💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • [pib] SEHER Program to Empower Women Entrepreneurs

    Why in the News?

    The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and TransUnion CIBIL have launched SEHER, a pioneering credit education program aimed at empowering women entrepreneurs in India.

    About Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)

    • WEP, incubated at NITI Aayog in 2018; aims to create an enabling ecosystem for women entrepreneurs in India through a public-private partnership.
    • WEP’s Financing Women Collaborative (FWC) initiative accelerates access to finance for women entrepreneurs, addressing key barriers such as information asymmetry.

    About SEHER Program

    • SEHER aims to provide comprehensive financial literacy content and essential business skills to women entrepreneurs.
    • It will facilitate their access to financial tools crucial for business growth and employment creation.
    • The program includes personalized resources on financial literacy, emphasizing the importance of building a strong credit history and CIBIL score.

    Need for such a program

    • India has 63 million MSMEs, with 20.5% being women-owned, employing 27 million people.
    • Accelerating women’s entrepreneurship could create over 30 million new women-owned enterprises and 150 to 170 million jobs.
    PYQ:

    [2019] “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. 

     

  • Important Aspects of Governance

    X-Factor Notes on Important Aspects of Governance for UPSC CSE Mains GS Paper II Prepared by Civilsdaily IAS’ Core Team & AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

    Previous Year Questions on Important Aspects of Governance

    [2019] In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation blockages.’- Discuss.(15M)

    [2019] The need for cooperation among various service sectors has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of statements above examine India’s Development process. (15M)

    [2016] In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India.

    [2016] Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent. Discuss their relationship with each other in context of India.(12.5M)

    [2016] Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do to be responsive to this important change?(12.5M)

    [2015] In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to ensure transparency, accountability.

    1. Important Quotes & Definitions

    “Good governance is not about implementing everything; it’s about prioritizing intelligently.” – Ha-Joon Chang
     
    “Governance is not merely a necessity but a catalyst for the development of any nation.” – Narendra Modi
     
    “The best form of governance is the one that accomplishes the desired societal goals at the least social cost.” – Kaushik Basu

    “Governance is about designing, building, and maintaining institutions that serve widely shared ethical values.” – Frances Hesselbein
     
    “Good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development.” – Kofi Annan
     
    “Governance has to be responsive to the needs and claims of people and, more specifically, to those of the poor and the underprivileged.”       – Amartya Sen
     

    International Monetary Fund (IMF): Governance is a framework of rules, institutions, and practices that set limits on behavior, steering the actions of individuals and firms, and defining their rights and obligations.
     
    World Bank: 1992 report entitled “Governance and Development” – Governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.”

    Corporate Governance

    World Bank: Corporate governance is about promoting corporate fairness, transparency, and accountability.

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders, and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined.

    Good Governance

    The African Development Bank (AfDB): Good governance is an approach to a government that is committed to creating a system that protects human rights and civil liberties.

    World Bank: WB defined Good Governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development. 

    Good governance is epitomized by predictable, open, and enlightened policy-making; a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos; an executive arm of government accountable for its actions; and a strong civil society participating in public affairs.

    2. Evolution of Governance in India

    ModelDescriptionExamples
    Entitlement-Based Model: Post-Independence EraState-led Development Theory – Initially focused on establishing administrative frameworks necessary for a new nation.Five-Year Plans (1951): Aimed to industrialize and modernize the economy. 
    License Raj (1950s-1980s): Required numerous licenses, fostering bureaucratic oversight and limiting economic freedom.
    Shift Towards Participation-Based Model: Late 20th CenturyPromoted equality and freedom, moving towards participatory democracy and neoliberal economic policy.73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992): Empowered local bodies, enhancing grassroots governance.
    LPG Reforms and Rolling back of state
    Establishment of Rights-Based Legislations: 21st CenturyRights-Based Approach – Solidified the rights-based model with key legislations recognizing basic services as legal rights.Right to Information Act (2005): Increased governmental transparency.  
    Right to Education Act (2009): Made education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14. 
    Food Security Act (2013): Guaranteed subsidized grains to 67% of the population.
    Governance Reforms and Initiatives Post-2014Minimum Government Maximum Governance – Focused on digital governance, transparency, and enhancing citizen engagement.Digital India (2015): Aimed to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. 
    Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation (2017): Simplified a complex tax system into a single tax regime, enhancing business efficiency.

    3. Data on Important Aspects of Governance

    CategoryData and Details
    Public Delivery of ServicesAadhar Generated: 1.35 billion (99% Adults)
    Exclusion due to Aadhar Issues: 2.3% (2023 survey), 1.3% PDS biometric failure
    DBT
    		Total DBT transfer in 2023-24 – 6.91 Lakh Cr through 314 schemes of 57 Ministries. It has saved around 3.5 Lakh Cr of the government
    Under the state government schemes, the cumulative DBT is Rs 274934 crore. For the financial year 2021-22, it amounts to Rs 1674 crore under 137 schemes of 27 Departments.
    Governance – RTIRTI Applications: Since 2005, more than 4.2 crore RTIs have been filed and 26 lakh second appeals are there before the commissions.
    In 2019-20, the Central government ministries and departments received 1.29 million RTI applications. 
    The rejection of RTI applications on grounds of “national security” by Central government ministries increased by 83% during 2020-21, even though the overall rejection rate decreased by 2.95%
    In 2022, 3.14 lakh RTI appeals were pending. This is a 44%  increase from 2019 and a 10% increase from 2021.
    highest number of pending cases were in Maharashtra at 99,722 followed by Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, the Central Information Commission (32k) and Bihar.
    In 29 information commissions across the country only 5% of the positions are occupied by women.
    4.6% rejection rate, 35% increase in national security rejections
    Only 11 information commissions out of 29 provide e-filing facility for RTI applications or appeals, but only five are functional.  
    E-GovernanceAccess: 30% of women in rural areas have internet
    Schools with Internet: 27% (2023-2024)
    E-Courts: HC disposed 24 million cases, DC disposed 44 million cases
    over 188 million individuals and 18,000 organizations have issued over 8 billion documents on DigiLocker.
    Legal, Judicial, and Police ReformsPending Cases: 70,000 in SC, 60 lakh in HCs, 4.35 crore in lower courts
    Vacancy: 5,900 judges
    Police and PrisonsPolice-Population Ratio: 155 per lakh. Best police ratio in Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar
    Prison Occupancy: 132% (2024)
    Undertrials: 68% of prisoners
    CorruptionIndia ranked 93 out of 180 countries on the corruption perceptions index for 2023.

