Q.) How far do you agree with the view that the focus on the lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (CS Mains 2018)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on the main cause of hunger (2018) and poverty and hunger in India(2019).
India’s White Revolution made it the world’s top milk producer, but now the focus should shift to ensuring milk reaches the most vulnerable. Milk is an important source of protein and calcium, especially for children. However, there are significant differences in milk consumption across income groups and regions. Addressing these gaps is crucial for better health outcomes.
Today’s editorial discusses how milk should be accessible to everyone in India and highlights the differences in milk availability. It looks at how these issues are connected to topics in GS Paper 1, 2, and 3, such as social inequalities, health, and policy solutions.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The challenge is making sure that the most vulnerable people have fair access to milk, while also controlling how much milk is consumed by wealthier people.
What is the disparity in milk consumption?
Income-Based Disparities: Households in the top-income decile consume 3-4 times more milk per capita compared to those in the lowest-income decile. Despite increases in milk consumption among lower-income groups, the poorest 30% account for just 18% of India’s milk.
Urban vs. Rural and Regional Disparities: Urban households consume ~30% more milk per capita than rural households, despite rural areas being the main milk producers.
Additionally, northern states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Haryana have higher consumption (333g-421g), while eastern states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal have much lower consumption (75g-171g).
Social Group Disparities: Scheduled Tribe households consume 4 litres less milk per capita annually compared to general category households, highlighting social and economic inequalities in milk access.
What are the nutritional implications of milk consumption in India?
Protein Source: Milk is a rich source of high-quality protein. In India, it contributes significantly to daily protein intake, especially for children and adults in rural areas. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), over 70% of children in India consume milk, making it a key protein source.
Calcium and Bone Health: Milk provides essential calcium, which is vital for bone health. Around 67% of Indian households consume milk, helping to prevent calcium deficiency, particularly in growing children and elderly populations, which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.
Micronutrients and Vitamin D: Milk is also a good source of vitamins such as B12 and D, essential for immune function and energy production. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) states that milk helps in reducing vitamin D deficiency, which is prevalent in India due to limited sunlight exposure.
How can policy interventions address disparities in milk production and access?
Enhancing Milk Provision: Increase milk availability for vulnerable populations through government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (POSHAN) and Integrated Child Development Services. States can collaborate with nutrition institutes to align milk products with local dietary preferences.
Financial Support: Boost financial allocations for existing schemes to ensure adequate milk provision, especially in states where such programs have been discontinued due to budget constraints.
Nutritional Awareness Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns focusing on the benefits of milk consumption, targeting women through various community channels. This can help improve dietary diversity within households.
What strategies can be implemented to promote sustainable dairy practices?
Healthy Consumption Awareness: Develop partnerships with healthcare professionals and media to promote balanced diets and moderation in dairy consumption among affluent groups.
For example, Campaigns similar to the UK’s Change4Life initiative could serve as effective models for India.
Investing in Dairy Infrastructure: The government should continue investing in dairy infrastructure, including animal health care and fodder availability, to ensure sustainable production practices while improving yields.
Community Engagement: Engage local communities in sustainable practices through education and training programs aimed at improving animal husbandry practices and enhancing productivity without compromising environmental sustainability.
What are the steps taken by the government?
Rashtriya Gokul Mission: This initiative focuses on enhancing the genetic quality of bovine animals through the identification and use of high-quality bulls for breeding, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) technology, and genomic selection. It aims to improve milk production by covering millions of livestock and providing better healthcare services for animals.
National Dairy Plan (NDP): The NDP supports the establishment of dairy cooperatives and processing facilities to enhance milk marketing and value addition. It includes financial assistance for creating dairy processing infrastructure, thereby improving the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the dairy sector.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Facility: This scheme offers credit support to farmers for various agricultural activities, including dairy farming. By providing financial assistance, the KCC aims to empower smallholder farmers to invest in their livestock and improve milk production capabilities.
Way forward:
Increase Access for Vulnerable Groups: Expand milk distribution through government schemes (e.g., POSHAN and ICDS) and ensure adequate funding to cover vulnerable populations.
Regional and Social Equity: Implement targeted interventions to reduce regional, income, and social disparities in milk access, such as milk coupons or subsidies for underserved areas.
The growth rate is lower than what the government had expected. Looking at past trends, the 2004-2011 period had high growth and poverty reduction, supported by welfare programs and government interventions.
