The Hoysala temples located in Belur, Halebid, and Somanathapur in Karnataka were granted UNESCO World Heritage status, marking a significant moment for these architectural marvels.
Hoysala Temples and Their Nomination
Previous Recognition: The Chennakeshava temple at Belur and the Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu, both situated in Hassan district, have been on UNESCO’s tentative list since 2014.
Expansion of the Nomination: The Keshava temple at Somanathapur in Mysuru district was included in the tentative list alongside the other two temples. The Center officially nominated all three as India’s entry for 2022-23 in February 2022.
Distinctive Features of the Hoysala Temples
Distinct Architectural Style: The Hoysala temples are renowned for their distinctive architectural style characterized by ornate designs and a stellate plan built on raised platforms.
Unique Material: These temples are constructed using choloritic schist, commonly known as soapstone, which is soft and amenable to intricate carving.
Artistic Signatures: Many sculptures within the temples bear the signatures of the artists, a unique feature in Indian art history.
Intricate Carvings: The doorways of these temples feature intricate carvings, showcasing the remarkable craftsmanship of Hoysala artists.
Historical Timeline
Chennakeshava Temple at Belur: Construction began in 1117 CE during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana and was completed in 1220 CE.
Hoysaleshwara Temple at Halebid: Commissioned in 1121 CE.
Keshava Temple at Somanathapur: Commissioned by Somanatha Dandanayaka in 1268 CE during the rule of Narasimha III.
Impact on Tourism and Future Focus
Global Recognition: The UNESCO World Heritage status is expected to bring global recognition to these temples and boost tourism in the region.
Enhancing Amenities: Authorities plan to address any concerns raised by UNESCO and focus on improving tourist amenities, including signage and connectivity.
Management Action Plan: A management action plan will be implemented to preserve and promote these heritage sites.
Back2Basics: Hoysala Architecture
Origins
Rooted in the Karnataka Dravidian architectural tradition, with its beginnings in the 7th century under the Badami Chalukya patronage.
Flourished during the Hoysala dynasty’s rule in the 13th century.
Temple-Centric Creations
Hoysalas were prolific builders of Hindu temples, dedicating their architectural prowess to deities like Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and various forms of the Goddess.
Star-shaped ground plans with symmetrically arranged shrines are common.
Primary Building Material
Soapstone, also known as chloritic schist, was the primary material used.
Offering a pliable canvas for intricate carvings and detailing.
Carvings
Hoysala temples are renowned for their exceptionally detailed and ornate carvings.
Carvings depict scenes from Hindu mythology, celestial beings, deities, animals, and intricate geometric patterns.
Distinctive Features
Makartorana, mantapa (both open and closed), circular pillars with sculpted figures and Sthambha buttalikas, vimana with intricate exteriors, shrine variety (ekakuta, dvikuta, etc.), kalasa crowning, salabhanjika, kirtimukh.
Extensive depiction of Hindu mythology, live panels featuring various subjects, stellate shrine shapes, occasional erotic sculptures influenced by the Sakta tradition.
Influence of Chola and Chalukya Art
Western Chalukyan influence, seen in pillar images known as “Sthambha buttalikas.”
Integration of Chola art, exemplified by the image of Mohini on a pillar in the Chennakeshava temple.
Hoysala artists adorned both pillar surfaces and tops.
The recent tit-for-tat expulsion of diplomats signifies a deteriorating phase in India-Canada Relations.
Background of Diplomatic Face-Offs
India has accused the Canadian government of inadequate action against pro-Khalistan supporters, perceiving it as an attempt to court the Canadian-Sikh community.
Canada has denied these allegations and called it instead an exercise of Freedom of Speech and Individual Liberty.
Pro-Khalistan stance of Trudeau Govt
These recent tensions echo a long history of strained relations.
In 1998, Canada recalled its high commissioner to India following India’s nuclear tests.
Disagreements began as early as 1948 when Canada supported a plebiscite in Kashmir.
