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  • Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Initiative

    pret

    Central Idea: The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a PRET initiative to be better prepared for future outbreaks of a similar scale and devastation as the COVID-19 pandemic.

    What is PRET Initiative?

    • The Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative is launched by the WHO to prepare for future outbreaks of a similar scale and devastation as the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • It is aimed at providing guidance on integrated planning for responding to any respiratory pathogen such as influenza or coronaviruses.
    • The current focus of PRET is on respiratory viruses, but work is already underway to assess what should be the next group of pathogens to be mitigated under this initiative.
    • It can serve to operationalize the objectives and provisions of the Pandemic Accord, which is currently being negotiated by WHO Member States.

    Three-pronged approach of PRET

    • The three-pronged approach includes-
    1. Updating preparedness plans
    2. Increasing connectivity among stakeholders in pandemic preparedness planning, and
    3. Dedicating sustained investments, financing, and monitoring of pandemic preparedness.
    • The approach has a special focus on bridging the gaps highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuring community engagement and equity are at the centre of preparedness and response efforts.

     

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  • Preventing Heat Strokes: Lessons from Ahmedabad’s Heat Action Plan

    Heat Stroke

    Central Idea

    • The recent deaths of 14 people due to heat stroke in Navi Mumbai serves as a reminder of the dangers of heat waves, and with the IMD predicting a hotter summer this year, it’s essential that we take proactive steps to prevent heat-related deaths and illnesses. The Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan (HAP), launched in 2013, offers a blueprint that can be applied across India to combat heat stroke-related mortality and morbidity.

    What is Heat Stroke?

    • Heat stroke is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, leading to a dangerous increase in body temperature.
    • This can happen when a person is exposed to high temperatures and humidity for prolonged periods, leading to dehydration, loss of fluids and electrolytes, and an inability to cool down through sweating.
    • Symptoms of heat stroke include high body temperature, rapid heartbeat, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, agitation, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness and organ failure.
    • Heat stroke requires immediate medical attention, as it can be fatal if left untreated.

    Facts for prelims: Heat related terminologies in news

    Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.

    Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.

    Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.

    Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.

    Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.

    Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.

    Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.

    Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.

    Heat Stroke

    Features of Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan (HAP)

    • The Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan (HAP) includes five components that are designed to prevent heat stroke-related mortality and morbidity. These components are:
    1. Prediction and Alert System: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts temperature levels for over 500 cities and all districts of India. Local governments can use historical temperature data to issue red, orange, and yellow alerts depending on the severity of the heat wave.
    2. Public Awareness: Raising public awareness about the actions to be taken during heat waves. Simple measures like carrying water while going out, avoiding direct exposure to sunlight, and taking frequent rests can prevent heat stroke.
    3. Provision of Water and Shade: Providing water and shade in public places and construction sites.
    4. Vulnerable Populations: Special attention should be given to vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with comorbidities. Those who work outside, such as traffic police, labourers, and street vendors, should be informed about ways to protect themselves from heat stroke.
    5. Annual Review: Each city and district should appoint a Heat officer to ensure that the HAP is implemented effectively. An annual review of the plan can help identify areas for improvement and ensure that the most vulnerable are protected from heat stroke-related mortality and morbidity.

    Heat Stroke

    Why India have not paid much attention to heat-related mortality and morbidity?

    • People accustomed to hot weather: Most people in India are accustomed to hot weather, and heat waves are not seen as a major threat. Traditionally, most cultures in India have words to describe heat stroke, and people know that it is a serious condition, so it has not been seen as a new or emerging issue.
    • Weak commitment to public health: The country is facing several other pressing issues and has a weak national commitment to public health in general.
    • Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness about the dangers of heat stroke and the need for preventive measures.
    • Overshadow effect: The focus on communicable diseases and other health issues has overshadowed the impact of heat waves on public health.
    • Limited research and data: Limited research and data on the extent of heat stroke-related morbidity and mortality in India.
    • Limited resources: Limited infrastructure and resources for managing heat waves and providing relief to affected populations.
    • Inadequate political will: Insufficient political will and resources to prioritize public health interventions related to heat waves.

