Scientists at Macquarie University, Sydney, have discovered that two species of nocturnal bull ants (Myrmecia pyriformis and Myrmecia midas) rely on polarised moonlight for navigation.
What is Polarised Moonlight?
Polarised moonlight refers to moonlight that has undergone scattering in Earth’s atmosphere, causing its waves to oscillate in a specific direction.
Unlike direct moonlight, which is unpolarised, the light that scatters in the sky becomes linearly polarised, meaning its electric field aligns in a fixed plane.
The moon emits unpolarised light, but when it interacts with air molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere, it scatters and becomes polarised.
The intensity of polarised moonlight is much lower than polarised sunlight, making it harder for most animals to detect.
The pattern of polarisation in moonlight remains stable, allowing nocturnal animals to use it as a reliable navigation tool.
Why is it Important for Navigation?
Many nocturnal animals, including bull ants (Myrmecia pyriformis and Myrmecia midas), rely on celestial cues to orient themselves.
Unlike the moon’s direct position, which changes with phases and cloud cover, the polarisation pattern remains detectable throughout the night.
This enables ants to navigate effectively even under crescent or waning moons, where light intensity is significantly lower.
E-Vector Pattern and Ant Navigation
Polarised moonlight forms a distinct pattern in the sky, known as the E-vector pattern.
This pattern shifts based on the moon’s position, but its orientation remains stable, allowing insects like ants to use it as a natural compass.
The E-vector pattern aligns at 90° to the moon’s direct light, creating a predictable navigation reference.
How do Bull Ants use it?
Ants detect the E-vector pattern in the night sky using their specialised compound eyes, which are sensitive to polarised light.
Even in dim conditions, they adjust their movements according to the orientation of polarised moonlight.
Researchers found that when the E-vector was artificially rotated, the ants changed their paths accordingly, confirming that they rely on this pattern.
When the moonlight disappeared (during a new moon phase), the ants struggled to navigate, further proving their dependence on polarised lunar light.
This article covers India’s journey toward maritime self-reliance, focusing on indigenous naval production and strategic initiatives. UPSC tends to ask questions that connect current affairs with static knowledge. Many struggle with connecting current events to static concepts. It’s not just about knowing the facts but understanding their broader implications in the context of India’s defense strategy. Another common mistake is not giving enough attention to details of indigenous systems or the technical aspects involved in defense production, which are key to understanding India’s maritime self-reliance. This article breaks down complex topics into simple, digestible pieces. It covers both current news and static knowledge, making it easy to understand how one ties into the other. It also connects real-world events (like the commissioning of warships) with defense policy and technological advancements, helping to bridge gaps in understanding.
PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES
GS 2: Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos’. Discuss in the light of the above statement the role of the IMO(International Maritime Organisation) in protecting environment and enhancing maritime safety and security. [2023]
GS 3 : What are the maritime security challenges in India ? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. [2022]
Microthemes: Maritime Security chal lenges
On January 15, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi presided over the commissioning of three naval platforms—INS Surat (destroyer), INS Nilgiri (frigate), and INS Vagsheer (submarine)—built at Mazagon Docks, marking a historic milestone in India’s quest for maritime self-reliance (Atmanirbharta).
The Indian Navy’s Swavlamban initiative reflects a commitment to Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance), emphasizing innovation and indigenization in defense manufacturing. This aligns with India’s broader aspirations of reducing dependency on imports while leveraging domestic capabilities to add value and boost exports.
PRESENT STATUS OF MARINE ATMANIRBHARTA
Aspect
Details
Present Force Level
Approximately 150 ships and submarines, with 60 large Navy ships valued at Rs 1.5 trillion currently under construction.
Indigenous Warship and Submarine Production
Warships: 60 warships/vessels under construction at MDL, GRSE, and GSL, including:
– INS Vikrant (India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, commissioned 2022)
– Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project, including Arihant-class nuclear submarines.
– INS Arihant and Arighat (indigenous nuclear-powered submarines).
– Kalvari-class submarines (Scorpene, six inducted/planned under Project 75 at MDL).
Indigenous Weapons Systems
– BrahMos Missiles (jointly with Russia, domestically produced)
– Varunastra Torpedo (indigenous heavyweight torpedo for anti-submarine warfare).
– DRDO Missiles & Systems (Barak-8, underwater surveillance systems).
Indigenous Sensors and Electronics
– Development of Combat Management Systems (CMS), radar systems (Rohini and Revathi), and Sonars (HUMSA-NG for ships and submarines).
Aircraft and UAVs
– Naval Tejas (Indigenous Light Combat Aircraft for carrier-based operations under development).
– Dornier 228 Aircraft (locally produced multi-role aircraft for maritime patrol).
– Rustom UAV (Indigenous unmanned aerial vehicle for surveillance).
The Indian Navy’s present force level comprises about 150 ships and submarines with 60 large Navy ships, valued around Rs 1.5 trillion, are under construction. India’s naval force has made significant strides in domestic production, showcasing a growing reliance on indigenous capabilities.
