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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • Plight of Prisoners with Disabilities needs attention SC

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has acknowledged a serious issue regarding the lack of disabled-friendly infrastructure in prisons, following a petition citing the trauma and inhumane conditions faced by Professor G. Saibaba and Stan Swamy.

    A bench comprising Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta noted that even the Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) lacks a legal framework to safeguard the rights of disabled prisoners.

    Challenges Faced by Disabled Prisoners:

    • Inaccessible Infrastructure: Most prisons lack ramps, handrails, wheelchair-accessible cells, and essential assistive devices.
    • Denial of Medical Care: Many disabled prisoners do not receive necessary medical treatment, physiotherapy, or even basic aids like hearing devices or walking supports.
    • Psychological Distress: Isolation, lack of facilities, and mistreatment lead to anxiety, depression, and deteriorating mental health among disabled prisoners.
    • Data Deficiency: No official records track the number or condition of disabled prisoners, making policy implementation difficult.

    Rights of Persons with Disabilities (in Prisons)

    • Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, ensuring that prisoners are not discriminated against based on disability.
    • Article 21 upholds the right to life and dignity, including humane treatment for prisoners.
    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 mandates accessible public spaces, medical care, and assistive devices for persons with disabilities, but implementation in prisons remains inadequate.
    • Model Prison Manual, 2016 recommends disability-friendly infrastructure such as ramps and medical care provisions, yet many states have not adopted these reforms.
    • Supreme Court Judgments:
      • In Upendra Baxi vs. State of U.P. (1983), the Supreme Court reaffirmed that prisoners are entitled to humane treatment.
      • In Rama Murthy vs. State of Karnataka (1996), the Court highlighted the urgent need for prison reform, including facilities for disabled inmates.
      • The Stan Swamy Case (2021) brought attention to the denial of essential assistive tools such as straws and sippers for Parkinson’s patients.

    Past Committees on Prison Reform:

    • Mulla Committee (1983):
      • Recommended improved prison infrastructure, special provisions for disabled inmates, and measures to reduce overcrowding.
      • Suggested protection against abuse and better training for prison staff.
    • Krishna Iyer Committee (1987): Focused on the welfare of women prisoners, recommending separate facilities, healthcare, and special provisions for pregnant inmates.
    • Justice A.N. Mulla Committee (1993): Emphasized the need for humane treatment and rehabilitation, along with stricter measures against custodial torture.
    • Justice Krishna Iyer Report (2000): Called for legal aid for undertrial prisoners and mandatory inspections to monitor prison conditions.
    • Model Prison Manual (2016):
      • Provided guidelines for standardized prison reforms, including healthcare, accessibility, and rehabilitation programs.
      • Despite being issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, many states have failed to adopt its recommendations.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss.

     

  • [6th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Over-centralisation threatens federal health policy

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Welfare State, primary health structure (2021), and Public health system (2015).

    The Supreme Court’s judgment in Dr. Tanvi Behl vs Shrey Goyal (2025), striking down domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions, changes India’s medical education policy. While promoting merit, it overlooks how these reservations support State public health needs and may discourage States from investing in government medical colleges, weakening their healthcare systems.

    Today’s editorial discusses domicile-based reservations, which is useful for writing answers in UPSC Mains GS Paper 2 on Governance, especially regarding State policies and public health challenges.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The ruling that ended domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions ignores the practical challenges of managing public health.

    What are Domicile-based reservations? 

    • Domicile-based reservations are quotas in educational institutions or government jobs reserved for individuals who are permanent residents of a particular State or region. These reservations aim to address local needs, ensure regional representation, and retain skilled professionals within the State.
    • For example, in Tamil Nadu, a portion of post-graduate medical seats is reserved for candidates who have completed their medical education in the State.

    What are the key arguments made by the Supreme Court in striking down domicile-based reservations?

    • Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality): The Court held that domicile-based reservations in post-graduate medical admissions violate Article 14 of the Constitution, which guarantees equality before the law. Example: It argued that restricting access to medical seats based on domicile status is discriminatory against equally qualified non-local candidates.
    • Primacy of Meritocracy in Higher Education: The judgment emphasized that merit should be the primary criterion for post-graduate medical admissions to ensure the best candidates receive specialist training. Example: It relied on Pradeep Jain vs Union of India (1984), where the Court discouraged domicile-based quotas, stating that such policies dilute academic standards in advanced medical training.
    • Uniform and Centralized Medical Education Framework: The Court favored a national, merit-based system to maintain uniformity in medical admissions across States and prevent fragmentation. Example: It pointed to central institutions like AIIMS and PGIMER, which follow a centralized selection process without domicile reservations, ensuring open competition for all candidates.

    Why is domicile-based reservation considered crucial for State-level?