    Long-term measures that the government can take to combat the effects of heat waves

    • Increase green cover: Trees and plants can help to reduce the effects of heat waves by providing shade and absorbing carbon dioxide. The government can undertake afforestation drives and promote the planting of trees in cities, towns, and villages.
    • Promote cool roofs: Painting roofs white or using reflective roofing materials can help to reflect sunlight and reduce the absorption of heat. The government can promote the use of cool roofs in new construction and retrofitting of existing buildings.
    • Improve access to water: Access to safe drinking water is crucial during heat waves. The government can undertake initiatives to improve access to water in public places, especially for vulnerable populations.
    • Develop urban heat island mitigation strategies: Urban areas are more susceptible to the effects of heat waves due to the urban heat island effect. The government can develop strategies to mitigate the effects of urban heat islands, such as increasing green cover, promoting cool roofs, and improving ventilation in buildings.
    • Improve healthcare infrastructure: The healthcare system must be prepared to deal with the increased incidence of heat stroke during heat waves. The government can improve healthcare infrastructure by increasing the number of hospitals and clinics, providing adequate medical supplies and equipment, and training healthcare professionals to deal with heat stroke cases.
    • Improve public transport: The use of public transport can reduce the number of vehicles on the road, thereby reducing emissions and heat. The government can promote the use of public transport by improving the quality and availability of public transport services.
    • Promote energy efficiency: The government can promote energy efficiency by undertaking energy audits of public buildings and promoting the use of energy-efficient appliances.

    Heat Stroke

    Conclusion

    • The Heat Action Plan offers a simple, effective framework for preventing heat stroke-related deaths and illnesses. With interdepartmental coordination and top-level commitment, it is possible to protect vulnerable populations during heat waves. It is essential that all cities, districts, and villages in India prepare for heat waves and take proactive measures to prevent heat stroke-related mortality and morbidity.

    Mains Question

    Q. What do you understand by mean is Heat Stroke? India has witnessing high number of heat related mortality and morbidity. In light of this serious concern, illustrate how India can take measures to prevent heat stroke-related mortality and morbidity.

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  • 27th Apr 23 | Nikaalo Prelims- Mini test 22 (Government Schemes- I)

    27th Apr 23 | Nikaalo Prelims- Mini test 22 (Government Schemes- I)

    [WpProQuiz 1349]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1349]

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  • Water Bodies Census: First-Ever By The Ministry of Jal Shakthi

    Census

    Central Idea

    • The Ministry of Jal Shakthi has released the first-ever census of water bodies in India, highlighting the number of water bodies and their usage. The census has identified 24,24,540 water bodies in India. The Census highlighted disparities between rural and urban areas and varying levels of encroachment and revealed crucial insights into the country’s water resources. The data can help in planning rural development initiatives and conserving natural resources.

    Census

    Definition of water bodies

    • Water bodies in this census are defined as any natural or man-made structures used for storing water for various purposes, such as irrigation, industry, fish farming, domestic use, recreation, religious activities, and groundwater recharge. They are classified as tanks, reservoirs and ponds.
    • A structure that collects water from melting ice, streams, springs, rain, or drainage from residential or other areas, or stores water diverted from a stream, nala, or river, is also considered a water body

    All you need to know about the Water Bodies census

    • Launched under Irrigation Census: The census was launched under the centrally sponsored scheme, Irrigation Census in convergence with the 6th Minor Irrigation Census in order to have a comprehensive national database of all water bodies.
    • Comprehensive information: The information on all important aspects of the water bodies including their type, condition, status of encroachments, use, storage capacity, status of filling up of storage, etc was collected.
    • Extensive coverage: It covered all the water bodies located in rural as well as urban areas that are in-use or not in-use. The census also took into account all type of uses of water bodies like irrigation, industry, pisciculture, domestic/ drinking, recreation, religious, ground water recharge etc.
    • Completed and published: Census has been successfully completed and the All India and State-wise reports have been published.

    The key findings of the Census

    • Disparities in rural and urban area: 24,24,540 water bodies have been enumerated in the country, out of which 97.1% (23,55,055) are in rural areas and only 2.9% (69,485) are in urban areas.
    • Manmade v/s natural water bodies and encroachment: 78% water bodies are man-made water bodies whereas 22% are natural water bodies. 1.6% (38,496) water bodies out of all the enumerated water bodies are reported to be encroached out of which 95.4% are in rural areas and remaining 4.6% in urban areas.
    • Top 5 States in terms of number of water bodies: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Assam which constitute around 63% of the total water bodies in the country.
    1. Top 5 States in terms of number of water bodies in urban areas: West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Tripura,
    2. Top 5 States in terms of number of water bodies in rural areas: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Assam.
    • Categorisation of water bodies:5% of water bodies are ponds, followed by tanks (15.7%), reservoirs (12.1%), Water conservation schemes/percolation tanks/check dams (9.3%), lakes (0.9%) and others (2.5%).
    • Private ownership:2% of water bodies are owned by private entities. Out of all private owned water bodies, maximum water bodies are in hands of Individual owner/farmer followed by group of individuals and other private bodies. Top 5 States which lead in the private owned water bodies are West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Jharkhand.
    • Public ownership:8% of water bodies are in the domain of public ownership. Out of all public owned water bodies, maximum water bodies are owned by Panchayats, followed by State Irrigation/State WRD.