KEY STEPS TOWARDS MARITIME ATMNIRBHARTA
1. Strategic Vision and Initiatives: SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) framework emphasizes an open, secure, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, with India as a first responder in the Indian Ocean.
2. Evolution of Self-Reliance:
Make-in-India (2014) aimed at attracting foreign manufacturers to set up operations in India for job creation, skill development, and technology transfer.
Atmanirbhar Bharat expands this vision to foster domestic manufacturing (indigenization) and ensure India’s capacity to add value to necessary imports.
3. Navy’s Success in Indigenization:
Since the 1960s, the Navy has indigenously designed 19 warship models and built 121 ships and submarines.
It has developed advanced systems like propulsion mechanisms, sonar, electronic warfare suites, fire control systems, and more, many of which are exported as “world-class” products.
4. Focus on Technology & MSMEs:
The Navy’s 15-year Science and Technology Roadmap emphasizes cutting-edge areas like AI, robotics, hypersonic missiles, and bio-technical weapons. E.g. DPSUs and MSMEs Collaboration.
MSMEs and start-ups play a crucial role in creating disruptive technologies and supporting special operations. E.g. Green Channel Policy.
5. Collaborations & Innovation Structures:
The Navy has established the Naval Indigenisation and Innovation Organisation (NIIO), the Naval Technology Acceleration Council (N-TAC), and vendor-development programs to facilitate partnerships with academia, industry, and global players.
Initiatives like IN STEP engage students to work on naval problem statements.
NEEDS OF MARITIME ATMNIRBHARTA
Area
Benefit
Example
National Security and Strategic Autonomy
Reduces dependence on foreign suppliers, ensuring independence during conflicts.
Development of the INS Arihant.
Economic Growth and Cost-Effectiveness
Reduces reliance on imports, strengthens local industries, creates jobs, fosters innovation.
Construction of INS Kamorta (anti-submarine warfare corvette) in Kolkata.
Maritime Domain Awareness
Enhances ability to monitor coastlines, EEZ, and IOR with tailored surveillance systems.
PierSight’s Varuna.
Global Influence and Soft Power
Builds credibility and strengthens international partnerships via defense exports.
Export of Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).
Aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision
Supports India’s goal of self-reliance, reduces import dependency in defense.
Construction of the INS Vikrant under Make in India and Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020.
Preparedness for Non-Traditional Threats
Facilitates quick, tailored responses to maritime threats like piracy and terrorism.
Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR).
Technology and Innovation Advancement
Promotes local technological development benefiting both defense and civilian sectors.
Varunastra torpedo.
CHALLENGES WITH INDIA’S MARITIME ATMNIRBHARTA
Global and Regional Context:
The Indian Navy is well-regarded, but still behind major powers like the US and China.
True Value Rating (TrV): India ranks 7th globally with 103 major naval units and a TrV of 100.5, while the US and China have much larger fleets with TrVs of 323.9 and 319.8, respectively.
Defense Spending: India’s defense budget for 2023 was $84 billion, while the US spent $916 billion and China spent $330 billion.
Challenges in Indigenisation:
Shipbuilding Delays: India’s shipbuilding is slow. For example, the INS Surat took 31 months to build, while China built a similar ship in just 4.5 months.
Dependence on Imports: A lot of the equipment needed for warships is still bought from other countries. There are few local successes, like the BrahMos missile.
R&D Challenges: Progress in developing military technology has been slow, affecting India’s ability to become truly self-reliant in defense.
Technological and Innovation Gaps: India still relies on foreign technology for important systems, like advanced turbines, nuclear propulsion, and anti-submarine weapons. The slow adaptation to new technology makes it harder to keep up with global competition.
Infrastructure and Skilled Workforce Deficits: Shipyards in India, like MDL and GRSE, are overloaded, causing delays in production. There is also a shortage of skilled professionals in areas like submarine design and weapon development.
Bureaucratic and Budgetary Challenges: The process of buying new defense technology is slow and complicated, often leading to delays and cost overruns. This is seen in projects like the Arihant-class nuclear submarines.
Security Vulnerabilities: The increasing use of digital systems, such as those on INS Vikramaditya, exposes the navy to cyber threats. Stronger security measures are needed to protect sensitive technology.
Global Competition and Limited Export: Indian defense products face tough competition from countries like the US and China in the global market. Challenges in scaling up production and selling technology like the INS Kalvari limit India’s export opportunities.
WAY FORWARD
Defense R&D: Prioritize local development of naval technologies like the INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier.
Empowerment: Support local industries like Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) in manufacturing naval assets through public-private partnerships.
Strategic Partnerships: Strengthen ties with countries like France for the Scorpene submarine project, which was a joint venture for building nuclear-capable submarines.
Infrastructure Development: Modernize Goa Shipyard to ramp up the construction speed of ships, reducing delays in building vital naval vessels.
