India is adopting a conciliatory approach towards China, with improving ties since the 2020 border clashes.
Why has India adopted a more conciliatory stance towards China in recent months?
De-escalation of Border Tensions: India and China have gradually disengaged from multiple friction points along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) since the 2020 Galwan clashes. Example: In October 2023, both sides agreed to withdraw troops from the last two major standoff points in eastern Ladakh.
Economic Considerations: China remains India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching record levels despite political tensions. Example: In 2023, India’s imports from China exceeded $100 billion, highlighting the economic interdependence.
Strategic Uncertainty in U.S. Policy: With the U.S. showing unpredictability under the Trump administration, India may seek to hedge its bets by stabilizing ties with China. Example: Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine and potential shifts in U.S. Asia policy raise concerns about long-term American commitments.
Focus on Domestic Growth and Development: India aims to maintain economic stability and avoid prolonged military confrontations that could divert resources from development. Example: Infrastructure projects like “Make in India” and semiconductor manufacturing require a stable geopolitical environment.
Maintaining Diplomatic Leverage: A balanced approach allows India to engage with multiple global powers while keeping strategic options open. Example: While signaling reconciliation with China, India continues military exercises with the Quad (U.S., Japan, Australia) to maintain leverage.
How does the shifting U.S. foreign policy under the Trump administration impact India’s strategic choices regarding China?
Uncertainty Over U.S. Security Commitments: Trump’s ambiguous stance on global security, including reduced support for Ukraine, raises doubts about America’s reliability in countering China’s aggression. Example: The U.S. halted intelligence sharing on Russian missile threats to Ukraine, signaling potential unpredictability in military alliances.
Possibility of a U.S.-China Grand Bargain: Trump’s transactional diplomacy suggests he may prioritize economic deals with China over strategic containment, potentially sidelining India’s concerns. Example: His approach to Russia—offering compromises for economic gains—hints at a similar possibility with China, affecting Indo-U.S. strategic alignment.
Pressure on India to Strengthen Self-Reliance: With the U.S. potentially scaling back its role in Asia, India must enhance its military capabilities and deepen partnerships with other allies. Example: India has intensified defense cooperation with Japan, Australia, and France while increasing indigenous military production (e.g., Tejas fighter jets, submarine projects).
What military limitations has India faced in recent years despite rising security challenges?
Delayed Modernization and Declining Defense Budget: India’s defense spending as a share of GDP has steadily declined over the past decade, limiting critical investments in military modernization. Example: The Indian Air Force still operates outdated MiG-21 fighters, with delays in acquiring Rafale jets and indigenous Tejas aircraft.
Slow Progress in Indigenous Defense Manufacturing: Despite initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India), India remains dependent on foreign arms suppliers, leading to procurement delays. Example: The Project 75I submarine program has seen repeated delays, affecting the Navy’s ability to counter China’s growing maritime presence.
Limited Military Buildup Despite Border Tensions: After the 2020 Ladakh standoff, India disengaged from key incursion sites but did not significantly increase troop deployments or infrastructure in vulnerable areas. Example: While China rapidly built roads, bridges, and airstrips near the Line of Actual Control (LAC), India’s infrastructure development in border areas has lagged.
Who are India’s key partners in military cooperation?
United States (U.S.): India and the U.S. have strengthened defense ties through agreements like COMCASA, BECA, and LEMOA, facilitating intelligence sharing and logistics support. Example: India participates in the Malabar naval exercise with the U.S., enhancing interoperability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Russia: Russia remains a key defense supplier, providing advanced weaponry, including fighter jets, submarines, and missile systems. Example: India procured the S-400 air defense system from Russia despite U.S. pressure and CAATSA sanctions concerns.
France: France is a crucial partner in aerospace and naval defense cooperation, supplying high-end military equipment. Example: India acquired Rafale fighter jets from France and is collaborating on Scorpene-class submarines under Project 75.
Israel: India-Israel defense ties focus on advanced technology, particularly in missile defense, drones, and cyber warfare. Example: India procured Barak-8 missile defense systems and Heron UAVs from Israel for border security.
Quad Partners (Japan & Australia): India’s partnerships with Japan and Australia focus on maritime security, intelligence sharing, and defense exercises. Example: The India-Japan 2+2 ministerial dialogue and AUSINDEX naval exercise with Australia boost strategic ties in the Indo-Pacific.
How can operational coordination help strengthen India’s strategic position? (Way forward)
Enhanced Interoperability with Allies: Regular joint exercises improve coordination between India and its military partners, ensuring seamless cooperation in real-world conflicts. Example: The Malabar Naval Exercise with the U.S., Japan, and Australia enhances India’s naval capabilities in the Indo-Pacific.
Force Multiplication through Intelligence Sharing: Coordinated intelligence sharing provides India with real-time situational awareness, helping in threat assessment and strategic planning. Example:BECA agreement with the U.S. enables India to access geospatial intelligence, improving precision targeting and surveillance.
Deterrence Against Aggression: Strengthened operational coordination signals military preparedness, discouraging adversaries from engaging in aggressive actions. Example: Joint patrols with France in the Indian Ocean demonstrate India’s extended reach and deterrence capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Question: ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. (UPSC 2024)
Reason:This question directly addresses the strategic implications of China’s rise and India’s potential role in countering it, which is relevant to the theme of deterrence.
The UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024 shows that 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted in 2022, about 20% of the world’s food. India is a major contributor, making this a serious environmental and ethical issue.
