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Subject: Biodiversity

1. Ecology & Ecosystems
2. Indian Biodiversity

  • New Marine Species: Parhyale Odian from Chilika Lake

    Introduction

    • Researchers at Berhampur University in Odisha have made a remarkable discovery, unveiling a new species of marine amphipod from Chilika Lake, Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon on India’s east coast.

    About Parhyale Odian

    • Parhyale odian is a newly discovered species of marine amphipod.
    • It belongs to the genus Parhyale and was found in Chilika Lake, Odisha, India.
    • The species was named after the native language of Odisha, Odia.
    • Its discovery raises the global species count within the genus Parhyale to 16.
    • It is approximately eight millimeters in length and brown in color.
    • Parhyale odian possesses 13 pairs of legs.
    • Its distinguishing feature is a stout robust seta on the surface of the propodus of the male gnathopod.

  • Horseshoe Crab: Living Fossils of the Sea

    Horseshoe Crab

    Introduction

    • Environmental groups have petitioned the U.S. government to grant endangered species protection to the American horseshoe crab.
    • Horseshoe crabs, often called “living fossils,” have existed since before the age of dinosaurs.

    About Horseshoe Crab

    Description
    Habitat Shallow coastal waters with soft sandy or muddy bottoms;

    Spawns primarily on intertidal beaches during summer-spring high tides.
    Taxonomic Division Chelicerata, a division of Arthropoda, comprising spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, and ticks; characterized by segmented body and limbs, and a chitinous exoskeleton.
    Status Referred to as a marine “living fossil” due to minimal evolutionary changes over time.
    Geographic Range American horseshoe crab: Eastern coast of the USA and the Gulf of Mexico.

    Indo-Pacific species (Tri-spine, Coastal, Mangrove): Mainly in coastal waters of India, Southeast Asia, China, and Japan.
    Habitat in India Odisha serves as the largest habitat for horseshoe crabs in India.
    Conservation Status Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
    IUCN Status American horseshoe crab: Vulnerable.

    Tri-spine horseshoe crab: Endangered.

    Other two are not listed yet.

  • Cameroon adopts Nagoya Protocol

    Introduction

    • Cameroon’s recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol marks a significant step towards harnessing its rich biodiversity for sustainable development.

    Cameroon’s Biodiversity Wealth

    • Biodiversity Hotspot: Cameroon hosts approximately 11,000 species, offering immense genetic resources for research and development.
    • Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities possess invaluable traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, contributing to bioprospecting (search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.).
    • Bioprospecting Potential: Bioprospecting projects, such as those focusing on species like Irvingia wombulu, present opportunities for sustainable resource utilization.

    About Nagoya Protocol

    Details
    Purpose Implements access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
    Adoption October 2010
    Entry into Force October 12, 2014
    Legal Status Legally binding global agreement
    Objective Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources
    Membership India is a member
    Benefits
    • Establishes a framework for accessing genetic resources for research
    • Provides certainty for investment in biodiversity-based research
    • Ensures fair sharing of benefits from resource use
    • Recognizes the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
    Scope
    • Genetic resources covered by the CBD
    • Benefits arising from their utilization
    • Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their utilization

     

    Key Facts about Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):

    Description
    Adoption Date Opened for signing in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro
    Objectives Conservation of biological diversity,

    Sustainable use of biological diversity,

    Fair and equitable benefit sharing
    Membership 196 contracting parties
    Scope Covers biodiversity conservation at all levels:

    Ecosystems, Species, and Genetic resources
    Decision-Making Body Conference of the Parties (COP)
    Secretariat Based in Montreal, Canada
    Supporting Agreements
    • Cartagena Protocol (2000) for regulating LMOs movement,
    • Nagoya Protocol (2010) for access and benefit sharing

  • Rare Dusted Apollo Butterfly Spotted in Himachal Pradesh

    butterfly

    Introduction

    • In a remarkable discovery, the elusive Dusted Apollo butterfly (Parnassius stenosemus) was sighted and photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh.

    Dusted Apollo

    • Historical Rarity: Dusted Apollo is a rare high-altitude butterfly, initially discovered in 1890.
    • Sighting Details: The butterfly was spotted and photographed in September 2023 during a trek to Manimahesh Lake in Chamba.
    • Wide Range: The Dusted Apollo’s distribution extends from Ladakh to West Nepal.
    • Altitude Preference: This unique butterfly thrives at altitudes ranging from 3,500 to 4,800 meters in the inner Himalayas.
    • Comparing Species: Dusted Apollo closely resembles Ladakh Banded Apollo (Parnnasius stoliczkanus) but exhibits distinct features.