    • Retention of Specialist Doctors in Public Health Systems: Domicile quotas ensure that medical graduates trained in State institutions are more likely to serve within the State, addressing local health-care needs. Example: States with severe specialist shortages (e.g., rural Bihar or Odisha) rely on domicile-based reservations to retain medical professionals and improve health outcomes.
    • Alignment of State Investment with Local Workforce Needs: States invest substantial resources in medical education and expect returns through a local medical workforce. Domicile quotas ensure these investments benefit the State’s health infrastructure. Example: Tamil Nadu links domicile-based quotas to mandatory public service, ensuring that doctors trained using State funds serve in government hospitals.
    • Addressing Regional Health Disparities: Domicile reservations help in reducing regional imbalances by ensuring that underserved areas have access to medical specialists who understand local challenges. Example: Northeastern States with limited access to advanced medical care use domicile quotas to maintain a local pool of doctors familiar with tribal and rural health needs.
    • Predictable Medical Workforce Supply: States depend on domicile quotas to create a steady pipeline of medical specialists who can fulfill long-term public health needs. Example: Maharashtra implements domicile-based reservations to ensure consistent recruitment for rural health centers and district hospitals.
    • Incentivizing State Investment in Medical Education: If States cannot ensure that their medical graduates remain local, they may reduce funding for medical colleges, weakening health infrastructure. Example: Without domicile quotas, smaller States like Goa risk losing locally trained doctors to other regions, discouraging future investment in medical education.

    How does the ruling impact State incentives to invest in government medical colleges and public health infrastructure?

    • Reduced Motivation to Fund Medical Education: Without domicile-based reservations, States cannot ensure that doctors trained in government-funded colleges will stay and serve locally. This may discourage future investments in medical education. Example: Odisha may be less inclined to invest in new medical colleges if graduates move to other States for better opportunities.
    • Weaker Public Health Infrastructure: States depend on locally trained doctors to staff public hospitals. Without a guaranteed local workforce, rural and underserved areas may face doctor shortages, weakening health services. Example: Bihar, already struggling with a lack of specialists, could face further shortages in district hospitals due to reduced local retention.
    • Increased Dependence on External Recruitment: The ruling forces States to rely on recruiting doctors from outside, which can be costly, inefficient, and unpredictable, especially in remote regions. Example: Himachal Pradesh may need to import specialists, increasing costs and reducing long-term staffing stability in rural clinics.
    • Discouragement of Regional Policy Innovation: States using service-linked quotas to address local health needs lose a valuable tool to customize their medical education policies. Example: Tamil Nadu’s model, which ties post-graduate seats to public service, could be undermined, reducing the State’s ability to ensure healthcare delivery.
    • Widening Regional Health Inequalities: States with fewer resources will struggle to compete with wealthier regions in attracting and retaining medical professionals, increasing healthcare gaps. Example: Northeastern States like Assam may face a brain drain, making it harder to deliver essential medical care in rural areas.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Policy Framework: Introduce a hybrid model combining merit-based admissions with incentives (e.g., service bonds or rural postings) to retain doctors in underserved areas while upholding constitutional equality.
    • Strengthening National and State Collaboration: Foster State-Centre cooperation to create region-specific policies under the National Medical Commission (NMC) that address local health needs without violating merit-based norms.

  • [pib] Phase-III of Suposhit Maa Abhiyan

    Why in the News?

    Lok Sabha Speaker launched the third phase of the Suposhit Maa Abhiyan, a campaign aimed at empowering mothers and improving the health of pregnant women and newborns.

    What is Suposhit Maa Abhiyan?

    • The Suposhit Maa Abhiyan is a maternal and child health initiative launched by Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla in March 2020 in Kota, Rajasthan.
    • It aims to eliminate malnutrition among pregnant women and newborns by providing nutritional support, medical care, and health awareness.
    • Social workers and volunteers identify underprivileged pregnant women. Registration through community outreach programs and online platforms.
    • Key Features:
      • Nutritional Support: Monthly 17 kg nutrition kits for pregnant women.
      • Medical Assistance: Regular health check-ups, blood tests, and medication support.
      • Health Cards: Track maternal health, nutrition levels, and medical history.
      • Adoption Model: One pregnant woman per family can be adopted for support.
      • Awareness Drives: Sessions on maternal care, infant nutrition, and postpartum health.
      • Mortality Rate Reduction: Increased normal deliveries, healthier newborns, and improved maternal health.

    Phases of the Campaign:

    • Phase 1 (March 2020):
      • 1,000 pregnant women received balanced nutrition kits.
      • Medical check-ups, medicines, and delivery support provided.
    • Phase 2 (May 2022):
      • 3,000 women received nutrition kits for 9 months.
      • Expanded health monitoring and medical consultation services.
    • Phase 3 (February 2025):
      • 1,800+ pregnant women identified for continuous health monitoring.
      • Monthly nutrition kits and health card tracking introduced.