Recent Discord
Leadership Clashes: Trudeau’s appointment of four Sikhs to his 30-member Cabinet in 2015, boasting more Sikhs than Modi’s ministry, stirred controversy over his proximity to Khalistan sympathizers.
Diplomatic Incidents: Tensions escalated when then Punjab CM refused to meet Canadian Defence Minister Harjit Singh Sajjan in 2017, accusing him of associating with separatists. Trudeau’s 2018 visit to India received a cool reception, further souring relations.
Atwal Controversy: India expressed dismay when Jaspal Atwal, convicted of attempting to assassinate an Indian Cabinet minister in 1986, was initially invited to dine with Trudeau during the same visit. The invitation was later rescinded.
Brief Respite: Relations appeared to improve when Canada mentioned ‘extremism’ and Khalistan in its 2018 ‘Public Report on the Terrorist Threat to Canada.’ Both countries established an anti-terrorism cooperation framework in 2018.
Reversal: In 2019, Canada removed all mentions of Khalistan and Sikh extremism from the report, drawing criticism from Punjab CM Amarinder Singh, who had provided Trudeau with a list of extremists, including Hardeep Singh Nijjar.
Current Perspective: G20 Humiliation
Canada’s Viewpoint: Canadian officials assert that their efforts to improve relations with India through trade and commerce are hindered by India’s focus on Khalistan. They argue that the separatist movement is relatively insignificant and that the Khalistan referendums organized by Sikhs for Justice are legal.
India’s Concerns: During the recent G20 summit, PM Modi conveyed “strong concerns” about “continuing anti-India activities of extremist elements” in Canada.
Historical Roots of Canadian Interference
Long-standing Connection: Canada’s association with the Khalistan cause dates back. Surjan Singh Gill established the ‘Khalistan government in exile’ office in Vancouver in 1982, even issuing Khalistani passports and currency. However, he garnered limited local Sikh support.
Militancy’s Impact: Militancy in Punjab during the early 1980s had repercussions in Canada. In 1982, then PM Pierre Trudeau declined to extradite Talwinder Singh Parmar, accused of killing two police officers in Punjab. The Air India Kanishka bombing in 1985, orchestrated by the Babbar Khalsa, led to 331 civilian deaths in Canada’s worst act of terrorism.
Changing Governments and Influences
Political Fluctuations: The Khalistan movement’s trajectory often mirrors India and the subcontinent’s changing politics. Relations improved during the Vajpayee government, with hints of reconciliation.
Strong Relations: During Stephen Harper’s tenure as Canadian PM (2006-2015), Canada and India enjoyed strong relations, marked by numerous high-level visits and cooperation.
Community Influence: With over 7.7 lakh Sikhs in Canada, the Sikh community wields substantial political influence, with 18 Sikh MPs in the Canadian parliament in 2019, surpassing those in India.
Repercussions of the spat
(1) Migration Trends:
The ongoing tensions and the Khalistan movement have led to a 246% increase in asylum claims by Indian nationals in Canada.
Experts suggest this may be a tactic employed by immigration agents.
(2) Shift in Interest:
Interest in the Khalistan movement in Canada has waned, with the issue being less prominent.
Supporters are often second-generation Canadians influenced by pro-Khalistani social media and music/ rap-culture, rather than direct experiences in Punjab.
(3) Trade and Economy:
In 2022, the trade between India and Canada exceeded $13.7 billion, making India Canada’s 10th largest two-way merchandise trade partner.
However, recent developments have led to the pause of trade talks and the cancellation of a planned trade mission to India.
Conclusion
The complexities surrounding India-Canada relations, exacerbated by the lingering specter of Khalistan, continue to evolve.
Historical antecedents, political transitions, and diaspora dynamics all contribute to the intricate dance between the two nations.
While challenges persist, the potential for cooperation remains, provided both countries navigate the path toward common ground with sensitivity and diplomacy.
The Indian government introduced The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, aimed at providing 33% reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
However, this endeavor is not new, dating back to the mid-1990s.