    Implications for Conservation

    • Rare Find: Dusted Apollo had never been photographed in Himachal Pradesh before.
    • Additional Discovery: Another rare species, Regal Apollo (Parnnasius charltonius), was also photographed at Manimahesh, protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
    • Commercial Significance: Apollo butterflies are commercially valuable and are targeted by poachers, emphasizing the need for conservation.
    • Endangered Species: Many Apollo butterfly species are endangered and require immediate conservation efforts.
    • Community Awareness: Raising awareness about poaching and the significance of these species is vital for their protection.
    • Conservation Measures: Suggested measures include establishing butterfly parks and conservation reserves in the state to safeguard these fragile creatures.

  • New Species of Burrowing Frog: Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu

    Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu

    Introduction

    • In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unveiled an entirely new frog species Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu, the rain-welcoming frog, thriving within the urban landscape of Bengaluru.

    About Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu

    • A Fresh Discovery: Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu is not just a frog; it’s a newly identified frog species.
    • Name’s Significance: The name ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ derives its meaning from its unique behavior of emerging from burrows with the onset of early showers, symbolizing its affinity for rain.
    • Distinctive Attributes: This recently unearthed amphibian boasts distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from known frog species.
    • Urban Adaptation: What sets Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu apart is its remarkable adaptation to urban surroundings. It showcases behaviors and physical attributes that equip it to overcome challenges posed by urbanization.
    • Scientific Confirmation: The research team employed advanced genetic analysis, in-depth morphological studies, and bio-acoustics to definitively establish the distinctiveness of this newfound amphibian.

  • India has 718 snow leopards; most of them live in unprotected areas: Centre

    Central Idea:

    The report on the status of snow leopards in India, released by the Government of India and non-profit organizations, reveals that only 34% of the snow leopard habitat is legally protected. With snow leopards present in the country, the report emphasizes the need for a dedicated Snow Leopard Cell at the Wildlife Institute of India for long-term population monitoring and conservation efforts.

    Key Highlights:

    • Snow Leopard Population: India is home to snow leopards, and their habitat covers square kilometers.
    • Legal Protection: Only a third of the snow leopard habitat in India is legally protected, posing a significant threat to the species.
    • Unprotected Areas: Nearly 70% of the crucial snow leopard habitat remains unprotected, highlighting the need for conservation measures.
    • Population Assessment: The four-year assessment conducted by SPAI using camera traps identified unique individuals.
    • Hotspots: Ladakh has the highest number of snow leopards, followed by Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

    Key Challenges:

    • Limited Legal Protection: The majority of snow leopard habitat lacks legal safeguards, exposing them to potential threats.
    • Undefined Range: The absence of an extensive nationwide analysis has left the snow leopard range in India undefined.
    • Population Estimate: The need for a revised estimate arises, challenging the previous range of snow leopards in India.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Snow Leopard Cell: Proposed dedicated unit for long-term monitoring and conservation efforts.
    • SPAI: The Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India, coordinating the assessment.
    • Camera Traps: Utilized for capturing images of snow leopards at locations.
    • Vulnerable: Snow leopards are classified as ‘Vulnerable’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List.

    Key Quotes:

    • “The snow leopard range in India remained undefined due to lack of an extensive nationwide analysis.”
    • “Regular assessments will offer valuable insights for identifying challenges, addressing threats, and formulating effective conservation strategies.”

    Key Statements:

    • The report emphasizes the necessity of a Snow Leopard Cell for effective conservation strategies.
    • Regular population assessments are crucial for understanding challenges and threats to snow leopards.

    Key Examples and References:

    • The report cites Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh as hotspots for snow leopards.
    • SPAI, with partners like the Wildlife Institute of India, conducted the assessment using camera traps.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • Snow leopard occupancy was recorded in square kilometers, with an estimated presence in square kilometers.

    Critical Analysis:

    The report underscores the urgent need for increased legal protection and a dedicated conservation approach, citing the inadequacy of the previous population estimate and the undefined snow leopard range. The increased coverage of the region compared to 2016 is noted, but challenges persist, requiring immediate attention.

    Way Forward:

    • Establish Snow Leopard Cell: Create the proposed Snow Leopard Cell for consistent monitoring and organized studies.
    • Regular Assessments: Adopt a periodic population estimation approach every fourth year for continuous insights.
    • Legal Safeguards: Increase legal protection for the remaining unprotected snow leopard habitat.
    • Revised Population Estimate: Conduct a revised assessment to accurately determine the snow leopard population in India.
    • Public Awareness: Increase public awareness to garner support for snow leopard conservation efforts.