    PYQ:

    [2020] In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.

    [2017] Which of the following are the objectives of the ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

    1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
    2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
    3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
    4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1, 2 and 4 only
    (d) 3 and 4 only

     

  • SC seeks measures against ‘vulgarity’ online

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Supreme Court of India asked Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, representing the Central Government, to suggest regulatory measures to control the use of filthy language and vulgarity in online programmes.

    What did the Supreme Court ask the Solicitor General to suggest regarding online programmes?

    • The Supreme Court asked Solicitor General Tushar Mehta to propose “regulatory measures” to control the use of “filthy language” and “vulgarity” in online programmes.
    • The regulatory framework should ensure that programmes adhere to the “known moral standards” of Indian society while maintaining freedom of speech and expression.
    • These measures are intended to function as reasonable restrictions on free speech, focusing on decency and morality without imposing outright censorship. The court also sought input from stakeholders to facilitate a healthy debate on the issue.

    Why did the court emphasize the need for regulatory measures on humour and vulgarity?

    • To Maintain Public Decency and Morality: The court stressed the need to uphold societal moral standards and prevent the spread of indecent content under the guise of humour. Example: The Supreme Court remarked that humour should be family-friendly and using filthy language is not a demonstration of talent.
    • To Prevent Misuse of Free Speech: While protecting freedom of expression, the court emphasized reasonable restrictions to curb vulgarity and perversity in public content. Example: The court modified restrictions on YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia, allowing him to broadcast but warned him to adhere to decency norms.
    • To Protect Vulnerable Audiences: The court highlighted the need to shield minors and impressionable viewers from offensive and inappropriate humour. Example: The Solicitor General noted that the content of “India Got Latent” was unsuitable for public viewing due to its perverse nature.
    • To Strike a Balance Between Creativity and Responsibility: The court underlined the fine line between creative humour and offensive language, ensuring content creators remain responsible. Example: Justice Surya Kant noted that talented comedians in India use ordinary words to produce humour without crossing moral limits.
    • To Ensure Accountability of Online Platforms: The court called for regulatory oversight to ensure online platforms are held accountable for the content they broadcast. Example: The Bench urged the Solicitor General to suggest mechanisms to regulate vulgar content while respecting freedom of speech.

     

    What impact does vulgar humour have on society?

    • Erosion of Social and Moral Values: Frequent exposure to vulgar humour desensitizes people to offensive language and inappropriate behavior, weakening social norms. Example: Shows that rely on sexual innuendos or crude jokes may normalize disrespectful behavior towards women and marginalized groups.
    • Negative Influence on Youth: Young audiences imitate vulgar humour, leading to disrespect, bullying, and a casual attitude toward serious issues. Example: Viral videos promoting explicit jokes can shape adolescent speech patterns, fostering insensitivity in social interactions.
    • Public Backlash and Social Division: Vulgar humour offends religious, cultural, or social groups, causing outrage and polarization in society. Example: Comedians making derogatory remarks about religious practices have faced protests, legal action, and censorship demands.
    • Undermining Respect for Institutions: Crude jokes about public figures or institutions diminish trust and disrespect toward authorities and legal systems. Example: Vulgar portrayals of political leaders can foster cynicism and weaken public faith in governance.
    • Legal and Regulatory Consequences: Vulgar content violates decency laws and leads to legal penalties or censorship under frameworks ensuring public morality. Example: YouTuber Ranveer Allahbadia faced legal scrutiny and temporary broadcast bans due to vulgar content on his show.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Clear Regulatory Framework: Develop a transparent and balanced regulatory mechanism that sets clear guidelines for online content, ensuring decency and morality while protecting freedom of speech. Example: The government can establish a self-regulatory body for digital content, similar to the Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC) for television.
    • Promote Responsible Content Creation: Encourage content creators to adopt ethical standards and self-regulation through awareness campaigns and guidelines that differentiate between humour and vulgarity. Example: Platforms like YouTube and OTT services can implement content advisories and age-appropriate ratings to safeguard vulnerable audiences.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Centring care in India’s economic policy

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget for 2025 allocated ₹4,49,028.68 crore to the Gender Budget (GB), which is 37.3% more than the previous year and makes up 8.86% of the total Budget.

    What is the primary reason for the significant increase in the Gender Budget (GB) for 2025?

