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  • Over 6 lakh Indians renounced Citizenship

    More than six lakh Indians renounced citizenship in the past five years, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed the Lok Sabha.

    Citizenship in India

    • Citizenship is in the Union List under the Constitution and thus under the exclusive jurisdiction of Parliament.
    • The Constitution does not define the term ‘citizen’ but gives, in Articles 5 to 11, details of various categories of persons who are entitled to citizenship.
    • Unlike other provisions of the Constitution, which came into being on January 26, 1950, these articles were enforced on November 26, 1949 itself, when the Constitution was adopted.

    Various provisions for Indian Citizenship

    Article 5

    • It provided for citizenship on the commencement of the Constitution.
    • All those domiciled and born in India were given citizenship.
    • Even those who were domiciled but not born in India, but either of whose parents was born in India, were considered citizens.
    • Anyone who had been an ordinary resident for more than five years, too, was entitled to apply for citizenship.

    Article 6

    • Since Independence was preceded by Partition and migration, Article 6 laid down that anyone who migrated to India before July 19, 1949, would automatically become an Indian citizen if either of his parents or grandparents was born in India.
    • But those who entered India after this date needed to register themselves.

    Article 7

    • Even those who had migrated to Pakistan after March 1, 1947 but subsequently returned on resettlement permits were included within the citizenship net.
    • The law was more sympathetic to those who migrated from Pakistan and called them refugees than to those who, in a state of confusion, were stranded in Pakistan or went there but decided to return soon.

    Article 8

    • Any Person of Indian Origin residing outside India who, or either of whose parents or grandparents, was born in India could register himself or herself as an Indian citizen with Indian Diplomatic Mission.

    Various Amendments for Citizenships

    • According to Article 11, Parliament can go against the citizenship provisions of the Constitution.
    • The Citizenship Act, 1955 was passed and has been amended four times — in 1986, 2003, 2005, and 2015.
    • The Act empowers the government to determine the citizenship of persons in whose case it is in doubt.
    • However, over the decades, Parliament has narrowed down the wider and universal principles of citizenship based on the fact of birth.
    • Moreover, the Foreigners Act places a heavy burden on the individual to prove that he is not a foreigner.

    (1) 1986 amendment

    • The constitutional provision and the original Citizenship Act gave citizenship on the principle of jus soli to everyone born in India.
    • However, the 1986 amendment to Section 3 was less inclusive as it added the condition that those who were born in India on or after January 26, 1950 but before July 1, 1987, shall be an Indian citizen.
    • Those born after July 1, 1987 and before December 4, 2003, in addition to one’s own birth in India, can get citizenship only if either of his parents was an Indian citizen at the time of birth.

    (2) 2003 amendment

    • The then government made the above condition more stringent, keeping in view infiltration from Bangladesh.
    • Now the law requires that for those born on or after December 4, 2004, in addition to the fact of their own birth, both parents should be Indian citizens or one parent must be Indian citizen and other should not be an illegal migrant.
    • With these restrictive amendments, India has almost moved towards the narrow principle of jus sanguinis or blood relationship.
    • This lay down that an illegal migrant cannot claim citizenship by naturalization or registration even if he has been a resident of India for seven years.

    (3) Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019

    • The amendment proposes to permit members of six communities — Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan — to continue to live in India if they entered India before December 14, 2014.
    • It also reduces the requirement for citizenship from 11 years out of the preceding 14 years, to just 6 years.
    • Two notifications also exempted these migrants from the Passport Act and Foreigner Act.
    • A large number of organisations in Assam protested against this Bill as it may grant citizenship to Bangladeshi Hindu illegal migrants.

    Losing of Indian Citizenship

    • The Citizenship Act, 1955 also lays down the three modes by which an Indian citizen may lose his/her citizenship.
    • It may happen in any of the three ways: renunciation, termination and deprivation.

    (1) Renunciation

    • An Indian Citizen of full age and capacity can renounce his Indian citizenship by making a declaration to that effect and having it registered.
    • But if such a declaration is made during any war in which India is engaged, the registration shall be withheld until the Central Government otherwise directs.
    • When a male person renounces his citizenship, every minor child of him ceases to be an Indian citizen.
    • Such a child may, however, resume Indian citizenship if he makes a declaration to that effect within a year of his attaining full age, i.e. 18 years.

    (2) Termination

    • If a citizen of India voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country, he shall cease to be a citizen of India.
    • During the war period, this provision does not apply to a citizen of India, who acquires the citizenship of another country in which India may be engaged voluntarily.

    (3) Deprivation

    • Deprivation is a compulsory termination of citizenship of India.
    • A citizen of India by naturalization, registration, domicile and residence, may be deprived of his citizenship by an order of the Central Government if it is satisfied that the Citizen has:
      1. Obtained the citizenship by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact
      2. Shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India
      3. Unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war
      4. Within five years after registration or neutralization, been imprisoned in any country for two years
      5. Ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously

     

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  • Emission caused by Nuclear Energy

    Supporters of the Nuclear Energy source say that it is a climate-friendly way to generate electricity. However, this is subjected to various considerations often not discussed.

    Why focus on Nuclear Energy?

    • The main factors for its choice were reliability and security of supply.
    • The latest figures on global carbon dioxide emissions call into question the world’s efforts to tackle the climate crisis.

    Soaring CO2 emissions

    • CO2 emissions are set to soar 4.9% in 2021, compared with the previous year, according to a study published earlier this month by the Global Carbon Project (GCP), a group of scientists that track emissions.
    • In 2020, emissions dropped 5.4% due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns.
    • The energy sector continues to be the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, with a share of 40% — and rising.

    Is nuclear power a zero-emissions energy source?