Naval Doctrine: Develop strategies for countering hybrid warfare, like India’s policy on anti-submarine warfare and cyber defense strategies to prevent naval vulnerabilities.
Acquisition Reforms: Streamline naval procurement processes as seen with the quick induction of the INS Kalvari, a Scorpene-class submarine.
Visionary Leadership: Provide political direction like in the Make in India campaign, driving India’s commitment to indigenous defense production, such as the BrahMos missile program.
Youth Engagement: Encourage youth in STEM through programs like the Indian Navy’s National level internship scheme, where students work directly on naval technologies.
#BACK2BASICS: DOMESTIC PRODUCTION FOR INDIA’S NAVY
1. Indigenous Warship and Submarine Production:
a. Warships: 60 warships and vessels are currently under construction in Indian shipyards, including the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), and Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL). Notable projects are:
INS Vikrant: India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2022.
Project 15B (Visakhapatnam-class destroyers): Advanced stealth destroyers being built domestically.
Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project: Launched in the 1980s and marked India’s place in designing and building nuclear-powered submarines, leading to the creation of the Arihant-class submarines.
INS Arihant and Arighat: India’s indigenous nuclear-powered submarine.
Kalvari-class submarines (Scorpene): Built under Project 75 at MDL in collaboration with France, with six submarines inducted/planned.
2. Indigenous Weapons Systems:
BrahMos Missiles: Jointly developed with Russia and domestically produced; equipped on many Indian Navy ships.
Varunastra Torpedo: Indigenously developed heavyweight torpedo used in anti-submarine warfare.
DRDO-developed missiles and systems: Advanced missile systems like Barak-8 and underwater surveillance systems.
3. Indigenous Sensors and Electronics:
Development of Combat Management Systems (CMS) and radar systems such as the Rohini radar and Revathi radar, enhancing the Navy’s self-reliance.
Sonars: Indigenous sonars like HUMSA-NG are deployed on Indian Navy ships and submarines.
4. Aircraft and UAVs:
Naval Tejas: Efforts are ongoing to operationalize an indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) for carrier-based operations.
Dornier 228 Aircraft: Locally produced multi-role aircraft for maritime patrol.
Rustom UAV: Indigenous unmanned aerial vehicles are under development for surveillance purposes.
Q) The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Energy Security (2017), and uneven distribution of mineral oil (2021).
Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Qatar’s Amir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani to strengthen India-Qatar ties into a “strategic partnership” focused on trade, investments, technology, energy, and people-to-people connections. They also discussed key global and regional issues. This is the Amir’s second state visit to India, following his 2015 visit.
Today’s editorial talks about the trade relations between Qatar and India. This content would help in mains answer writing GS Paper 2 in International Relations.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India and Qatar agreed to strengthen their relationship as a “strategic partnership,” aim to double trade to $28 billion in five years, and attract $10 billion in Qatari investment into India.
What are the trade relations between India and Qatar?
Strategic Partnership and Trade Goals: India and Qatar have elevated their bilateral relations to a strategic partnership, aiming to double their trade from approximately USD 14 billion to USD 28 billion over the next five years. This agreement was formalized during discussions between the Indian Prime Minister and Qatari Amir Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al-Thani.
Key Exports and Imports: In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s exports to Qatar were valued at USD 1.96 billion, while imports from Qatar reached USD 16.8 billion. Major exports from Qatar to India include liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and petrochemicals, whereas India exports cereals, textiles, machinery, and precious stones to Qatar.
Energy Cooperation: Qatar is India’s largest supplier of LNG and LPG, accounting for over 48% of India’s LNG imports and 29% of its LPG imports in FY 2022-23. This energy trade has been a cornerstone of the bilateral relationship, with long-term contracts in place for continued supply.
Investment Opportunities: Qatari investments in India have surpassed USD 1.5 billion, focusing on sectors such as telecommunications, retail, and infrastructure. Indian companies are also increasingly investing in Qatar, with significant contributions from firms like Larsen & Toubro and Wipro.
Future Prospects: Both countries are exploring avenues beyond energy, looking to enhance cooperation in technology, manufacturing, and entrepreneurship. The recent discussions included the potential for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to further facilitate trade relations.
Why is Qatar important to India?
Energy Security: As a major LNG supplier, Qatar plays a crucial role in ensuring India’s energy security, accounting for over 48% of India’s LNG imports. Example: India imports around 8.5 million tonnes of LNG annually from Qatar, covering a significant portion of its energy demand.
Trade & Investment: Bilateral trade is growing, with plans to double it to $28 billion and explore a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Example: Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) has invested in Indian companies like Reliance Jio and Adani Green Energy.
Indian Diaspora & Remittances: Over 800,000 Indians work in Qatar, making them the largest expatriate group.Example: Indian workers send billions in remittances to India annually, supporting the economy and families back home.
Strategic & Security Cooperation: The new Strategic Partnership Agreement enhances cooperation in defence, intelligence sharing, and counterterrorism. Example: India and Qatar conduct joint naval exercises to ensure maritime security in the Gulf region.