    • Inclusion of PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): This welfare scheme accounts for 24% of the total Gender Budget. Example: The free food grain distribution under PMGKAY, aimed at ensuring food security for vulnerable women-led households, significantly inflated the Gender Budget.
    • Broadening the Definition of Gender-Responsive Schemes: The inclusion of non-traditional gender-related welfare programs increases the allocation. Example: Programs like Poshan Abhiyaan (nutrition for women and children) and Ujjwala Yojana (LPG subsidies) are now categorized under the Gender Budget.
    • Increased Focus on Welfare Distribution Over Structural Investments: The rise is driven by consumption-based welfare rather than care infrastructure. Example: Higher allocations for schemes providing direct benefits like the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (maternity support) rather than investment in childcare centers.
    • Political Commitment to “Nari Shakti”: Emphasis on women’s empowerment as a core pillar of economic growth. Example: The Budget’s narrative aligns with promoting women-led development under the “Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam” (Women’s Reservation Bill).
    • Inclusion of Large-Scale Social Security Programs: Integrating social protection schemes under the Gender Budget increases the total value. Example: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) allocations, where a significant portion targets women beneficiaries, contribute to the budget rise.

    How does it impact investments in care infrastructure?

    • Limited Direct Investment in Care Services: Despite the rise in overall allocation, no substantial funding is directed toward expanding childcare, eldercare, or healthcare services. Example: There is no new budgetary provision for increasing anganwadi centers or community-based eldercare facilities.
    • Invisibility of Unpaid Care Work: The focus on consumption-based schemes overlooks the need to reduce and redistribute unpaid care responsibilities. Example: While food security programs like PMGKAY provide relief, they do not alleviate the physical and time-intensive care work that women perform daily.
    • Missed Opportunity for Systemic Reform: The absence of targeted funding means there is no structural change in care-related infrastructure despite policy acknowledgments. Example: The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), which could reduce women’s water-fetching burden, faced a 4.51% budget cut, limiting its expansion.
    • Inadequate Support for Working Women: Without investments in affordable care services, women’s participation in the formal workforce remains restricted. Example: Lack of childcare facilities prevents many women from rejoining the labor market after childbirth.
    • Uneven Urban-Rural Access: Existing care infrastructure investments are urban-centric, leaving rural women without essential support systems. Example: The Urban Challenge Fund focuses on urban care models, while rural areas lack similar investments, exacerbating time poverty for women in low-income households.

    Why do a majority of Indian women remain outside the labour force?

    • Unpaid Care and Domestic Work (UCDW) Burden: Indian women perform a disproportionate share of unpaid care work, limiting their time and ability to engage in paid employment. Example: According to the ILO, 53% of Indian women remain outside the labour force due to care responsibilities, compared to just 1.1% of men.
    • Lack of Care Infrastructure: Inadequate access to childcare, eldercare, and basic services increases women’s household workload, preventing workforce participation. Example: Less than half of Indian villages have functional tap water under the Jal Jeevan Mission, requiring women to spend hours fetching water.
    • Gendered Social Norms and Stereotypes: Deep-rooted cultural expectations frame women as primary caregivers, discouraging their entry or return to the workforce. Example: Women in low-income households juggle 17-19 hours of unpaid and paid work, reinforcing time poverty and limiting job opportunities.
    • Lack of Formal Sector Opportunities: There are limited job options offering flexible work and safe working conditions suited to women’s needs, particularly in rural areas. Example: Women’s participation in India’s formal economy remains low due to insecure jobs and a lack of family-friendly policies.

    Which measures does the Economic Survey 2023-24 propose to reduce the unpaid care work burden?

    • Increased Public Investment in Care Infrastructure: Advocates for direct public investment equivalent to 2% of GDP to expand care services and reduce the unpaid care burden. Example: This investment could create 11 million jobs while providing essential care support like childcare and eldercare facilities.
    • Integration of Time-Use Surveys in Policy Planning: Recommends integrating Time-Use modules into existing household surveys to recognise and measure the extent of unpaid care work. Example: Data from India’s 2019 Time Use Survey revealed that women spend an average of 7 hours daily on unpaid care tasks.
    • Expanding Access to Time-Saving Technologies: Emphasizes improving access to time-saving infrastructure like clean water, sanitation, and energy to reduce the physical burden on women. Example: Extending the Jal Jeevan Mission aims to achieve 100% potable water coverage by 2028, easing the water-fetching burden.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Care Infrastructure Investment: Prioritize increased funding for community-based childcare, eldercare, and healthcare services, especially in rural areas, to reduce women’s unpaid care burden and improve workforce participation.
    • Implement Gender-Sensitive Policy Planning: Institutionalize time-use surveys for evidence-based policymaking and integrate care responsibilities into labor policies to promote equitable access to formal employment for women.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • A leap backward for maternity entitlements

    Why in the News?

    All pregnant women in India are entitled to maternity benefits, yet the majority have not received any financial support in recent years.

    What are the legal maternity benefit provisions under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013? 

    • Universal Entitlement (Except Formal Sector): All pregnant and lactating women (excluding those already receiving maternity benefits in the formal sector) are legally entitled to receive ₹6,000 per child to support nutrition and health.
    • Objective of Nutrition and Health Support: The provision aims to improve maternal and child health by ensuring better access to nutrition, rest, and medical care during pregnancy and after childbirth.
    • Legal Obligation for Central Government: It is the legal duty of the central government to ensure maternity benefits are provided without arbitrary reductions or restrictions.