Women’s Reservation Bill: Overview
Reservation Provisions: The Bill proposes to reserve one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies for women, including those belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Constitutional Amendments: Similar to a previous Bill from 2010, this one introduces new articles (330A and 332A) in the Constitution to effect these changes.
Sunset Clause: The Bill includes a sunset clause, stipulating that the reservation will be applicable for 15 years from the Act’s commencement.
Discourse on Women’s Reservation
Pre-Independence Demands: The discussion on women’s reservation dates back to the pre-Independence era, where various women’s organizations advocated for women’s political representation.
Recommendations: Several recommendations and reports, such as the 1955 committee’s proposal for 10% reservation in Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies, set the stage.
National Perspective Plan: The National Perspective Plan for Women in 1988 called for 30% reservation in all elected bodies.
Panchayati Raj Act (1993): A significant step was the amendment of the Panchayati Raj Act in 1993, reserving 33% of seats in local government bodies for women.
Rajya Sabha Approval (2010): The Women’s Reservation Bill, introduced in 1996, finally gained momentum and was approved by the Rajya Sabha on March 9, 2010.
Practical obstacles in Implementation
(a) Delimitation Process Dependency:
Crucial Condition: The Bill links the implementation of women’s reservation to the delimitation process, which could significantly delay its enactment.
Impact of Census: Delimitation would occur after the publication of Census results, with the 2021 Census delay potentially affecting the timeline. Assuming the Census results are published after 2026, this could serve as the basis for delimitation of constituencies.
Operational Timeline: Given the current circumstances, women’s reservation might not be effective in the Lok Sabha until the general elections of 2029.
(b) Seat Identification Uncertainty:
Lack of Specifics: The Bill does not specify how the reserved seats will be identified, leaving this crucial aspect to be addressed by a separate law. Past proposals suggested rotation and a draw of lots method to determine reserved seats, but the government’s exact approach remains unclear.
(c) Current Seat Reservation Process
SCs and STs: The Delimitation Act, 2002, lays down principles for reserving seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on population distribution.
(d) Constitutional Amendments Required:
Amendment Necessity: To operationalize the women’s reservation scheme, amendments to Articles 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution are essential.
Impact on Panchayati Raj: While reservation for women exists in Panchayati Raj institutions, it operates under Article 243D and has achieved significant representation in several states. According to government data as of September 8, 2021, in at least 18 states, the percentage of women elected representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions was more than 50%.
Challenges to Female Representation
Party Ticket Allocation: Despite pledges in party constitutions, records show that women candidates receive disproportionately fewer party tickets, often relying on family political connections.
Perceived Electability: The belief that women candidates are less likely to win elections hampers their ticket allocation.
Structural Barriers: Demanding and time-consuming election campaigns, coupled with family responsibilities, deter many women from active participation.
Vulnerability: Women politicians face humiliation, abuse, and threats, making participation even more challenging.
Financial Constraints: High campaign costs, limited financial independence, and lack of party support create hurdles for women candidates.
Internalized Patriarchy: Many women prioritize family and household duties over political ambitions due to ingrained patriarchal norms.
Significance of Women’s Participation in Lawmaking
Political Empowerment: Legislative representation empowers women to participate in lawmaking and hold the government accountable.
Gender Parity Indicator: Women’s presence in national parliaments reflects gender equality progress in politics.
Unique Skills: Women bring diverse skills to politics, serve as role models, and advocate for gender justice.
Advocating Women’s Interests: Female politicians represent women’s interests in state policies, bridging the gap between representation and participation.
Efficiency and Integrity: Studies show that women legislators excel economically, exhibit lower criminality and corruption rates, and are more effective and less susceptible to political opportunism.
Encouraging Entry: Reservation encourages women to enter politics, contest elections, and engage in the political process.
Capacity Building: Participation in legislative processes enhances women’s political capacity, nurturing effective leaders.
Changing Perceptions: Reservation shifts societal attitudes toward women in politics, challenging stereotypes and promoting participation.