Context:
The World Bank forecasts India’s GDP growth to soften to 6.5% for the fiscal year 2024-25, down from previous expectations of 7%. This reflects a slowdown in investment and weak manufacturing growth.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also revised its growth forecast for India to 7% for FY24 and 6.5% for FY25, citing robust domestic demand but acknowledging challenges ahead
How did the period from 2004 to 2011 have a consistently high growth rate?
State Intervention and Welfare Programs: This period saw a revival of state interventions through rights-based legislation and welfare schemes, which contributed to economic growth and reduced absolute poverty.
Notably, programs like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) provided jobs and set higher wage floors, benefiting the rural poor.
Rising Consumption Among Lower Income Groups: Despite increasing income inequality, the consumption share of the bottom 80% of the population grew faster than that of the richest 20%. This was facilitated by targeted fiscal policies that favoured lower-income groups, enhancing their consumption capacity.
Increased Fiscal Expenditure on Social Services: There was a significant rise in social services and developmental expenditures during this time, which directly impacted consumption patterns positively across various commodity categories for lower-income groups.
Does the nature of fiscal expenditure also matter when it comes to private consumption?
Capital Expenditure vs. Revenue Expenditure:
Capital Expenditure (Capex) (e.g., infrastructure projects) primarily benefits high-income groups and corporations, with a lower short-term impact on consumption.
Revenue Expenditure (e.g., social welfare, wages, and pensions) immediately boosts demand by increasing disposable income among lower-income groups.
Leakages in Capex: Large-scale projects often involve imports (e.g., heavy machinery), leading to capital outflows instead of stimulating the domestic economy.
Higher Consumption Propensity of Lower-Income Groups: Money spent on welfare programs reaches people with a higher tendency to spend, leading to a larger multiplier effect on domestic demand.
How would an increase in revenue expenditure, particularly in the social sector, help? (Way forward)
Higher Incomes for Workers: By providing better wages and job opportunities through social programs, disposable income among lower-income populations would rise, thereby boosting overall consumption levels.
Stimulating Private Investment: Enhanced consumer demand can create a conducive environment for businesses to invest. As workers have more income to spend, businesses may respond by increasing production capacity, leading to a cycle of investment and growth.
Reversing Economic Slowdown: A strategic shift towards increasing revenue expenditure can help combat the current economic slowdown by fostering a more inclusive growth model that benefits a broader segment of society.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate? (UPSC IAS/2015)
In its first launch of 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved the milestone of 100 launches.
What does the 100th launch signify for India’s space capabilities?
The 100th launch underscores ISRO’s growth since its establishment in 1969, showcasing its evolution into a reliable launch partner for both domestic and international satellites.
Technological Advancement: This launch utilized an indigenous cryogenic engine, highlighting India’s advancements in rocket technology. The GSLV series has been instrumental in increasing payload capacity and efficiency during satellite launches, contributing to ISRO’s reputation as a formidable player in the global space arena.
Contribution to Navigation Systems: The NVS-02 satellite is part of India’s Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system, which enhances India’s capabilities in terrestrial, aerial, and maritime navigation.
This satellite will replace the IRNSS-1E satellite and improve the accuracy and reliability of navigation services across India and surrounding regions.
What are the future plans for ISRO following this milestone?
Ambitious Missions: Following this milestone, ISRO aims to undertake several high-profile missions, including a sample return mission from the Moon, a mission to Venus, and the establishment of an Indian space station. These initiatives are part of ISRO’s broader goal to expand its capabilities and presence in space exploration.
Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): ISRO is developing a heavier rocket called the NGLV, which will be capable of carrying up to 30,000 kg to low Earth orbit. This vehicle will feature a reusable first stage to enhance cost-effectiveness in launches.
Expansion of Infrastructure: Plans are underway to build a third launch pad at Sriharikota to accommodate increased launch frequency and support human spaceflight missions alongside commercial launches.
How will private sector involvement shape ISRO’s future missions?
Collaboration and Innovation: The PSLV-C60 mission exemplified successful collaboration between ISRO and private startups, allowing non-government entities to deploy payloads for in-orbit experiments.
This initiative fosters innovation by enabling startups to test their technologies using ISRO’s infrastructure, thereby reducing costs and encouraging diverse contributions to India’s space capabilities.
Transitioning Operational Responsibilities: ISRO aims to transfer more operational tasks to private companies, allowing them to manage activities traditionally handled by the agency.