    How do they compare to the benefits provided under the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)?

    • Coverage Scope
        • NFSA 2013: Provides ₹6,000 per child to all pregnant and lactating women (excluding those in the formal sector).
        • PMMVY: Provides ₹5,000 only for the first child (recently extended to the second child if it is a girl), violating the universal entitlement under NFSA.
    • Implementation Efficiency
      • NFSA 2013: Mandates universal coverage without restrictive conditions to ensure access for all eligible women.
      • PMMVY: Imposes strict conditions (e.g., Aadhaar verification) and complex processes, leading to low disbursement rates and exclusion of many entitled women.

    What are the issues related to Scant information?

    • Minimal Data Disclosure: The Ministry of Women and Child Development provides limited information on PMMVY, violating Section 4 of the RTI Act, which mandates proactive disclosure of public data. For example, basic details like the number of beneficiaries and payment status are not available.
    • RTI-Driven Insights: Information on PMMVY coverage is only accessible through RTI queries. For instance, RTI data revealed that effective coverage dropped from 36% in 2019-20 to just 9% in 2023-24, highlighting the program’s declining reach.
    • Budgetary Secrecy: There is little transparency about financial allocations and expenditures. For example, official records do not openly explain why central government spending fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24—just one-third of the amount five years earlier.

    Why has the effective coverage of the PMMVY declined sharply since 2019-20?

    • Software-Related Issues and Technical Glitches: In 2023-24, major changes in the PMMVY’s software and implementation processes caused frequent system failures, delaying or blocking payments. Officials admitted to facing software issues “every day,” leading to a reduced disbursement rate despite consistent applications.
    • Restrictive Eligibility and Complex Documentation: PMMVY limits benefits to only the first child (and a second child if a girl), violating the universal entitlement under the NFSA. Strict Aadhaar-based verification and other conditions exclude migrant workers and women in remote areas who struggle to complete the paperwork.
    • Budget Cuts and Reduced Government Spending: Central government spending on PMMVY fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24, just one-third of the amount five years earlier. This underfunding directly reduced the number of eligible women receiving maternity benefits.

    How do the maternity benefit schemes in Tamil Nadu and Odisha differ from the PMMVY?

    • Higher Financial Assistance: Tamil Nadu provides ₹18,000 per child (with a promise to increase it to ₹24,000), and Odisha offers ₹10,000 per child. In comparison, PMMVY provides only ₹5,000 for the first child (and a second child if a girl), which is below the ₹6,000 mandated by the NFSA.
    • Inclusive Eligibility Criteria: Tamil Nadu and Odisha offer benefits for every childbirth without restrictive conditions. PMMVY, however, limits benefits to the first child (with a recent extension to the second child if a girl), excluding many eligible women.
    • Better Implementation and Coverage: Tamil Nadu achieved 84% coverage in 2023-24, and Odisha covered 64% of births in 2021-22. In contrast, PMMVY’s effective coverage fell to just 9% in 2023-24 due to software glitches, reduced spending, and complex documentation.

    What role did software-related problems play in further reducing disbursements in 2023-24?

    • Frequent System Failures: Major changes in PMMVY’s software and implementation processes in 2023-24 caused regular technical glitches, disrupting the payment system and delaying disbursements. Officials reported encountering software issues daily.
    • Reduced Disbursement Rate: Despite consistent applications, technical problems led to a sharp decline in the actual release of benefits. The disbursement rate dropped significantly, contributing to a fall in effective coverage to just 9% in 2023-24.

    Way forward: 

    • Simplify Implementation and Strengthen Technology Infrastructure: Ensure robust, user-friendly software systems with regular maintenance to prevent glitches. Simplify application processes and reduce bureaucratic hurdles for timely disbursement.
    • Expand Coverage and Increase Funding: Align PMMVY benefits with NFSA provisions by providing ₹6,000 for every child. Increase budgetary allocations to ensure universal access and include marginalized groups like migrant workers.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • India sole nation to curb Internet over communal unrest in 2023-24

    Why in the News?

    According to the report, there were 296 Internet shutdowns worldwide in 2024, and India accounted for 84 of them, making up 28% of the total.

    According to the report, there were 296 Internet shutdowns worldwide in 2024, and India accounted for 84 of them, making up 28% of the total.

    What percentage of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India?