Promoting Gender-Sensitive Policies: Women politicians advocate for gender-sensitive policies addressing issues like violence against women and discrimination.
Conclusion
Pressing Need: The Women’s Reservation Bill is long overdue, with women waiting for their rightful place in governance and nation-building.
Untapped Potential: Women’s leadership qualities are undeniable, and their participation is essential for India’s progress.
Call for Action: As India aspires to be a global leader, it must prioritize women’s political empowerment and pass the Women’s Reservation Bill without further delay.
In a historic development, global leaders, including the Prime Minister of India, the President of the United States, the Chancellor of Germany, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, the President of the UAE, the Prime Minister of Italy, and the President of the EU, came together at a global summit in New Delhi on September 10 to establish the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
Central idea
The ancient Red Sea route, dating back to the Common Era, once connected distant civilizations, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. IMEC, a recently established trade corridor, is poised to reshape global trade dynamics. It envisions reliable and cost-effective transport connectivity to accelerate the development and integration of Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.
What is IMEC?
The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor is an economic initiative aimed at creating a strategic trade and transportation corridor that connects India with the Middle East and Europe.
It was established through a memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed by the leaders of India, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Italy, and the EU on September 10 in New Delhi.
IMEC envisions the development of a reliable and cost-effective transport network, including railways and ship-to-rail transit, to facilitate the movement of goods and services between India, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and the European Union (EU).
It seeks to offer an alternative route for trade between Asia and Europe, reducing transit times and logistics costs compared to existing maritime routes like the Suez Canal.
Historic significance
Ancient Trade Routes: IMEC harkens back to the historic trade routes of the ancient world, particularly the Red Sea route that dates back to the beginning of the Common Era. This route facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas between distant civilizations. IMEC, in its modern form, symbolizes a contemporary effort to reestablish a similar corridor.
India’s Historic Role: The corridor’s historical significance for India is notable. In ancient times, India was at the heart of important trade routes, connecting it to regions as far away as Rome. IMEC reaffirms India’s role as a pivotal player in regional and global trade, reminiscent of its historical significance in trade networks.
Geopolitical Importance: Throughout history, regions at the crossroads of trade routes have held significant geopolitical clout. IMEC’s establishment underscores the contemporary geopolitical importance of the regions it connects, particularly India, the Middle East, and Europe.
Significance of IMEC
Historical Revival: IMEC revives ancient trade routes, particularly the Red Sea route, dating back to the Common Era. It reconnects regions and rekindles the spirit of historical trade.
Geopolitical Clout: IMEC’s establishment gathered leaders from India, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Italy, and the EU. This underscores its geopolitical significance, positioning these regions as pivotal players in global trade.
Economic Growth: IMEC is expected to boost economic cooperation and trade among its participating nations, leading to economic growth and development.
Connectivity and Integration: The corridor aims to restore and enhance connectivity between regions with historical ties, creating a cohesive economic and trade network spanning Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.
Potential of IMEC to Reshape Global Trade
Shorter Routes: IMEC offers shorter and more cost-effective trade routes compared to the congested Suez Canal and Mediterranean routes. This can significantly reduce transit times and logistics costs for global trade.
Multimodal Connectivity: IMEC envisions a reliable railway and ship-to-rail transit network, complementing existing maritime and road routes. This multimodal connectivity enhances trade efficiency and reliability.
Regional Trade Boost: IMEC enhances regional trade by connecting major ports and facilitating the movement of goods between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and the EU. This fosters regional economic integration.
Standard Gauge Infrastructure: IMEC’s adoption of a standard gauge throughout the corridor eliminates the need for gauge changes, ensuring smoother and more efficient transportation of goods.
Challenges thet IMEC Must Overcome
Infrastructure Development: Building the necessary rail links, terminals, and inland container depots (ICDs) at major Gulf and Mediterranean ports is a complex and extensive endeavor.