    No. Nuclear energy is also responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

    • Uranium mining: Uranium extraction, transport and processing produces emissions.
    • Construction of power plants: The long and complex construction process of nuclear power plants also releases CO2, as does the demolition of decommissioned sites.
    • Nuclear waste and its transportation: This also has to be transported and stored under strict conditions — here, too, emissions must be taken into account.
    • Water consumption: Power plants depend on nearby water sources to cool their reactors, and with many rivers drying up, those sources of water are no longer guaranteed.

    How much CO2 does nuclear power produce?

    • Results vary significantly, depending on whether we only consider the process of electricity generation, or take into account the entire life cycle of a nuclear power plant.
    • A report released in 2014 by the IPCC estimated a range of 3.7 to 110 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour (kWh).
    • It’s long been assumed that nuclear plants generate an average of 66 grams of CO2/kWh.

    How climate-friendly is nuclear compared to other energies?

    • If the entire life cycle, nuclear energy certainly comes out ahead of fossil fuels like coal or natural gas.
    • But the picture is drastically different when compared with renewable energy.
    • Nuclear power releases 3.5 times more CO2 per kilowatt-hour than photovoltaic solar panel systems.
    • Compared with onshore wind power, that figure jumps to 13 times more CO2.
    • When up against electricity from hydropower installations, nuclear generates 29 times more carbon.

    Can we rely on nuclear energy to help stop global warming?

    • Around the world, nuclear energy representatives, as well as some politicians, have called for the expansion of atomic power.
    • Other countries have also supported plans to build new nuclear plants, arguing that the energy sector will be even more damaging for the climate without it.

    Feasibility of Nuclear Energy

    • High cost of construction: Due to the high costs associated with nuclear energy, it also blocks important financial resources that could instead be used to develop renewable energy.
    • Renewables are better: Those renewables would provide more energy that is both faster and cheaper than nuclear.
    • High water consumption: During the world’s increasingly hot summers, several nuclear power plants have already had to be temporarily shut down due to water scarcity.

    Conclusion

    • Taking into account the current overall energy system, nuclear energy is by no means CO2 neutral.
    • The contribution of nuclear energy is viewed too optimistically.
    • In reality construction, times are too long and the costs too high to have a noticeable effect on climate change. It takes too long for nuclear energy to become available.

     

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  • Government-owned Contractor-operated (GOCO) Model

    The Army’s ambitious plan for modernization of the Army Base Workshops (ABWs) and implementation of the ‘Government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO)’ model is delayed, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) said in its report.

    What is GOCO Model?

    • The GOCO model was one of the recommendations of the Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (Retd.) committee to enhance combat capability and re-balancing defence expenditure.
    • In GOCO model, the assets owned by the government will be operated by the private industries.
    • Under the GOCO model, the private companies need not make investments on land, machinery and other support systems.

    What is the current system?

    • Maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO): The Army follows the traditional ‘womb to tomb’ life cycle support management for maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) of its costly equipment.
    • Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers (EME): It is responsible for the MRO system.

    Need for GOCO Model

    • High end technologies: In the last three decades, there has been a quantum jump in military technology and the MRO of military equipment has become very complex.
    • Lack of infrastructure: However, some repairs and overhauls have run into problems on account of lack of infrastructure, spares and expertise.
    • Poor performance of Corps: The infrastructure, expertise and work culture has not kept pace with time, leading to below par and inefficient performance.

     Benefits offered by the GOCO Model

    • Time savings: The main advantage of the model is that the targets are achieved in lesser time frame.
    • Competitiveness: Also, it will boost competitiveness among the private entities paving way to newer technologies.
    • Efficiency: The GOCO model will bring in corporate culture, leading to efficiency and accountability.
    • Expertise: Private operators can easily go into partnership with Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), both for expertise and spares.
    • Manpower saving: The government can save on manpower — 12,500 personnel workforce of the ABWs.
    • Technical training: This model also opens avenues for absorbing trained retired personnel, which can be built into the contract.

    Major issues with GOCO

    • Costly affair: The corporate world is driven by market forces, which means the GOCO model will be more costly. In most cases, private operators will want better infrastructure, which would have to be upgraded or replaced at government cost.
    • Corporate management: Private operators may not have the expertise to deal with military equipment; they are also unlikely to absorb the existing manpower and will want a younger and better-trained workforce.

     

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  • What is the Iran Nuclear Deal?

    As Iran has refused to hold direct talks with the U.S., European officials will shuttle between the Iranian and American delegations, exchanging talking points and seeking common ground over the nuclear deal.

    Do you know how the enmity between Iran and the US came into reality?  We hope you have watched the Argo (2012) movie for sure!

    Context

    • After a gap of five months, Iran, Russia, China and the European countries resumed negotiations in Vienna to revive the 2015 nuclear agreement, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
    • The 2015 JCPOA agreement sought to cut Iran off a possible path to a nuclear bomb in return for lifting of economic sanctions.

    What is JCPOA?

    • The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the JCPOA is a landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States, in July 2015.
    • Under its terms, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program and open its facilities to more extensive international inspections in exchange for billions of dollars’ worth of sanctions relief.

    Expected outcomes of the deal

    • Curb on nuclear program: Proponents of the deal said that it would help prevent a revival of Iran’s nuclear weapons program.
    • Increasing regional engagement: It would thereby reduce the prospects for conflict between Iran and its regional rivals, including Israel and Saudi Arabia.