What are the key differences between food waste and food loss as per the Food Waste Index Report (FWIR) 2024?
Food Waste: It includes both edible and inedible parts discarded at the consumer and retail levels (households, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.). It happens due to over-purchasing, poor storage, and cultural habits of excess food preparation.
Food Loss: It occurs earlier in the supply chain (from production to retail) due to inadequate storage, transportation, handling, and infrastructure failures.
Why does the food waste in India pose a significant environmental and social challenge?
Worsens Hunger and Food Insecurity: Despite being a major food producer, over 20 crore Indians go to bed hungry while 78 million tonnes of food are wasted annually. Example: Tons of edible surplus food from weddings and restaurants are discarded instead of being redistributed to the needy.
Increases Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Food waste in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than CO₂. Example: India’s food waste contributes 10%-12% of total municipal waste, significantly impacting climate change.
Wastage of Natural Resources: Food production requires land, water, and energy. Wasting food means wasting these scarce resources. Example: It takes 1,800 liters of water to produce just 1 kg of rice—if wasted, all that water is also wasted.
Economic Loss and Financial Burden: Wasting food leads to huge financial losses for households, businesses, and the economy. Example: Retailers discard unsold perishable foods like dairy and fruits due to short shelf life, leading to billions of rupees in losses annually.
Aggravates Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Increased food demand due to waste leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and excessive water usage, worsening environmental crises. Example: Rising extreme weather events (droughts, floods) impact crop production, making food security more vulnerable.
Where in the food supply chain do inefficiencies lead to high levels of food wastage in India?
Post-Harvest Losses (Farm Level): Poor harvesting techniques and lack of proper drying/storage cause significant losses. Example: Grains left in open fields get damaged by rain, pests, or rodents due to inadequate storage facilities.
Storage and Transportation Issues: Inadequate cold storage and poor transportation infrastructure lead to spoilage, especially for perishable goods. Example: Fruits and vegetables rot in transit due to a lack of refrigerated trucks, particularly in rural areas.
Retail and Market-Level Losses: Supermarkets and local markets discard unsold food due to short shelf life, improper handling, and strict quality standards. Example: Bruised or oddly shaped vegetables and fruits are rejected and thrown away by vendors, even if they are edible.
Household-Level Waste: Over-purchasing, improper meal planning, and poor storage lead to significant food waste in homes. Example: Families discard leftovers or expired groceries because they were not consumed in time.
Food Service Industry (Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterers): Large-scale food preparation for events, hotels, and restaurants results in excess food being thrown away. Example: Buffet-style dining in weddings and hotels often leads to tons of uneaten food being discarded instead of redistributed.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
“Save Food, Share Food” Initiative: A program launched to redistribute surplus food from individuals, businesses, and organizations to the needy. Example: Collaboration with NGOs and food banks ensures excess food from weddings, hotels, and events is shared rather than wasted.
Strengthening Cold Storage and Supply Chain Infrastructure: Investment in cold storage facilities and refrigerated transport to reduce post-harvest losses. Example: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana supports food processing industries to improve storage and preservation.
Amendments in Food Safety and Standards Regulations: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) encourages supermarkets and restaurants to donate surplus food instead of discarding it.Example: The Food Sharing Guidelines (2019) enable food redistribution through certified food banks and NGOs.
Awareness Campaigns and Behavioral Change Initiatives: Government-led campaigns promote responsible food consumption, meal planning, and waste reduction. Example: The Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA), launched by FSSAI, connects food businesses and NGOs to reduce waste.
Support for Food Processing and Preservation: Encouraging food processing industries to convert surplus produce into value-added products like dried, frozen, or packaged foods. Example: The government provides subsidies and incentives for food processing units under schemes like the Mega Food Parks Scheme to reduce waste.
Way forward:
Strengthening Food Redistribution Networks: Expand and streamline food donation mechanisms through digital platforms connecting surplus food sources (hotels, supermarkets, households) with NGOs and food banks. Example: A nationwide food-sharing app can help track surplus food and ensure efficient redistribution to the needy.
Improving Supply Chain Efficiency with Technology: Leverage AI, IoT, and blockchain for real-time monitoring of food storage, transport conditions, and expiry tracking to reduce wastage. Example: Smart sensors in cold storage and logistics can alert businesses to temperature fluctuations, preventing spoilage of perishable items.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (UPSC 2017)
Reason: This question connects climate change to food security, a situation that could be exacerbated by food wastage.
N4S: This article dives deep into the care economy, exploring how unpaid care work -mostly done by women – shapes the economy but remains invisible in GDP calculations. It also evaluates Budget 2025 to see if it addresses these concerns.
UPSC has explored questions on budget provisions, economic structures and social issues, often in an interlinked manner. Questions like “How can care economy be brought into the monetized economy?” (PYQ 2023) test both conceptual clarity and real-world application. Aspirants often falter in such topics by either missing data-driven arguments (like the NSSO Time Use Survey, which shows women spend 3x more time on unpaid work than men) or failing to connect theoretical frameworks to practical solutions (e.g., how investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India).
This article directly addresses these gaps by not only explaining what the care economy is but also linking it to policy action. It discusses the impact of unpaid care work on GDP (₹22.7 lakh crore contribution, yet unrecognized), evaluates Budget 2025’s indirect wins (like investments in Anganwadis and gig worker welfare), and highlights missed opportunities (lack of formal recognition for unpaid care work). One standout feature of this piece is its structured “Back2Basics” section, which analyses the impact of care economy of Female Labour Force participation to give you a broader picture.