    Census

    Facts for prelims

    • West Bengal boasts of the highest number of ponds and reservoirs.
    • Andhra Pradesh the highest number of tanks.
    • Tamil Nadu the highest number of lakes.
    • Maharashtra leads in terms of water conservation initiatives.

    Major use of water bodies

    • Among the total 20,30,040 utilised water bodies,
    • Pisciculture: Top 5 States wherein major use of water bodies is in pisciculture are West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Among the total 20,30,040 utilised water bodies,
    • Irrigation: Top 5 States wherein major use of water bodies is in irrigation are Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal and Gujarat. 16.5% (3,35,768) is dedicated to irrigation,
    • Groundwater replenishment: Among the total 20,30,040 utilised water bodies 12.1% (2,44,918) to groundwater replenishment, and
    • Domestic and drinking water:1% (2,05,197) to domestic and drinking water needs. The remaining are employed for recreational, industrial, religious and other purposes.

    Importance of water bodies

    • Ecological Significance: Water bodies serve as habitats for various aquatic plants and animals, maintaining biodiversity in ecosystems. They also contribute to the regulation of water cycles, groundwater recharge, and reduction of soil erosion.
    • Social Significance: Water bodies have cultural and religious values in many societies. They also provide recreational opportunities for fishing, swimming, boating, and other leisure activities.
    • Economic Importance: They play a crucial role in agriculture, providing irrigation water to crops. They also support the fishing industry, which is a significant source of livelihood for many communities. Moreover, water bodies contribute to hydropower generation and are used for industrial and domestic purposes.
    • Climate Change Resilience: Water bodies can help mitigate the impacts of climate change by acting as carbon sinks and regulating the microclimate in surrounding areas.
    • Disaster Management: Water bodies can act as natural buffers against natural disasters such as floods and droughts. They can also help in mitigating the effects of water scarcity by providing alternative sources of water.

    What is the significance of the census of water bodies?

    • Better management and conservation: The census provides an inventory of the country’s water bodies, which can help in better management and conservation of these resources. It can aid policymakers in making informed decisions about their usage and allocation, especially in areas facing water scarcity.
    • Data-driven planning: The data from the census can be used to identify the areas where water bodies are in need of restoration or protection. It can also help in identifying the gaps in availability and utilization of water resources, which can be addressed through data-driven planning and decision-making.
    • Addressing environmental concerns: The census can aid in identifying water bodies that are under threat due to pollution or other environmental concerns. Such water bodies can be prioritized for remedial action and conservation efforts.
    • Economic benefits: The census can help in identifying the potential economic benefits of the water bodies, such as for fishing, irrigation, or tourism. This can aid in promoting sustainable use of these resources and in creating livelihood opportunities for the local population.
    • Better targeting of government schemes: The census data can be used to target government schemes and programs related to water conservation and management. This can aid in ensuring that the benefits of such schemes reach the intended beneficiaries and that the resources are used effectively.

    Census

    Conclusion

    • The census of water bodies in India provides valuable data for planning rural development initiatives, conserving natural resources, and preventing encroachment. The data also highlights the need for sustainable water management practices and the importance of preserving natural resources for future generations. The census serves as a reminder of the importance of water bodies in supporting livelihoods, ensuring food security, and providing access to clean drinking water.

    Mains Question

    Q. For the first time in the country, Ministry of Jal Shakti has conducted the first-ever census of water bodies across the nation. In this backdrop, highlight key findings of the census and discuss the significance of such kind of census.

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  • Attempt Year-wise previous year papers

    Year-wise previous year’s papers

    2018 – UPSC Prelims Previous Year Paper : Attempt Test Live + All India Rank

    2017 – UPSC Prelims Previous Year Paper : Attempt Test Live + All India Rank

    2016 – UPSC Prelims Previous Year Paper : Attempt Test Live + All India Rank

    2015 – UPSC Prelims Previous Year Paper : Attempt Test Live + All India Rank

    2014 – UPSC Prelims Previous Year Paper : Attempt Test Live + All India Rank

  • Web 3.0: A Transformative Tool for India’s Digital Asset Opportunity

    Web 3.0

    Central Idea

    • India’s digital asset opportunity is worth $1.1 trillion by 2032, and the third-generation web or Web 3.0 is crucial to realizing this potential. However, the complex and diverse descriptors used by experts make the policy perspective of Web 3.0 difficult to comprehend. The article aims to explain the transformative role of Web 3.0 in India’s digital asset opportunity.