    Background of the JCPOA

    • Iran had previously agreed to forgo the development of nuclear weapons as a signatory to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which has been in force since 1970.
    • However, after the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Iranian leaders secretly pursued this technology.
    • In 2007, U.S. intelligence analysts concluded that Iran halted its work on nuclear weapons in 2003 but continued to acquire nuclear technology and expertise.
    • Prior to the JCPOA, the P5+1 had been negotiating with Iran for years, offering its government various incentives to halt uranium enrichment.

    Issues with the deal

    (1) US withdrawal

    • The deal has been in jeopardy since President Donald Trump withdrew the US from it in 2018.
    • In retaliation for the US, Iran resumed some of its nuclear activities.

    (2) Iran’s insistence over sanctions removal

    • In 2021, President Joe Biden said the US will return to the deal if Iran comes back into compliance, though Iran’s leaders have insisted that Washington lift sanctions first.
    • Iran now has indicated that he will take a harder line than his predecessor in nuclear negotiations.

    Who are the participants?

    • The JCPOA, which went into effect in January 2016, imposes restrictions on Iran’s civilian nuclear enrichment program.
    • At the heart of negotiations with Iran were the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and Germany—collectively known as the P5+1.
    • The European Union also took part. Israel explicitly opposed the agreement, calling it too lenient.
    • Some Middle Eastern powers, such as Saudi Arabia, said they should have been consulted or included in the talks because they would be most affected by a nuclear-armed Iran.

    What did Iran agree to?

    • Nuclear restrictions: Iran agreed not to produce either the highly enriched uranium or the plutonium that could be used in a nuclear weapon.
    • Monitoring and verification:  Iran agreed to eventually implement a protocol that would allow inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations’ nuclear watchdog.

    What did the other signatories agree to?

    • Sanctions relief: The EU, United Nations, and United States all committed to lifting their nuclear-related sanctions on Iran. However, many other U.S. sanctions on Iran, some dating back to the 1979 hostage crisis, remained in effect.
    • Weapons embargo: The parties agreed to lift an existing UN ban on Iran’s transfer of conventional weapons and ballistic missiles after five years if the IAEA certifies that Iran is only engaged in civilian nuclear activity.

    How has the deal affected Iran’s economy?

    • Prior to the JCPOA, Iran’s economy suffered years of recession, currency depreciation, and inflation, largely because of sanctions on its energy sector.
    • With the sanctions lifted, inflation slowed, exchange rates stabilized, and exports—especially of oil, agricultural goods, and luxury items­—skyrocketed as Iran regained trading partners, particularly in the EU.
    • After the JCPOA took effect, Iran began exporting more than 2.1 million barrels per day (approaching pre-2012 levels, when the oil sanctions were originally put in place).

     

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  • National Health Accounts Estimates: 2017-18

    Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) as a share of total health expenditure and foreign aid for health has both come down as per the findings of the National Health Accounts (NHA) estimates for India for 2017-18.

    What is National Health Accounts (NHA)?

    • The NHA estimates are prepared by using an accounting framework based on internationally accepted System of Health Accounts 2011, provided by the World Health Organization (WHO).
    • It is released by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
    • It describes health expenditures and flow of funds in the country’s health system over a financial year of India.
    • It answers important policy questions such as what are the sources of healthcare expenditures, who manages these, who provides health care services, and which services are utilized.
    • It is a practice to describe the health expenditure estimates according to a global standard framework, System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011), to facilitate comparison of estimates across countries.

    Objective of the NHA

    • To describe the Current Health Expenditures (CHE).

    The details of CHE are presented according to

    • Revenues of healthcare financing schemes: – entities that provide resources to spend for health goods and services in the health system;
    • Healthcare financing schemes: entities receiving and managing funds from financing sources to pay for or to purchase health goods and services;
    • Healthcare providers: entities receiving finances to produce/ provide health goods and services;
    • Healthcare functions: It describes the use of funds across various health care services.

    About NHA (2017-2018)

    • The 2017-18 NHA estimates shows government expenditure on health exhibiting an increasing trend and growing trust in public health care system.
    • With the present estimate of NHA 2017-18, India has a continuous Time Series on NHA estimates for both government and private sources for five years since 2013-14.
    • These estimates are not only comparable internationally, but also enable the policy makers to monitor progress towards universal health coverage as envisaged in the National Health Policy, 2017.

    Key Highlights

    Increase in GDP share: The NHA estimates for 2017-18 clearly show that there has been an increase in the share of government health expenditure in the total GDP from 1.15% in 2013-14 to 1.35% in 2017-18.

    Increase in govt share in expenditures: In 2017-18, the share of government expenditure was 40.8%, which is much higher than 28.6% in 2013-14.

    Per-Capita increase in expenditure: In per capita terms, the government health expenditure has increased from Rs 1042 to Rs.1753 between 2013-14 to 2017-18.

    Focus on total healthcare: The primary and secondary care accounts for more than 80% of the current Government health expenditure.

    Social security expenditure: The share of social security expenditure on health, which includes the social health insurance program, Government financed health insurance schemes, and medical reimbursements made to Government employees, has increased.

    Decline in foreign aid: The findings also depict that the foreign aid for health has come down to 0.5%, showcasing India’s economic self-reliance.

    Decline in OOPE: The government’s efforts to improve public health care are evident with out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) as a share of total health expenditure coming down to 48.8% in 2017-18 from 64.2% in 2013-14.

    Way forward

    • After 18 months of Covid-19, financial year 2017-18 appears to be from another era.
    • However, learnings from that year’s NHA help us to plan for health system strengthening in the post-Covid years.
    • The special financing packages for Covid emergency response, announced by the central government in 2020 and 2021, represent an extraordinary situation.
    • The resolve to increase public financing for health must remain strong even after Covid.

     

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  • Ericsson Mobility Report on 5G Subscriptions

    India 5G subscriptions are set to reach 500 mn by 2027, said Ericsson in its report.