This shift is intended to increase efficiency and scalability within the space sector, empowering private entities to take on significant roles in satellite launches and other space activities, thus expanding India’s overall capabilities.
Commercialization of Space Activities: The government has focused on increasing India’s share of the global space economy from 2% to 10% over the next decade through public-private partnerships.
Way forward:
Strengthening Public-Private Synergy: ISRO should continue fostering collaboration with private players by expanding access to launch infrastructure, streamlining regulatory frameworks, and incentivizing innovation through initiatives like IN-SPACe and NSIL.
Focus on Heavy-Lift and Reusability: Prioritizing the development of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) with reusable technology will enhance cost-effectiveness, positioning India as a competitive player in the global commercial space sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Agriculture has been given little attention, even though the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows that 1,00,474 farmers and agricultural workers took their own lives between 2015 and 2022.
What are the root causes of the current agrarian distress faced by farmers in India?
Unmet Minimum Support Price (MSP) Promise: Despite repeated promises, the government has failed to implement the MSP at the rate of C2+50% (one-and-a-half times the comprehensive cost of production) as recommended by the M.S. Swaminathan Commission.
Rising Input Costs and Economic Burden: The cost of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, insecticides, diesel, water, and electricity has been steadily rising.
Inadequate Government Support and Infrastructure: Government allocations to agriculture and allied sectors have been declining, from 5.44% of the total budget in 2019 to just 3.15% in 2024.
At the same time, public investment in irrigation and power infrastructure has decreased, leading to water scarcity and unreliable electricity supply.
How can policy reforms effectively address the challenges faced by farmers?
Implementation of MSP: Establishing a statutory MSP at C2+50% is essential to ensure that farmers receive fair compensation for their produce. This reform would help alleviate financial distress and reduce the incidence of farm suicides.
Subsidy Increases and Cost Controls: The government should raise subsidies for agricultural inputs and impose strict controls on prices charged by private corporations for fertilizers and seeds. Supporting public sector production can help stabilize prices and ensure availability.
Comprehensive Loan Waiver: A one-time loan waiver for farmers can provide immediate relief from debt burdens. This measure should be coupled with long-term strategies to prevent future indebtedness through better financial management and support systems.
What role do government support and institutional frameworks play in alleviating farmer distress?
Financial Assistance and Subsidies: Government support through subsidies for fertilizers, seeds, and irrigation systems helps reduce the financial burden on farmers. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) provides direct income support to farmers, aiding those facing economic hardship.
Crop Insurance and Risk Mitigation: Institutional frameworks such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) offer insurance schemes to protect farmers against crop losses due to natural disasters, thereby reducing the risk of distress when unforeseen events occur.
Market Access and Price Support: The government ensures fair prices and stable markets through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and procurement schemes. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) buys surplus crops like wheat and rice from farmers at MSP, offering a safety net during market fluctuations.
Agricultural Credit and Loans: Institutional frameworks like the NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) and other banks offer affordable loans to farmers, allowing them to invest in better farming techniques or recover from losses, thus mitigating financial stress.
For example, Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) provide short-term credit to meet the farmers’ needs for inputs and daily expenses.
Way forward:
Strengthen Infrastructure and Support Systems: Invest in reliable irrigation, power supply, and crop insurance schemes, ensuring farmers have access to resources that help them cope with climate-related challenges and reduce dependency on private traders.
Enhance Financial Accessibility and Risk Management: Expand access to affordable credit, implement statutory MSP at C2+50%, and provide better financial literacy programs to help farmers manage debts and reduce vulnerability to market fluctuations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (UPSC IAS/2017)
Among the topics that often get overlooked, biodiversity and forest conservation are crucial for GS Paper 3 but tend to be neglected. In this article, we dive into the key findings from the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023, along with government initiatives under Back2Basics, to offer insights that could make a big difference in your exam preparation. The Article also defines important terms, like forest cover, tree cover, and mangrove cover, giving you the terminology you need to sound knowledgeable and precise in your answers. While most candidates rush through data-heavy content, this article emphasizes the value of information such as the loss of forest cover in the Western Ghats or the expansion of bamboo areas, which can directly be used to answer questions on environmental policy and its effects. It’s the type of content that often gets left out, but is exactly what the UPSC is looking for—real facts and figures.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 3: How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)
MICROTHEMES : Biodiversity
Recently, the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 has been released by the Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. The report, published biennially by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) since 1987, provides an in-depth assessment of forest and tree resources based on remote sensing data and field surveys. The recently released report is the 18th report in the series.