    4. Key Aspects of Governance

    DimensionComponentExamples
    Political DimensionNature of Political ContestationInstitutional Autonomy for RBI, ECI etc
    Exercise of FranchiseEnsuring free and fair elections
    Profile and Conduct of Political RepresentativesIntegrity, accountability, and behavior of elected officials
    Quality/Functioning of the Political ExecutiveEfficiency, responsiveness, and transparency of the executive branch
    Political DecentralizationPrinciple of Subsidiarity
    Legal & Judicial DimensionGeneral Conditions of Rule of Law and Internal Security
    Accessibility, Approachability, and Citizen-Friendliness of the Policee-FIR
    Police Administration and FunctioningPolice Reforms – Prakh Singh Judgment
    Access to Justice and Judicial Administrationtimely and affordable access to justice for all citizens FR U/A 21
    Corruption Perception, Vigilance, and EnforcementLokpal Act
    Administrative DimensionCitizen Orientation, Responsiveness, and TransparencyRTI, Citizen Charter
    Efficient management and development of human resources within the administrative machineryMission Karmayogi
    Ensuring sound financial management practices to optimize resource utilizationPFMA
    Basic Service DeliveryHousing for All
    Economic DimensionEnsuring responsible fiscal management, budgeting, and financial disciplineFRBM Act
    Creating a conducive environment for businesses to thrive, including regulatory reforms and ease of doing businessFDI Liberalization
    Enhancing support and development of agriculture, fisheries, and forestryPM Kisan
    Social DimensionWelfare of the Poor and Vulnerable Sections and Improved Standard of livingMGNREGA
    Encouraging the active participation of civil society organizations in governance and development processesSocial Audit
    Ensuring a free and responsible media that acts as a watchdog and provides a platform for public discourseInvestigative Journalism
    Promoting sustainable development through effective environmental governance and management practices

    5. Different Models of Governance

    ModelDescriptionSpecific Example
    Government-as-Machine ModelThe government functions like a machine with strict adherence to rules and regulations, lacking flexibility and responsiveness.Traditional public administration in India, where bureaucratic processes often lead to delays and inefficiencies in service delivery.
    Government-as-Network ModelThe government operates as a complex, interconnected system, emphasizing connection, communication, and collaboration to solve problems.Smart City initiatives in India, where various stakeholders, including government, private sector, and citizens, collaborate to improve urban living.
    Market ModelThe government allows the private sector to provide services, aiming for efficiency and better service delivery compared to traditional public sectors.Delhi Electricity Board’s privatization.
    Participatory State ModelEmphasizes increased individual and collective participation in government decision-making processes, especially for typically excluded segments.Gram Sabhas 
    Deregulated Government ModelFocuses on reducing bureaucratic control, providing more managerial freedom, and making decisions based on societal needs and collective input.Liberalization reforms in India post-1991
    Entitlement-Based ModelThe state provides essential goods and services to citizens who are seen as passive recipients, e.g., food grains under the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India.Public Distribution System (PDS) 
    Rights-Based ModelAims to empower citizens as active participants in decision-making and strengthens the capacity of governments to fulfill their duties to citizens.Right to Information Act (RTI) 

    6. Good Governance

    “In the happiness of his people lies the king’s happiness, in their welfare his welfare”.   -Kautilya

    “The exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions, through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.” – UNDP

    12th FYP – Good governance is vital for a well-functioning society, ensuring effective resource use and service delivery, while providing social legitimacy.

    Minimum Government Maximum Governance emphasizes reducing the size and scope of government intervention, while ensuring that the governance mechanisms are effective, transparent, and accountable. The government focuses on creating a conducive environment for businesses and citizens, acting more as a facilitator than as a controller.

    Evolution of Good Governance

    1. 1980s: Rise of Governance: With globalization-led economic reforms, “governance” became a key term, emphasizing the process and manner of governing towards sustainable development.
    2. End of Cold War: Changing Perspectives: The end of the Cold War altered the approach of developed countries and multilateral aid agencies towards developing nations, previously influenced by the bi-polar world.
    3. 1990s: World Bank’s Role: The World Bank introduced good governance in its lending policies for developing countries.
    1. 1992 Governance and Development Report: Advocated using good governance to manage a country’s economic and social resources for development.
    2. 1996 Policy Shift: Focused on corruption in borrowing countries, making it central to lending decisions.
    1. IMF’s Structural Adjustment Programme 1990: Recognized the necessity of good governance for successful market reforms.
    2. Policy Shifts and Foreign Investment: Developing countries, competing for foreign investment, shifted policies to improve governance.

    Core Principles of Good Governance (UNESCAP)

    PrincipleDescriptionSpecific Example
    ParticipationEveryone can voice their opinions through institutions or representatives, ensuring freedom of association and expression.Gram Sabhas where villagers gather to discuss and make decisions on local issues.
    Rule of LawImpartial enforcement of laws, especially human rights laws.SC Judgment in K. Bharti Judgment
    TransparencyGovernment policies must be carried out under existing regulations and accessible to everyone, including those affected.Right to Information Act (RTI)
    ResponsivenessInstitutions and processes should serve all stakeholders in a reasonable time.Online grievance redressal systems like the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS).
    Consensus-OrientedDecisions should be acceptable to all, even if not everyone’s wishes can be accommodated.EIA
    Equity and InclusivenessEnsure justice and equal opportunity for everyone to improve their welfare.Reservation policies, RTE
    Effectiveness and EfficiencyDecision-making processes and institutions should meet everyone’s needs while using resources wisely.Implementation of the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system 
    AccountabilityInstitutions must be answerable to the public to improve societal quality.Public audits by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India 

    7. Impact of Poor Governance on Development 

    PESTLE AspectAspectDetailsExamples
    PoliticalCorruptionCorruption leads to inefficient resource allocation, hindering economic growth and public trust.The 2G Spectrum scam and the Commonwealth Games scam.
    Political Instabilitydisrupts development processes and deters foreign investment.Frequent changes in state governments due to political turmoil.
    Policy Implementation Failureslead to ineffective governance and unmet development goals.Leakages in PDS
    Lack of Transparencyreduces accountability and increases corruption.Non-transparent allocation of natural resources (“Coalgate” scandal)
    Low Public Trustleading to decreased civic engagement and social cohesion.Lower voter turnout in 2024 elections compared to 2014 and 2019
    EconomicPoor Economic ManagementIneffective economic policies and poor fiscal management can lead to economic instability and reduced investor confidence.1991 BOP Crisis
    Regulatory UncertaintyFrequent changes in regulations and policies can create an unstable business environment.Changes in GST Slabs
    Inefficient Market Systemsreduce competitiveness and innovation.Monopolistic practices, inverted duty structure.
    SocialSocial InequalityPoor governance exacerbates social inequalities, limiting opportunities for marginalized communities.Inequitable access to quality education and healthcare services in rural and urban areas.
    Quality of lifeInconsistent access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, and healthcare in various regions.Delhi Water Crisis 2024
    Human Rights ViolationsPoor governance can lead to violations of human rights, affecting citizens’ well-being and freedom.Custodial Deaths in TN
    Displacements and poor rehabilitationDisproportionately affecting TribalsSardar Sarovar Dam Project
    TechnologicalDigital DivideUnequal access to digital technologies limits opportunities for education and economic growth.Only 27% of rural households have internet access, compared to 66% in urban areas (National Sample Survey).
    Cybersecurity ThreatsPoor governance in cybersecurity can lead to data breaches and financial losses.The data breach at Aadhaar 
    E-Governance Implementation IssuesDelays and inefficiencies in e-governance projects can reduce their effectiveness.The delay in rolling out the e-Health initiative in various states 
    Inadequate Tech InfrastructurePoor technological infrastructure hampers access to online services and economic activities.Frequent power outages and slow internet speeds in rural areas limit digital engagement
    Legal-AdministrativeJudicial DelaysSlow judicial processes undermine the rule of law and discourage investment.over 4 crore cases pending in lower courts.
    Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Red TapismInefficient bureaucracy can delay project approvals and implementation, hindering development.The average turnaround time for Indian ports is 2.1 days compared to 0.4 days for Norway, 0.6 days for Netherlands, and 0.8 days for Singapore.
    CorruptionCorruption within administrative bodies can lead to misuse of resources and unfair practices.The Vyapam scam, NEET paper leak
    Human Resource MismanagementPoor management of human resources can lead to underperformance and low morale among public servants.shortage of healthcare workers during the pandemic 
    EnvironmentalEnvironmental DegradationIneffective governance in environmental regulation leads to degradation and unsustainable resource use.Poor implementation of EIA