    What is Web 3?

    • Third-generation internet web: Web 3, also known as the third-generation web, is a term used to describe the next iteration of the internet, which is expected to be decentralised, privacy-oriented, blockchain-driven, and crypto-asset friendly.
    • Radically transformation the way data generated: It seeks to radically transform the manner in which data is generated, monetised, shared, and circulated, and advocates for decentralised data storage systems with the objective of unshackling the oligopolistic grip of technology behemoths over data.
    • Bold elements: Web3 has bold elements such as the strategic role it assigns to non-custodial wallets that function as digital passports for users to access blockchain-enabled transaction platforms, as well as replacing micro-economic organizations with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).

    What is Web 3.0?

    • Semantic web: Web 3.0 upholds the property of the semantic web, which is powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI).
    • Ability to recombine information: The real point about the semantic web is its ability to recombine information available on different websites to generate new content and knowledge resources that are more authentic and creative.
    • Robust capability of data analytics: Followers of Web 3.0 claim that their version is endowed with robust capability on the data analytics front. This way, it is argued that Web 3.0 will create far better search engines.

    How is Web 3 is different from 3.0?

    Web3

    Web 3.0
    Decentralized, privacy-oriented, blockchain-driven and crypto-asset friendly Powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and upholds the property of the ‘semantic web’
    Seeks to radically transform the manner in which data is generated, monetized, shared and circulated. Has the ability to recombine information available on different websites to generate new content and knowledge resources that are more authentic and creative
    Advocates decentralised data storage systems to unshackle the oligopolistic grip of technology behemoths over data. Robust capability on the data analytics front to create far better search engines
    Has file-sharing systems such as the Inter-Planetary File System which are cryptographically protected, more secure and capable of functioning off Internet and off blockchains. The web 3.0’s semantic web is powered by Artificial Intelligence and the ability to recombine information available on different websites to generate new content and knowledge resources that are more authentic and creative.
    Strategic role it assigns to non-custodial wallets that function as digital passports for users to access blockchain-enabled transaction platforms. Has the ability to facilitate ‘analytics at the edge’ providing considerable scope for mapping the water use habits of communities
    Seeks to replace micro-economic organizations with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Can yield insights from large volumes of community data generated by IoT-enabled development programs such as the Jal Jeevan Mission
    Seeks to create a distributed economic system where special classes of native digital tokens and cryptocurrencies would form the media of monetary circulation. Can improve early warning systems for floods due to data analytics facilities being obtained at the sub-basin level
    Seeks to raise the efficiency of peer-to-peer transactions. Can be utilized to draw upon the talent pool for the benefit of rural communities.

    Web 3.0

    Benefits of Web 3.0 for India

    • Handicraft industry: Web 3.0 could enable India’s handcraft enterprises to secure their innovations using digital tokens. Instruction tools based on Web 3.0 could also allow for the rapid dissemination of grassroots innovations from master artisans to fellow members, improving the economic fortunes of craftsmen and artisan communities in north-east, western, and peninsular India.
    • Rural development: India’s major digital public infrastructure push and the large-scale deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) in rural development projects offer major possibilities for deploying Web 3.0 in rural areas. Web 3.0’s (decentralized) analytics systems could help overcome the limitation of data analytics capabilities at the community level.
    • For Instance: Web 3.0 could yield insights from large volumes of community data generated by IoT-enabled development programs such as the Jal Jeevan Mission. Web 3.0’s natural advantage of facilitating analytics at the edge provides considerable scope for mapping the water use habits of communities.
    • Capital mobilization: Web 3.0 could generate asset tokens that are native to the new-gen web and have the potential to function as capital mobilization tools for Web3 projects. Stakeholders of DAOs can also utilize tokens to exercise their voting rights.
    • Peer-to-peer transactions: Web3 seeks to replace micro-economic organizations with decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). In general, Web3 platforms would serve to raise the efficiency of peer-to-peer transactions.
    • Data storage: Web3 advocates for decentralized data storage systems with the objective of unshackling the oligopolistic grip of technology behemoths over data. Web3 has file-sharing systems such as the Inter-Planetary File System which are cryptographically protected, more secure and capable of functioning off Internet and off blockchains.