Cross-Border Connectivity: Ensuring seamless connectivity across borders, especially in the Middle East, demands cooperation between multiple countries. This includes extending rail networks from the Gulf to Israel through Jordan.
Environmental Considerations: IMEC’s commitment to green and sustainable growth involves addressing environmental challenges, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Coordination and Financing: Coordination among participating countries and securing financing are crucial to overcome financial barriers and ensure the corridor’s viability.
Conclusion
IMEC marks a historic moment for India and its partners, offering incredible potential for regional and global growth. As a catalyst for collective growth, global cooperation, and connectivity, IMEC embodies the spirit of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, benefiting millions across continents. This corridor’s establishment is just the beginning of a new era of global economic collaboration and shared prosperity.
In a significant legislative move, the government has tabled the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, in the Lok Sabha.
Central idea
The Indian government has introduced the Constitution Bill, 2023, aimed at providing 33% reservation for women in both Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. While the bill mirrors some aspects of the previously proposed legislation, it also introduces significant changes.
Key Provisions of the Bill
Reservation Percentage: The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, proposes 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
Inclusion of Marginalized Groups: The reservation also includes seats reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Constitutional Amendments: The Bill introduces new articles, 330A and 332A, in the Constitution specifically for Lok Sabha and state assemblies, respectively.
Duration of Reservation: The proposed reservation will be in effect for 15 years from the commencement of the Act.
Dependence on Delimitation: Implementation of the reservation is contingent upon the completion of the delimitation process.
Comparison with the Previous Bill
Reservation in Lok Sabha: The Bill reserves one-third of the total seats in Lok Sabha for women, including those from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Sunset Clause: Similar to the 2010 Bill passed by the Rajya Sabha, the current Bill includes a 15-year sunset clause.
Delimitation Dependency: A significant difference is that the current Bill ties the implementation of women’s reservations to the delimitation process, which was not present in the 2010 Bill.
Current Reservation Framework
Panchayati Raj Institutions: India already has reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayati Raj institutions.
Legal Mandate: Article 243D of the Constitution mandates that not less than one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs should be reserved for women.
Achievements in States: Several states have achieved over 50% women’s representation in Panchayati Raj institutions.
How does reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies work?
Panchayati Raj: Article 243D ensures reservation for women, SCs, and STs in Panchayati Raj institutions.
Flexibility for States: States have the flexibility to reserve seats for backward classes.
High Women Representation: Many states have over 50% women representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions.
Concerns associated with the bill
Potential Delay: The bill’s implementation depends on the completion of the delimitation process, which could postpone its effect until the 2029 general elections.
Lack of Clarity: The bill does not specify how reserved seats will be identified, raising questions about the selection process.
Operational Challenges: Implementing the reservation, particularly ensuring fair representation, may pose logistical difficulties.
What constitutional amendments will be needed to operationalize the scheme of women’s reservation?
Amending Article 82: To enable women’s reservation, amendments to Article 82, which deals with the adjustment of constituencies for Lok Sabha and state assemblies following each census, are necessary.
Amending Article 170(3): Amendments to Article 170(3), which pertains to the composition of legislative assemblies, are also required.
Prerequisites for Implementation: These amendments are prerequisites for the delimitation process and, subsequently, the implementation of women’s reservations.
Conclusion
The introduction of the Constitution 128th Bill, 2023, marks a significant step towards empowering women in Indian politics. However, its effectiveness hinges on the timely completion of the delimitation process, and the method for identifying reserved seats remains a subject of debate. Nevertheless, this bill reflects a continued commitment to promoting gender equality in India’s democratic institutions.
India Shines at the G-20 Summit, Champions Multilateralism and Multipolarity
Central idea
The recent G-20 summit held in India, especially the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD), has reaffirmed the vitality of multilateralism on the global stage. Despite challenges, India’s diplomatic efforts, rooted in its principles of multilateralism, multipolarity, and the middle way, bore fruit at the summit.
