि करंट अफेयर्स संबंधी पत्रिकाओं के बाज़ार में यह महज़ उनकी संख्या बढ़ाने से अधिक कुछ नहीं होगा। क्यों न कुछ ऐसा किया जाए कि हिंदी में ही अंग्रेजी की वे ख़बरें मिलें जो हिंदी अख़बारों में ढूँढे नहीं मिलती। हमने इस विषय में बहुत से अभ्यर्थियों से बात की और अंतिम में इस निर्णय पर पहुंचे कि हम ‘द हिंदू’ और अन्य प्रमुख अंग्रेजी अख़बारों की महत्वपूर्ण ख़बरों(जो सक्षिप्त कर ‘सिविल्स डेली’ एप्लीकेशन पर आपको उपलब्ध कराई जाती हैं) का हिंदी अनुवाद आप तक पहुंचाएंगे। यह पत्रिका उसी निर्णय का परिणाम है।

    इस अंक में आप फरवरी माह में ‘सिविल्स डेली’ पर अपलोड हुई सभी ख़बरों का हिंदी अनुवाद पढ़ सकेंगे, साथ ही इसमें आपको तिथिवार क्रम से उन पारिभाषिक शब्दों का भी विस्तृत अनुवाद मिलेगा जिन्हें जानने की जिज्ञासा ख़बर पढ़ते समय आपके भीतर बनी रहती है। यहाँ यह बताना आवश्यक है कि अनुवाद करते समय इस बात का पूरा ख्याल रखा गया है कि कहीं कोई तथ्यात्मक ग़लती न हो और न ही अंग्रेजी में प्रकाशित किसी सामग्री की मूल भावना में कोई अंतर आए। फिर भी हम पूरी ईमानदारी से इस बात को स्वीकार करते हैं कि ऐसी बहुत सी जगहें होंगी जहाँ आपको कमियाँ नज़र आएँगी। उन कमियों को दूर करने और अगला अंक इससे बेहतर बनाने के लिए हम आपसे सुझावों की अपेक्षा करते हैं।

    इस अंक के हिंदी अनुवाद में प्रमोद कोंसवाल, संचिता, देवेश और तनय का हमें सहयोग मिला। हिंदी माध्यम के साथियों की ज़रूरतों को समझते हुए हम जल्द ही ‘सिविल्स डेली’ एप्लीकेशन का हिंदी संस्करण भी लॉन्च करेंगे जिसकी सूचना आपको यथाशीघ्र दे दी जाएगी। तब तक आप इस पत्रिका को पढ़िए, अपने मित्रों को पढ़वाईये और आपके मन में जो भी हो नीचे लिखे मेल आईडी पर भेज दीजिये।
    शुभकामनाएं

    सिविल्स डेली

    (email: hello@civilsdaily.com)

    Download link – https://www.instamojo.com/civilsdaily/civils-digest-march-hindi-edition/

  • Economic Survey For IAS | Chapter 09 | Reforming The Fertiliser Sector

    Before reading this chapter, it’s important that you read Chapter three – spreading JAM, chapter two – exit problem/ chakravyuha challenge and fundamentals of subsidy.

    • Fertilizer accounts for large fiscal subsidies (0.73 lakh crore or 0.5 %of GDP), the second-highest after food.
    • Only 17,500 crores or 35 per cent of total fertilizer subsides reaches small farmers

    Where does the rest (65%) of subsidy amount go?

    Obviously it leaks out to black market, large framers (bounty for the well off) and inefficient producers (exit problem).

    We will come to the question of leakages later but before that let us know a few basics about fertilizer sector and it’s regulation in India.