    What are the challenges for web 3.0 in India?

    • Lack of infrastructure: Web 3.0 requires a robust and reliable internet infrastructure, which is currently lacking in many parts of India. This can hinder the adoption of Web 3.0 technologies, especially in rural areas.
    • Limited digital literacy: India still has a large population with limited digital literacy. This can make it difficult for users to understand and access Web 3.0 applications, especially in remote areas where access to digital devices and the internet is limited.
    • Regulatory challenges: The use of blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies, which are central to Web 3.0, faces regulatory challenges in India. The government has been hesitant to embrace these technologies, which could hinder the development of Web 3.0 applications.
    • Skill gaps: The development of Web 3.0 applications requires a specific set of technical skills, which are currently in short supply in India. Bridging this skill gap will be crucial to enable the development and deployment of Web 3.0 technologies in India.
    • Security concerns: Web 3.0 applications are based on decentralized systems, which are inherently more secure than centralized systems. However, they are still susceptible to cyber attacks and security breaches

    Constraints related to data analytics in rural areas

    • Lack of data analytics capabilities at the community level, resulting in untapped data resources such as the Atal Bhujal Yojana.
    • Rapid pace of data generation in rural areas outpacing the capacity for data analytics to keep up.
    • Limited availability of data analytics talent in rural areas.

    Way ahead

    • Developing a third-gen web strategy that optimizes public interest by combining the features of Web3 and Web 3.0.
    • Providing incentives for decentralised analytics and tokenising them to draw upon the talent pool for the benefit of rural communities.
    • Exploring tokenisation and applying blockchain solutions for development programs, as proposed in India’s National Blockchain Strategy 2021.
    • Addressing challenges such as lack of awareness, regulatory uncertainty, and insufficient infrastructure.
    • Building capacity for data analytics and web design in rural areas.
    • Encouraging the deployment of Web 3 applications in rural development projects and community data initiatives.
    • Partnering with global experts to leverage their knowledge and experience in the field.
    • Facilitating research and development to enhance the capabilities of Web 3 technologies.
    • Ensuring that the development of Web 3 is inclusive and accessible to all, regardless of socio-economic status.

    Conclusion

    • India’s National Blockchain Strategy 2021 must craft a third-gen web strategy that optimises public interest by combining the welcome features of Web3 and Web 3.0. By providing incentives for decentralised analytics and tokenising them, it is possible to draw upon the talent pool for the benefit of rural communities. Web 3.0 can be a transformative tool for India’s digital asset opportunity worth $1.1 trillion by 2032.

    Mains Question

    Q. What is web 3.0. How it is seen as different from web 3? Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of web 3.0 for India.

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  • Virtual Digital Assets Regulation: India’s progressive Approach

    Central Idea

    • The regulation of new technologies can be a challenging task, as their rapid and constant change can create unintended consequences. History is full of examples where innovations were curtailed, such as the infamous Red Flag Act of the UK that ended up strengthening the motorcar industry in Europe. Today, India’s recent notification on anti-money laundering provisions for virtual digital assets businesses and service providers is a step in the right direction.

    What is mean by Virtual Digital Assets?

    • Digital representations of value: Virtual Digital Assets refer to digital representations of value that can be transferred, stored, or traded electronically. These assets may include cryptocurrencies, tokens, or other forms of digital assets that are secured using cryptography and blockchain technology.
    • Intangible: Virtual digital assets are intangible and exist only in the digital realm, but they can be used as a medium of exchange, store of value, or investment.
    • Decentralized nature: Virtual digital assets are typically decentralized and operate independently of central authorities, making them appealing to many users. However, their decentralized nature also makes them susceptible to illicit activities such as money laundering and terrorism financing, which has led to the need for regulations and oversight.

    How Virtual digital assets are linked with money laundering?

    • Anonymity: Virtual digital assets offer a degree of anonymity, which can be exploited by criminals to conceal their identities and activities.
    • Lack of regulations: The lack of comprehensive regulations in the virtual digital asset space makes it easier for criminals to launder money using these assets.
    • Cross-border transactions: Virtual digital assets can be used to conduct cross-border transactions with ease, making it easier for criminals to move money across jurisdictions and avoid detection.
    • Decentralized nature: The decentralized nature of virtual digital assets means that there is no central authority regulating the transactions, making it difficult to track and monitor illicit activities.
    • High liquidity: Virtual digital assets are highly liquid and can be easily converted into other forms of currency, making it easier for criminals to move money around and launder their proceeds.
    • Complex transactions: Some virtual digital asset transactions can be highly complex, making it difficult to trace the source of the funds and detect money laundering activities.