India State Of Forest Report
The report provides comprehensive data on forest cover, tree cover, mangroves, growing stock, carbon stock, forest fires, and agroforestry.
KEY TERMS
Term
Definition
Recorded Forest Area
Area officially recorded as forest in Government records.
Forest Cover
Land with a tree canopy density exceeding 10%, regardless of ownership and legal status, including orchards, bamboo, and palm plantations covering at least one hectare in area.
Tree Cover
Patches of trees outside the Recorded Forest Area, smaller than 1 hectare in size, irrespective of canopy density.
Dense Forest
Areas with a canopy density of 40% and above.
Very Dense Forests (VDF)
Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70% and above.
Open Forests (OF)
Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10-40%.
Trees Outside Forest (TOF)
All trees growing outside Recorded Forest Areas, irrespective of patch size.
FINDINGS OF THE REPORT
Category
Details
Forest and Tree Cover
The total cover is 8,27,357 sq. km, accounting for 25.17% of India’s geographical area. Forest cover: 7,15,343 sq. km (21.76%), Tree cover: 1,12,014 sq. km (3.41%).
Increase in Forest and Tree Cover
Increase of 1,445 sq km compared to 2021: Forest cover increased by 156 sq km, Tree cover increased by 1,289 sq km. Top states: Chhattisgarh (684 sq km), UP (559 sq km), Odisha (559 sq km), Rajasthan (394 sq km).
Total stock: 6,430 million cum (4,479 million cum inside forests, 1,951 million cum outside). Increased by 262 million cum: +91 million cum in forests, +171 million cum outside forests.
Increase in Bamboo Bearing Area
Total bamboo area: 1,54,670 sq km, an increase of 5,227 sq km since 2021.
Additional Carbon Sink
India achieved 2.29 billion tonnes of additional carbon sink (base year: 2005), nearing the 2030 target of 2.5–3.0 billion tonnes.
Concerns Highlighted
Loss of Forest Cover in the Western Ghats: For the first time, the 2023 forest report assessed forest cover in the Western Ghats. Shockingly, eco-sensitive zones in this region have lost 58.22 sq km of forest since 2013.
Decline in Dense Forests: India has lost around 24,651 sq km of dense forests since 2003, about 6.3% of their total area. From 2021 alone, 3,913 sq km of dense forests were lost—an area larger than Goa.
Shrinking Mangroves: Mangrove forests, known for their resilience to disasters, decreased by 7.43 sq km compared to 2021. Gujarat saw the largest loss at 36 sq km, followed by Andaman and Nicobar Islands losing 4.65 sq km.
Decline in Northeast Forests: Forest cover in Northeast India continues to decline, with a loss of 327.30 sq km in 2023.
Falling Short of National Forest Goals: The 1988 National Forest Policy set a goal of having one-third (33%) of India’s land under forest or tree cover. Currently, the figure is just 25.17%, leaving much to be achieved.
The Plantation vs. Natural Forest Debate:While plantation areas are growing, they often consist of single-species trees, making them prone to pests, fires, and diseases. Natural forests, by contrast, are rich in biodiversity, store more carbon, and stabilize ecosystems. Experts warn against depending too much on plantations as a substitute for natural forests.
Key Reasons Behind India’s Growing Forest Cover
The India State of Forest Report 2023 highlights several factors that have contributed to the rise in forest cover across the country:
Afforestation Programs: Large-scale tree-planting drives under schemes like the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) and Green India Mission (GIM) have played a major role in expanding forest areas.
Agroforestry Practices: Farmers are increasingly growing trees alongside crops through programs like the Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF), which has boosted tree cover.
Community Efforts: Local communities actively participate in reforestation through Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs), strengthening conservation efforts.
Advanced Technology: Remote sensing and forest monitoring tools have improved forest management and helped restore degraded areas efficiently.
Awareness and Ecotourism: Rising awareness about biodiversity and climate change, along with CSR-driven afforestation initiatives, has encouraged more people to join conservation programs, adding to the country’s green cover.
Way Forward
Incentives for Tree Planting: Financial support, tax breaks, and subsidies can encourage individuals and organizations to plant trees. For example, China’s Grain-for-Green Program pays farmers to convert agricultural land into forests.