  • Specie in news: Megamouth Shark

    Megamouth Shark

    Central Idea

    • In a historic moment for marine biology, a pregnant megamouth shark, a rare and elusive deepwater species, was discovered washed up on a beach in the Philippines.
    • This is only the 60th ever seen and the first ever observed to be pregnant.

    About Megamouth Shark

    Details
    Scientific Name Megachasma pelagios
    Discovery First discovered in 1976 off the coast of Hawaii.
    Appearance Large mouth, bulbous head, rubbery lip, dark grey/black body with a white underbelly.
    Size Up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length.
    Diet Filter feeder, consuming plankton, jellyfish, and small fish.
    Habitat Deepwater species, found at depths of 150 to 1,000 meters (490 to 3,280 feet).
    Behavior Rarely seen, swims with mouth open to filter food.
    Reproduction Presumed to be ovoviviparous, but details are largely unknown.
    Distribution Wide but rare distribution in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
    Conservation Status Least Concerned (IUCN)
    Scientific Interest Valued for its unique anatomy and role in the deep-sea ecosystem.

     

  • Species in news: Doubled-humped Camels

    camel

    Central Idea

    • Indian Army has inducted double-humped camels for patrolling and logistical support along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh.

    About Double-Humped Camels

    • The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), is also known as the Mongolian camel, domestic Bactrian camel or two-humped camel.
    • Their name comes from the ancient historical region of Bactria.
    • It is a large even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of Central Asia.
    • It has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped dromedary.
    • The humps are plump and pliable. They store fat, which can be converted into water and energy when food and water resources are scarce during harsh winters.
    • A small population of Bactrian camel exists in the Nubra valley of Ladakh.

    Significance of deployment

    • These camels serve to patrol the LAC and provide logistical aid to troops in the difficult, barren landscape of Eastern Ladakh.
    • They can carry 170 kg and patrol up to 15 km without rest, surpassing the load capacity of mules previously used by the army.
    • The Army’s 14 corps is deploying these camels in strategic areas like Depsang and Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO) along the LAC.

    Try this PYQ from the 2019 CS Prelims:

    Q. Consider the following statements:

    1. Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only.
    2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
    3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”4pzhmg3s4f” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • New species: Abelmoschus Odishae

    odisha

    Central Idea

    • A scientist from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) recently discovered a new plant species of ‘wild okra’ named ‘Abelmoschus Odishae’.

    Wild Okra (Abelmoschus Odishae)

    • Its discovery occurred in a humid deciduous forest within the Banspal block of Keonjhar district, in Odisha.
    • This plant holds potential for use in hybridization to develop improved varieties with enhanced disease resistance.
    • It could significantly contribute to broadening the genetic diversity of okra.
    • Characteristics:
      1. This perennial shrub reaches up to 5 meters in height and features a densely hispid, spiny stem with backward-facing hairs.
      2. The plant is adorned with large, vibrant yellow flowers.
      3. Its seeds are nearly kidney-shaped, with short, robust, non-spiral trichomes.
      4. The seeds exhibit a high viability rate of 95 percent.

    About Okra

    • Commonly referred to as gumbo or ladies’ fingers, okra is a vegetable favored in warm climates.
    • Originating from the Eastern Hemisphere’s tropics, it is now extensively grown or found naturally in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere.
    • Rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber, okra is a nutritious choice.
    • The vegetable is known for its mild flavor and distinctive texture, featuring a peach-like fuzz on its exterior and small, consumable seeds inside.

  • ‘Music Frog’ Species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh

    Music Frog

    Central Idea

    • Scientists have identified a new species of ‘music frog’, named Nidirana noadihing, in Arunachal Pradesh, India.

    Nidirana noadihing: The Music Frog

    • Location: It came from the place, Noa-Dihing River, from where the specimens were collected.
    • Size: The frogs grow up to 6 cm, with males measuring between 1.8 to 2.3 inches and females between 2.4 to 2.6 inches.
    • Appearance: They have a robust body, a rounded snout, smooth skin with bony protrusions on their backs, and a pale cream line bordered with dark brown running down their bodies.
    • Eye Features: The frogs have irregularly shaped spots on their eyelids, moderately large eyes with gold-rimmed pupils, and dark brown irises with a golden spackle.
    • Colouration: Their throat, forelimbs, thighs, and lower legs are light brown and pinkish, while their groin and the outside of their thighs are pale yellow with irregular dark olive patches.

    Habitat and Behavior

    • Habitat: Nidirana noadihing inhabits swamps, ponds, and paddy fields, often constructing nests for egg-laying.
    • Vocalization: The species is distinguished by its unique call, which led to its discovery near the Noa-Dihing river.