Geopolitical & Diplomatic Influence: Qatar plays a key role in West Asian diplomacy, including mediation in conflicts like Israel-Palestine and Taliban negotiations. Example: India engages with Qatar on regional issues to maintain stability and secure energy interests.
What are the benefits of recent deals between India and Qatar related to LNG?
Duration and Volume: The new agreement extends the supply of 7.5 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA) of LNG from Qatar to India for an additional 20 years, from 2028 to 2048. This is an extension of the existing contract that was set to expire in 2028.
Pricing Structure: The renewed deal is expected to offer LNG at rates lower than current prices, potentially saving India around $6 billion over the life of the contract. The pricing structure will differ from previous terms, eliminating fixed charges and allowing for more flexible pricing based on market conditions.
Energy Security: This agreement is crucial for India’s energy security, as Qatar currently supplies about 35% of India’s LNG imports. The deal ensures a stable and reliable supply of natural gas, which is essential for various sectors, including power generation, fertilizers, and city gas distribution.
What are the challenges between India and Qatar?
Legal & Human Rights Issues: Several Indian workers face legal challenges in Qatar, including imprisonment and labor rights concerns. Example: Former Indian Navy officer Commander Purnendu Tiwary remains in Qatari custody, despite the repatriation of seven other detained Indian naval personnel in 2024.
Geopolitical Differences: India and Qatar have differing views on regional issues like Israel-Palestine and Middle East conflicts. Example: India supports a two-state solution, while Qatar has close ties with Hamas, leading to potential diplomatic frictions.
Economic Dependence on Energy Imports: India heavily relies on Qatar for LNG imports, making it vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. Example: Any geopolitical instability in the Gulf or energy price hikes could impact India’s energy security and trade balance.
Way forward:
Diversifying Economic Engagement: Reduce dependency on energy trade by expanding cooperation in manufacturing, technology, and digital infrastructure. Example: Strengthening investments in sectors like fintech, healthcare, and logistics through bilateral agreements and joint ventures.
Enhancing Diplomatic and Security Cooperation: Deepen collaboration in counterterrorism, maritime security, and intelligence sharing to address regional security concerns. Example: Conduct more frequent joint naval exercises and establish structured dialogues on geopolitical issues like the Israel-Palestine conflict.
Addressing Legal and Labor Concerns: Strengthen diplomatic mechanisms to protect Indian workers’ rights and ensure fair treatment of those facing legal challenges in Qatar. Example: Expand labor agreements, improve grievance redressal mechanisms, and negotiate for faster repatriation of detainees, including Commander Purnendu Tiwary.
Recently, the Ministry of Education released the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (U-DISE+) data for the years 2022-23 and 2023-24.
Could India’s demographic dividend end before it becomes rich and ageing?
Declining School Enrolment Signals a Shrinking Youth Population: U-DISE+ data (2022-24) shows a 15.5 million drop (6%) in school enrolment since 2018-19, reflecting a demographic shift. This means that fewer young people will enter the workforce in the future.
Over the past decade, school enrolment in India has dropped by 24.51 million (9.45%), with elementary-level enrolment seeing the sharpest decline of 18.7 million (13.45%). While secondary enrolment fell by 1.43 million (3.75%), senior secondary enrolment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%).
Shift in Schooling Patterns: Government and aided school enrolments have declined significantly, while private schools saw only a slight rise. The number of schools has also reduced by 79,109 (5.1%) since 2017-18, reflecting a long-term demographic transition rather than a temporary trend.
Falling Fertility Rate Below Replacement Level: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1. A declining birth rate leads to an ageing population without sufficient workforce replenishment.
Aging Population Before Achieving High-Income Status: Japan and China leveraged their demographic dividend before ageing, but India may age before industrializing fully. It leads to a higher dependency ratio and increased pension and healthcare burdens.
Labor Market and Economic Growth Concerns: China’s workforce peaked in 2011, leading to labour shortages and slower growth. India might face a similar scenario. It led to reduced economic productivity and difficulty sustaining high GDP growth.
Decline in Number of Schools and Future Workforce Readiness: The number of schools in India declined by 79,109 (5.1%) from 2017-18 to 2023-24, indicating fewer children. Fewer skilled workers, potentially impacting India’s aspirations to become a global manufacturing and service hub.
Demographic Shift: The school-age population (6-17 years) has decreased by 17.30 million (5.78%) due to lower fertility rates (2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.10), leading to fewer children in elementary and secondary education.
What challenges are associated with enrollment?
Economic Strain Due to a Shrinking Workforce: A declining working-age population may slow economic growth, limiting India’s ability to generate sufficient income to support an aging society. Example: India’s fertility rate dropped to 2.01 in 2022, below the replacement level of 2.1, indicating a future decline in the labor force.