Restoring Degraded Land: Degraded areas can be revitalized through techniques like soil improvement and watershed management. Ethiopia’s Tigray Reforestation Project demonstrates how terracing and tree planting can transform arid land.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Collaborating with businesses and NGOs can bring funding and expertise to green projects. Japan’s Toyota Green Wave Project supports forest restoration efforts through such partnerships.
Seed Banks and Nurseries: Setting up seed banks and nurseries ensures access to high-quality planting materials. The UK’s Millennium Seed Bank Project preserves seeds for future reforestation needs.
The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2023 offers essential data on forest conservation and helps policymakers, researchers, and environmentalists support sustainable natural resource management.
#BACK2BASICS : STEPS TAKEN BY INDIA OVER THE YEARS
Scheme/Initiative
Details
National Mission for a Green India (GIM)
Launched in 2014 to enhance forest cover through protection, restoration, and expansion. Rs. 944.48 crore allocated for 17 States and 1 UT, focusing on plantations and eco-restoration via Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs).
Nagar Van Yojana (NVY)
Initiated in 2020 to develop green spaces in urban and peri-urban areas. Rs. 431.77 crore allocated for 546 projects across 31 States/UTs to promote urban greenery.
School Nursery Yojana (SNY)
Aimed at raising awareness about plant importance by involving schools in tree-planting initiatives. Rs. 4.80 crore allocated for 743 projects across 19 States/UTs.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI)
A five-year initiative (2023-2028) focusing on mangrove restoration along India’s coastline. Rs. 17.96 crore allocated for states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, and U.T. of Puducherry.
Conservation of Mangroves and Coral Reefs (National Coastal Mission)
Provides financial support to 9 coastal states and 1 Union Territory to protect and conserve mangroves and coral reefs, aiming to safeguard vital coastal ecosystems.
National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA)
Supports wetland conservation and management on a cost-sharing basis between Central and State Governments to promote sustainable practices.
Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam
Launched in 2024 to encourage citizens to plant trees in honor of mothers, fostering a personal connection to nature and sustainability.
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
Compensates for the loss of forest cover due to land diversion for non-forestry purposes under the Van Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan Adhiniyam, 1980.
Afforestation Targets under the Twenty-Point Programme
Annual targets set for afforestation in states/UTs, utilizing Central/State schemes and efforts by NGOs, private entities, and civil society.
Awareness and Mass Plantation Drives
Promotes tree planting through events like Van Mahotsav and Wildlife Week and raises awareness with conferences, workshops, and campaigns.
Indian Forest Management Standard
Introduced as part of the National Working Plan Code (2023) to establish sustainable forest management criteria and frameworks, benefiting small-scale timber producers.
National Action Plan on Forest Fire
Launched in 2018 to prevent forest fires, build community resilience, and enhance fire control capacity.
Joint Forest Management and Eco Development Committees
Encourages community involvement in forest and wildlife protection as per the 1988 National Forest Policy, ensuring local participation in conservation.
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system, a major upgrade aimed at simplifying export certification and improving trade efficiency.
What is eCoO 2.0 System?
The eCoO 2.0 system is a digital platform launched by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) to simplify and streamline the issuance of Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO).
Effective January 1, 2025, exporters must electronically file CoO applications through this platform.
It aligns with India’s Ease of Doing Business initiative by improving trade facilitation, digital authentication, and document processing.
Key Features of the eCoO 2.0 System
Exporters must submit Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO) online.
Allows exporters to authorize multiple users under a single Importer Exporter Code (IEC).
Aadhaar-based e-Signing provides an alternative to Digital Signature Tokens, enhancing security and ease of use.
Offers real-time access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA) details, trade events, and notifications.
Exporters can request In-lieu CoO for rectifications on previously issued CoOs.
The system handles 7,000+ eCoOs daily, integrating 125 issuing agencies, 110 chambers of commerce, and 650+ issuing officers.
Significance of the eCoO 2.0 System
Reduces manual paperwork and speeds up export documentation.
Digitally signed CoOs prevent fraudulent certifications and ensure traceability.
Facilitates smoother re-exports, trans-shipments, and intermediary trade, boosting India’s position in global supply chains.
Faster approvals help exporters comply with international trade agreements, enhancing competitiveness.
Aligns with India’s push for paperless trade, reinforcing DGFT’s trade facilitation efforts.