PYQ Anchoring
GS 3: Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? [2023]
GS 3: One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, ener gize and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective. [2017]
Microtheme: Care X Monetized Economy, Current Budget
While hearing a case on insurance compensation for a deceased couple – where the man was a professional and the woman a homemaker – the Supreme Court ruled that the notional income of a homemaker should account not just for her work but also her sacrifices. This wasn’t the first time.
Back in 2021, Kamal Haasan’s Makkal Needhi Maiam (MNM) party brought the conversation into the political mainstream by proposing “due recognition” for unpaid housework in its election manifesto. While paying women for housework within the current system may seem far-fetched, even assigning a notional income helps push the conversation forward—acknowledging housework as work and its place in the economy.
According to NSSO’s Time Use Survey 2019, a staggering 92% of women (aged 15-59) reported doing daily housework, compared to just 29% of men. Women also spend three times more time on domestic chores than men (299 minutes vs. 97 minutes daily).
To make things worse, many working women face the double burden of both professional and domestic responsibilities, often at the cost of their productivity and career growth. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that unpaid care work contributes 9% to the global economy, yet remains largely unmonetized and invisible.
So, where do we go from here? From productivity losses to GDP calculations, the care economy plays a crucial yet overlooked role in shaping national and global economies. Understanding its impact could change the way we view economic growth itself.
Impact of Care Economy on GDP
Parameter
Contribution to GDP & Economy
Unpaid Care Work
– Unpaid care work contributes 15%-17% of GDP (based on 2019 Time Use Survey). – Using minimum wage method: 15% of GDP. – Using weighted average wage method: 17% of GDP.
Total Unpaid Work
– SBI Report (2023) estimates unpaid work contributes ₹22.7 lakh crore (7.5% of GDP).
Impact of Gender Disparities
– Reducing gender gaps in unpaid work could boost India’s GDP by 27%.
Job Creation in Paid Care Sector
– Investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India. – Globally, care sector growth could generate 475 million jobs by 2030 (ILO data).
Broader Economic Benefits
– Expanding the care economy can increase female labor participation, boosting overall economic growth. – Strengthening care services fosters women-led businesses and entrepreneurship opportunities.
India’s care economy is already a major but undervalued contributor to GDP. Investing in care services and reducing gender inequalities can unlock massive economic growth and job opportunities.
Does Budget 2025 Address the Needs of India’s Care Economy?
Budget 2025 partially addresses the care economy through indirect measures, but it lacks a direct, structured approach to solving core issues like unpaid care work, formalizing care jobs, and large-scale care infrastructure investment.
Budget 2025: Indirect Wins for the Care Economy
Positive Impact
How Budget 2025 Helps
Substantiation (Data/Examples)
Support for Women (Nari Focus)
Women’s empowerment initiatives could benefit those engaged in unpaid care work.
Women in India perform 312 minutes of unpaid care work per day compared to men’s 31 minutes (OECD, 2019). Recognizing this through targeted policies would help bridge this gap.
Childcare & Nutrition (Anganwadis & Poshan 2.0)
Strengthening Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 could improve early childhood care and nutrition.
India has 1.37 million Anganwadi centers, but many lack proper infrastructure. More investment is needed to improve accessibility (MoWCD Report, 2022).
Healthcare Expansion (Medical Education & Cancer Day Care Centers)
More doctors, hospitals, and specialized cancer care centers indirectly benefit the care economy.
India has 1 doctor per 1,511 people, below the WHO standard of 1:1,000. Expanding medical education could improve this (NMC, 2023).
If care workers (e.g., home nurses, elderly caregivers) are included, they may receive healthcare benefits.
The e-Shram portal has registered 29.8 crore unorganized workers, but formal recognition of care workers remains unclear (MoLE, 2023).
MSME & Entrepreneurship Support
Women-led care businesses (daycares, elderly care services) could benefit from easier credit access.
98% of women entrepreneurs in India operate micro-enterprises, many in caregiving sectors, yet face difficulty securing loans (IFC, 2022).
Skill Development Initiatives
More National Skill Centers could improve the training of care workers.
India needs 2 million additional eldercare workers by 2050 due to a rapidly aging population (UNFPA, 2021).
State-Level Capital Investments
50-year interest-free loans to states could fund care infrastructure if prioritized.
Kerala has state-funded elderly care schemes, but most states lack structured care investments (Economic Review, 2023).
Budget 2025: Missed Opportunities for the Care Economy
Missing Area
What’s Lacking in Budget 2025
Substantiation (Data/Examples)
No Recognition of Unpaid Care Work
The budget does not propose policies to reduce, redistribute, or recognize unpaid care work.
Women’s unpaid labor contributes $10 trillion globally, yet remains unrecognized in GDP calculations (ILO, 2018).
Limited Focus on Care Jobs & Wages
No provisions for minimum wages, job security, or benefits for domestic workers and caregivers.
India has 4 million domestic workers, many of whom lack legal protections and social security (PLFS, 2022).
No Large-Scale Care Infrastructure Investment
No direct funding for daycares, eldercare homes, or disability care centers.
Only 0.3% of India’s GDP is spent on care-related infrastructure, compared to 2% in OECD countries (World Bank, 2022).
No Private Sector Incentives for Care Services
No tax breaks or subsidies for private investments in the care sector.
Japan offers tax incentives for elderly care businesses, leading to 50% growth in eldercare services (Japan Care Economy Report, 2021).
No Data Collection on Care Work
No new initiatives for tracking unpaid and paid care work trends.