Educational System Under Pressure: Falling elementary-level enrollment has reduced demand for schools and teachers, potentially affecting education quality. Meanwhile, senior secondary enrollment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%) over the past decade, putting strain on higher education infrastructure. Example: Elementary school enrollment fell by 18.7 million (13.45%) in the last decade, signaling a demographic shift impacting resource allocation.
Growing Educational and Economic Inequality: Government and aided schools, which serve marginalized communities, saw a sharp enrollment decline of 19.89 million (13.8%) and 4.95 million (16.41%), respectively, while private schools saw a slight increase, widening the education gap. Example: Enrollment in private unaided schools rose by 1.61 million (2.03%), indicating a shift toward private education that is less accessible to low-income groups.
How might this impact society?
Shrinking Workforce & Economic Slowdown: Fewer young people entering the job market may lead to labor shortages, reducing economic productivity. Example: Japan and South Korea struggle with aging populations, leading to workforce gaps and slower growth.
Increased Social Inequality: Government school enrollment decline disproportionately affects marginalized communities, widening the education gap. Example: In rural India, fewer children in government schools may limit upward mobility and economic opportunities.
Strain on Higher Education & Skill Shortages: A decline in secondary-level enrollment can result in fewer skilled workers, affecting industries reliant on educated labor. Example: IT and manufacturing sectors may face talent shortages, impacting India’s competitiveness in global markets.
Higher Dependency Ratio & Welfare Burden: With an aging population and fewer workers, the burden on healthcare and pension systems will rise. Example: Countries like Italy and Germany face financial stress due to increased elderly care costs.
Changing Consumer & Housing Markets: Lower youth populations may reduce demand for housing, schooling, and consumer goods, shifting economic dynamics. Example: Fewer school-age children may lead to school closures, teacher unemployment, and real estate downturns in urban centers.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aims to transform the education system by ensuring universal access, equity, and quality learning from early childhood to higher education.
Targets a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and emphasizes vocational training to meet future workforce demands.
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: A centrally sponsored initiative that integrates existing education programs to provide inclusive and equitable education from pre-school to senior secondary levels.
Focuses on reducing gender and social disparities, enhancing infrastructure, and promoting digital learning.
Skill India Mission: Aim to train over 400 million people in industry-relevant skills to support economic growth.
Includes Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) for skill training and certification to boost employability.
Way forward:
Enhancing Educational Access & Quality: Need to strengthen government school infrastructure, improve teacher training, and expand digital learning to bridge educational disparities and ensure skill readiness.
Strategic Workforce & Economic Planning: Align skill development programs with future industry needs, promote labor-intensive sectors, and implement policies to balance workforce participation and aging demographics.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)
Recently, the Supreme Court agreed to give priority to a hearing on February 19 regarding petitions challenging a new law that gives the central government more control over appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
What are the issues related to CEC?
Challenge to the 2023 Law: The Supreme Court is hearing petitions challenging the validity of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act, 2023. This law is under scrutiny because it excludes the Chief Justice of India (CJI) from the selection panel for Election Commissioners.
Petitioners argue that the government excluded the CJI from the selection process, making it a “mockery of democracy”. They allege that the appointments of the CEC and EC under the 2023 law disregard a Constitution Bench ruling that mandated the inclusion of the CJI in the selection panel.
Opposition Dissent: Congress submitted a dissent note, stating that the process of choosing the Election Commissioner and CEC should be free from executive interference and that removing the CJI exacerbates concerns about the integrity of the electoral process.
Concerns About Neutrality: The current selection committee composition, consisting of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, is viewed by some as being biased towards the ruling party, which could impinge on the Election Commission’s neutrality.
What is the process for the appointment of CEC?
Article 324 of the Constitution – Empowers the Election Commission of India (ECI) to supervise, direct, and control elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President.
Tenure & Conditions (Article 324(5)) – The CEC enjoys a fixed tenure and can only be removed in the manner prescribed for a Supreme Court judge (i.e., through impeachment). However, Election Commissioners can be removed based on the CEC’s recommendation.
Supreme Court Judgments:
S.S. Dhanoa v. Union of India (1991) – Reaffirmed the security of tenure for Election Commissioners.
T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995) – Strengthened the autonomy of the Election Commission.
Anoop Baranwal Case (2023) – Laid down a structured appointment process to ensure neutrality, later altered by the 2023 Act.
Prior to 2023 Law: The Supreme Court had directed that the CECs and Election Commissioners be appointed by the President based on the advice of a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha/leader of the single largest party in Opposition, and the Chief Justice of India.
The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 – Codified the appointment process but replaced the CJI with a Cabinet Minister in the selection process. According to this act, Election Commissioners are selected by a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha.
Recent Appointment: Gyanesh Kumar was recently appointed as the new CEC, and Dr. Vivek Joshi as an Election Commissioner.
What are the legal and constitutional basis of CEC?