    8. Steps Taken

    AspectStepDetailsSpecific Data
    PoliticalLokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013)Established an anti-corruption ombudsman to investigate corruption complaints against public officials.1,200 cases investigated by Lokpal as of 2023.
    Increased EnforcementStrengthened actions against corruption with more cases prosecuted and assets seized by the Enforcement Directorate (ED).Assets worth ₹1 lakh crore seized between 2014-2023.
    E-Voting Pilot ProjectsTesting electronic voting methods to increase voter participation.Conducted in 8 states with positive feedback.
    Electoral ReformsReforms to enhance the transparency and efficiency of the electoral process.Use of VVPAT machines
    EconomicGoods and Services Tax (GST)Simplified the tax structure, making it more transparent and efficient.GST collections averaged ₹1.4 lakh crore monthly in FY 2023.
    Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)Provided a structured process for insolvency resolution to improve the ease of doing business.4,540 cases resolved, recovering ₹2.5 lakh crore as of 2023.
    Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)Transfers subsidies directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts to reduce leakages.₹20.98 lakh crore transferred through DBT schemes.
    Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) ActEnsures fiscal discipline by setting targets for the government’s fiscal deficit and debt.Fiscal deficit reduced to 4.5% of GDP by FY 2023.
    Disinvestment and FDI ReformsEncourages private sector participation in public sector units and liberalizes foreign direct investment norms.Disinvestment target of ₹1.75 lakh crore set for FY 2023; FDI inflows increased to $81.72 billion in 2021-22.
    SocialSwachh Bharat MissionA nationwide campaign to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s cities and rural areas.Over 100 million toilets built; rural sanitation coverage increased to 100%.
    Skill IndiaProvides skill development training to enhance employability of the workforce.Over 5 crore people trained under the PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana).
    Atal Pension YojanaProvides pension benefits to workers in the unorganized sector.4 crore subscribers enrolled as of 2023.
    National Pension Scheme (NPS)A voluntary, defined contribution retirement savings scheme.4.5 crore subscribers with ₹7.72 lakh crore in assets under management as of 2023.
    Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)Aims to provide affordable housing to the urban poor.1.12 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-Urban as of 2023.
    TechnologicalAadhaar (Unique Identification)Provides a unique identity to residents, facilitating direct benefit transfers and reducing leakages.1.3 billion Aadhaar cards issued, reducing leakages in subsidies by 20%.
    E-Governance ProjectsImplementing e-governance initiatives to improve service delivery and transparency in government processes.3.5 billion e-transactions recorded under Digital India in 2023.
    BharatNetAims to connect all gram panchayats with high-speed internet.1.5 lakh gram panchayats connected as of 2023.
    National Digital Health Mission (NDHM)Creates a digital health ecosystem to manage health records electronically.24 million health IDs created by 2023.
    UMANG AppProvides a unified platform for accessing government services.Over 3.75 crore downloads and 2000+ services available as of 2023.
    LegalRight to Information Act (2005)Empowered citizens to request information from the government, increasing transparency.4.8 lakh RTI applications filed annually.
    Judicial ReformsImplementing fast-track courts and e-courts to reduce case backlogs and improve judicial efficiency.1,800 fast-track courts operational, reducing pendency by 20%.
    Data Protection BillAims to protect citizens’ data privacy and regulate data usage by companies.Bill passed in 2023, aiming to regulate data handling.
    Consumer Protection Act (2019)Strengthens consumer rights and provides mechanisms for redressal.Over 3.5 lakh cases resolved under the new act.
    Lok Adalats (People’s Courts)Offers alternative dispute resolution to reduce court burden.1.3 crore cases settled through Lok Adalats in 2023.
    EnvironmentalNational Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)Outlines eight missions focusing on climate change mitigation and adaptation.Solar capacity increased to 60 GW as part of the Solar Mission.
    Namami Gange ProgrammeAims to clean and rejuvenate the Ganges River.₹30,000 crore sanctioned; significant reduction in pollution levels.
    Afforestation and Green India MissionPromotes afforestation to increase green cover.1.5 million hectares afforested under the Green India Mission.
    National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)Targets reducing air pollution levels across cities.20-30% reduction in particulate matter in 102 cities by 2024.
    Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Requires environmental clearances for large projects to assess and mitigate environmental impacts.Over 5,000 projects assessed annually for environmental impact.
    Improving Service DeliveryCitizen’s ChartersOutlines service delivery standards for government departments, improving transparency.Over 1,000 Citizen’s Charters implemented across various departments.
    Sevottam ModelFramework for improving public service delivery through standard setting and performance evaluation.Adopted by multiple government departments to enhance service quality.
    Social AuditsEngages community participation in auditing government programs for transparency and accountability.Conducted in over 6 lakh Gram Panchayats under MGNREGA.
    Decentralization73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)Strengthens local governance through Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.Over 3 million elected representatives in Panchayati Raj Institutions.
    NITI AayogPromotes cooperative federalism and involves states in policy formulation.States’ active involvement in policy planning and execution since its establishment in 2015.
    14th Finance CommissionIncreases financial devolution to states for better local governance.42% share of central taxes devolved to states, enhancing their fiscal autonomy.
    Other InitiativesAspirational Districts Programme (ADP)Targets rapid development in underdeveloped districts to improve quality of life.115 districts identified, with significant improvements in health, education, and infrastructure.
    Good Governance Index (GGI)Ranks states and Union Territories based on governance performance to encourage reforms.Regular ranking published to promote competitive federalism among states.
    StateInitiativeDetailsSpecific Data
    KeralaKerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB)Mobilizes resources for large infrastructure projects.Over ₹20,000 crore mobilized for infrastructure projects.
    Haritha Keralam MissionFocuses on sustainable development through waste management and water conservation.Over 1 crore saplings planted and numerous water bodies rejuvenated.
    e-District ProjectProvides government services digitally for quick and efficient delivery.Over 1 crore transactions processed through the e-District platform.
    Citizen’s Call CenterA 24/7 helpline for information and assistance on government services.Over 10 lakh calls handled annually.
    MaharashtraRight to Public Services ActEnsures timely delivery of public services with penalties for non-compliance.Over 500 services covered under the act.
    Aaple Sarkar PortalDigital platform for accessing a wide range of government services online.Over 3 crore users registered and millions of services availed.
    Maharashtra State Skill Development Society (MSSDS)Focuses on skill development and vocational training.Over 10 lakh youth trained and placed.
    Jalyukt Shivar AbhiyanA water conservation initiative to make Maharashtra drought-free.Over 16,000 villages benefited from the program.
    Tamil NaduAmma Unavagam (Amma Canteens)Provides subsidized meals to the urban poor.Over 500 canteens serving lakhs of meals daily.
    Amma Maternity Nutrition KitProvides nutritional supplements to pregnant women.Over 10 lakh kits distributed annually.
    Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)Implements e-governance initiatives for better service delivery.Over 200 government services available online.
    Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance SchemeProvides health insurance to economically weaker sections.Over 1.5 crore beneficiaries enrolled.
    KarnatakaSakalaGuarantees timely service delivery and tracks application status online.Over 1.5 crore applications processed with 98% on-time delivery.
    Ksheera BhagyaProvides free milk to school children to improve nutrition and academic performance.Over 65 lakh children benefited.
    JanasevakaDoorstep delivery service for government services.Over 1 lakh services delivered at doorsteps.
    BhoomiDigitizes land records for transparency in land transactions.Over 70 lakh land records digitized.
    Andhra Pradeshe-PragatiA comprehensive e-governance initiative to provide integrated services to citizens.Over 400 services integrated under the platform.
    NTR Bharosa SchemeProvides financial assistance to senior citizens, weavers, and disabled persons.Over 50 lakh beneficiaries supported.
    Mana Badi Nadu-NeduAims to transform government schools with improved infrastructure and facilities.Over 15,000 schools upgraded.
    RajasthanBhamashah YojanaEmpowers women and promotes financial inclusion through direct benefit transfers.Over 1 crore women benefited.
    RajNetConnects all panchayats and government offices through high-speed internet.Over 11,000 panchayats connected.
    Jal Swavlamban AbhiyanFocuses on water conservation and management to ensure water self-sufficiency.Over 21,000 villages benefited from water conservation projects.
    GujaratMukhyamantri Amrutam (MA) YojanaProvides health insurance for families below the poverty line.Over 50 lakh families covered.
    Gujarat Solar Power PolicyPromotes solar energy generation to make Gujarat a solar hub.Over 9,000 MW of solar power capacity installed.
    Smart Village InitiativeEnhances infrastructure and services in villages to promote rural development.Over 300 villages transformed into smart villages.
    West BengalKanyashree PrakalpaProvides financial aid to girls for education and prevention of early marriage.Over 70 lakh girls benefited.
    Sabuj Sathi SchemeDistributes bicycles to school students to promote education and reduce dropouts.Over 1 crore bicycles distributed.
    Utkarsh BanglaOffers vocational training to improve employability of youth.Over 6 lakh youth trained.
    Uttar PradeshMission ShaktiFocuses on women’s safety, dignity, and empowerment.Over 1.5 crore women benefited.
    Mukhyamantri Arogya AbhiyanProvides free medical treatment to economically weaker sections.Over 1 crore beneficiaries covered.
    One District One Product (ODOP)Promotes local crafts and products to boost the economy and create jobs.Over 1,000 products from various districts promoted.