India’s Time Use Survey (2019) was the first in 20 years to measure unpaid care work, but needs continuous updates for policy action.
Way Forward
Acknowledging unpaid care work is important, but the real challenge lies in translating recognition into policy and economic reform. Governments and institutions need to explore solutions like care credits, paid family leave, social security benefits, and workforce inclusion policies to ensure women’s labor—both paid and unpaid—is valued. Some of such policies are:
Policy Pillar
Key Focus
Recommendations
1. Leave Policies
Helping people balance work and caregiving
– Support maternity leave costs for small businesses – Introduce parental leave for both parents – Encourage employers to offer care-related leave and flexible work options
2. Subsidies for Care Services
Making care services more affordable
– Provide financial support to Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for childcare and elder care – Offer tax benefits to women-led small businesses in the care sector – Expand government-backed childcare schemes like Palna
3. Investment in Care Infrastructure
Building more care facilities
– Increase funding for childcare centers – Develop government-supported care homes for elderly, disabled, and long-term care – Attract private investment through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
4. Skill Training for Care Workers
Improving the quality of care services
– Create structured training and certification programs – Encourage private institutes to offer care-related training – Partner with international organizations to enhance training quality
5. Quality Assurance & Regulation
Ensuring high standards in care services
– Set up national and state-level monitoring systems – Collect gender-based data on paid and unpaid care work – Establish a Care Sector Skill Council to regulate training and service quality
#BACK2BASICS: IMPACT OF CARE ECONOMY ON FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
Comparison of Time Spent on Unpaid Work by Gender in India
There is a stark gender disparity in the time spent on unpaid work in India, with women shouldering a significantly heavier burden than men.
Women Spend More Time on Unpaid Work
Women of working age (15-59 years) spend an average of 5.6 hours daily on unpaid household work, whereas men in the same age group contribute only 30 minutes.
Employed women dedicate 5.8 hours to unpaid tasks, significantly more than employed men, who spend just 2.7 hours.
Unemployed men spend under four hours on unpaid work, still far less than the seven hours spent by women in the same category.
Rural vs. Urban Divide
The gender gap is more pronounced in urban areas, where women spend 9.6 times more time on unpaid care work than men.
In rural areas, the disparity is slightly lower but still substantial, with women spending 8.2 times more than men.
Weekly and Overall Impact
On a weekly basis, women spend 36 hours on unpaid tasks, compared to just 16 hours for men.
93% of working women perform unpaid domestic services for their families, while only 31% of working men do the same.
Women outside the labour force undertake 11.5 times more unpaid work than their male counterparts.
This persistent gender gap not only reinforces traditional gender roles but also limits women’s participation in the formal economy, ultimately impacting India’s economic growth. Addressing this imbalance could significantly improve women’s access to paid employment and contribute to the country’s GDP.
Impact of Unpaid Care Work on Female Labour Force Participation
Key Impact
Explanation
Supporting Data/Examples
Primary Barrier to Workforce Entry
Unpaid care work limits women’s time and energy for formal employment.
ILO Report: Unpaid care work is a major barrier preventing women from entering the labor force.
Declining Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
Caregiving responsibilities contribute to low LFPR in India.
PLFS 2022-23: Female LFPR in India rose to 37% (from 23.3% in 2017-18), but mainly in self-employment, not formal jobs.
Underemployment & Labour Underutilization
Women often take up low-paying, part-time jobs due to caregiving duties.
ILO 2018: Women are overrepresented in informal, part-time, and unpaid family work.
“Double Burden” of Work
Employed women also handle most domestic care work, increasing stress and limiting career growth.
ILO 2018: Employed women spend 6x more time on unpaid care than men.
“Time Poverty” Reduces Productivity
Excessive unpaid work restricts women’s ability to engage in paid labor and skill-building.
2019 Time Use Survey: Working-age women spend 7 hours/day on unpaid work.
Reinforces Gender Norms
Cultural expectations push women toward care work, limiting career choices.
ILO 2022: Women’s workforce participation is higher in countries with strong caregiving support systems.
Lack of Support Systems
Insufficient childcare and eldercare services increase women’s unpaid workload.
World Bank 2022: India spends only 0.3% of GDP on care-related infrastructure (OECD average: 2%).
Unpaid care work directly limits women’s workforce participation, pushing them into informal jobs, reducing work hours, and reinforcing gender inequality. Policy interventions like subsidized childcare, parental leave, and flexible work arrangements are essential for boosting female employment.
The 20th meeting of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20) is currently underway in Rome.
AboutCommission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
The CGRFA is the only permanentintergovernmental body addressing all components of biodiversity-related to food and agriculture.
It was established in 1983 as the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
It operates under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
It aims to create international consensus on managing biodiversity in food systems and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from these genetic resources.
Membership: 179 countries (including India) and the European Union
Focus: Coordinates global efforts on biodiversity affecting agriculture, forestry, livestock, and aquatic species, including pollinators, soil organisms, and other vital species for food production.
Structure and Mandate
Structure:
Governed by a biennial session where member countries discuss and make decisions.
A bureau, elected by member states, guides the Commission’s work.
The CGRFA Secretariat, hosted by FAO, offers technical and logistical support.
Mandate:
Policy Formulation: Develops global action plans, codes of conduct, and policy instruments for sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
Global Assessments: Guides preparation of periodic assessments to monitor the status and trends of genetic resources and biodiversity.
Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Promotes biodiversity use for food security, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation.
Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: Ensures fair distribution of benefits from genetic resources, especially plant materials under international treaties.
Achievements:
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA): Adopted in 2001, it recognizes farmers’ contributions to crop diversity and provides a global system for accessing plant genetic materials for breeders, farmers, and scientists.
[UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:
1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3. The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
India is set to strengthen its military and maritime ties with African nations through two significant initiatives—Exercise Aikeyme (Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement) and IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship Sagar).
About Exercise Aikeyme
Aikeyme is India’s first-ever multilateral naval exercise with 10 African nations, aimed at improving maritime cooperation, enhancing maritime security, and addressing regional threats.
It will be held off Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, from April 13 to 18, 2025.
The nations taking part include Tanzania (co-host), Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
It is aimed at increasing interoperability between the Indian Navy and African navies, with a focus on combating common threats like piracy and drug trafficking.
The goal is to make this exercise a biennial event and expand participation in future editions to include West African nations.
Key Features:
Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) drills.
Arms firing exercises.
Helicopter operations.
Search and rescue missions.
Table-top and command post exercises on anti-piracy operations and information-sharing.
IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship) Initiative
The IOS Sagar initiative focuses on deepening India’s maritime cooperation with IOR countries.
It involves the deployment of the Indian Navy’s INS Sunayna, which will be manned by a combined crew of Indian sailors and 44 personnel from nine African countries.
The initiative will take place from April 5 to May 8, 2025.
Key Participating Countries: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
Activities:
The ship will undertake port calls at Dar-es-Salaam, Nacala, Port Louis, Port Victoria, and Male.
The ship will also engage in joint surveillance of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
The personnel will undergo two-week training capsules at Kochi, including sea training, watchkeeping, and other professional naval activities.
This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in ‘The Hindu’.
AboutLapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock prized for its vibrant colour, often used in jewellery and decorative items.
It is composed mainly of lazurite, with other minerals like calcite and pyrite, which give it its characteristic golden specks.
It is mainly found in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province, though it is also present in Chile, Russia, and the US.
It has been valued since ancient times, particularly in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, and is known for its use in making pigments, especially ultramarine.
Lapis Lazuli in Indus Valley Civilization (IVC):
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) (3300-1900 BC) had extensive trade with Mesopotamia and Afghanistan, where lapis lazuli was imported.
It was used for beads and ornaments found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, underscoring its value in Indus jewellery.
It was a sacredstone, often used in beads, pendants, and amulets, symbolizing spirituality and high social status.
It was likely associated with religious ceremonies and used to represent the gods.
The Indus people were skilled at bead-making, often combining lapis lazuli with other stones, such as gold.
The intricate designs, including incised or painted beads, reflect their technical expertise.
Other Semi-Precious Stones Found in IVC:
Several semi-precious stones were used by the IVC to create jewellery and ornaments:
Carnelian beads were made into pendants and rings, valued for their reddish-orange hue and durability.
Amethyst beads, a purple quartz variety, were also used, likely imported from other regions.
Jasper, a chalcedony variety, was used for beads and pendants, valued for its earthy tones.
Turquoise was used in beads, often combined with lapis lazuli and carnelian.
Steatite (Soapstone) was used for seals and beads, often engraved with animal motifs or symbols.
Crystal and quartz were used for translucent beads, adding a mystical quality to jewelry.
Gold, combined with semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli, carnelian, and turquoise, was extensively used in necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
[UPSC 2023] Lothal, a significant site of the Indus Valley Civilization, was particularly well-known as a:
(a) major agricultural centre
(b) centre for textile production
(c) major trade hub for beads, gems, and ornaments
Question: Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.’ Analyse (UPSC IAS 2021)
Reason: A strong primary health structure, as highlighted in this question, is fundamental for achieving equitable access to healthcare. It serves as the first point of contact and helps in early detection and management of health issues across all sections of society.
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC usually focuses on the primary health structure in 2021 and Public healthcare systemin 2024.
India has made significant progress in TB care by expanding rapid molecular testing, introducing the shorter all-oral BPaLM regimen, increasing Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana support to ₹1,000 per month, and strengthening community involvement. These efforts led to a 17.7% drop in TB incidence and a 21.4% decline in TB deaths between 2015 and 2023.
Today’s editorial highlights significant advancements in tuberculosis (TB) care and their impact. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 3 in UPSC Mains answer writing.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Integrating TB services into the public health system is essential for ensuring fair and universal healthcare for everyone in India.
What are the key advancements India has made in tuberculosis (TB) care?
Expansion of Molecular Testing for Rapid Detection: India has significantly expanded molecular testing, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB. Example: Introduction of CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and TrueNat machines in primary health centers for early detection.
Improved Drug Regimens & Shorter Treatment Duration: Newer drug combinations have reduced treatment duration for drug-resistant TB, increasing patient compliance. Example: The shorter BPaL regimen (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid) has improved MDR-TB cure rates and reduced mortality.
Better Access to Free & Effective Treatment: Government programs like the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) provide free TB medicines, improving adherence and reducing deaths. Example: MDR-TB patients receiving Bedaquiline and Delamanid have better survival rates compared to traditional toxic injectable treatments.
Enhanced Nutritional and Financial Support: The Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) doubled financial assistance from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients to ensure proper nutrition. Example: Over 40 lakh patients have benefited from direct benefit transfers under this scheme.
Integration of TB Services with Primary Healthcare: TB care is now incorporated into the Ayushman Bharat scheme, linking it with Health and Wellness Centres (Ayushman Arogya Mandirs). Example: These centers serve as sputum collection points and treatment hubs, improving accessibility for rural and urban populations.