    1. There are 3 basic types of fertilizer used—Urea, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), and Muriate of Potash (MOP) i.e N,P,K fertilizers.
    2. Urea dominates the sector. It is the most produced (86%), the most consumed (74%) and the most imported (52%).
    3. Urea also faces the most government intervention <50% under movement control compared to 20% for other two fertilizers,>
    4. Urea also receives maximum subsidy (70% of total fertilizer subsidy) as well as in per unit terms (75% of cost of urea is subsidized compared to 35% for other two)
    5. Urea is also not included in nutrient based subsidy regime

    Nutrient based subsidy

    Under this method, subsidy is given on the basis of nutrient content in the fertilizer. Suppose govt decided it would give 100 rs subsidy per kg of potash. Now, if cost of a fertilizer which contains 1 kg of potash is 1000 rs, govt will give 100 rs and he would be able to sell it at 900 rs. <govt does not fix retail price, govt gives same amount of per kg subsidy to all manufacturers, if production cost is less, you can sell it lower prices and capture market. It incentivises inefficiency this way.

    Contrast this with urea subsidy which is cost plus based . In this regime govt fixes price of urea. Suppose govt fixed urea price at 500 rs per kg. Firm A produced 1 kg urea at 700, govt will give it 200 rs (700-500) so that it could sell it at 500. If more efficient firm B produced 1 kg of Urea at 600 rs, it will get 100 rs subsidy (600-500). Clearly, there’s no incentive to be efficient. More inefficient you are, more subsidy you get.

    Other benefits of nutrient based subsidy

    • Note that in cost plus method, govt can only subsidize a few fertilizers. But in NBS, govt has to simply state, it will give 100 rs per kg for N, K, P, Boron, Sulfur, Zinc etc. It will thus encourage production of complex fertilizers <many nutrient including micro nutrients in the one fertilizer>
    • Complex and micro nutrients will increase the productivity of soil.
    • It will encourage greater competition , leading to productivity gains.

    Now let’s discuss 5 kind of govt intervention in urea sector

    1. Controlled maximum retail price <encourages diversion and black marketing>
    2. Firm specific cost plus subsidy <inefficient firms get larger subsidies>
    3. Consignment specific subsidy to importers
    4. Canalization of imports Only 3 agencies allowed to import <shortages when domestic production falls>
    5. Movement control <govt tells how much to import and where to sell>

    All these controls result in leakages. As we saw earlier only 35% of subsidy reaches small and marginal farmers.

    1. Black marketing– Simply because the principle of one product one price (we discussed it w.r.t. LPG earlier) is violated.

    Urea is only subsidized for agricultural uses but it is used for industrial purpose also < one of the ingredients in chemical industry, explosives, automobile systems, laboratories, medical uses, flavour enhancing additive in cigarettes and others>. As we know cost of subsidised urea is 75% lower than cost of non subsidised urea which gives strong incentive to divert it to the black market. Why?

    • Simple- Suppose urea for agri use is 250 rs and for industrial use is 1000 rs, there’s strong incentive to sell it to industrial consumers at 750 rs and show it as urea for agri use.
    • Similarly, urea is diverted to B’desh, Nepal where urea prices are high.

    Result- Shortage of urea in domestic market.

    Who suffers – small and marginal farmers. Rich farmers are well connected and get subsidies urea while small farmers have to buy urea from black market at much higher price <51% of farmers buy urea at above M.R.P.>

    In the three eastern states bordering Bangladesh, 100 per cent of farmers had to buy urea at above MRP in the black market <diversion to B’desh>

    Black market effects are aggravated by a further regulation—canalisation. As we saw , only three firms are allowed to import urea into India, and they are also instructed when to import, what quantities to import, and in which districts to sell their goods. And we all know how good govt is in forecasting needs.

    Result- Shortages and shooting up of urea prices when demand is at it’s peak and invariably small farmers suffer disproportionately.

    Reform by govt.-neem-coating urea

    • Neem-coating makes it more difficult for black marketers to divert urea to industrial consumers.
    • Neem-coating also benefits farmers by reducing nitrogen losses from the soil by providing greater nutrient to the crop <less urea required>
    • Work as pesticide
    • Less water pollution

    2. Benefits large farmers– A regressive subsidy. As we saw small farmers suffer due to black marketing while large well connected farmers take advantage of subsidies.

    3. Subsidy to inefficient firms– result of cost plus regime which does not encourage efficiency gains.

    Result – even though urea consumption has increased steadily over the last 15 years, no new domestic production capacity has been added, leading to a large dependence on imports. Efficient firms are forced to shut their shops.