    Ericsson Mobility Report

    • The report has added that the total number of smartphone subscriptions is expected to be 810 million at the end of 2021.
    • It is projected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 7%, exceeding 1.2 billion by 2027.

    5G penetration in India

    • 5G telecom services are likely to account for 39% of mobile subscriptions or about 500 million subscriptions in India at the end of 2027.
    • 4G is expected to remain the dominant technology in India in 2027.
    • 4G subscriptions are expected to reduce from 68% of mobile subscriptions in 2021 to 55% in 2027 as subscribers migrate to 5G.
    • However, 4G subscriptions are forecast to drop from 790 million in 2021 to 710 million in 2027, showing an annual average decline of 2%.

    Back2Basics: 5G Technology

    • 5G or fifth generation is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) mobile broadband networks.
    • It mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high-frequency spectrum — all of which have their own uses as well as limitations.

    Three bands of 5G

    • The low band spectrum has shown great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange, the maximum speed is limited to 100 Mbps (Megabits per second).
    • This means that while telcos can use and install it for commercial cellphones users who may not have specific demands for very high-speed internet, the low band spectrum may not be optimal for specialised needs of the industry.
    • The mid-band spectrum, on the other hand, offers higher speeds compared to the low band but has limitations in terms of coverage area and penetration of signals.
    • Telcos and companies, which have taken the lead on 5G, have indicated that this band may be used by industries and specialized factory units for building captive networks that can be molded into the needs of that particular industry.
    • The high-band spectrum offers the highest speed of all the three bands, but has extremely limited coverage and signal penetration strength.
    • Internet speeds in the high-band spectrum of 5G have been tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second), while, in most cases, the maximum internet data speed in 4G has been recorded at 1 Gbps.

     

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  • [pib] Soil Health Card Scheme

    National Productivity Council (NPC) has carried out a study on ‘Soil Testing Infrastructure for Faster Delivery of Soil Health Card in India’ in 2017.

    What did the study find?

    • In the study it was found that application of fertilizer and micronutrients based on Soil Health Card (SHC) recommendations resulted in 8-10% of savings.
    • It has led to an overall increase in the yield of crops to the tune of 5-6% reported by adopting the SHC recommendations.

     About Soil Health Card Scheme

    • Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme is promoted by the Department of Agriculture & Co-operation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
    • An SHC is meant to give each farmer soil nutrient status of his/her holding and advice him/her on the dosage of fertilizers and also the needed soil amendments, that s/he should apply to maintain soil health in the long run.
    • SHC is a printed report that a farmer will be handed over for each of his holdings.
    • It will be made available once in a cycle of 2 years, which will indicate the status of soil health of a farmer’s holding for that particular period.
    • The SHC given in the next cycle of 2 years will be able to record the changes in the soil health for that subsequent period.

    Parameters of SHC:

    • N, P, K (Macro-nutrients)
    • Sulfur (S) (Secondary- nutrient)
    • Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo (Micronutrients)
    • pH, EC (Electrical conductivity) , OC (Organic content)

    Try this PYQ:

    Q. The nation-wide ‘Soil Health Card Scheme’ aims at:

    1. expanding the cultivable area under irrigation.
    2. enabling the banks to assess the quantum of loans to be granted to farmers on the basis of soil quality.
    3. checking the overuse of fertilizers in farmlands.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    Post your answers here.

     

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  • 1st December 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 848]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 848]

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  • Legalising MSP: Why Do We Need? Will All Farmers Get Benefit ? #UPSC | CivilsDaily #IAS #कृषिकानून

    To download the pdf of the lecture click here:– https://bit.ly/freelecturepdf

    Explainer-How & When #MPs Are Suspended? #ParliamentaryAffairs | Procedure & Rule CivilsDaily #IAS

    Save your time now and follow our daily Mains+ Prelims specific programme #CDyoutube rituals @IASaspirants.

    The Hindu Newspaper Analysis in Hindi (UPSC/IAS). The Hindu Daily Current Affairs and Newspaper Analysis covering Important articles and editorials mainly for UPSC IAS Exam

  • How to become an IAS Officer in First Attempt After Graduation? || Roadmap to Prepare for UPSC in next 2-3 years || Samanvaya 2021: Book Your First Free Counselling Session with us Now!

    How to become an IAS Officer in First Attempt After Graduation? || Roadmap to Prepare for UPSC in next 2-3 years || Samanvaya 2021: Book Your First Free Counselling Session with us Now!

    register for a free 1-on-1 upsc counselling session within next 24 hours

    Though, you can prepare for UPSC and give your attempts anytime till 32 years, the optimal time to begin your preparation is during the college days. A graduation degree is for 3 years and almost all toppers have prepared for the same amount of time to get the success they now enjoy.

    One of the biggest advantage for a college student is that they can easily switch to study mode as there are no other additional family responsibilities or expectations. Plus, an IAS officer who clears the exam within 23 years is more likely to hold the highest position of cabinet secretary than someone who cleared it in their late twenties. Youthful enthusiasm is the biggest internal motivation that college students possess which can help them in clearing this exhausting exam.

    So, now that you have broken the news to your parents about wanting to write the UPSC-CSE exam, you might be now wondering — what is UPSC-CSE? How to prepare for it? Should I attend a coaching institute? What is the syllabus? How many hours to study… the list is endless and daunting.

    However, you would have missed the obvious question— What kind of questions come in the paper and what kind of answers UPSC expects from an aspirant?

    Is UPSC CSE really about reading Unlimited Sources?