Community Engagement and Preventive Strategies: Expansion of TB preventive therapy and involvement of TB survivors as “TB Champions” to promote awareness and early detection. Example: The “100 Days” campaign aims to improve case detection and ensure early intervention for high-risk populations.
How have these advancements contributed to a decline in TB incidence and mortality rates?
Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.
Who are the most vulnerable groups affected by TB?
People with Weakened Immune Systems: Individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or chronic illnesses are more susceptible due to weaker immunity. Example: TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV, as their immune system cannot effectively fight the infection.
Low-Income & Undernourished Populations: Malnutrition and poverty increase TB risk by weakening immunity and limiting access to healthcare. Example: In India, undernourished populations, especially in tribal and slum areas, have higher TB incidence due to poor living conditions.
Migrants, Prisoners, and Urban Slum Dwellers: Overcrowded and poorly ventilated environments increase TB transmission. Example:Migrant workers living in congested dormitories or prison inmates are at a higher risk of infection due to close contact with infected individuals.
Gender & Tuberculosis: Challenges, Data, and Solutions
Category
Challenges
Data & Examples
Solutions
Women & TB
Social Stigma and Fear of Isolation
60% of women diagnosed with TB in India face stigma (REACH, 2022).
Community awareness campaigns like “TB Mukt Mahila” in Uttar Pradesh.
Misdiagnosis & Underreporting
Only 34% of TB cases in women are officially diagnosed (WHO, 2019).
Gender-sensitive diagnostic protocols in PHCs. Routine TB screening during maternal health checkups (Rajasthan model).
Limited Healthcare Access
50% of rural women delay TB treatment due to financial dependence (Global TB Report, 2023). Example: Bihar’s ASHA workers report women refusing solo hospital visits, delaying treatment.
Mobile TB clinics and door-to-door screenings.
Higher Risk of Malnutrition
45% of women with TB suffer from malnutrition (NFHS, 2023). Example: 80% of TB-infected women in Jharkhand lack protein-rich diets, increasing dropout rates.
Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana benefits for women, with an extra ₹500 allowance in Madhya Pradesh.
Children & TB
Non-Specific Symptoms & Misdiagnosis
60% of childhood TB cases present with fever and weight loss, not cough (IAP, 2022).
AI-based diagnostic tools like Bihar’s AI-assisted TB detection, which increased early diagnosis by 28%.
Sputum Test Ineffectiveness
40-50% of children’s TB cases are undetectable using standard sputum tests (WHO, 2023). Example: Delhi’s AIIMS introduced stool-based PCR testing, increasing childhood TB detection by 25%.
Nationwide adoption of stool-based PCR tests.
Late Detection in Infants
30% of TB meningitis cases in infants are fatal due to delayed screening.
Routine TB screening during childhood immunizations.
Malnutrition & Weak Immunity
Malnourished children are six times more likely to develop TB (WHO, 2023). Example: 90% of TB-infected children in Jharkhand were also undernourished.
Integrate TB screening with anganwadi nutrition programs.
Exposure to Household TB
50% of children living with TB-infected adults develop latent TB, but only 15% receive preventive therapy (Nikshay Portal, 2023). Example: Kerala’s preventive therapy program reduced childhood TB cases by 40%.
Preventive therapy for all children in TB-affected households.
Lack of Awareness Among Parents
70% of parents believe TB only affects adults (UP survey, 2023). Example: Schools in Gujarat introduced annual TB screening camps, improving early detection.
Mandatory TB screening in schools and anganwadis. Maharashtra’s “TB-Free Schools” program detected 5,000 hidden cases in 2023.
Why is the integration of TB services within the broader public health system crucial for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India?
Ensures Comprehensive and Equitable Healthcare Access: Integrating TB services into primary healthcare allows early detection and treatment for all, especially marginalized populations. Example: Including TB screening in Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) improves outreach in rural areas.
Reduces Financial Burden on Patients: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to provide affordable treatment and minimize out-of-pocket expenses for TB care. Example: Linking TB care with PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat) ensures free diagnostic and treatment services, reducing financial distress.
Improves Early Detection and Treatment Outcomes: Strengthening public health infrastructure with integrated screening programs improves early diagnosis and treatment adherence. Example:Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides nutritional support to TB patients, improving recovery and treatment success rates.
Addresses Co-Morbidities and Holistic Patient Care: TB patients often suffer from HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition; integration helps manage co-existing diseases efficiently. Example: Co-treatment of TB and HIV in ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) centers ensures better health outcomes.
Strengthens Disease Surveillance and Data Management: A unified health system enhances TB monitoring, tracking drug resistance, and controlling outbreaks. Example: The Nikshay portal helps track patient progress and ensures adherence to treatment regimens.
How does the Ayushman Bharat scheme contribute to decentralizing TB care?
Expansion of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) and HWCs under Ayushman Bharat provide TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment at the grassroots level, reducing dependency on tertiary hospitals. Example: A TB patient in a remote village can access free CBNAAT/Truenat testing at a nearby HWC, ensuring early detection.
Financial Protection through PM-JAY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) covers TB treatment costs, reducing the financial burden on poor and vulnerable groups. Example: A migrant laborer diagnosed with drug-resistant TB can avail free hospitalization and medication under PM-JAY without financial hardship.
Community-Based TB Care and Awareness: Health workers (ASHA, ANMs) are trained to provide TB awareness, medication adherence support, and nutritional aid at the community level. Example: An ASHA worker monitors a TB patient’s medicine intake and nutrition under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, preventing treatment dropout.