“In a world that often resembles a dysfunctional global family, India’s diplomatic approach at the G-20 serves as a beacon of hope for effective global governance.” UN Secretary-General António Guterres
Multilateralism: The Key Driver
Concessions for Consensus:
The commitment to uphold multilateralism was pivotal in achieving consensus at the G-20. The Western bloc, including G-7 countries, the European Union, and allies like Australia and South Korea, made significant concessions by agreeing to omit direct references to Russia in paragraphs concerning the Ukraine conflict.
This collaborative approach was driven by the shared goal of preserving the G-20 as a crucial platform for global cooperation.
Preservation of the G-20:
The absence of a joint declaration would have cast doubt on the G-20’s future, potentially leading to fragmentation into distinct blocs, including the G-7 and BRICS.
The G-7 and BRICS had already expressed their positions on the Ukraine conflict. Thus, achieving consensus at the G-20 reinforced its relevance as a forum encompassing diverse perspectives.
Role of Developing Nations:
The Troika-Plus, consisting of Indonesia, India, Brazil, and South Africa, all of which are hosting or future hosts of the G-20, played a crucial role in formulating a winning approach to the Ukraine issue.
This highlighted the multilateral heft of emerging economies and their contribution to consensus-building.
India’s Support for a Multipolar World
India’s Advocacy: India’s consistent support for a multipolar world order stood out at the G-20. In a world where the U.S. pursued unipolarity, China aimed for bipolarity, and India championed multipolarity, India’s stance gained prominence.
Global Shifts:
The recent history of international relations saw the U.S. temporarily withdraw from various multilateral agreements and organizations during the Trump era, causing concern about a potential decline in U.S. global leadership.
China’s rapid ascent brought both influence and unease due to its actions during the COVID-19 pandemic and aggressive behavior toward neighboring countries, including India.
The Rise of the Global South:
The Global South, comprising over 125 countries, emerged as a potent voice in global affairs. Despite disparities in wealth, the Global South’s collective influence reshaped global priorities in areas such as development, climate change, health, and digital access.
India’s active involvement with the Global South, including its membership in the African Union, bolstered its position at the G-20.
The Middle Way: A Key to India’s Diplomatic Success
India’s Tradition:
India’s diplomatic success at the G-20 can be attributed to its long-standing tradition of eschewing alliances and pursuing a middle path in global disputes.
This approach sometimes requires making compromises, such as maintaining ties with Russia and not inviting Ukraine’s president to address the G-20.
However, it positions India as a bridge between the Global South and North, East and West.
A Balancing Act: In a polarized world, the role of bridging divides is indispensable. India’s ability to balance between diverse interests makes it a valuable mediator and consensus-builder on the global stage.
Conclusion
The G-20 summit in India exemplified the enduring importance of multilateralism, multipolarity, and the middle way in diplomacy. India’s success in fostering consensus and maintaining the unity of the G-20 underscores the significance of these principles in addressing global challenges.
The UPSC Mains General Studies Paper 2 (GS Paper 2) has just concluded, and the level of complexity continues to surprise aspirants.
Whether you’re focusing on topics like Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, or International Relations, this year’s paper had it all.
We understand how vital it is for candidates to get their hands on the question paper and analyze it. That’s why we are providing you with the official PDF of the UPSC Mains GS Paper 2.
We’ve got you covered! You can download the full UPSC Mains 2023 GS 2 PDF here to see what UPSC had in store this year. Examine the questions, analyze their complexities, and think about how you would have approached them.
“संवैधानिक रूप से न्यायिक स्वतंत्रता की गारंटी लोकतंत्र की एक पूर्व शर्त है ।” टिप्पणी कीजिए ।
“Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy.” Comment. 10
निःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता प्राप्त करने के हकदार कौन हैं ? निःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता के प्रतिपादन में राष्ट्रीय विधि सेवा प्राधिकरण (एन.ए.एल.एस.ए.) की भूमिका का आकलन कीजिए ।
Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India.