    Some of us will ask advices from all our friends and family on how to prepare for the exam, resulting in confusion in following through the UPSC syllabus. Don’t let these questions play the devil and make you postpone your UPSC preparation by a few more years. Having the right direction and guidance can help you save 2-3 critical attempts in UPSC. Listen to our Civilsdaily student and AIR 132 2020 UPSC topper Lakshay Chaudhary on how he improved his performance after 2 attempts with the guidance of civilsdaily mentors.

    Without much ado, register yourself for our free 1-on-1 counselling session at Civilsdaily known as Samanvaya. Your counsellors are trained mentors who have given the Mains exam six times and have attended UPSC interview multiple times. Experienced mentors like Sajal sir and Ajay sir have nearly mentored 500+ students.

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    What are the other mistakes in UPSC preparation first-time aspirants are likely to make?

    About 60% of the UPSC toppers have mostly prepared the wrong way in their first attempt. This could range from books, notes to time and consistency. If you want to start in the right direction, then it’s about time you booked a slot with your Samanvaya mentor.

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    First time aspirants often make the mistake of reading many sources for a single subject. If there is a new book in the market, they will not hesitate to buy it. UPSC preparation is not about reading multiple books, but one book multiple times. Few others, answer the essay paper in a very academic and technical manner. Most of the first time aspirants skip studying for the language and CSAT paper. In the first few months of preparation all of us read the entire 24 pages of newspaper and waste 3-4 hours time. Some of us are over-confident of clearing the exam with our own preparation or by our institute’s coaching. We might be making notes but we will not be updating them or revising them. First time aspirants struggle to understand what to skip in a book or what to cover. They take atleast 2-3 months to finish books like Laxmikanth and yet don’t have conceptual clarity.

    You can go through this video over here to get a basic understanding of the UPSC preparation.

    Toppers were once Beginners. And they began with Samanvaya.

    We, at Civilsdaily, are extremely proud to announce the incredible success of our students who have made their dreams come true. Today, we celebrate the hard work, commitment, and dedication with which they prepared for this exam, and succeeded! They are the heroes of today and leaders of tomorrow, and we are extremely glad to have been a part of their journey.

    We are also happy to announce that 78 Civilsdaily students (and counting) are now rank holders in UPSC. Our success rate has increased by 77% from last year in terms of rank holders. Civilsdaily is proud to say that 20 of our students are in the top 100 ranks. And this is a phenomenal 25% increase in our success rate for the top 100 positions since last year.

    And finally, we are extremely proud of our mentors whose tireless efforts helped our students become officers today. Their daily guidance, skilled mentorship, round-the-clock support, and dedication to work with the students day-in and day-out has led to this wonderful occasion where we celebrate the success of our students together!

    How is Samanvaya, UPSC Counselling Session Planned?

    At Civilsdaily, your assigned mentors interact with you on a daily basis. They are not just teachers, but coaches, philosophers, and guides. And this is how they will help you succeed:

    • Motivating you for one whole year and pushing you to complete the modules on time.
    • Helping you restart preparation despite low scores in test series.
    • Helping you study for 6 hours everyday if you are working.
    • Guiding you on how to revise the whole syllabus 3 months before prelims and mains.
    • Providing you topic-wise notes.
    • Teaching you elimination techniques, tikdams and helpful strategies like 4-2-4 model of preparation.
    • Keeping you updated on what to study and from where to study.

    1. 30 minute counselling session: Once you fill the form, our senior mentors get on a 30-40 minute call with you to understand your preparation level, study constraints, your strategy for the last 6 months, and create measurable targets for next week, next month and so on. You will hear back from us within 24 hours. The first counselling session is absolutely free for all, however there are limited slots available. So please register now.

    2. Access to our invite-only chat platform, Habitat:  This is where you can post your daily doubts, discuss your test questions and have real-time, live discussions on news and op-eds, and connect with other aspirants in your optional groups.

    3. 1 on 1 mentor allotment: The mentor will be available on scheduled calls with you throughout all the stages of your UPSC preparation and will daily assess, evaluate, and plan the next module according to the available time. We will help you pick the right books, make you practice answers daily, evaluate them and design practical & personal strategies that you can follow everyday

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  • Risks involved in investment in cryptocurrencies

    Context

    We are witnessing the change where the cult of savers has changed into investors. They are looking for a good return and willing to take the risk.

    Changing the behaviour of the savers

    • There is a new wave of savings and investments in the country that is evolving quite fast.
    • Crypto exchanges assure you that they are safe.
    • But it is the exchange that is safe, not the value of the coin, which will be driven by the market.
    • The equity boom is on, and all the unicorns have delivered excellent results.
    • That’s why bank deposits are no longer on our plates.
    • Banks discouraging deposits: Interestingly, banks today are discouraging deposits with low rates as this is the only way they can manage their balance sheets.
    • Low-interest rate: There are few deployment avenues and paying 5 per cent interest to savers and investing the deposits at 3.35 per cent in the reverse repo auction is a sub-optimal game.

    How safe is investment in cryptocurrencies?

    • From equities, there has been a swift shift to cryptos, which is still a grey area.
    • The regulators/government are wondering what to do. The issue will be discussed in the winter session of Parliament.
    • But investments have been made and there is no stopping this global wave.
    • Currency with no underlying asset: Making money on a currency that has no underlying asset like a metal or other currency and is traded on faith is unique; especially Bitcoin, whose originator is not known by face but by just a name.

    Gaming as a skill

    • There is another door to a new kind of gaming where you make money by making teams and following the matches.
    • The law was first silent, and then confused.
    • But it finally accepted gaming as a skill.
    • Logically, soon we should be able to bet on matches too, if all this is in order.