    India’s approach to regulate virtual digital assets

    • Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Act of 2002: PMLA enacted in 2002 to prevent and combat money laundering and related crimes. The act provides for the confiscation of property derived from, or involved in, money laundering, and also imposes penalties on individuals and entities involved in money laundering activities.
    • Extension of anti-money laundering provisions: India’s Union Finance Ministry, in a gazette notification, extended anti-money laundering provisions to virtual digital assets businesses and service providers, under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Act of 2002.
    • Mandatory registration: Virtual digital assets platforms carrying out activities such as exchange between virtual digital assets and fiat currencies, exchange between one or more forms of virtual digital assets, transfer of virtual digital assets, safekeeping or administration of virtual digital assets or instruments enabling control over virtual digital assets, and participation in and provision of financial services related to an issuer’s offer and sale of a virtual digital asset, must register as a reporting entity with the Financial Intelligence Unit-India.
    • Implementation of know your customer and record-keeping measures: Reporting entity platforms such as CoinSwitch are now mandated to implement know your customer, record and monitor all transactions, and report to the Financial Intelligence Unit-India as and when any suspicious activity is detected.
    • Standardisation of norms: By extending anti-money laundering provisions to virtual digital assets, a framework has been created for virtual digital assets platforms to diligently monitor and take actions against malpractices, making the Indian virtual digital assets sector more transparent.
    • Compliance with global guidelines: The anti-money laundering provisions in India are in line with global guidelines put forward by the International Monetary Fund and the Financial Action Task Force.
    • Reconsideration of tax rates: With the mitigation of money laundering and terror financing risks through the PMLA notification, there is an opportunity for India to reconsider its tax treatment of virtual digital assets, which is currently an outlier both domestically and internationally.

    How India can leverage G20 presidency?

    • Spearheading critical discussions on establishing a global regulatory framework for virtual digital assets.
    • Sharing its leadership and experience on this issue with other G20 nations.
    • Considering the steps taken by other G20 nations, such as Japan and South Korea’s establishment of a framework to license Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs), and Europe’s passing of the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation by the European Parliament.
    • Using the G20 platform to coordinate and provide greater oversight on the domestic virtual digital assets ecosystem, which could provide much-needed assurance to everyday users as well as regulators.

    Conclusion

    • India’s measured approach to regulating virtual digital assets is a step in the right direction. With India’s presidency of the G-20, it is an opportunity to establish a global regulatory framework for virtual digital assets. A progressive regulatory framework will establish India’s virtual digital assets leadership and instill the animal spirit in India’s innovation economy.

    Mains Question

    Q. What do you understand by mean by Virtual Digital Assets? Establish a link between virtual digital assets and money laundering. Discuss how India is taking measures to regulate virtual assets?

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  • Nikaalo Prelims Spotlight || Government schemes- I


    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    YouTube LIVE with Parth sir – 7 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 04 PM  – Daily Mini Tests

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    27th Apr 2023

    Government schemes- I

    Kindly refer to schemes compilation.

  • [Sansad TV] In Focus: Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill 2023

    [Sansad TV] In Focus: Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill 2023

    Context

    • India is the world’s largest producer of films, and this industry is growing rapidly.
    • However, piracy in the entertainment and music industry has been a problem for decades leading to huge revenue loss for this sector.
    • Aiming to curb piracy in film content and protect the creative industry, Union Cabinet approved the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, of 2023.
    What is the Cinematograph Act, 1952?
    : The Cinematograph Act of 1952, was enacted by the Parliament to ensure that films are shown in accordance with the limits of tolerance of society. The Act establishes the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC, or the censor board) to certify films. Under the Act, the Board scrutinizes the films following the procedure laid down in the Act and can either reject or grant a certificate, valid for ten years. The Act authorizes the police to perform search and seizure actions if the film is being exhibited in contravention of any of the provisions of the Act.