A new study has revealed that over 7,500 lakes in western Greenland have turned brown, suffered water quality deterioration, and started emitting carbon due to extreme weather events in 2022.
About Greenland and Its Lakes
Greenland, the world’s largest island, is covered by a massive ice sheet that holds nearly 8% of the world’s freshwater.
The island is home to thousands of glacial-fed lakes, which are crystal blue due to their pristine water quality and low organic content.
These lakes play a crucial role in providing drinking water, supporting biodiversity, and storing atmospheric carbon by acting as natural carbon sinks.
What are the reasons?
Extreme Weather in 2022: Greenland saw record-breaking heatwaves and heavy rainfall instead of the usual snowfall.
Permafrost Thawing: Rising temperatures melted permafrost, releasing large amounts of organic carbon, iron, and other minerals into the lakes.
Atmospheric Rivers: These long, narrow streams of water vapor in the sky caused intense precipitation, leading to large-scale runoff of organic material and sediments into the lakes.
Loss of Light Penetration: Increased sedimentation turned the lakes murky brown, reducing sunlight penetration and affecting phytoplankton, which play a key role in carbon absorption.
Why this Study is important?
The study found that changes in the lakes occurred within months instead of centuries, signaling an unprecedented climate impact.
Once natural carbon absorbers, the lakes are now releasing 350% more carbon dioxide, accelerating global warming.
The lakes, which supply drinking water, now contain higher levels of organic pollutants, affecting both humans and aquatic ecosystems.
Studies suggest atmospheric rivers will become 50–290% more frequent by the end of the century, leading to widespread changes in other freshwater ecosystems worldwide.
The study adds to growing evidence that Earth’s natural carbon sinks are failing, posing a major challenge to climate mitigation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason?
(a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat
(b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost
(c) The density of water is maximum at 4 °C
(d) None of the statements A, B and C given above is correct.
A research team has discovered that Labrys portucalensis F11, a strain of aerobic bacteria from the Xanthobacteraceae family, can break down and transform multiple types of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of persistent environmental pollutants.
About Labrys portucalensis F11
It is a type of bacteria that can break down harmful chemicals known as PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances).
It was first found in contaminated soil at an industrial site in Portugal.
Scientists have discovered that it can remove fluorine from certain chemical pollutants, making them less toxic.
PFAS are known as “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in nature.
Labrys portucalensis F11 can digest PFAS, helping to clean up polluted soil and water.
How does it work?
It attacks the strong chemical bonds in PFAS, removing fluorine atoms.
It uses carbon from PFAS as food, helping it grow while reducing pollution.
It survives in oxygen-rich environments, making it ideal for cleaning up industrial waste sites.
In 100 days, it broke down 90% of PFOS, one of the most harmful PFAS chemicals.
Unlike most bacteria, it can also break down PFAS leftovers, making them even safer.
Back2Basics: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products for their waterproof, grease-resistant, and non-stick properties.
PFAS are commonly found in non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof clothing, food packaging, fire-fighting foams, and industrial applications.
These chemicals are known for their high resistance to heat, water, and oil, making them useful but also environmentally persistent.
Common Uses:
Non-stick cookware (Teflon), waterproof fabrics, stain-resistant coatings, and fire-fighting foams.
Industrial applications such as metal plating, food packaging, and electronics manufacturing.
Environmental and Health Concerns:
PFAS are often called “forever chemicals” because they do not naturally degrade and persist in soil, water, and living organisms.
Exposure to PFAS has been linked to cancer, liver damage, immune system disruption, and hormonal imbalances.
Regulatory Actions:
In 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated PFOS (a type of PFAS) as a hazardous substance, requiring strict monitoring and clean-up efforts.
Governments worldwide are phasing out PFAS use and funding research into bioremediation technologies like the F11 bacteria-based clean-up approach.
In 2020, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adopted international criteria for sampling and testing certain PFAS compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).
However, comprehensive policies to regulate or ban PFAS are still lacking.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India?
Arsenic
Sorbitol
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Q) ‘At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples (UPSC CSE 2015)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on ‘Scope of Fundamental Rights’ (2017) and Influence of Foreign Policy (2015).
Today’s editorial discusses the recent budgetary developments concerning India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and their implications for the country’s foreign policy. This content can be used in your Mains Answer for presenting the challenges particularly regarding.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The budget for India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) deserves closer scrutiny because last year, the MEA budget saw a rare 23% spike, up from the modest 4% annual increase between 2017 and 2023.