    Conclusion

    We are witnessing a change in the pattern of holding onto money, where savings get transformed to investment and risk appetite changes from conservative to aggressive. Will this change? Probably not, in the near future, as long as conventional deposits continue to give inferior returns.

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  • How to become an IAS Officer in First Attempt After Graduation? || Roadmap to Prepare for UPSC in next 2-3 years || Samanvaya 2021: Book Your First Free Counselling Session with us Now!

    How to become an IAS Officer in First Attempt After Graduation? || Roadmap to Prepare for UPSC in next 2-3 years || Samanvaya 2021: Book Your First Free Counselling Session with us Now!

    register for a free 1-on-1 upsc counselling session within next 24 hours

    Though, you can prepare for UPSC and give your attempts anytime till 32 years, the optimal time to begin your preparation is during the college days. A graduation degree is for 3 years and almost all toppers have prepared for the same amount of time to get the success they now enjoy.

    One of the biggest advantage for a college student is that they can easily switch to study mode as there are no other additional family responsibilities or expectations. Plus, an IAS officer who clears the exam within 23 years is more likely to hold the highest position of cabinet secretary than someone who cleared it in their late twenties. Youthful enthusiasm is the biggest internal motivation that college students possess which can help them in clearing this exhausting exam.

    So, now that you have broken the news to your parents about wanting to write the UPSC-CSE exam, you might be now wondering — what is UPSC-CSE? How to prepare for it? Should I attend a coaching institute? What is the syllabus? How many hours to study… the list is endless and daunting.

    However, you would have missed the obvious question— What kind of questions come in the paper and what kind of answers UPSC expects from an aspirant?

    Is UPSC CSE really about reading Unlimited Sources?

    Some of us will ask advices from all our friends and family on how to prepare for the exam, resulting in confusion in following through the UPSC syllabus. Don’t let these questions play the devil and make you postpone your UPSC preparation by a few more years. Having the right direction and guidance can help you save 2-3 critical attempts in UPSC. Listen to our Civilsdaily student and AIR 132 2020 UPSC topper Lakshay Chaudhary on how he improved his performance after 2 attempts with the guidance of civilsdaily mentors.

    Without much ado, register yourself for our free 1-on-1 counselling session at Civilsdaily known as Samanvaya. Your counsellors are trained mentors who have given the Mains exam six times and have attended UPSC interview multiple times. Experienced mentors like Sajal sir and Ajay sir have nearly mentored 500+ students.

    REGISTER FOR A FREE 1-ON-1 UPSC COUNSELLING SESSION WITHIN NEXT 24 HOURS

    What are the other mistakes in UPSC preparation first-time aspirants are likely to make?

    About 60% of the UPSC toppers have mostly prepared the wrong way in their first attempt. This could range from books, notes to time and consistency. If you want to start in the right direction, then it’s about time you booked a slot with your Samanvaya mentor.

    REGISTER FOR A FREE 1-ON-1 UPSC COUNSELLING SESSION WITHIN NEXT 24 HOURS

    First time aspirants often make the mistake of reading many sources for a single subject. If there is a new book in the market, they will not hesitate to buy it. UPSC preparation is not about reading multiple books, but one book multiple times. Few others, answer the essay paper in a very academic and technical manner. Most of the first time aspirants skip studying for the language and CSAT paper. In the first few months of preparation all of us read the entire 24 pages of newspaper and waste 3-4 hours time. Some of us are over-confident of clearing the exam with our own preparation or by our institute’s coaching. We might be making notes but we will not be updating them or revising them. First time aspirants struggle to understand what to skip in a book or what to cover. They take atleast 2-3 months to finish books like Laxmikanth and yet don’t have conceptual clarity.

    You can go through this video over here to get a basic understanding of the UPSC preparation.

    Toppers were once Beginners. And they began with Samanvaya.

    We, at Civilsdaily, are extremely proud to announce the incredible success of our students who have made their dreams come true. Today, we celebrate the hard work, commitment, and dedication with which they prepared for this exam, and succeeded! They are the heroes of today and leaders of tomorrow, and we are extremely glad to have been a part of their journey.

    We are also happy to announce that 78 Civilsdaily students (and counting) are now rank holders in UPSC. Our success rate has increased by 77% from last year in terms of rank holders. Civilsdaily is proud to say that 20 of our students are in the top 100 ranks. And this is a phenomenal 25% increase in our success rate for the top 100 positions since last year.

    And finally, we are extremely proud of our mentors whose tireless efforts helped our students become officers today. Their daily guidance, skilled mentorship, round-the-clock support, and dedication to work with the students day-in and day-out has led to this wonderful occasion where we celebrate the success of our students together!

    How is Samanvaya, UPSC Counselling Session Planned?

    At Civilsdaily, your assigned mentors interact with you on a daily basis. They are not just teachers, but coaches, philosophers, and guides. And this is how they will help you succeed:

    • Motivating you for one whole year and pushing you to complete the modules on time.
    • Helping you restart preparation despite low scores in test series.
    • Helping you study for 6 hours everyday if you are working.
    • Guiding you on how to revise the whole syllabus 3 months before prelims and mains.
    • Providing you topic-wise notes.
    • Teaching you elimination techniques, tikdams and helpful strategies like 4-2-4 model of preparation.
    • Keeping you updated on what to study and from where to study.

    1. 30 minute counselling session: Once you fill the form, our senior mentors get on a 30-40 minute call with you to understand your preparation level, study constraints, your strategy for the last 6 months, and create measurable targets for next week, next month and so on. You will hear back from us within 24 hours. The first counselling session is absolutely free for all, however there are limited slots available. So please register now.