    • High Proportion of Global Communal Violence Shutdowns: 56% of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India in 2024. Example: Out of 41 communal violence-related shutdowns worldwide, 23 were imposed in India, highlighting the frequent use of Internet curbs to control communal tensions.
    • Regional Concentration of Shutdowns: Most shutdowns occurred in conflict-prone regions like Manipur (21 shutdowns), Haryana (12 shutdowns), and Jammu & Kashmir (12 shutdowns). Example: During ethnic clashes in Manipur, authorities repeatedly shut down the Internet to curb the spread of misinformation and unrest.
    • Pattern of State-led Shutdowns: State governments are the primary enforcers of communal violence-related shutdowns. Example: Haryana imposed shutdowns following communal violence in Nuh district to prevent further escalation and maintain public order.

    How have the primary reasons for Internet shutdowns in India evolved between 2016 and 2024?

    • From National Security to Protest Control (2016–2024): Initially, Internet shutdowns were mainly enforced for national security and counter-terrorism, particularly in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir. Example: A 213-day shutdown was imposed in 2019 after the abrogation of Article 370 to curb potential unrest.
    • Increase in Shutdowns During Protests (2020–2024): Shutdowns have become a frequent measure to suppress protests and prevent misinformation from spreading. Example: Internet services were suspended at Delhi’s borders during the 2020–2021 Farmers’ Protests to limit protest coordination.
    • Growing Use of Shutdowns for Communal Violence (2022–2024): There has been a rising trend of using shutdowns to contain communal violence and prevent further escalation. Example: In 2023, Haryana’s Nuh district faced an Internet shutdown following communal riots to restore public order.
    • Emergence of Exam-Related Shutdowns (2022–2024): Internet shutdowns are increasingly being used to prevent cheating during competitive examinations, raising concerns over their necessity. Example: Jharkhand imposed a shutdown during the 2024 General Graduate Level Combined Competitive Examination to prevent malpractices.
    • Targeted Shutdowns in Conflict Zones (Ongoing): Shutdowns continue to be heavily concentrated in conflict-prone regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, and parts of the Northeast due to ethnic and insurgency-related violence. Example: In 2024, 21 shutdowns were enforced in Manipur during episodes of ethnic violence to curb the spread of inflammatory content.

    What are the different types of Internet shutdowns imposed by authorities?

    • Complete Internet Blackout: Total suspension of all Internet services, including mobile data, broadband, and Wi-Fi. Example: The 213-day shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) after the abrogation of Article 370.
    • Mobile Internet Shutdown: Suspension of mobile data services while keeping broadband and Wi-Fi operational. Example: Manipur experienced 21 mobile Internet shutdowns in 2024 due to ethnic violence.
    • Targeted or Localized Shutdown: Internet suspension in specific geographic areas or for specific services like social media. Example: Haryana’s Nuh district faced a localized shutdown in 2023 following communal riots.

    How do Internet shutdowns impact fundamental rights in India?

    • Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): Internet shutdowns restrict individuals from expressing opinions, accessing information, and engaging in public discussions.
      Example: During the 2020–21 Farmers’ Protests, Internet services were suspended in Delhi’s border areas, limiting protestors’ ability to communicate and share updates.
    • Obstruction of the Right to Practice Any Profession or Business (Article 19(1)(g)): Internet disruptions adversely affect businesses, digital transactions, and online services, hindering the right to earn a livelihood. Example: The 213-day Internet shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) caused significant economic losses, especially in the tourism and e-commerce sectors.
    • Disruption of the Right to Education (Article 21A): Shutdowns impede access to online education, causing academic disruptions and limiting students’ learning opportunities. Example: In Manipur (2023), prolonged Internet suspensions during ethnic violence interrupted online classes and examinations.
    • Denial of the Right to Access Information (Implicit under Article 19(1)(a)): Internet curbs block access to crucial information, particularly during emergencies, affecting public safety and awareness.
      Example: In Haryana (2023), Internet services were suspended during communal riots, preventing access to emergency services and safety information.
    • Violation of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Shutdowns disrupt essential services like healthcare and emergency communication, posing a threat to life and personal liberty. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet restrictions in Jammu & Kashmir limited access to telemedicine and critical health updates.

    What is the judiciary’s stance on Internet shutdowns in India?

    • Recognition of Internet Access as a Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court of India, in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, ruled that access to the Internet is protected under Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and Article 19(1)(g) (freedom to practice any profession or trade).
      • The Court held that indefinite Internet shutdowns are unconstitutional and must be proportionate and temporary.
    • Mandate for Procedural Safeguards and Review: The Court emphasized that any Internet suspension under Section 144 of the CrPC or the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 must follow due process.
      • The mandate for procedural safeguards and review was established in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) judgment.
    • Balancing Security and Fundamental Rights: While recognizing the state’s power to impose Internet shutdowns for public safety and national security, the judiciary has stressed that such measures must balance individual freedoms with legitimate state interests.
      • In Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019), the Kerala High Court affirmed access to the Internet as part of the right to education under Article 21A.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Oversight and Transparency: Implement clear guidelines for Internet shutdowns with mandatory judicial review and public disclosure of orders to prevent arbitrary restrictions and uphold fundamental rights.
    • Promote Proportional and Targeted Measures: Encourage the use of less restrictive alternatives, such as content moderation or geofencing, to address public safety concerns while minimizing disruption to essential services and civil liberties.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • [25th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Surveillance capitalism: the power to control personal data

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Data security has assumed significant importance in the digitized world due to rising cyber-crimes. The Justice B. N. Srikrishna Committee Report addresses issues related to data security. What, in your view, are the strengths and weaknesses of the Report relating to protection of personal data in cyber space? (UPSC CSE 2018)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on “ Data security”  (2018), and the Impact of digital technology (2021).