The MEA’s allocation not only reflects the government’s foreign policy priorities but also its capacity to deliver on its global ambitions and commitments particularly in light of India’s vision for a ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047.
How does the Indian budget reflect the country’s foreign policy priorities and ambitions?
Increased Allocation for the MEA: The significant 23% increase in the budget for the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) signals a commitment to enhancing India’s diplomatic capabilities and reflects the government’s recognition of the importance of foreign policy.
Focus on Neighbourhood Policy: With approximately 50% of India’s foreign aid directed towards neighboring countries, particularly Bhutan, the budget emphasizes the “Neighbourhood First” policy, highlighting regional cooperation and stability as key priorities.
Shift to Lines of Credit: The transition from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs) indicates a strategic approach to financing sustainable infrastructure projects in recipient countries, enhancing India’s influence while ensuring accountability in project implementation.
Investment in Diplomatic Infrastructure: A substantial portion of the MEA’s budget is allocated to embassies and missions, reflecting India’s intent to strengthen its global presence and engage more effectively in international diplomacy.
What role does it play in shaping India’s economic and geopolitical landscape?
Attracting Foreign Investment: The budget prioritizes foreign investment by reducing corporate tax rates for foreign firms and easing regulations on foreign direct investment.
This aims to position India as a favorable destination for international capital, enhancing its economic growth prospects and global competitiveness.
Strengthening Manufacturing and Infrastructure: By supporting initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and allocating substantial funds for infrastructure development, the budget aims to boost domestic manufacturing capabilities.
This not only fosters economic growth but also enhances India’s geopolitical standing by enabling it to become a manufacturing hub, particularly as companies seek to diversify away from China.
Enhancing Regional Influence: The budget reflects a commitment to regional partnerships by directing a significant portion of foreign aid toward neighboring countries.
This strategy strengthens India’s influence in South Asia and promotes stability, aligning with its broader foreign policy objectives.
Fiscal Discipline and Economic Stability: The budget emphasizes fiscal responsibility, targeting a reduction in the fiscal deficit to 4.9% of GDP.
Maintaining fiscal discipline is critical for sustaining investor confidence and ensuring long-term economic stability, which is essential for India’s ambitions on the global stage.
What challenges does India face?
Geopolitical Tensions with China: India continues to navigate complex relations with China, particularly concerning border disputes and military tensions along the Line of Actual Control. The need for strategic dialogue and trust-building measures remains critical.
Strained Relations with Neighbors: Political changes in neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, and ongoing tensions with Pakistan complicate India’s regional diplomacy. The challenge lies in managing these relationships while promoting stability and cooperation.
Impact of U.S.-China Rivalry: The evolving dynamics of U.S.-China relations, especially with the return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency, present both opportunities and challenges for India. Balancing ties with both powers while maintaining strategic autonomy is essential.
Domestic Political Factors: Internal political developments, including public sentiment and government policies, can influence India’s foreign policy decisions. Ensuring that foreign policy aligns with domestic priorities is crucial for maintaining credibility and effectiveness on the global stage.
Foreign aid and shifts
India’s foreign aid to other countries decreased by 10% for the fiscal year 2024-25, while loans to foreign governments increased by 29%.
About 50% of India’s grants are directed towards neighboring countries, with Bhutan remaining the largest recipient due to historical ties and energy projects.
There is a notable shift from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs), with Bangladesh receiving the largest share at $7.86 billion. While LoCs support sustainable infrastructure, they require effective oversight.
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) requires more resources to enhance its institutional capacity, including strengthening the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and research capabilities.
The MEA’s training budget increased by 30% for 2024-25, but overall capacity-building funds remain inadequate, and the IFS continues to be understaffed.
The MEA’s budget for foreign missions and cultural diplomacy grew only by 7%, while significant academic institutions faced budget cuts of 20% to 22%.
Despite investments in international dialogues to enhance India’s global image, there is a pressing need for more budgetary resources to support policy-relevant research at Indian universities and think tanks.
Way Forward: India will host the Quad Leaders’ Summit in 2025, marking an important opportunity to showcase India’s leadership and commitment to regional cooperation among the Quad nations—Australia, Japan, and the United States.
India can reinforce its relationships with Quad partners, focusing on shared goals such as promoting a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
This aligns with India’s broader foreign policy objectives of enhancing regional stability and security.