    2. Access to our invite-only chat platform, Habitat:  This is where you can post your daily doubts, discuss your test questions and have real-time, live discussions on news and op-eds, and connect with other aspirants in your optional groups.

    3. 1 on 1 mentor allotment: The mentor will be available on scheduled calls with you throughout all the stages of your UPSC preparation and will daily assess, evaluate, and plan the next module according to the available time. We will help you pick the right books, make you practice answers daily, evaluate them and design practical & personal strategies that you can follow everyday

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  • 30th November 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present – significant events, personalities, issues.

    GS-2    Constitution of India — historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

    GS-3    Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.

    GS-4    Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.

    Questions:

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 The Government of India Act, 1919, not only marked major changes in British India but also equally significant responses from the leadership of the national movement. Examine. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019. Do you think reservation can be treated as a poverty alleviation measure? Substantiate your views. (15 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (15 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 While code of conduct presents a structure to organized values, code of ethics gives a foundation to that structure. Examine. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  October is uploaded on 11th October then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th October is uploaded on 13th October, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

    CLICK HERE To join Daily AWE

  • Q.4 While code of conduct presents a structure to organized values, code of ethics gives a foundation to that structure. Examine. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Briefly discuss code of conduct and code of ethics.
    • Analyse the relationship between the code of conduct and code of ethics.
    • Explain how code of ethics gives a foundation to rules of conduct.

  • Q.3 How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (15 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • In introduction, talk about the subsidies given by the government on various agricultural inputs.
    • Examine the effects of the subsidies on cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers- although economically helpful for farmers leads to distorted cropping patterns, poor soil health, food inflation etc
    • Mention the significance of crop insurance, MSP and food processing one by one.
    • Conclude by saying farming needs to be made remunerative by reforms in entire farm-to-fork chain rather than by just making it subsidy-dependent.

  • Q.2 Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019. Do you think reservation can be treated as a poverty alleviation measure? Substantiate your views. (15 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/questionable-criterion-the-hindu-editorial-on-ews-quota-income-limit/article37742415.ece
    • https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-why-is-the-centre-going-to-revise-income-eligibility-limit-for-economically-weaker-sections/article37729803.ece
    • Begin by introducing the 103rd amendment act.
    • Discuss the salient features of the act, where it is applicable, which constitutional articles have been amended etc.
    • Give arguments in favour of the act- reduces poverty, inequality, open for all.
    • Give arguments against the act- reservation meant for socially disadvantaged, arbitrary eligibility limit, 50% reservation cap.
    • Conclude in a balanced way saying that although 103rd amendment act has many advantages it poses a difficult judicial examination than usual.

  • Q.1 The Government of India Act, 1919, not only marked major changes in British India but also equally significant responses from the leadership of the national movement. Examine. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Give a brief background of the passage of the Government of India Act, 1919.
    • State the changes introduced by the Act in British India.
    • Discuss the response from the Indian leadership to the Act.
    • Conclude on the basis of the above points.

  • How and when MPs are suspended

    Twelve Opposition members of the Rajya Sabha were suspended for the entire winter session for unprecedented acts of misconduct, unruly and violent behavior and intentional attacks on security personnel.

    Decorum of the Parliament

    • Freedom of speech is one of the most important privileges enjoyed by Members of Parliament.
    • This freedom is circumscribed, however, by the necessity of maintaining order and decorum when debate is taking place.
    • Thus discipline, decorum and dignity of Parliament are of paramount importance for the efficient functioning and success of parliamentary institutions.
    • All over the world concerns have been expressed about the decline of discipline, decorum and dignity of legislative bodies.

    Maintaining the Decorum

    • MPs are required to adhere to certain rules of parliamentary etiquette.
    • For example the Lok Sabha rulebook specifies that MPs are not to interrupt the speech of others, maintain silence and not obstruct proceedings by hissing or making running commentaries during debates.
    • Newer forms of protest led to these rules being updated in 1989.
    • Now, members should not shout slogans, display placards, tear up documents in protest, and play a cassette or a tape recorder in the House.
    • Rajya Sabha has similar rules. To conduct the proceedings smoothly, the rulebook also gives certain, similar powers to the presiding officers of both Houses.

    Power of Suspension

    • The presiding officer of each House can direct an MP to withdraw from the legislative chamber for grossly disorderly conduct.
    • The MP then has to remain absent from the proceedings of the House for the remainder of the day.
    • The presiding officers can also “name” an MP for “persistently and wilfully obstructing the business” of the House.
    • In such a case, usually, the Parliamentary Affairs Minister moves a motion for suspending the offending MP from the service of the House.
    • The suspension can last until the end of the session.

    Why are such disruptions frequent in the Parliament?

    • The reluctance and procrastination of the treasury benches to face discussions is the main cause for disorder in Parliament.
    • In most cases, disorders in the House arise out of a sense of frustration felt by members due to lack of opportunities to make his point.
    • They are perhaps easier to deal with. What is more difficult to tackle is planned parliamentary offences and deliberate disturbances for publicity or for political motives.

    Way forward

    • Debate is central to democracy, and therefore there should be more debate and fewer disruptions.
    • The majority party is responsible for governing and should take other parties into confidence.
    • The Opposition should play a constructive role in Parliament and be allowed to put forward its views and express itself in a dignified manner.
    • The presiding officers must help the Opposition in raising issues uncomfortable to the government.

     

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  • What is Dual Command System of Policing?

    The Dual Command System of Policing is being implemented in Bhopal and Indore.

    What is the ‘Dual Command’ System?

    • Under the dual command system, the District Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police (SP) share powers and responsibilities in a district.
    • Under this structure, the DM is entrusted with issuing arrest warrants, licenses while the SP has powers and responsibilities to investigate crime and make arrests.
    • The system is designed to ensure a lower concentration of power and making the police more accountable to the DM at the district level.