    9. Issues With Government Schemes

    AspectIssueDetailsExamples and Specific Data
    Structural IssuesEntitlement-Based ModelPassive Citizenry: Government welfare schemes often create dependency rather than promoting self-reliance. Public Distribution System (PDS)
    Colonial LegacyThe hierarchical and centralized administrative structures inherited from the colonial era often result in inefficiency and a lack of responsiveness.Mai Baap Culture
    Poor Accountability MechanismsDespite initiatives like the Right to Information (RTI) Act, mechanisms such as citizen charters and social audits are not effectively enforced.
    Secrecy and Multiplicity of LawsThe legal framework is often cumbersome and opaque, leading to delays in justice. The average duration for case disposal in Indian courts is over three years​​.
    Design and PlanningTop down approachSchemes often adopt a one-size-fits-all approach without considering regional disparities.Farm Laws
    Insufficient Feasibility StudiesLack of preliminary studies leads to impractical schemes and wasted resources.Low cost recovery in Atal Setu Bridge.
    Complex GuidelinesOverly complex and bureaucratic guidelines deter private sector participation and delay implementation.Lack of private sector participation in Smart Cities Mission
    Overlapping Jurisdictional IssuesOverlap between central and state schemes can lead to confusion and inefficiency.PM-KISAN and state-level schemes like Rythu Bandhu  caused duplication of efforts​.
    Centre-State ConflictDisagreements between central and state governments impede scheme implementation.Odisha, West Bengal and Delhi are not implementing Ayushman Bharat Scheme​.
    ImplementationCorruption and LeakagesMisappropriation of funds and resources often undermine the effectiveness of schemes.PDS faces 46.7% leakages​. (NSSO)
    Poor Monitoring and EvaluationInadequate monitoring mechanisms lead to poor oversight and accountability.40% of PMGSY roads needed repairs within a year​.
    Inaccurate TargetingIncorrect identification of beneficiaries leads to exclusion errors and inclusion errors.PM-KISAN had over 10 lakh ineligible recipients​ ​.
    Digital DivideReliance on digital platforms excludes those without internet access or digital literacy.25% of rural households lack internet access, affecting DBT reach​.
    FundingResource ConstraintsInsufficient funding hampers comprehensive implementation and coverage.Ayushman Bharat has 30% of health centers non-operational​​.
    Populist Spending Governments often overspend, leading to fiscal deficits. This results in reduced resources for the private sector and increased inflation.Loan Waivers
    Capital vs. Revenue ExpenditureEmphasis on capital expenditure over revenue expenditure leads to numerous infrastructure projects but insufficient staffing, affecting human development indicators.Doctor to population ration in India is 1:834 
    Funding Delayshinder timely execution and beneficiary payments.MGNREGA had ₹10,000 crore in pending wages as of March 2023​ .
    Misallocation of FundsDiversion of funds due to mismanagement or corruption.Midday Meal Scheme reported substandard meals in several states​​.
    Technological Implementation IssuesIssues with integrating and using technology effectively in schemes.PDS technical glitches affected over 1 crore beneficiaries in 2022​​.
    Private Sector Dominant Public SectorThe government still controls critical sectors like health and education, lacking the application of “Minimum Government Maximum Governance.”
    Slow PrivatizationDespite claims that the government shouldn’t be in business, the pace of privatization is slow, and disinvestment targets are rarely met. The government set a disinvestment target of ₹1.75 lakh crore for FY2021-22, revised it to ₹78,000 crore later, but the actual proceeds were only ₹14,638 crore.
    TechnologicalPoor Technological InfrastructureOnly 30% of gram panchayats connected to high-speed internet as of 2023​.
    Cybersecurity ThreatsData breaches and cyber-attacks compromise the integrity and trust in digital schemes.Aadhaar data breach exposed millions of citizens’ information​.
    Technical GlitchesFrequent technical issues disrupt the smooth operation of digital schemes.GSTN issues caused compliance delays for over 5 lakh taxpayers​.
    Impact and OutcomeLimited Impact EvaluationLack of systematic evaluations prevents assessment of scheme success and necessary improvements.30% of Ujjwala Yojana beneficiaries reverted to traditional fuels​.
    Sustainability IssuesShort-term focus and lack of long-term sustainability planning.20% of Jalyukt Shivar structures non-functional within 2 years​​.
    Lack of Beneficiary Feedback MechanismAbsence of systematic mechanisms to gather and incorporate beneficiary feedback.Non-institutionalization of Social Audits
    Limited ReachSome schemes fail to reach all intended beneficiaries, especially in remote areas.15% of targeted schools not covered by Midday Meal Scheme in 2022​.
    Unintended ConsequencesSome schemes have unintended negative impacts that undermine their objectives.Loan waivers led to reduced credit discipline among farmers​.
    Political and AdministrativePolitical InterferencePolitical involvement distorts scheme priorities and implementation, leading to favoritism and inefficiency.25% of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana projects affected by political interference​​.
    Bureaucratic HurdlesRed tape and bureaucratic hurdles delay project approvals and implementation.Requirement of multiple clearances
    Inter-Departmental Coordination Issuesleads to fragmented and inefficient scheme execution.ICDS faced issues due to poor coordination, affecting 30% of projects​ .
    Frequent Changes in LeadershipFrequent changes in administrative leadership disrupt the continuity and implementation of schemes.

    10. Citizen Participation and Good Governance

    Citizen participation is essential in democracy, allowing people to influence public decisions, hold leaders accountable, and help develop their communities. Good governance includes transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, crucial for sustainable development.