    Cinematograph Amendment Bill, 2023: Key Highlights

    cinema

    Aims/Proposals

    Details
    AmendmentThe bill proposes to amend the Cinematograph Act, 1952
    Harsher PenaltyThe act has provisions for harsher penal provisions for film piracy
    New Age CategoriesIt introduces new sub-age categories for films to bring about uniformity in categorisation across platforms
    Perpetual CertificationThe certification once given will be perpetual
    New Sub-age based CertificationUA-7+’, ‘UA-13+’, and ‘UA-16+’ in place for 12 years
    AlignmentThe act will be aligned with Supreme Court judgments
    RecertificationRecertification of the edited film for television broadcast
    Public ExhibitionOnly Unrestricted Public Exhibition category films can be shown on television
    UniformityIt will make the act provisions in line with the provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 to maintain uniformity

    Stringent Laws against Piracy

    Details
    Imprisonment and PenaltyIt includes imprisonment for three years and a Rs 10 lakh penalty for those found involved in piracy
    Legal OffenceThe act of piracy will be a legal offense, and even transmitting pirated content will be punishable

    Indian Cinema: A Backgrounder

    • The history of Indian cinema dates back to the late 19th century, with the screening of the Lumiere Brothers’ short films in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1896.
    • Dadasaheb Phalke is considered to be the father of Indian cinema.
    • The first Indian-made film, Raja Harishchandra, was released by him in 1913 and marked the beginning of Indian cinema.
    • The first Indian talkie, Alam Ara, was released in 1931, marking a new era in Indian cinema.

    Contribution of Indian Cinema to the Society

    • Entertainment: Indian cinema has been the biggest source of entertainment for people of all ages and backgrounds. From the early silent movies to the latest high-budget blockbusters, cinema has always been a popular form of entertainment in India.
    • National Integration: Indian cinema has played a crucial role in bringing people from different regions, cultures, and religions together. Hindi cinema, in particular, has become a unifying force for people all over the country.
    • Employment: The film industry provides employment opportunities to millions of people directly or indirectly, including actors, writers, directors, technicians, set designers, and more. This contributes to the overall economic growth of the country.
    • Education and Awareness: Movies can be a powerful tool for educating and raising awareness about various social issues. Many films have addressed social issues such as poverty, gender inequality, and corruption, among others.
    • Promotion of Culture: Indian cinema has helped promote and preserve Indian culture by showcasing traditional dances, music, and stories. Indian cinema also contributes to the country’s international image and soft power, with films and stars gaining popularity across the globe.
    • Technological advancements: Indian cinema has played a significant role in the development of new technologies in the entertainment industry. It has led to advancements in sound and visual effects, camera technology, and more.

    Economic Impact

    • Revenue source: Indian cinema is a major contributor to the country’s economy, with a revenue of over Rs 180 billion in 2019. The govt earns significant revenue from taxes on film production, distribution, and exhibition.
    • Employment generation: It provides direct and indirect employment to millions of people across the country, including actors, producers, directors, and camera crew, technicians, and support staff.
    • Allied sectors: The film industry also provides a boost to related industries such as advertising, hospitality, tourism, and fashion.
    • Entertainment economy: Cinema houses and multiplexes generate revenue through ticket sales, concessions, and merchandise sales. Services such as music albums, merchandise, and tourism to filming locations.

    Social impacts of Indian Cinema

    • Social cause: Many movies have addressed important social issues like poverty, gender inequality, caste discrimination, and communal violence, creating awareness and encouraging discussions about these topics.
    • Breaking gender stereotypes: The portrayal of strong female characters in movies has challenged traditional gender roles and has had a positive impact on the status of women in Indian society.
    • Accessible entertainment: Cinema has helped break down barriers between different social classes by providing affordable entertainment that is accessible to people from all walks of life.
    • Inspirational aspects: Movies have also served as a source of inspiration for many people, especially the youth, who look up to their favourite stars and aspire to emulate them.

    Role in nation building

    • Promotion of Social Harmony: Indian cinema has played an essential role in promoting social harmony by creating content that showcases the diversity and cultural richness of India. For instance, the movie ‘Lagaan’ (2001) showcased the spirit of communal harmony and depicted how people from different religions and communities could come together to achieve a common goal.
    • Inculcation of Moral Values: Indian cinema has also played a crucial role in inculcating moral values among the masses. Movies like ‘Taare Zameen Par’ (2007) highlighted the importance of empathy, compassion, and understanding towards children with special needs, while ‘Swades’ (2004) showcased the significance of social responsibility and patriotism.
    • Creating Awareness about Social Issues: Indian cinema has also been successful in creating awareness about various social issues prevalent in the country. For instance, the movie ‘Padman’ (2018) aimed to raise awareness about menstrual hygiene and broke the taboo surrounding it. Similarly, the movie ‘Pink’ (2016) highlighted the issue of consent and the importance of women’s safety and empowerment.