What are Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)?
Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) are upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, aimed at strengthening primary healthcare across India.
These centers provide comprehensive healthcare services at the community level, integrating preventive, promotive, curative, and diagnostic care.
What role do Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) play in this process?
Strengthening TB Screening and Early Detection: Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) serve as first-contact healthcare facilities offering free TB screening and diagnostic services, improving early detection. Example: A person with persistent cough visiting an AAM in a rural area can get an immediate sputum test, preventing delayed diagnosis.
Ensuring Free and Continuous TB Treatment: AAMs provide directly observed treatment (DOTS) services, ensuring uninterrupted access to TB medicines and better adherence to treatment. Example: A TB patient enrolled at an AAM receives daily monitored medication, reducing the risk of drug resistance and treatment dropout.
Community Engagement and Nutritional Support: AAMs facilitate awareness programs, counseling, and nutritional support through schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana to enhance treatment outcomes. Example: A malnourished TB patient visiting an AAM is linked to a nutrition support program, improving overall recovery and immunity.
Way forward:
Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhancing partnerships between healthcare, nutrition, and social welfare sectors can ensure a holistic approach to TB care. Example: Expanding Nikshay Poshan Yojana with additional dietary interventions can improve patient recovery.
Leverage Technology for TB Surveillance & Treatment: Expanding AI-driven diagnostic tools and digital adherence tracking can improve early detection and treatment success. Example: Scaling up the use of AI-based X-ray screening in rural areas can enhance case detection rates.
On March 20, 2025, security forces carried out two missions in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, and killed 30 Maoist people. This made the total number of Maoists killed this year more than 100.
What were the key reasons behind the decline of the Maoist insurgency in India?
Strong Counter-Insurgency Operations: Security forces, including CRPF’s elite COBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) unit and state police forces, have conducted targeted operations against Maoist strongholds. Example: Operation Prahar in Chhattisgarh led to the elimination of top Maoist leaders and disrupted their logistical networks.
Improved Governance and Development Initiatives: Infrastructure projects like roads, electrification, and mobile connectivity have reduced Maoist influence by increasing state presence. Example: The Aspirational Districts Programme has focused on healthcare, education, and employment in Maoist-affected regions.
Erosion of Support Base: Maoists have lost support due to their violent tactics, including forced recruitment, extortion, and attacks on civilians. Example: The killing of Madvi Hidma, a local tribal leader, by Maoists in Bastar led to mass protests by villagers against them.
Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies: Government schemes like the ‘Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy’ offer financial aid, skill training, and housing to former Maoists. Example: Over 600 Maoists surrendered in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh after the government provided rehabilitation and employment opportunities.
Internal Divisions and Leadership Crisis: The Maoist movement has suffered from ideological splits, a lack of new leadership, and desertions. Example: The death of Kishenji (Maoist leader) in 2011 and the arrest of several senior cadres have weakened organizational unity.
Why is a purely militaristic approach insufficient in tackling the Maoist insurgency?
Deep-Rooted Socio-Economic Issues Drive Insurgency: Maoism thrives in areas with poverty, land alienation, and lack of governance. Military force alone does not address the core grievances of tribal communities. Example: The displacement of tribals due to mining projects in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, has fueled resentment, making them vulnerable to Maoist influence.
Risk of Civilian Casualties and Alienation: Excessive military action can lead to civilian deaths, human rights violations, and loss of trust in the state, pushing locals towards Maoists instead of the government. Example: The Salwa Judum campaign (2005-2011), a state-backed militia to counter Maoists, led to severe human rights abuses, ultimately worsening the conflict.
Failure to Provide a Long-Term Solution: Military operations can weaken Maoists but do not offer a sustainable path for peace and rehabilitation. A mix of governance, dialogue, and development is needed. Example: The Nepali Maoists transitioned into mainstream politics through a negotiated peace process, showing that engagement can be a more effective long-term strategy.
Where are the remaining strongholds of Maoist influence in India?
Southern Chhattisgarh (Bastar Region): Dense forests, difficult terrain, and historical neglect in governance make it a Maoist stronghold. Example:Dantewada, Sukma, and Bijapur districts frequently witness Maoist ambushes on security forces.
Border Regions of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Telangana: The tri-junction of these states provides a strategic corridor for Maoist movement and arms supply. Example:Latehar (Jharkhand), Malkangiri (Odisha), and Bhadradri-Kothagudem (Telangana) remain active insurgent zones.
Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra): Proximity to Chhattisgarh’s Maoist belt and forested terrain offer a safe haven for Maoist cadres. Example: The Jambhulkheda encounter saw security forces eliminate top Maoist leaders in this region.
Who are the primary stakeholders in resolving the Maoist issue peacefully?
Government (Union and State Governments): Responsible for policy-making, law enforcement, and development initiatives in affected regions. Example: The Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy offers incentives for Maoists to reintegrate into society.
Security Forces (Police, Paramilitary, and Intelligence Agencies): Play a crucial role in counterinsurgency operations and maintaining law and order. Example: The Greyhounds (Telangana), CoBRA (CRPF), and District Reserve Guard (Chhattisgarh) specialise in anti-Maoist operations.
Tribal Communities and Local Populations: Often caught in the crossfire, they need protection, development, and inclusion in governance. Example: The PESA Act (1996) empowers tribal self-governance to address their grievances.