    Surveillance capitalism is an economic system where tech companies collect, analyze, and sell personal data to predict and influence behaviour. This system, described by Shoshana Zuboff in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2018), treats human experiences as a resource for profit, similar to how colonialism and industrial capitalism exploited natural and human resources.

    Today’s editorial highlights current issues related to surveillance capitalism and its impact. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 2 and 3 in the UPSC Mains.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, surveillance capitalism has depended on turning personal data into a product. It affects people’s privacy and freedom while being closely linked to government surveillance.

    What is Surveillance Capitalism? 

    • Surveillance capitalism is an economic system where technology companies collect, analyze, and monetize personal data to predict and influence human behaviour.
    • This data is often gathered through digital platforms like social media, search engines, and smart devices, often without users’ full awareness.

    How does surveillance capitalism rely on the commodification of personal data?

    • Collection of Personal Data as Raw Material: Google Search tracks every query a user makes, including location and device information. This data is processed to understand user preferences and behaviour patterns.
    • Behavioural Prediction for Targeted Advertising: Companies monetize behavioural data by selling it to advertisers who target users with precision, maximizing ad effectiveness.
      • Meta (Facebook) monitors user activity across its platforms to deliver highly personalized ads. Users discussing fitness products may soon see ads for gym memberships.
    • Continuous Data Harvesting Across Devices: Data is continuously extracted from smart devices, even during routine interactions, deepening the pool of user insights.
      • Amazon’s Alexa collects voice commands and ambient sounds to refine product recommendations and improve its machine-learning models.
    • Algorithmic Manipulation to Influence Behaviour: Algorithms shape user behaviour by curating content that fosters prolonged engagement, increasing ad revenue.
      • YouTube’s recommendation algorithm analyses watch history to suggest videos that keep users engaged, often promoting content that aligns with their interests or biases.

    What are the strong connections between data commodification and state surveillance?

    • Mass Data Collection Programs: Governments collaborate with private tech companies to access vast amounts of personal data for surveillance purposes. Example: The PRISM program by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) collected user data from major tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft to monitor global communications.
    • Legal Mandates for Data Sharing: Many countries enforce laws requiring digital platforms to share user data with state agencies for national security and law enforcement. Example: India’s Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 require platforms to trace the origin of messages, facilitating state surveillance.
    • Surveillance Technologies Integration: States use advanced technologies like facial recognition and AI-driven monitoring to track citizens’ movements and online activities. Example: China’s Social Credit System uses surveillance cameras and digital monitoring to track citizens’ behavior, affecting access to services based on their social scores.

    What are the negative impacts of commodifying personal data?

    • Privacy Erosion: When personal data is commodified, individuals lose control over their private information, leading to widespread privacy violations. Example: Social media platforms like Facebook have been criticized for selling user data to third parties, such as Cambridge Analytica which used it for targeted political advertising without users’ explicit consent.
    • Exploitation and Manipulation: Personal data is often used to influence behaviour through targeted advertising or algorithmic content curation, exploiting vulnerabilities. Example: Companies like Google and Amazon use personal data to create highly targeted ads.
    • Increased Risk of Data Breaches: The collection and trade of personal data raise the likelihood of data breaches, leading to identity theft, financial loss, and other harms. Example: The Equifax data breach in 2017 exposed the personal information of 147 million people.
    • Inequality and Discrimination: Commodified data can reinforce social and economic inequalities by enabling discriminatory practices, such as price discrimination or exclusion from services. Example: Insurance companies may use personal data to charge higher premiums to individuals based on their health or lifestyle, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups.
    • Loss of Autonomy and Trust: The exploitation of personal data weakens public trust in institutions and reduces individuals’ sense of control over their own information. Example: The revelation that apps like TikTok collect and share user data with governments or third parties.

    What steps has the Indian government taken?

    • Data Protection Legislation: The Indian government enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023, which regulates the collection, processing, and storage of personal data. It mandates user consent, imposes penalties for data breaches, and establishes a Data Protection Board to address grievances.
    • Strengthening Cybersecurity: Initiatives like the National Cyber Security Policy (2013) and the establishment of CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team) aim to protect critical information infrastructure, prevent cyberattacks, and enhance data security.
    • Regulating Big Tech: The government has introduced guidelines like the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which require platforms to ensure transparency, allow user grievance redressal, and hold intermediaries accountable for data misuse.