    Externalities of urea prices

    What is externality?

    an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit <for instance, vehicle owners pollute the environment, we all suffer the consequences an example of negative externality. Can you give us an example of positive externality in comments plz>

    • It’s clear urea is under priced compared to other fertilizers resulting in excessive usages.
    • Ideal N:P:K ratio for Indian soil is 4:2:1 but actual ratio is 8.2:3.2:1 i.e excessive usage of urea

    Result-

    • Deterioration of soil quality
    • Fertilizer leaching to water bodies resulting in pollution of water
    • Algal bloom

     

    Reforms- aim of reform is to eliminate leakages while benefiting small farmers

    1. decanalising urea imports—which would increase the number of importers and allow greater freedom in import decision–would allow fertiliser supply to respond flexibly and quickly to changes in demand
    2. bringing urea under the Nutrient Based Subsidy program

    Turning fertiliser into JAM

    Fertilizer subsidy is an ideal case for JAMming (Chapter three) as leakages are high and central govt controls fund flows.

    Also, urea manufacturing is not labour intensive so no harm to workers.

    Ideally fertiliser subsidies would be targeted only at small and marginal farmers. But there are problems with targeting

    1. Assessing poverty—based on landholdings or some other measure—will be difficult
    2. How to target tenant farmers and sharecroppers <10% of all farmers are such farmers and they should not be excluded in any case>
    3. Relatively low levels of last-mile financial inclusion in much of rural India <last mile challenge, chapter three>

    What can be done if not JAM?

    Set a cap on the number of subsidised bags each household can purchase <just like 12 subsidized LPG cylinders> and require biometric authentication at the point of sale (POS) <BAPU (chapter three)>

    • Requiring biometric authentication would make it harder to conduct large-scale diversion
    • Imposing a cap on the total number of subsidised bags each farmer can purchase would improve targeting <Small farmers would still be able to get all their urea at subsidised prices but large farmers may have to pay market prices for some of the urea they buy>

    As urea is more sensitive, it could be initiated first for other fetilizers

    Other reforms-

    • Rationalise subsidies to domestic firms <shifting to NBS regime> which would release fiscal funds to spend more effectively on schemes that help poor farmers, such as drip irrigation and connectivity through the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
    • Secure long term fertiliser supplies from locations where energy prices are cheap
    • Encourage Indian firms to locate plants in countries such as Iran following the example of the Fertiliser Ministry’s joint venture in Oman, which allowed India to import fertiliser at prices almost 50 per cent cheaper.

     

    Suggested reading- Fertilizers and challenges of reform

    Self study- New Urea Policy 2015

  • Rashtriya Gokul Mission

    Potential to enhance the productivity of the indigenous breeds of India through professional farm management and superior nutrition is immense. For this it is essential to promote conservation and development of indigenous breeds.

    The “Rashtriya Gokul Mission” aims to conserve and develop indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner
    It is a focussed project under National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development, with an outlay of Rs 500 crore during the 12th Five Year Plan

     

    Importance & need for conservation of indigenous breeds:

    • During 2012-2013, about 45 million cattle were ‘in milk’ and contributed around 59 million tonnes of milk
    • Cattle not only contribute substantially to milk production but are also used as draught animals, for agricultural operations and transport in rural areas
    • Most of the agricultural operations by small farmers are performed by bullocks
    • They also provide cow dung (organic manure), cow urine (medicinal value)
      Indigenous cattle are categorized as Zebu and are suited for draught power because of the presence of a hump
    • Indigenous cattle are well known for their quality of heat tolerance and ability to withstand extreme climatic conditions
    • Studies indicate that temperature rise due to global warming will negatively impact milk production
    • The annual loss in milk production of cattle and buffaloes due to thermal stress in 2020 will be about 3.2 million tonnes of milk costing more than Rs 5000 Crore at current price rate
    • The decline in milk production and reproductive efficiency will be highest in crossbred cattle followed by buffaloes. Indigenous Breeds will be least affected by climate change as they are more hardy and robust
    • Some of the indigenous breeds have enormous potential to become high yielding commercial milch animals under optimal farm management
    • The pre-requisites for the development of a breed are- a) the presence of a minimum base population and b) a wide selection differential for economic traits
    • The indigenous dairy breeds with potential for development as commercially viable milch cattle in a shorter time frame are- Sahiwal in Punjab; Rathi and Tharparkar in Rajasthan; and Gir and Kankrej in Gujarat
    • If these breeds are selectively crossed with bulls selected through sibling and progeny testing, the offsprings would be commercially viable. In this manner the entire population of the breed can be upgraded in a few generations