    How does the commissionerate system empower the police?

    • Under the police commissionerate system, the powers of both policing and magistracy are concentrated with the commissioner, who is directly accountable to the state government and the state police chief.
    • The commissioner of police under the commissionerate system exercises the powers and duties of a District Magistrate.
    • These powers are also available to any officer under the commissioner who is not below the rank of an Assistant Commissioner of Police.
    • The police are also empowered to conduct externment proceedings and issue written orders to remove a person from their jurisdiction of the commissionerate for a maximum of two years.

    Need for such system

    Various committees constituted to suggest police reforms have recommended implementation of a police commissioner system.

    • Rapidly urbanized cities: This is for cities which have witnessed rapid urbanization and have a population of more than 10 lakhs.
    • Better accountability: In the 6th report of the National Police Commission, it noted that as compared to police in districts, police in commissionerate in small areas had a better account of themselves.
    • Complex security threats: It further pointed out that in urban areas, the changing dynamism and growing complexities of security threats required a swift and prompt response.
    • Quick responsivity: Usually in large urban areas, law and order situations develop rapidly, requiring a speed and effective operational response from the police.
    • Avoiding delayed action: In districts where the SPs and DMs do not have an understanding, orders to swiftly act are rarely issued in time which aggravates the situation.

    Issues with the system

    • Power-sharing: There needs to be some clarity on what powers will be taken away from the revenue officers, collectors, SDMs and how it will impact the society before implementing it.

     

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  • What is a Tundra Satellite?

    Russia has successfully placed into orbit a military satellite believed to be part of the Kremlin’s early warning anti-missile system. This launch could be delivering a Tundra satellite.

    Tundra Satellite

    • The Tundra or EKS (Edinaya Kosmicheskaya Sistema) series of satellites is the next generation of Russian early-warning satellites.
    • The development of the EKS started in 2000.
    • These satellites carry a secure emergency communications payload to be used in case of a nuclear war.
    • They are launched on Soyuz-2-1b Fregat boosters into Molniya-orbits, inclined highly elliptical 12 h orbits.

    What are Tundra Orbits?

    • A Tundra orbit is a highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a high inclination (approximately 63.4°), an orbital period of one sidereal day.
    • A satellite placed in this orbit spends most of its time over a chosen area of the Earth, a phenomenon known as apogee dwell.
    • It makes satellites particularly well suited for communications satellites serving high latitude regions.
    • The ground track of a satellite in a Tundra orbit is a closed figure 8 with a smaller loop over either the northern or southern hemisphere.
    • This differentiates them from Molniya orbits designed to service high-latitude regions, which have the same inclination but half the period and do not hover over a single region.

    Back2Basics: Types of Orbits

    [1] Geostationary orbit (GEO)

    • Satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) circle Earth above the equator from west to east following Earth’s rotation – taking 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds – by travelling at exactly the same rate as Earth.
    • This makes satellites in GEO appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position.
    • In order to perfectly match Earth’s rotation, the speed of GEO satellites should be about 3 km per second at an altitude of 35 786 km.
    • This is much farther from Earth’s surface compared to many satellites.
    • GEO is used by satellites that need to stay constantly above one particular place over Earth, such as telecommunication satellites.
    • Satellites in GEO cover a large range of Earth so as few as three equally-spaced satellites can provide near-global coverage.

    [2] Low Earth orbit (LEO)

    • A low Earth orbit (LEO) is, as the name suggests, an orbit that is relatively close to Earth’s surface.
    • It is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but could be as low as 160 km above Earth – which is low compared to other orbits, but still very far above Earth’s surface.
    • Unlike satellites in GEO that must always orbit along Earth’s equator, LEO satellites do not always have to follow a particular path around Earth in the same way – their plane can be tilted.
    • This means there are more available routes for satellites in LEO, which is one of the reasons why LEO is a very commonly used orbit.
    • It is most commonly used for satellite imaging, as being near the surface allows it to take images of higher resolution.
    • Satellites in this orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km per second; at this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle Earth.

    [3] Medium Earth orbit (MEO)

    • Medium Earth orbit comprises a wide range of orbits anywhere between LEO and GEO.
    • It is similar to LEO in that it also does not need to take specific paths around Earth, and it is used by a variety of satellites with many different applications.
    • It is very commonly used by navigation satellites, like the European Galileo system of Europe.
    • It uses a constellation of multiple satellites to provide coverage across large parts of the world all at once.

    [4] Polar Orbit

    • Satellites in polar orbits usually travel past Earth from north to south rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth’s poles.
    • Satellites in a polar orbit do not have to pass the North and South Pole precisely; even a deviation within 20 to 30 degrees is still classed as a polar orbit.
    • Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km.

    [5] Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)

    • SSO is a particular kind of polar orbit. Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun.
    • This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun.
    • This means that the satellite always visits the same spot at the same local time.
    • Often, satellites in SSO are synchronised so that they are in constant dawn or dusk – this is because by constantly riding a sunset or sunrise, they will never have the Sun at an angle where the Earth shadows them.
    • A satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. At 800 km, it will be travelling at a speed of approximately 7.5 km per second.

    [6] Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)

    • Transfer orbits are a special kind of orbit used to get from one orbit to another.
    • Often, the satellites are instead placed on a transfer orbit: an orbit where, by using relatively little energy from built-in motors, the satellite or spacecraft can move from one orbit to another.
    • This allows a satellite to reach, for example, a high-altitude orbit like GEO without actually needing the launch vehicle.
    • Reaching GEO in this way is an example of one of the most common transfer orbits, called the geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).

     

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