Section 7(1) of the Act: The petitions specifically challenge the validity of Section 7(1) of the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners Act. This section outlines the selection committee for appointing the CEC and Election Commissioners, which includes the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
The petitions before the Supreme Court question whether Parliament has the authority to nullify or amend a Constitution Bench judgment through legislation
Article 141 of the Constitution: The Supreme Court will consider whether the 2023 Act circumvents or dilutes the apex court’s authority to pronounce binding decisions under Article 141 of the Constitution.
Dilution of Supreme Court Judgment: Petitioners argue that the 2023 law dilutes the Supreme Court’s judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case, which aimed to ensure an independent Election Commission free from executive influence.
Way forward:
Restore Judicial Oversight: Reinstate the Chief Justice of India in the selection panel to uphold judicial independence and maintain the neutrality of the Election Commission.
Legislative Safeguards: Enact a comprehensive law ensuring a transparent and bipartisan appointment process, reducing executive dominance and reinforcing democratic principles.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC IAS/2022)
The Centre is actively considering increasing the deposit insurance cover beyond the current ₹5 lakh limit, as confirmed by Financial Services Secretary.
What is Deposit Insurance?
Deposit Insurance is a financial protectionmechanism for depositors if a bank fails or faces restrictions imposed by the RBI.
It ensures compensation up to a set limit, even if the bank cannot return the money.
It is provided by Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC), a subsidiary of RBI.
Coverage & Exclusions:
Covers: Savings accounts, fixed deposits (FDs), recurring deposits (RDs), current accounts (both principal & interest).
Does NOT cover: Deposits from foreign governments, central/state governments, inter-bank deposits, and primary cooperative societies.
History of Deposit Insurance in India:
1962: First in Asia to introduce Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC), covering ₹1,500 per depositor.
1978: Merged with the Credit Guarantee Corporation to form DICGC.
1993: Deposit limit raised to ₹1 lakh.
2020: After the PMC Bank crisis in Pune, the limit was increased from ₹1 lakh to ₹5 lakh.
2021: Law amended to ensure insured payouts within 90 days of a bank facing restrictions.
About DICGC & Its Functions
DICGC was established in 1961, a wholly-owned RBI subsidiary under the DICGC Act, 1961.
It covers all commercial banks, regional rural banks, foreign banks in India, and cooperative banks.
Banks pay the insurance premium; depositors do not pay any charges.
It ensures timely compensation within 90 days of a bank’s collapse.
How does Deposit Insurance work?
DICGC insures deposits up to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank.
The ₹5 lakh limit includes both principal and interest amounts.
If a bank is facing financial distress or RBI-imposed restrictions, depositors are eligible to claim insurance under Section 18A of the DICGC Act, 1961.
Payout Timeline:
Within 45 days: The troubled bank must submit a list of depositors to DICGC.
Within 90 days: DICGC processes and pays depositors up to ₹5 lakh.
If a bank goes into liquidation, DICGC pays the insured amount within two months of receiving a claim list from the bank’s liquidator.
When RBI restricts withdrawals from a bank, depositors are eligible to receive their insured deposits.
PYQ:
[2013]Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (2013)
Regional Rural Banks
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Land Development Banks
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
It has been 10 years since the Soil Health Card Scheme was introduced by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on 19th February 2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan.
What is the Soil Health Card Scheme?
The SHC Scheme was launched to analyze soil quality and provide personalized recommendations to farmers for nutrient management and soil fertility improvement.
The scheme is implemented by the Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare.
It has been integrated into Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) since 2022-23 under the Soil Health & Fertility component.
Key Features of the Soil Health Card Scheme:
SHC evaluates 12 parameters, including:
Macronutrients: N, P, K, S.
Micronutrients: Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B.
Physical & Chemical Properties: pH, EC, OC.
Samples collected twice a year (post-Rabi and Kharif).
Grid-based sampling: 2.5 ha in irrigated areas, 10 ha in rain-fed areas.
SHC Portal & Mobile App enable online tracking, GPS-tagged samples, and QR-coded test results.
Village-Level Soil Testing Labs (VLSTLs): 665 VLSTLs established across 17 states for local soil testing.
School Soil Health Programme: Implemented in 1020 schools, with 1000 soil testing labs and 125,972 students enrolled.
Successes and Limitations of SHC:
Success:
Crop Yields & Productivity Increased (8-10%) through optimized fertilizer application.
Farmers saved up to ₹5,000 per hectare by using balanced fertilizers.
India and Japan are set to commence the 6th edition of the Dharma Guardian military exercise at Mount Fuji.
Other India-Japan Military Exercises
JIMEX (Japan-India Maritime Exercise): Naval cooperation between the Indian Navy and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).
Veer Guardian: Joint air force exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).
Malabar Exercise: Japan participates along with India, the US, and Australia (Quad nations) in this high-level naval exercise.
AboutExercise Dharma Guardian
It is an annual joint military exercise between the Indian Army and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), conducted alternatively in India and Japan.
It was commenced in 2018
The 6th edition will be held from February 25 to March 9, 2025, at Mount Fuji, Japan.
120 Indian soldiers from the Madras Regiment will participate, focusing on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations.