    Issues with Indian Cinema

    • Portrayal of violence and sexuality: Many films depict violent acts and sexual content, which can have a negative impact on viewers, particularly on younger audiences.
    • Reinforcement of stereotypes: Women are often portrayed as submissive and objectified, while members of certain castes and religions are portrayed in a negative light.
    • Promotion of materialism: Many films promote materialism, consumerism, and extravagance, which can encourage viewers to adopt unrealistic expectations and values.
    • Lack of diversity: Although Indian cinema has made progress in recent years, there is still a lack of diversity in terms of representation of different communities, especially in mainstream films.
    • Undue commercialization: The Indian film industry is heavily commercialized, which can lead to a focus on profit rather than on producing quality content.  
    • Nepotism: The practice of giving preference to family members or friends in the industry, often at the expense of more deserving and talented individuals is more prevalent.

    Way forward

    • Revising the certification process:  The process should be more transparent and accountable, and filmmakers should be given a chance to appeal any decision.
    • Protecting artistic freedom: The government should ensure that the certification process does not infringe upon artistic freedom.  
    • Encouraging regional cinema: The government should encourage and promote regional cinema by providing incentives, tax breaks, and subsidies to filmmakers.  
    • Promoting cultural diversity: The government should encourage filmmakers to explore different cultures and promote intercultural dialogue through cinema.
    • Combating piracy: Piracy is a major issue in the film industry and it hurts the revenues of filmmakers and the government.  
    • Developing film infrastructure: The government should invest in the development of film infrastructure such as studios, post-production facilities, and film schools.  

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  • Ambiguities in India’s Nuclear Liability Law

    nuclear

    Central idea: The article discusses how the issues regarding India’s nuclear liability law are holding up the plan to build six nuclear power reactors in Maharashtra’s Jaitapur, which is the world’s biggest nuclear power generation site under consideration at present.

    Law governing nuclear liability in India

    Ans. Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010

    Provision Description
    Purpose of CLNDA To provide a speedy compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident
    Liability on operator Strict and no-fault liability on the operator of the nuclear plant, where the operator will be held liable for damage regardless of any fault on its part
    Amount of liability In case of damage caused by an accident, the operator will have to pay ₹1,500 crore
    Insurance or financial security for liability The operator is required to cover liability through insurance or other financial security
    Government liability in case of excessive claims If the damage claims exceed ₹1,500 crore, the CLNDA expects the government to step in and has limited the government liability amount to the rupee equivalent of 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) or about ₹2,100 to ₹2,300 crore

     

    The concept of Supplier Liability

    • The CLNDA introduced the concept of supplier liability in addition to operator liability in India’s civil nuclear liability law.
    • The international legal framework on civil nuclear liability, including the annex of the CSC, is based on the exclusive liability of the operator of a nuclear installation.
    • CLNDA Section 17(b) allows the operator of the nuclear plant to exercise the right of recourse against the supplier in case of a nuclear incident resulting from an act of the supplier or their employee, including the supply of defective equipment or materials.

    Why is it the issue in Nuclear Deals?

    • Undue liability: Foreign and domestic suppliers have been hesitant to enter into nuclear deals with India due to the country’s unique liability law, which allows suppliers to be held liable for damages.
    • Lack of clarity: on how much insurance needs to be set aside in case of damage claims and the potential for unlimited liability have been major concerns for suppliers.
    • Unlimited liability: Suppliers have taken issue with two specific provisions in the law – Section 17(b) and Section 46 – which expose them to liability beyond that of the operator of the nuclear plant. Section 46 potentially allows civil liability claims to be brought against both the operator and suppliers through other civil laws such as the law of tort, further exposing suppliers to unlimited amounts of liability.

    Existing projects in India

    • The Jaitapur nuclear project has been delayed for over a decade.
    • India has signed civil nuclear deals with the US, France, and Japan, but the only foreign presence in India is that of Russia in Kudankulam, which predates the nuclear liability law.
    • The government has stated that the Indian law is in line with the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC).

    Government’s stand

    • The Indian law is in line with the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC).
    • However, legal experts have pointed out that suppliers can be sued if defective equipment is provided or if it can be established that the damage resulted from an act of intent.
    • It would not be sound public policy if the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) waived its right to recourse in the contract, despite the law providing for such recourse.

    Conclusion

    • The issues regarding the liability law would be resolved before French President Emmanuel Macron’s visit to India, which was first scheduled for March but has been pushed to September.

     

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