    “No one is born a good citizen; no nation is born a democracy. Rather, both are processes that continue to evolve over a lifetime.” – Kofi Annan

    Benefits

    AspectImportanceExamples
    Enhances AccountabilityEnsures public officials are answerable and reduces corruption.The Right to Information Act (2005) 
    Improves Policy FormulationIncorporates diverse perspectives for comprehensive policies.The National Education Policy (2020) involved extensive public consultations, resulting in a more inclusive framework​.
    Enhances Service DeliveryAligns services with actual needs and improves efficiency.The Sevottam model in India improves service delivery through citizen feedback and performance evaluation​​.
    Strengthens DemocracyEmpowers citizens and fosters a sense of civic responsibility.Panchayati Raj Institutions in India enable local self-governance and direct citizen participation in decision-making​​.
    Builds Trust in GovernmentPromotes mutual trust and perceived legitimacy of actions.Right to Service in Maharashtra.
    Facilitates Social CohesionInvolves marginalized communities, preventing conflicts.Social audits in schemes like MGNREGA promote inclusivity and help resolve local issues effectively​​.
    Promotes Sustainable DevelopmentEnsures development projects are sustainable and community-supported.The Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan in Rajasthan leverages local participation in water conservation​​.
    TheoryExplanationExamples
    Participatory Democracy TheoryEmphasizes broad participation of constituents in political decision-making processes.Gram Sabhas
    Deliberative Democracy TheoryFocuses on discussion and deliberation among citizens to reach consensus on public issues.public hearings in urban planning projects​​.
    Social Capital TheorySuggests that networks of relationships among people in a society enable it to function effectively.Community organizations and social networks likePanchayati Raj Institutions​​.
    Agency TheoryFocuses on the relationship between principals (citizens) and agents (government officials), emphasizing accountability.Mechanisms like audits, watchdog organizations, and transparent reporting to ensure government accountability
    Public Choice TheoryApplies economic principles to the study of political behavior, highlighting self-interest influences.Understanding how voter behavior and lobbying can influence policy decisions, as seen in the Sevottam model for public service delivery​​.

    Challenges in Citizen Participation

    ChallengeDetailsExamples
    Lack of AwarenessCitizens often lack information about their rights and the processes for participation.Low awareness about Pension Schemes​.
    Digital DivideLimited internet access and digital literacy prevent many citizens from engaging with e-governance platforms.25% of rural households in India lack internet access, affecting the reach of schemes like DBT​​.
    Low Levels of EducationIlliteracy and low educational levels hinder effective participation in governance processes.Low literacy among women leading to ‘Sarpanch Pati ’ in Panchayati Raj​ 
    Lack of CapacityCitizens often lack the skills and knowledge required to participate effectively in governance.Training programs for citizen participation in schemes like social audits are limited and inconsistent​​.
    Distrust in GovernmentHistorical instances of corruption and inefficiency lead to a lack of trust in government initiatives.
    Exclusion of Marginalized GroupsMarginalized communities often find it difficult to participate due to social and economic barriers.Preventing Dalits from participation in Gram Sabha in TN
    Geographical BarriersRemote and rural areas face logistical challenges in accessing participatory platforms and services.
    Bureaucratic HurdlesComplex administrative processes, red tape discourage citizen participation.Complicated procedures for accessing benefits under schemes like PMAY 
    Poor Communication ChannelsIneffective communication between government and citizens leads to misunderstandings and apathy.
    Economic ConstraintsEconomic hardship can limit the time and resources citizens can devote to participation.Daily wage laborers might prioritize earning a livelihood over participating in governance activities​.

    11. Way Forward

    AspectMeasureRecommendations/Examples
    Enhancing Transparency and AccountabilityImproved Effectiveness of the RTI ActReduce exemptions for security and economic institutes, ensure records are machine-readable, implement legislation akin to the Whistleblower Protection Bill of 2015.
    Enhancing Service Delivery MechanismsEffective Implementation of Citizen’s ChartersDecentralized formulation, meaningful dialogues with civil society, periodic evaluations, clear procedures for redress.
    Promotion of Social AuditsEnsure guidelines for all citizen-centric programs include social audit mechanisms.
    Encouraging Citizen InitiativesReward schemes to encourage public service improvements.
    Establishment of Public Service ValuesCode of Ethics for Civil ServantsDefining core values applicable across all government levels, enforce penalties for violations, enhance the code of ethics to address conflicts of interest.
    Improving Public Sector Work CultureTraining and DevelopmentEnhanced training programs for pre-entry and mid-career, performance-linked pay, managerial autonomy, employee recognition through awards and newsletters.
    IT Reforms for Good GovernanceInfrastructure and Skill EnhancementEssential IT infrastructure, reliable electricity and internet services, continual skill upgradation for staff.
    Boosting Citizen Participation in GovernanceParticipatory BudgetingCommunity members allocate portions of the public budget.
    Joint Assessment and MonitoringCollaborative evaluations for significant local flagship programs.

    12. Global Best Practices

    AspectMeasureExamples
    Transparency and AccountabilityWhistleblower ProtectionThe United States’ Whistleblower Protection Act provides strong protections for federal employees​​.
    Open Data InitiativesThe UK Government’s Open Data portal​.
    Citizen Feedback MechanismsSouth Korea’s e-People system allows citizens to file complaints and suggestions online​​.
    Public ParticipationParticipatory BudgetingPorto Alegre in Brazil is known for its participatory budgeting process, involving thousands of residents in budget decisions​.
    Inclusive Policy-MakingCanada’s Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+) ensures diverse perspectives are considered in policy-making​​.
    Rule of LawStrengthening Judicial IndependenceThe Judicial Appointments Commission in the UK ensures a transparent and merit-based selection of judges​​.
    Anti-Corruption MeasuresThe Anti-Corruption Commission in Botswana has been effective in reducing corruption levels​.
    Service DeliveryDigital GovernanceEstonia’s e-Estonia initiative provides a wide range of government services online, improving accessibility and efficiency​​.
    Citizen ChartersThe UK’s Citizen Charter introduced in 1991 set service standards for various public services​.
    Ethics in Public ServiceCode of Ethics for Civil ServantsSingapore’s Code of Conduct for civil servants emphasizes integrity and accountability​​.
    Performance ManagementNew Zealand’s performance management framework assesses the effectiveness of public sector employees and agencies​.
    Human RightsHuman Rights-Based ApproachSweden’s approach to governance integrates human rights into all public policies and practices​.

  • Issues with ‘mandir’ tag for Ayushman Health and Wellness Centres

    Why in the News?

    Following Mizoram and Nagaland, Meghalaya has also refused to rename its health and wellness centres as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs as per the Centre’s directive.

    Context: Demographic composition of NE and its implications on policy decisions 

    • Christian Majority: About 75% of Meghalaya’s population practices Christianity, similar to the demographics of Mizoram (90%) and Nagaland (90%).
    • State Asserts Autonomy: Meghalaya’s Health Minister emphasized that health being a State subject grants them the right to decide independently of the Centre’s advisory.

    About Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs)

    • AB-HWCs were launched to move away from selective health care to a more comprehensive range of services spanning preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care for all ages.
    • There are 1.6 lakh such centres across India under this initiative.
    • The National Health Policy of 2017 envisioned these centres as the foundation of India’s health system.
    • The Union Health Ministry renamed AB-HWCs as Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAM) with the tagline ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam’.
    • States and Union Territories were urged to complete the rebranding by the end of 2023.