Civil Society and NGOs: Mediate peace talks, advocate for human rights, and support socio-economic development. Example:Swami Agnivesh’s peace efforts attempted negotiations between Maoists and the government.
Former Maoists and Rehabilitation Advocates: It can influence insurgents to surrender and integrate into mainstream society. Example: Former Maoist leader Gopanna Markam, who surrendered and helped bring others into the fold.
How can lessons from international experiences, such as FARC in Colombia or Nepali Maoists? (Way forward)
Negotiation and Political Integration: Offering insurgents a political pathway can encourage them to abandon violence. Example:Nepali Maoists transitioned from armed struggle to mainstream politics through the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, leading to their participation in democratic governance.
Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: Providing economic and social reintegration opportunities reduces the chances of re-radicalization. Example:Colombia’s peace deal with FARC (2016) included land reforms, financial aid, and skill development programs for former rebels.
Addressing Root Causes through Development: Long-term peace requires addressing socio-economic grievances that fuel insurgencies. Example:Colombia’s rural development programs aimed to improve infrastructure, education, and healthcare in former conflict zones to prevent a resurgence of violence.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.” (2022)
Reason: This question directly addresses Naxalism (Maoist insurgency) as more than just a security problem, aligning with this article. It also asks for a multilayered strategy, hinting at the need for more than just security measures, such as addressing social and economic issues.
Tuberculosis cases in India dropped from over 237 per lakh people in 2015 to below 200 per lakh in 2022, showing a 16% decrease.
What has been the percentage decline in TB incidence and mortality in India since 2015?
Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.
What factors led to a decline in TB incidence and mortality?
Improved Diagnosis and Treatment: The decline is attributed to better TB detection, newer diagnostic methods, and improved healthcare access. Example: The use of rapid molecular testing like CBNAAT and TrueNat has increased early detection rates.
Government Initiatives and Free Treatment Programs: Schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which provides nutritional support to TB patients, have played a role. Example: Free TB treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has improved patient outcomes.
Targeted Approach for Drug-Resistant TB: Specialized treatment centers and newer drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid have improved survival rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients. Example: The expansion of Drug-Resistant TB Centers (DR-TBCs) across India has ensured timely and quality treatment for resistant cases.
Active Case Finding and Surveillance: The government and NGOs have been proactively identifying TB cases, even among asymptomatic individuals, through door-to-door screening and community outreach programs. Example: The “Active Case Finding” (ACF) initiative.
The “Aashwasan” program is a large-scale ACF campaign successfully implemented across 174 tribal districts of India in 2022, focusing on TB among tribal communities.
Note: Despite progress, drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) remains a major issue, with low treatment success rates. Example: While overall TB mortality is declining, severely drug-resistant TB still has a treatment success rate of only 45% in India (2021).
Why is the treatment success rate for severely drug-resistant TB lower than other forms of TB?
Limited Effective Drugs & High Toxicity: Severely drug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug. This leaves fewer treatment options, and the available drugs often have severe side effects like organ damage. Example: Patients with Pre-XDR-TB (resistant to fluoroquinolones) have a success rate of only 68%, while MDR-TB (less resistant) has a success rate of 74%.
Longer & More Complex Treatment Regimens: Treatment can take 18-24 months with a combination of multiple drugs. Many patients fail to complete treatment due to the high cost, side effects, or lack of adherence. Example: A patient with XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) may require daily injections and strong antibiotics, leading to dropout and failure.
Weaker Immunity & Higher Mortality Risk: Severely drug-resistant TB is harder to treat in patients with weaker immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition. Example: In India, a significant number of TB patients suffer from poor nutrition, making them more vulnerable to severe drug-resistant TB and treatment failure.
Where does India rank among lower-middle-income countries in terms of catastrophic health expenditure due to TB?
Third Highest Among Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Over 10% of India’s population faces catastrophic health expenditure due to TB. Catastrophic health spending is defined as exceeding 10% of a household’s income or consumption. Example: Among 14 lower-middle-income countries with a high TB burden, India ranks third in terms of the population facing financial strain due to TB treatment.
Despite High Health Coverage, Costs Remain High: Around 60% of India’s population has some form of health coverage, making it the third highest among these countries. However, out-of-pocket expenses remain high, leading to significant financial distress for many TB patients. Example: Even with government schemes like PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), many TB patients still bear steep medical and non-medical costs (e.g., travel, and nutrition).
Who are the top-performing and bottom-performing states in India’s fight against TB according to the TB index?
Top-Performing States: Among major states, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat rank highest in the TB index. Example: These states have shown better TB detection rates, improved treatment success rates, and stronger healthcare interventions to combat TB effectively.
Bottom-Performing States: Punjab, Bihar, and Karnataka rank lowest in the TB index among major states. Example: These states struggle with weaker TB surveillance, lower treatment adherence, and higher financial burden on patients, impacting overall TB control efforts.
Way forward:
Strengthen Drug-Resistant TB Management: Expand access to newer, effective TB drugs (e.g., Bedaquiline, Pretomanid) and ensure adherence through shorter, less toxic treatment regimens. Example: Scaling up all-oral MDR-TB regimens can improve treatment success rates.
Reduce Financial Burden on TB Patients: Enhance direct benefit transfers for nutrition and support under schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana and integrate TB care with Ayushman Bharat for full cost coverage. Example: Covering non-medical costs (e.g., travel, nutrition) can reduce catastrophic health expenditure.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level” (2024)
Reason: This question relates to strengthening the public health system, which is crucial for TB control and treatment success.