    What steps have been taken at the global level?

    • General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), European Union (2018): The GDPR sets a global benchmark for data privacy by enforcing strict guidelines on data collection, processing, and storage. It grants individuals the right to access, correct, and delete their personal data and imposes hefty penalties for non-compliance.
    • Global Data Protection Frameworks: Initiatives like the OECD Privacy Guidelines and the UN’s Internet Governance Forum promote international cooperation on data privacy, emphasizing transparency, user consent, and cross-border data flow regulations.
    • The USA’s Sectoral Approach: The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and similar state-level laws provide data protection rights to consumers, including the ability to opt out of data sales. The USA also advocates for a federal privacy law to harmonize regulations across industries.

    Way forward: 

    • Stronger Regulatory Frameworks: Implement comprehensive and adaptive data protection laws with clear accountability for data handlers, regular audits, and stringent penalties to safeguard user privacy and prevent misuse.
    • User Empowerment and Transparency: Promote data literacy programs and ensure platforms provide clear, accessible consent mechanisms, allowing users greater control over their personal information and how it is shared.

  • National Consumer Helpline (NCH) witnesses growth in NE-States

    Why in the News?

    The National Consumer Helpline (NCH) has seen a 300% rise in complaints in Arunachal Pradesh, reflecting increased awareness and trust in consumer grievance redressal.

    What is National Consumer Helpline (NCH)?

    • NCH is an initiative of the Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution to provide a nationwide grievance redressal system for consumers.
    • It offers advice, guidance, and assistance to consumers facing issues with products, services, and unfair trade practices.
    • Key Features of NCH:
      • Toll-Free Consumer Helpline: 1800-11-4000 / 1915 (Available from 9:30 AM – 5:30 PM, except national holidays).
      • Multi-Channel Complaint Registration: Website, mobile app, email, WhatsApp, and SMS-based complaint filing.
      • Covers a Wide Range of Sectors: E-commerce, telecom, banking, insurance, transport, healthcare, digital payments, etc.
      • Operated under: The Centre for Consumer Studies at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA).

    How has the NCH succeeded in Northeast India?

    • Complaints rose from 9,162 in 2020 to 36,609 in 2024, with Arunachal Pradesh seeing a 50-fold rise in consumer grievances.
    • 517% increase in online complaint registrations; introduction of regional language assistance to enhance accessibility.
    • Workshops, SHG partnerships, and NGO collaborations helped rural and tribal communities understand consumer rights.
    • “Jago Grahak Jago” initiatives, grants to NE states, and Panchayat training programs increased consumer participation.
    • Consumers experienced faster redressal in cases like e-commerce refunds, delayed product deliveries, and service-related issues.

    PYQ:

    [2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.

    2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.

    3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • [pib] Project NAKSHA

    Why in the News?

    Union Minister of Rural Development has inaugurated the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs).

    What is Project NAKSHA?

    • It is an AI-driven urban land survey and digitization initiative launched by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
    • Announced in the Union Budget 2024-25, the project aims to modernize urban land records through geospatial mapping, drone technology, and AI.
    • Launched in February 2025, the initiative will digitize and update land records in 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across 26 States and 3 Union Territories (UTs) in its pilot phase.
    • Survey of India is the technical partner, conducting aerial mapping and high-resolution imaging to create accurate, tamper-proof property records.
    • The Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) is developing an end-to-end web-GIS platform.
      • National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide storage and data security.
      • The Survey of India will provide orthorectified imagery for accurate mapping.
    • Project NAKSHA builds on:
    1. Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) for digitizing rural land records.
    2. SVAMITVA Scheme, using drone technology to map village properties.
    • Budgetary Provisions:
      • Pilot phase funding: ₹194 crore, fully financed by the Government of India.
      • Overall Phase 1 budget: ₹5,000 crore for nationwide expansion.

    Aims and Objectives of Project NAKSHA:

    • Standardizing urban property ownership details to eliminate land disputes.
    • Ensuring fraud-proof, legally valid land documentation.
    • Drone surveys and satellite imagery for precision mapping.
    • Detecting encroachments, illegal constructions, and land use changes.
    • Providing spatial data for urban expansion and infrastructure projects.
    • Digital land records enable seamless property transactions and ownership transfers.

    Features and Provisions:

    • 150+ cities covered in the first year, with full urban coverage in five years.
    • AI-enabled classification to identify disputed, encroached, or illegal land parcels.
    • Web-GIS Platform for Land Record Management to be developed by MPSEDC, ensuring real-time data access and updates.
    • States and UTs to conduct field surveys and ground verification.

    PYQ:

    [2019] With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?

    (a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.

    (b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.

    (c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.

    (d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.