    Back2Basics: Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)

    Details
    Details
    • World’s largest fully government-funded health insurance scheme.
    • Launched in 2018.
    • Provides Rs 5 lakh per family for secondary and tertiary care.
    Health Benefit Package
    • Covers the cost of surgery, medical and daycare treatments, medications, and diagnostics.
    • 3 days of pre-hospitalisation and 15 days of post-hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines.
    • No restriction on family size, age or gender.
    • All pre-existing conditions are covered from day one.
    Beneficiaries
    • An entitlement-based scheme targeting beneficiaries identified by the latest Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data.
    • Flexibility for States/UTs to use non-SECC data with a similar socio-economic profile to identify remaining SECC families.
    Financing
    • Jointly funded scheme: 60:40 between Centre and legislature for all States and UTs.
    • 90:10 for North-Eastern States, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
    • 100% central funding for Union Territories without legislature.
    Nucleus Agency
    • The National Health Authority (NHA) is an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, responsible for the effective implementation of PM-JAY.
    • State Health Agency (SHA) is the apex body of the State Government responsible for implementing AB-PMJAY in the State.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements:

    1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
    2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
    3. It has seamless portability across the country.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3
  • [4th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Trials, medical ethics and the orbit of power

    [4th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Trials, medical ethics and the orbit of power

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 

    Q) If an amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be no one left to protect. Critically Evaluate. (UPSC CSE 2015) 

    Q) With consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013 has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its implementation in earnest. Also, discuss other provisions in the Bill and their implications. (UPSC CSE 2013) 

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011,

    Mains:  Ethical issues in the Medical sector,

    Mentor comment: On January 10, 2021, Rashida Bee, Nawab Khan, Rachna Dhingra, and Nausheen Khan alleged ethical violations in Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin trial at People’s Hospital, Bhopal. They cited informed consent breaches, enrollment of vulnerable groups, non-reporting of adverse events, and inadequate participant monitoring. They demanded intervention to halt the study and independent investigation. The outcome of their letter remains undisclosed.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    In India, the primary safeguards intended to prevent medical ethics abuse are ineffective.

    What are the Primary safeguards?

    • Primary safeguards are fundamental measures or systems put in place to prevent unethical practices and ensure ethical standards are maintained.
    • These safeguards are designed to protect individuals and maintain integrity within processes, such as clinical trials.
    • They typically include regulatory frameworks, oversight committees, informed consent procedures, transparency requirements, and accountability mechanisms.

    Ethical Abuse 

    • Allegations of Ethical Violations in Covaxin Trial: Irregularities and ethical violations were alleged in the Covaxin clinical trial conducted by People’s Hospital in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Violations included lack of informed consent, enrollment of vulnerable populations, non-reporting of adverse events, and inadequate monitoring and follow-up.
    • Regulatory Approval and Ethical Guidelines before the completion of Phase III study: The Indian drug regulator, Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), approved Covaxin for “Restricted Use under Clinical Trial Mode” before the completion of its Phase III study.This approval process was not defined in India’s Drug Regulatory Framework, creating ambiguity and potential ethical lapses.
    • Lacking in the effectiveness of Ethics Committees: Ethics committees at trial sites are meant to oversee and ensure ethical conduct in clinical trials. There were issues with the effectiveness of these committees, with allegations of gross violations of ethics guidelines.
    • Whistle-blowers show the various incidents of ethical violations: Whistle-blowers play a crucial role in exposing ethical violations in medical experimentation.  Carl Elliott’s book, “The Occasional Human Sacrifice,” details various incidents of ethical violations in medical trials, highlighting the courage required to speak out.

    Innovative therapies and ethics

    • Balancing Risk and Benefit: Developing life-saving medicines involves a delicate balance between the potential risks to patients and the projected benefits of the therapeutic candidate. This process requires specialised knowledge and experience to make informed decisions, which is often lacking, leading to ethical challenges.
    • Lack of Expertise in Clinical Development: India has a strong generic drug manufacturing industry but lacks deep expertise in developing innovative therapies. The management of clinical development is often overseen by medical doctors who may not have specialized knowledge in drug development, leading to ethical violations and inadequate oversight.
    • Ethical Violations in Pandemic Response: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were examples of medical ethics being compromised, such as unrealistic projections of case numbers and the creation of terms like “emergency use authorization in clinical trial mode” to justify premature decisions. These actions highlight the need for better guardrails and ethical standards in managing the development and approval of new therapies.

    Indian Patients and Clinical Studies

    • Violation of Informed Consent: There is a historic and repeated violation of informed consent in India, with poor and uneducated patients being enrolled in clinical studies without being fully informed of potential harm. Ensuring informed consent falls under the responsibility of institutional ethics committees, whose effectiveness is often questionable.
    • Ineffectiveness of Institutional Ethics Committees: Despite existing on paper and in regulations, the functioning and effectiveness of institutional ethics committees in India are patchy. A study by Gayatri Saberwal et al. (2022) identified numerous issues, such as clinical trials without ethics committees and trials with more sites than functional ethics committees.
    • Abuse of Regulations by the Industry: A significant abuser of these regulations is a section of the industry promoted by the Ministry of AYUSH, which conducts poorly designed and executed clinical studies with zero oversight. These studies often aim to provide a veneer of scientific validity to various concoctions without proper ethical standards.
    • Comparison with Western Systems: Even well-designed and well-run systems in the West face challenges in maintaining checks and balances on accountability. India’s systems are far from achieving the same level of function and effectiveness, highlighting a significant gap in ethical standards and accountability in clinical studies.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhancing Training and Oversight: Provide specialized training for members of institutional ethics committees to ensure they have the necessary knowledge and skills to oversee clinical trials effectively. Regular audits and monitoring should be conducted to assess the performance and adherence to ethical guidelines.
    • Independent Audits: Conduct independent audits of clinical trial sites and ethics committees to ensure compliance with ethical standards and regulatory requirements. Establish clear consequences for non-compliance to deter unethical practices.
    • Clear Guidelines and Definitions: Define clear regulatory pathways and guidelines for clinical trials, including terms like “Restricted Use under Clinical Trial Mode.” This will reduce ambiguity and ensure consistent application of ethical standards.

  • On Tamil Nadu’s financial distress   

    Why in the news?

    At a June 22 meeting for Union Budget 2024-25, Tamil Nadu’s Finance Minister Thangam Thennarasu requested ₹63,246 crore for Chennai Metro Rail Phase-2, ₹3,000 crore for disaster restoration, and increased unit costs for centrally sponsored schemes.

    How are the funds for phase two of the Chennai Metro Rail distributed?

    • Funding Agencies and International Support: Chennai Metro Rail Phase-2 is financed by multiple international agencies, including the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), and New Development Bank (NDB).
    • State Government Contributions: Up to March 31, 2024, the Tamil Nadu government sanctioned ₹5,400 crore as share capital for the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) and ₹12,013.89 crore as subordinate debt, bearing the entire expenditure due to delays in approval from the Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).

    Is the Centre stalling the funds for the metro project?

    Approval Status:

    • Public Investment Board: The Chennai Metro Rail Project’s Phase-2 was approved by the Public Investment Board (PIB) as a Central sector project under the equity sharing model in August 2021.
    • Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs: The project has been awaiting approval from the Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) since then.

    State Government Actions:

    • Foundation Stone: Despite the pending approval, the foundation stone for the phase was laid by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in November 2020 when the AIADMK was in power.
    • Ongoing Expenditure: The Tamil Nadu government continues to fund the project independently, stressing its finances and urging the Centre to sanction the project under the 50:50 equity sharing model as was done for Phase 1.

    What about funds released by the Centre for restoration work after natural disasters in the State?

    • Initial Request by Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu submitted detailed memoranda to the Union government, seeking approximately ₹37,906 crore for restoration works following two natural disaster spells in 2023.
    • Initial Central Release: The Union government initially released a sum of ₹276 crore for immediate restoration efforts.
    • Additional Approvals: The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) later approved additional assistance of ₹285.54 crore and ₹397.13 crore for the two disaster spells.
    • Disbursed Amounts: From these approvals, a total of ₹115.49 crore and ₹160.61 crore were disbursed under the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
    • State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF): The Union government’s order also mentioned ₹406.57 crore as the 50% available in the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) account of Tamil Nadu as of April 1, 2023.