Key Features:
Joint Counter-Terrorism Training: Focus on urban and semi-desert warfare.
Advanced Tactical Drills: Close-quarters combat, live fire, and battlefield medical evacuation.
China’s Tsangpo Dam threatens India’s water security, environment, and geopolitical stability. The UPSC often frames questions on such topics by linking them to geopolitics, environmental concerns, and India’s national security. A common mistake students make is focusing only on surface-level news. They memorize facts but miss the bigger picture—how it connects to past trends, and what solutions India can explore. This article bridges that gap by breaking down the dam’s impact in a structured way, making it easier to develop a well-rounded answer. One standout feature of this article is its Back2Basics section, which simplifies complex water-sharing issues between India and China. It ensures you not only understand current affairs but also master the static concepts that UPSC loves to test.
PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES:
GS 2: With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. [2014]
GS 2: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relation ship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? [2024]
Microthemes: Bilateral Relations
On December 25, China approved the construction of the Tsangpo Dam, set to become the world’s largest hydropower project. It will be built on the Yarlung Tsangpo River (which becomes the Brahmaputra in India) in Tibet and is expected to generate a massive 60,000 MW of electricity—three times more than the current record-holder, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River.
While China promotes the dam as a clean energy project, it has raised serious concerns, particularly for downstream countries like India. The sheer scale of the project brings up major issues around water sharing, environmental impact, and regional stability, making it a highly sensitive geopolitical matter.
ABOUT YARLUNG-TSANGPO PROJECT
Location: The dam will be built on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, near the border with India. This river is known as the Brahmaputra once it flows into India and later into Bangladesh.
Scale: The dam is set to become the world’s largest hydropower project, with an estimated capacity of 60,000 megawatts (MW). This is three times the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam in China, which currently holds the record for the largest hydropower project.
Purpose: China describes the project as a clean energy initiative aimed at reducing its reliance on fossil fuels and meeting its climate goals. Hydropower is a renewable energy source, and the dam is expected to significantly contribute to China’s energy needs.
WHY DOES CHINA WANT THE YARLUNG TSANGPO MEGA PROJECT?
Energy Security & Sustainability:
The river’s steep drop and strong flow make it ideal for generating hydroelectric power.
Helps China reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and move toward its goal of net-zero emissions by 2060.
Solving Northern China’s Water Crisis:
Northern China faces severe water shortages due to overuse, industrialization, and climate change.
Controlling the river’s flow could help redirect water northward under China’s South-North Water Diversion Project, easing water stress in dry regions like Beijing, Hebei, and Tianjin.
Geopolitical Strategy:
The project gives China control over the river, impacting India and Bangladesh, which rely on it for agriculture and daily life.
It could be used as a bargaining tool in India-China relations since changes in water flow would directly affect Northeast India.
Boosting Tibet’s Economy:
Aims to develop Tibet by bringing in investment and infrastructure.
Expected to generate ¥20 billion ($3 billion) annually, creating jobs and economic growth in the underdeveloped region.
POSSIBLE IMPACTS ON INDIA
Threat to Agriculture: The Brahmaputra enriches soil with silt in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, making the land fertile. A dam could block silt flow, reducing soil quality and harming farming.
Water Disruptions: China says it’s a run-of-the-river project (which doesn’t store water), but experts warn it could still alter river flow. This could cause water shortages in dry seasons and floods during monsoons, putting Assam and nearby regions at risk.
China’s Control Over Water as a Weapon: Being upstream, China has significant control over the Brahmaputra. It has withheld crucial water data before, such as during the 2017 Doklam standoff, raising fears of water being used as a geopolitical tool.
Earthquake Risks: The Himalayas are a highly active earthquake zone. A massive dam here increases the risk of catastrophic flooding if an earthquake damages the structure.
Environmental Impact: The dam threatens the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, home to endangered species.When combined with deforestation, climate change, and soil erosion, it could permanently harm biodiversity.
WAY FORWARD
Diplomatic Pressure:
Push for transparency and cooperation through diplomatic channels.
Publicly challenge China’s claims that the project won’t harm downstream countries.
India’s Own Hydropower Projects:
Fast-track India’s 10 GW Dibang Valley hydropower project in Arunachal Pradesh to counterbalance China’s dam.
Global Advocacy:
Work with international forums to push for stricter global rules on transboundary water governance.
Better Water Data Sharing:
Strengthen and extend hydrological data-sharing agreements with China for better flood forecasting and disaster management.
Alliances with Other Affected Countries:
Collaborate with Bangladesh and other lower riparian nations to oppose China’s unilateral water control.
Disaster Preparedness:
Invest in resilient infrastructure and early warning systems to reduce risks from upstream activities.
Conclusion
China’s Yarlung Tsangpo dam is a double-edged sword—it highlights the urgency of managing shared water resources but also challenges India’s security and ecology. A balanced approach, focusing on diplomacy, strategic projects, and environmental safeguards, is crucial for India to navigate this complex issue.