    Objectives:

    • To undertake breed improvement program for indigenous cattle breeds so as to improve genetic makeup and increase the stock
    • To enhance milk production and productivity of indigenous bovines
    • To upgrade nondescript cattle using elite indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Rathi, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi <What is a non-descript cattle? Answer in comments>
    • To distribute disease free high genetic merit bulls of indigenous breeds for natural service

    Implementation:

    • State Implementing Agency (SIA)- Livestock Development Boards (LDB)
      State Gauseva Ayogs- Mandated to sponsor proposals to the SIAs and monitor implementation of the sponsored proposal
    • Participating Agencies- All Agencies having a role in indigenous cattle development. Ex- ICAR, universities, Colleges, NGOs and Gaushalas with best germplasm

    Components:

    • Establishment of village level Integrated Indigenous Cattle Centres viz Gokul Gram
    • Strengthening of bull mother farms to conserve high genetic merit Indigenous Breeds
    • Establishment of Field Performance Recording (FPR) in the breeding tract.
      Assistance to Institutions/lnstitutes which are repositories of best germplasm
    • Implementation of Pedigree Selection Programme for the Indigenous Breeds with large population
    • Establishing Gopalan Sangh- Breeder’s Societies
    • Distribution of disease free high genetic merit bulls for natural service.
      Incentive to farmers maintaining elite animals of indigenous breeds
    • Heifer rearing programme
    • Award to Farmers (Gopal Ratna) and Breeders” Societies (Kamadhenu)
      Organization of Milk Yield Competitions for indigenous breeds
    • Organization of Training Programme for technical and non technical

    Gokul Gram:

    • These are Indigenous Cattle Centres and will act as Centres for development of Indigenous Breeds
    • They’ll be established- a) in native breeding tracts and b) near metropolitan cities for housing the urban cattle
    • A dependable source for supply of high genetic breeding stock to the farmers in the breeding tract
    • Self sustaining and will generate economic resources from sale of milk, organic manure, vermi-composting, urine distillates, and production of electricity from bio gas for in house consumption and sale of animal products
    • Also function as state of the art in situ training centre for Farmers, Breeders
    Published with inputs from Swapnil

  • Mahi

    Which one is correct statement:
    1) gravitational wave are capable of transmitting their energy through a vacuum.

    2) gravitational wave are not capable of transmitting their energy through a vaccum.

  • Akhilesh Ranjan Committee on Taxation of E-Commerce

    • A Committee on Taxation of e-commerce constituted by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) to examine the business models for e-commerce submitted its report on 21 March 2016
    • The Report of the Committee was received by the Government of India and taken into consideration in the preparation of Finance Bill, 2016
    • The Report provides the view of the Committee on issues related to taxation of e-commerce and recent international developments in this area
    • The Committee included officers of the CBDT, representatives from the industry, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and tax experts
    • The 8 member committee was headed by Akhilesh Ranjan, Joint Secretary (FT&TR-I), C8DT, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance

     

    Recommendations:

    • Equalization Levy may be imposed on payments to non-residents for specified services by a separate chapter in the Finance Act, 2016
    • The Equalization Levy should be chargeable on any sum that is received by a non resident from a resident in India or a permanent establishment in India as a consideration for the specified digital services
    • The rate of Equalization Levy may be between 6 to 8 % of the gross sum received
    • Equalization Levy should not be charged unless the consideration received for specified services in a year from a person in India is more than one lakh rupees
    • Equalization Levy should also not be charged on payments received by a permanent establishment of a non-resident in India, which are attributable to that permanent establishment and taxable under Income-tax Act, 1961
    • Every person that has received any sum chargeable to Equalization levy, would be required to pay the Equalization Levy chargeable on that sum to the union government
    • Every person that has received any sum chargeable to Equalization levy, would be required to file a return of Sum chargeable to Equalization Levy as prescribed, if such total sum received by that person in a year exceeds ten crore rupees
    • Any income arising from a transaction on which Equalization Levy has been paid should be exempted from income-tax, by necessary amendment in Section 10 of the Income-tax Act, 1961
    • The definition of business connection in section 9 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 may be expanded to include the concept of significant economic presence
    • Work on exploring the possibility of deduction of Equalization Levy by the payment gateways should be initiated immediately
    • The implementation and impact of Equalization Levy may be monitored on a regular basis

    What is Equalisation Levy?

    • To avoid some of the difficulties arising from creating new profit attribution rules for purposes of a nexus based on significant economic presence, an equalisation levy could be considered as an alternative way to address the broader direct tax challenges of the digital economy
    • This approach has been used by some countries in order to ensure equal treatment of foreign and domestic suppliers
    • An equalisation levy could be structured in a variety of ways depending on its ultimate policy objective
    • In general, an equalisation levy would be intended to serve as a way to tax a non-resident enterprise’s significant economic presence in a country
    • In order to provide clarity, certainty and equity to all stakeholders, and to avoid undue burden on small and medium-sized businesses, the equalisation levy would be applied only in cases where it is determined that a non-resident enterprise has a significant economic presence
    Follow the story for updates- e-Commerce: The New Boom

     

  • Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana

    It is a scheme for upliftment of urban and rural poor through enhancement of livelihood opportunities through skill development and other means

    Why the scheme?

    • To provide Skill training to the poor in cities and villages. This would make them eligible for employment and will help in poverty alleviation
    • By 2020, developed nations will have shortage of ~57 million workers & foreign companies will have to outsource work elsewhere
    • Companies require cheap but skilled labour force (India will have ~47 million new workers by 2020)
    • Every year, 12 million Indians join workforce but out of them only 10% are skilled compared to 70% in and 50% in China
    • Therefore, success of Make in India, will depend on success of this scheme
    • Also, under the current urban poverty alleviation programmes, only 790 cities and towns are covered
    • The government has decided to extend these measures to all the 4,041 statutory cities and towns, there by covering almost the entire urban population

    Rural component

    Official name: Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

    Under: Ministry of Rural Development

    Earlier schemes:

    • Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was renamed as National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) which was in turn converted to Aajivika
    • Aajivika has a sub-component of skill development which is now named as Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

    Eligibility: 15 years and above (in Aajivika, it was 18)

    Target: Train 10 Lakh rural youth by 2017

    Others:

    • Government will setup training centres in rural areas
    • Training syllabus will be designed on international standards, so that rural youth can work in the foreign companies coming to India under Make in India
    • Special attention to physically disabled persons

    Urban component

    Official name: Deen Dayal Upadhyay Antyodaya Yojana (DAY)

    Under: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA)

    Eligibility: Urban poor

    Target: Train 5 Lakh people every year

    6 Components:

    1. Setup City Livelihood Centres with Rs. 10 lakh grant
    2. Give training to each urban poor via these centres. Government will spent Rs.15k-18k on training each of them
    3. Form Urban Self Help Groups (SHG) and give Bank linkage and Rs.10,000 to each group
    4. Setup Vendor markets and give skill training to vendors as well
    5. Construction of permanent shelters for urban homeless & other essential services
    6. Help the poor to setup enterprises & give them loan at 7% interest rate

    Tie up with NSDC

    • MoHUPA signed an MoU with National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
    • NSDC will give training to poor, according to market needs, via its training centres
    • It will also help in identification of beneficiaries besides certification of training programmes through Sector Skill Councils (SSCs)

    SSCs– These are industry led bodies and they define standards and syllabus for different training program in given industrial sector

    • NSDC will identify beneficiaries and design their training program with help of above SSCs
    • Thus, NSDC-MoHUPA tie up will help in speedy and result oriented implementation of Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana

     

    For updates, follow- The Mammoth Task Of Skilling India

    Published with inputs from Swapnil

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