    Way forward: 

    • Metro Rail Project: The Union government should prioritize and expedite the approval process for significant infrastructure projects like the Chennai Metro Rail Phase-2. This can be achieved by setting stricter timelines for the Union Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) to finalize decisions.
    • Natural Disaster Restoration: The Centre should reassess the current disaster relief funding mechanism to ensure timely and adequate financial support for states hit by natural disasters.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Will the Agnipath scheme be revamped? | Explained 

    Why in the news?

    Following the 2024 election results, NDA allies Janata Dal (United) and Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) raised concerns about the Agnipath scheme and called for discussions on the matter.

    What is the Agnipath scheme?

    • The Agnipath scheme recruits soldiers, sailors, and airmen into the Indian armed forces for a four-year term, replacing the previous system of permanent recruitment. After completing their four-year tenure, up to 25% of Agniveers can be selected for permanent positions within the armed forces.
    • Agniveers can obtain educational certificates and skill certifications during their service. They receive a lump sum amount upon completing their tenure but are not eligible for a pension.

    Issues Associated with the Scheme

    • Personnel Shortage: There is a significant shortage of personnel in the ‘below officer’s rank’ cadres, exacerbated by the recruitment freeze during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Army retires around 60,000 soldiers annually but only recruits 40,000, leading to a growing shortfall.
    • Low Conversion Rate: The 25% conversion rate from Agniveers to regular soldiers is considered insufficient to address the personnel shortage.
    • Compressed Training: The four-year tenure necessitates a shorter training period, which may impact the quality of training.
    • Political and Social Opposition: The scheme has faced political opposition and led to violent protests in some parts of the country. Critics argue for a clause-by-clause review or complete scrapping of the scheme.

    Present Scenario

    As the Agnipath scheme marks two years since its implementation, the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in the Defence Ministry is reviewing the scheme based on feedback from the armed forces.

    • Feedback Compilation: The Navy and Air Force have compiled their feedback, while the Army is still in the process.
    • Recommendations: Suggestions include increasing the intake numbers, raising the permanent recruitment rate from 25% to at least 50%, and extending the age limit for technical recruits from 21 to 23 years.
    • Review Process: The DMA will compile all recommendations and submit them to the Defence Ministry for potential adjustments to the scheme.

    Way forward:

    • Enhance Educational and Skill Development Opportunities: Partner with educational institutions to provide Agniveers with advanced degrees and certifications that are recognized nationwide. Offer vocational training and skill development programs that are aligned with industry standards, improving post-service employability.
    • Increase Permanent Induction Rate: Raise the conversion rate of Agniveers to permanent positions from 25% to at least 50% to address the personnel shortage effectively.

  • [26th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Agony still in Manipur, a year later

    PYQ Relevance: 

    Q What are the two major legal initiatives by the state since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (ST)? (UPSC IAS/2017)
    Q Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (UPSC IAS/2016)

    Mentors’ comment: The Meiteis and Kuki-Zos are the two major ethnic communities in Manipur engaged in a violent conflict since May 2022. The Meiteis, the dominant group in the Imphal valley, have demanded Scheduled Tribe status, which the Kuki-Zos in the hills oppose fearing loss of land and jobs. The conflict has led to over 220 deaths, thousands injured, and tens of thousands displaced, creating a humanitarian crisis.

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the news?

    The absence of Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh was notable at the high-level security meeting on Manipur convened by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in New Delhi on June 17, 2024.

    Background issue:

    • Communities Involved: The primary conflict is between two major ethnic communities in Manipur: the Meitei and the Kuki-Zo tribes.
    • Violence and Casualties: The clashes have resulted in significant violence, including attacks on civilians and property. The conflict has led to a considerable loss of life, with casualties reported on both sides.
    • Displacement: The violence has caused widespread displacement within Manipur. Both Meiteis and Kuki-Zos have been forced to flee their homes, contributing to a humanitarian crisis in the region.
    • Reason: The roots of the conflict are deep-seated and include historical grievances and disputes over land, resources, and political representation.

    Issues related to High-Level Security Meeting:

    • Exclusion from High-Level Meetings: Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh was conspicuously excluded from a high-level security meeting convened by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in New Delhi on June 17, 2024.
    • Centralized Control: Speculations arose about an undeclared President’s Rule in Manipur, indicating that the State government’s authority in handling the ethnic clashes between Meitei and Kuki-Zo tribes has been significantly diminished.
    • Appointment of Officials: The Director General of Police and Security Adviser for Manipur were appointed from outside the State following the outbreak of violence, highlighting a shift in administrative control away from local authorities.

    Recent challenges:

    • Misguided Separation Strategy: An attempt to create a buffer zone between the warring communities by dividing responsibilities between central forces and state police backfired.
    • Lack of Resolution Efforts: While violence temporarily subsided, underlying causes of discord between Meiteis and Kuki-Zos were not addressed, allowing tensions to persist and escalate unpredictably.
    • Presence of Security Forces: Despite a large deployment of around 70,000 personnel, the strategy has focused on managing rather than resolving the conflict, leading to sustained distrust and communal tensions.

    Impact on Meiteis and Kuki-Zos communities:

    • Casualties and Displacement: Official figures report 225 deaths, with significant displacement and mutual ethnic cleansing affecting both Meiteis and Kuki-Zos communities.
    • Blurred Victim-Perpetrator Lines: Over time, the distinction between victims and perpetrators has become less clear, complicating reconciliation efforts and deepening communal divisions.
    • Humanitarian Impact: The conflict has exacted a heavy toll on lives and properties, necessitating empathy and shared acknowledgement of suffering as a basis for reconciliation and eventual peace-building.

    Way forward: 

    • Inclusion of Local Leadership: Ensure the meaningful participation of Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh and local community leaders in high-level security meetings and decision-making processes. This can help in fostering trust and ownership of initiatives aimed at resolving the conflict.
    • Address Root Causes: Conduct a comprehensive assessment to identify and address the underlying causes of ethnic tensions, such as historical grievances, competition over resources, and political representation. Develop policies and initiatives that aim at long-term reconciliation rather than short-term management of conflict.

    Source: 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/agony-still-in-manipur-a-year-later/article68332570.ece#:~:text=There%20seem%20to%20be%20no,placed%20in%20virtual%20animated%20suspension.

  • Finance Commission and Indian Cities

    Why in the news? 

    With the new Lok Sabha and Union government in place, this final piece focuses on how the 16th Finance Commission can drive substantive public finance reforms for India’s cities.

    Note: The Sixteenth Finance Commission has been requested to make its recommendations available by October 31, 2025, covering an award period of 5 years commencing 1st April, 2026.

    16th Finance Commission can catalyse municipal-level financial reforms     

    • Strengthening State Finance Commissions: The Commission should emphasize the need for state governments to constitute state finance commissions on time, provide them with adequate resources, and ensure their recommendations are taken seriously.
    • Fiscal Decentralization: The 16th FC should recommend a formula-based approach for predictable fiscal transfers from state governments to municipalities, moving away from the current practice of ad hoc, discretionary grants. This will enhance the financial autonomy of urban local bodies.
    • Revenue Optimization: The Commission should incentivize municipalities to enhance their own revenues through measures like property tax reforms, user charges, and leveraging land assets. This will reduce their dependence on state grants and promote fiscal responsibility.
    • Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management: The 16th FC can provide incentives for municipalities to adopt fiscal responsibility and budget management frameworks to accelerate municipal borrowings for infrastructure development. This will enable cities to access capital markets for financing their growth.
    • Transparency and Citizen Participation: The 16th FC can encourage municipalities to enhance transparency and citizen participation in urban governance for improved accountability at the neighbourhood level. This will make urban local bodies more responsive to the needs of citizens.