#BACK2BASICS: INDIA-CHINA WATER RELATIONS
The Trans-border rivers flowing from China to India fall into two main groups i.e. The Brahmaputra river system on the Eastern side, which consist of river Siang (main stream of river Brahmaputra) and its tributaries, namely Subansiri and Lohit and the Indus river system on the Western side consists of river Indus and the river Sutlej.
INDIA-CHINA COORDINATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS
Existing Agreements:
A 2013 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) covers cooperation but lacks real engagement.
Separate MoUs exist for the Brahmaputra and Sutlej rivers, but their effectiveness is inconsistent.
Brahmaputra MoU:
Focuses on hydrological data sharing during monsoons.
Last renewed in 2018, but it lapsed in 2023, and discussions are ongoing.
Sutlej MoU:
Created after the 2004 Parechu Lake incident, it monitors glacial lake outbursts.
However, it doesn’t ensure year-round data sharing.
Expert-Level Mechanism (ELM):
Established during President Hu Jintao’s visit to India in 2006.
Meets yearly to discuss flood data, emergencies, and river issues.
International Water Law:
Neither India nor China has signed the 1997 UN Convention on Watercourses, but both follow key principles like fair use of shared water.
Issues in Water cooperation in India China Relations
Issue
Description
Suboptimal Cooperation
China shares hydrological data on the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo) and Sutlej only during the monsoon season, limiting year-round cooperation.
Differential Approach
China has stronger water cooperation with Bangladesh, collaborating on flood forecasting, water technologies, and water management, while engagement with India remains limited.
Border Dispute Overshadowing Water Talks
The India-China border dispute often dominates discussions, preventing progress on key water-sharing issues like water rights, dam impacts, and river diversions.
Multilateral vs. Bilateral Approach
China prefers multilateral water-sharing frameworks, while India favors bilateral agreements (as seen with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh). – In 2015, China signed the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) with five other countries, bypassing the ADB-led Mekong River Commission, which it never joined. – The LMC aligns with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and focuses on land, water connectivity, and river management.
Lack of Transparency in Chinese Projects
China undertakes dam and water diversion projects in Tibet without sharing information or impact assessments, raising concerns for downstream countries like India.
Need for greater cooperation
Issue
Description
Environmental Degradation
China’s infrastructure projects in Tibet ignore environmental concerns, causing severe ecological damage and transboundary impacts. Example: The Siang River (Brahmaputra’s main artery) turned blackish-grey as it entered India, likely due to Chinese activities upstream.
Weakening of Indian Monsoon
Climate systems are globally interconnected, and geoengineering experiments in Tibet could alter moisture patterns, potentially weakening the Indian monsoon and affecting rainfall across Asia.
Threat to Biodiversity
Both Tibet (China) and the Indian Himalayan ecosystem are among the world’s most biodiverse regions. Unregulated mineral and water resource exploitation threatens fragile ecosystems.
Warming of the Tibetan Plateau
Known as the “Third Pole”, Tibet has the largest ice mass outside the Arctic and Antarctica. However, it is now warming nearly three times the global average, impacting its role as Asia’s freshwater source, main water supplier, and key rainmaker.
Loss of Water Flow
Climate models predict that Himalayan rivers will first see increased flows due to glacial melting, followed by a 10-20% reduction by 2050. This will impact hydropower generation and intensify regional water conflicts.
Humanitarian Risks
Environmental instability increases the risk of flash floods, landslides, and dam bursts, leading to widespread loss of lives, wildlife, livelihoods, and infrastructure in India’s Northeast and Bangladesh.
A magnitude 4 earthquake struck New Delhi with epicentre near Dhaula Kuan. The quake was shallow (5 km depth), highlighting Delhi’s seismic vulnerability due to its location in Zone IV of India’s earthquake hazard map.
Possible Causes of the Earthquake
Tectonic Activity along the Delhi-Hardwar Ridge:
Delhi sits on the Delhi-Hardwar Ridge, an active seismic fault.
Continuous collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates builds tectonic stress, leading to earthquakes when stress is released.
Groundwater Extraction as a Seismic Trigger: Excessive exploitation alters rock pressure, potentially inducing fault movements.
Anthropogenic (Human-Induced) Activity:
Urbanization, metro construction, and large-scale infrastructure projects alter subsurface stress.
Vibrations from construction activities can contribute to localized seismic instability.
About the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt
The Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt is a major geological formation that extends from southern Rajasthan to Haryana and Delhi.
It consists of ancient folded rock formations that have undergone millions of years of geological transformation.
This region has several pre-existing faults, meaning seismic activity can occur without direct tectonic subduction.
Although historically more active, tectonic movements in the belt have slowed over time.
These earthquakes occur due to fault reactivation and local stress accumulation rather than large-scale tectonic shifts.
Himalayan earthquakes are caused by subduction, where the Indian plate moves under the Eurasian plate.
PYQ:
[2021] Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.
[2015] The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