“भारत के राज्य शहरी स्थानीय निकायों को कार्यात्मक एवं वित्तीय दोनों ही रूप से सशक्त बनाने के प्रति अनिच्छुक प्रतीत होते हैं।” टिप्पणी कीजिए।
“The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. 10
संसदीय संप्रभुता के प्रति ब्रिटिश एवं भारतीय दृष्टिकोणों की तुलना करें और अंतर बताएं ।
Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty.10
विधायी कार्यों के संचालन में व्यवस्था एवं निष्पक्षता बनाए रखने में और सर्वोत्तम लोकतांत्रिक परम्पराओं को सुगम बनाने में राज्य विधायिकाओं के पीठासीन अधिकारियों की भूमिका की विवेचना कीजिए ।
Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. 10
मानव संसाधन विकास पर पर्याप्त ध्यान नहीं दिया जाना भारत की विकास प्रक्रिया का एक कठोर पक्ष रहा है। ऐसे उपाय सुझाइए जो इस अपर्याप्तता को दूर कर सके ।
The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy. 10
भारत में बहुराष्ट्रीय निगमों के द्वारा प्रभावशाली स्थिति के दुरुपयोग को रोकने में भारत के प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए। हाल के निर्णयों का संदर्भ लें ।
Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. 10
अभिशासन के एक महत्वपूर्ण उपकरण के रूप में ई-शासन ने सरकारों में प्रभावशीलता, पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेयता का आगाज कर दिया है। कौन-सी अपर्याप्तताएं इन विशेषताओं की अभिवृद्धि में बाधा बनती हैं ?
e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features?
‘संघर्ष का विषाणु एस.सी.ओ. के कामकाज को प्रभावित कर रहा है’ उपरोक्त कथन के आलोक में समस्याओं को कम करने में भारत की भूमिका बताइये ।
‘Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’ In the light of the above statement point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. 10
भारतीय प्रवासियों ने पश्चिम में नई ऊंचाइयों को छुआ है । भारत के लिये इसके आर्थिक और राजनीतिक लाभों का वर्णन करें ।
Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. 10
“भारत का संविधान अत्यधिक गतिशीलता की क्षमताओं के साथ एक जीवंत यंत्र है । यह प्रगतिशील समाज के लिये बनाया गया एक संविधान है।” जीने के अधिकार तथा व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार में हो रहे निरंतर विस्तार के विशेष संदर्भ में उदाहरण सहित व्याख्या कीजिए । “
The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. 15
प्रासंगिक संवैधानिक प्रावधानों और निर्णय विधियों की मदद से लैंगिक न्याय के संवैधानिक परिप्रेक्ष्य की व्याख्या कीजिए ।
Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws. 15
संघीय सरकारों द्वारा 1990 के दशक के मध्य से अनुच्छेद 356 के उपयोग की कम आवृत्ति के लिये जिम्मेदार विधिक एवं राजनीतिक कारकों का विवरण प्रस्तुत कीजिए ।
Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid-1990s. 15
भारत में राज्य विधायिकाओं में महिलाओं की प्रभावी एवं सार्थक भागीदारी और प्रतिनिधित्व के लिये नागरिक समाज समूहों के योगदान पर विचार कीजिए ।
Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women’s effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India. 15
101 वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम का महत्व समझाइए । यह किस हद तक संघवाद के समावेशी भावना को दर्शाता है ?
Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism?
संसदीय समिति प्रणाली की संरचना को समझाइए । भारतीय संसद के संस्थानीकरण में वित्तीय समितियों ने कहां तक मदद की ?
Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament ? 15
“वंचितों के विकास और कल्याण की योजनाएं अपनी प्रकृति से ही दृष्टिकोण में भेदभाव करने वाली होती हैं ।” क्या आप सहमत हैं ? अपने उत्तर के पक्ष में कारण दीजिए ।
“Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 15
विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में मानव संसाधनों की आपूर्ति में वृद्धि करने में कौशल विकास कार्यक्रमों ने सफलता अर्जित की है । इस कथन के सन्दर्भ में शिक्षा, कौशल और रोजगार के मध्य संयोजन का विश्लेषण कीजिए ।
Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyse the linkages between education, skill and employment. 15
‘नाटो का विस्तार एवं सुदृढीकरण, और एक मजबूत अमेरिका-यूरोप रणनीतिक साझेदारी भारत के लिये अच्छा काम करती है ।’ इस कथन के बारे मे आपकी क्या राय है ? अपने उत्तर के समर्थन में कारण और उदाहरण दीजिये ।
“The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.
‘समुद्र ब्रह्मांड का एक महत्वपूर्ण घटक है’
उपरोक्त कथन के आलोक में पर्यावरण रक्षण और समुद्री संरक्षा एवं सुरक्षा को बढ़ाने में आई.एम.ओ. (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुद्री संगठन) की भूमिका पर चर्चा करें ।
‘Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos’ Discuss in the light of the above statement the role of the IMO (International Maritime Organisation) in protecting the environment and enhancing maritime safety and security. 15
85% of the UPSC Mains GS 2 questions have been asked already in Civilsdaily’s Mains Test Series
1-1 Discussion of UPSC Mains 2023 GS Papers with Senior IAS Mentors
PM inaugurated the first phase of the world-class ‘YashoBhoomi’ India International Convention and Expo Centre (IICC) in Dwarka, Delhi.
About YashoBhoomi
YashoBhoomi is the second convention facility to offer top-notch amenities for exhibitions and conferences, following the Bharat Mandapam, which hosted world leaders during the recent G20 Summit.
It represents PM’s vision to create world-class infrastructure in India for hosting conventions, meetings, and exhibitions, greatly benefiting from its operational status in Dwarka.
Key Features of YashoBhoomi
Expansive Project: Also known as the India International Convention and Expo Centre, YashoBhoomi spans an impressive 8.9 lakh square meters, with a built-up area exceeding 1.8 lakh square meters.
Capacity and Facilities: This conference center boasts a remarkable capacity of accommodating 11,000 guests. It comprises 15 convention rooms, including the main auditorium, the grand ballroom, and 13 meeting rooms.
Auditorium and Ballroom: The main auditorium can seat 6,000 people, while the grand ballroom can accommodate an additional 2,500. There is also seating for up to 500 people in a large open space.
Exhibition Hall: A massive exhibition hall, spanning over 1.07 lakh square meters, is a prominent feature of YashoBhoomi.
Metro Connectivity: On the same day as the inauguration of the new metro station in Dwarka Sector 25, YashoBhoomi will be connected to the Delhi Airport Metro Express line.
Architectural Splendor: The conference center incorporates elements inspired by Indian civilizations, including terrazzo floors with brass inlays resembling rangoli patterns, suspended sound-absorbing metal cylinders, and illuminated pattern walls.
Sustainability Focus: YashoBhoomi is committed to sustainability, featuring rooftop solar panels, a state-of-the-art wastewater treatment system enabling 100% wastewater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and Green Cities Platinum certification from CII’s Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).
The Defense Ministry has granted approval for the acquisition of a regiment of ‘Pralay’ ballistic missiles, earmarked for deployment along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and the Line of Control (LoC).
It is the first time that a ballistic missile will be inducted into the services for conventional operations.
Solid propellant rocket motor with advanced guidance systems
Global Comparisons
Comparable to China’s Dong Feng 12 and Russia’s Iskander missile
Development History
Development was initiated around 2015, with significant progress during the tenure of General Bipin Rawat as Chief of Army Staff
Strategic significance
Longest Range: ‘Pralay’ will emerge as the longest-range surface-to-surface missile within the Army’s inventory.
Strategic Role: ‘Pralay,’ in conjunction with the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, will play a central role in India’s planned Rocket Force, augmenting the nation’s strategic posture.
Imperative: China and Pakistan have already deployed ballistic missiles for tactical purposes, prompting India’s acquisition of ‘Pralay’ missiles.
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