    Need for the Reforms

    • Inadequate Funding and Resource Utilization: Indian cities face significant financial shortfalls and struggle to effectively utilize the funds they have, leading to underdeveloped infrastructure and services.
    • Lack of Accountability: There is minimal accountability regarding how municipal spending improves citizens’ lives, resulting in inefficient use of resources and unmet public needs.
    • Fiscal Decentralization: Cities need predictable fiscal transfers for effective planning, but state governments often delay constituting State Finance Commissions (SFCs) and implementing their recommendations.
    • Revenue Optimization: Cities underutilize their revenue-generating powers due to outdated valuation processes controlled by state governments. Comprehensive reforms are needed at all stages of revenue collection.
    • Transparency and Fiscal Responsibility: The legal framework for financial accounting, reporting, and budgeting is inconsistent across states. Standardized formats, mandatory accounting standards, and management accounting systems are necessary to improve transparency and fiscal responsibility.

    Activities by State Governments

    • Timely Constitution and Implementation of State Finance Commissions: State governments must ensure the timely establishment and effective implementation of SFC recommendations to support fiscal decentralization and provide predictable funding to cities.
    • Updating Valuation Processes: States should regularly update guidance values or circle rates to reflect current market values, enabling cities to optimize revenue collection and ensure financial sustainability.
    • Enhancing Legal and Institutional Frameworks: States should establish and enforce standardized formats for financial accounting, reporting, and budgeting to ensure consistency, transparency, and comparability across municipalities.
    • Empowering Local Governments: States should delegate reasonable expenditure authority to city councils, reducing dependency on state-level approvals and enabling more efficient and responsive local governance.
    • Mandating Transparency and Citizen Participation: States should mandate public disclosure of municipal financial data and project details in machine-readable formats and support the implementation of participatory budgeting to enhance transparency and citizen involvement in governance.

    Conclusion: The 16th Finance Commission can drive critical municipal-level financial reforms by strengthening state finance commissions, promoting fiscal decentralization, optimizing revenues, enhancing fiscal responsibility, and encouraging transparency and citizen participation in governance.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (15) (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • Indian Railways and safety challenges

    Why in the news?

    The turmoil has not subsided since the tragic accident involving the GFCJ container train, which, while travelling at high speed, collided with the 13174 Agartala-Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express, resulting in 11 deaths and approximately 40 injuries.

    Indian Railways: Recent Issues

    • Tragic Accident: The GFCJ container train collided with the 13174 Agartala-Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express, causing 11 deaths and around 40 injuries.
    • Premature Conclusions: The Chairperson of the Railway Board prematurely blamed the container train crew and provided incorrect information about casualties.
    • Slow Rollout of Kavach System: Kavach, an indigenous signalling system to prevent collisions, has been slowly implemented due to limited industrial capacity.
    • Staffing Issues: Indian Railways is overstaffed but has critical vacancies in safety-sensitive positions, leading to stress and overwork for existing staff.
    • Ambiguous Protocols: Ambiguous rules for handling Automatic signal failures create confusion and increase the risk of accidents.

    What are the major challenges that Indian Railways faces?  

    • Safety Concerns: Inadequate measures to prevent collisions and improve overall safety, despite technological advancements.
    • Staffing Shortages: Critical vacancies in essential roles such as loco pilots, train managers, and signal maintainers, lead to overworked staff.
    • Slow Technological Implementation: Delayed implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system due to limited industrial capacity and lack of focus.
    • Ambiguous Safety Protocols: Poorly drafted rules and unclear protocols for handling signal failures and emergencies.
    • Managerial and Communication Issues: Premature conclusions and miscommunication by top management, undermine trust and effective crisis management.

    What can be the solution?

    • Enhanced Safety Protocols: Strengthen and clarify protocols for Automatic signal failures and other emergency situations.
    • Accelerated Technology Adoption: Fast-track the implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system, with targets of 4,000 to 5,000 km/year.
    • Increase Recruitment in Critical Areas: Fill vacancies in essential safety roles promptly to reduce stress and workload on existing staff.
    • Encourage Industrial Capacity Building: Support and incentivize allied industries to increase capacity for producing and implementing safety technologies.
    • AI-Enabled Safety Monitoring: Implement AI-enabled applications to analyze digital data from station loggers and train microprocessors for actionable safety insights.
    • Focus on Managerial Accountability: Ensure that managerial issues are thoroughly investigated and addressed to improve overall safety management.

    Steps taken by the government:

    • The government has established the Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK), a dedicated fund with a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore over 5 years, to finance critical safety asset replacement, renewal, and upgradation.
    • The government has implemented Electrical/Electronic Interlocking Systems at 6,427 stations as of May 2023, which centrally operate points and signals to eliminate human error-related accidents.

    Conclusion: Strengthen and clarify safety protocols for handling signal failures and emergencies, ensuring clear guidelines and training for staff. Fast-track the implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system, setting annual targets of 4,000 to 5,000 km to improve overall safety and prevent collisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • India among a select few countries that have not conducted the Census    

    Why in the news?

    India’s last census was conducted in 2011, and the scheduled Census 2021 has been indefinitely postponed, citing the COVID-19 pandemic. This delay has significant implications for welfare schemes and policy planning reliant on accurate population data.

    Significance of Census Calculation  

    • Foundation for Policy Planning and Governance: Census data forms the foundational basis for policy planning and governance across various sectors such as education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and social welfare.
    • Allocation of Resources and Welfare Benefits: Census figures are crucial for determining the allocation of resources and distribution of welfare benefits like food subsidies, housing schemes, healthcare facilities, and educational resources.
    • Monitoring Socio-Economic Development: Census data enables monitoring of socio-economic development indicators over time, such as literacy rates, employment patterns, poverty levels, and household incomes.

    Present Observations:

    • Global Comparison: India is among a minority of countries (44 out of 233) that have not conducted the latest census, despite most nations managing to proceed with their census rounds after March 2020, amidst the pandemic. This delay places India alongside conflict-affected countries and those facing economic crises.
    • Regional Context: Among BRICS nations, India is the only country yet to conduct its latest census, contrasting with others such as Brazil, China, South Africa, and Russia, which have completed their census rounds during or after the pandemic.
    • Dependency on Census Data: Census data serves as the primary source for accurate demographic information at grassroots levels, crucial for planning and implementing welfare schemes across various sectors, including education, healthcare, and social security.

    Implications for Society:

    • Welfare Scheme Implementation: The absence of updated census figures hampers the effective implementation of welfare schemes such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), National Family Health Survey, and National Family Security Act. Outdated population data from 2011 leads to inaccuracies in identifying beneficiaries, potentially excluding millions from essential services and entitlements.
    • Education and Social Development: Schemes like the Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS), aimed at providing quality education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) children, are adversely affected. Allocation decisions based on 2011 census data may not accurately reflect current demographic realities, leading to misplaced resource distribution and missed opportunities for targeted interventions.
    • Economic and Social Planning: Census data plays a pivotal role in economic planning, resource allocation, and policy formulation. Without updated population figures, India faces challenges in devising evidence-based policies that address regional disparities, socio-economic needs, and demographic shifts effectively.

    Conclusion: The indefinite postponement of Census 2021 in India has profound implications for governance, socio-economic planning, and equitable development. Addressing these challenges requires expedited efforts to conduct the census and ensure accurate demographic data to inform inclusive policy frameworks.

    Mains question for practice: 

    Q Discuss the present observations regarding India’s census delay and analyze its implications. 15M