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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • How the police view custodial torture in India

    Why in the News?

    The data shows that many police officers accept using forceful methods like shouting, threatening, slapping, or even harsh physical torture during investigations, even for small crimes.

    How the police view custodial torture in India

    What proportion of police support violence against serious offenders for the greater good?

    • Majority Support Violence: 63% of police personnel believe it’s acceptable to use violence on serious offenders for the greater good of society. Eg: Officers may justify beating a suspected murderer if they believe it helps prevent future crimes.
    • Strong vs Moderate Support: Among those who agreed, 22% strongly agreed and 41% moderately agreed with using violence. Eg: Some officers might strongly feel torture is necessary in terrorism cases, while others may support limited force.
    • Opposition is Minor: Only 35% of police personnel opposed the idea of violence, showing that a minority disagrees with such practices. Eg: These officers might believe in legal methods like investigation and interrogation without physical harm.

    How does this infringe Fundamental Rights? 

    • Violation of Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Coercive actions like custodial torture and third-degree methods breach the right to live with dignity. Eg: A suspect beaten during interrogation suffers physical and mental trauma without legal conviction.
    • Denial of Protection Against Self-Incrimination (Article 20(3)): Forcing suspects to confess under pressure or torture violates their right to remain silent during interrogation. Eg: A person forced to admit guilt in a theft case, even if innocent, due to police pressure.
    • Breach of Equality Before Law (Article 14): Targeting specific individuals like history-sheeters or the poor with harsh treatment undermines equal legal protection. Eg: Repeat offenders being tortured without due process, while others get fair legal treatment.

    Why do many police personnel justify torture in national security and serious crime cases?

    • Perceived Urgency in National Security Cases: Many police believe torture is necessary to extract crucial information in time-sensitive situations like terrorism. Eg: 42% of police personnel strongly supported torture during terrorism-related interrogations.
    • Belief in Strong Punishment for Heinous Crimes: Officers feel that serious crimes such as rape and murder deserve harsher treatment to deliver justice quickly. Eg: 34% of police strongly supported torture in cases involving rape and serious violent crimes.
    • Assumption that Certain Suspects Are Repeat Offenders: There’s a mindset that “history-sheeters” don’t respond to normal interrogation, justifying harsher methods. Eg: 28% of police strongly agreed that torture is justified for repeat or habitual offenders.

    What are the coercive methods that police frequently justify during interrogations, even for minor offenses?

    • Verbal Abuse and Threats: A large portion of police personnel find it acceptable to verbally abuse or threaten suspects in minor crimes like theft. Eg: 49% said such verbal abuse and threats are justified even in petty cases.
    • Slapping Suspects: Physical force such as slapping is often seen as a mild and acceptable tactic. Eg: 32% of police justified slapping suspects during minor offence investigations.
    • Use of Third-Degree Methods: Even for minor crimes, some support more extreme measures like third-degree torture to get confessions. Eg: 9% of personnel justified using third-degree methods in minor cases.
    • Threats as Routine Practice: Many police reported that threats are a frequent part of their interrogation techniques. Eg: 26% said threats are used “often” during investigations; 34% said they occur “sometimes.”
    • Light Force Considered Normal: Slapping or applying light physical force is not seen as excessive by a significant number of police officers. Eg: 18% admitted it’s commonly done, and another 28% said it happens occasionally.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Implementation of Guidelines by Supreme Court: The government follows the D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1996) guidelines issued by the Supreme Court to prevent custodial violence. Eg: Police are required to inform relatives of an arrest and maintain arrest records.
    • Enactment of Human Rights Protection Laws: The government established legal bodies to monitor human rights violations. Eg: The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 led to the creation of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
    • Police Reforms and Training Programs: Reforms aim to modernize police functioning and encourage ethical conduct through training. Eg: The National Police Mission promotes citizen-centric policing and sensitization on human rights.

    Way forward: 

    • Independent Investigation and Accountability Mechanisms: Establish robust, independent bodies at the state level to investigate complaints of custodial violence and misconduct. Eg: Set up Police Complaints Authorities (PCA) with judicial oversight to ensure fair and transparent inquiries into custodial torture.
    • Comprehensive Sensitisation and Legal Training: Mandate regular training for police personnel on human rights, ethical investigation practices, and legal procedures. Eg: Include modules on constitutional rights, custodial safeguards, and mental health awareness in police academies and refresher courses.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2019] The police reforms in India have been left halfway due to lack of political will. Critically analyse.

    Linkage: The ongoing justification of coercive tactics, even in minor crimes, shows ineffective implementation of police reforms in India. It remains incomplete, largely due to a lack of political will, weak implementation, and cultural resistance within the force.

  • Palna Scheme under Mission Shakti

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Women and Child Development has informed that 1,761 Anganwadi-cum-Creches are operational across the country under the Palna Scheme.

    About the Palna Scheme

    • Launched to address childcare needs for working mothers, the Palna Scheme provides day-care facilities for children aged 6 months to 6 years.
    • In 2022, the National Creche Scheme was reorganized and renamed Palna Scheme under the Samarthya sub-scheme of Mission Shakti.
    • It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with a 60:40 funding ratio between the Centre and State/UT Governments (90:10 for North-Eastern and Special Category States). UTs without legislature receive 100% funding.
    • Target Audience: Provides services for all mothers (irrespective of their employment status), offering a safe, hygienic, and supportive environment for children.
    • Creche Services: Includes day-care, early stimulation, preschool education, nutrition, health check-ups, and immunization support.

    Other Creche Schemes:

    • Standalone Creches: Independent creches are providing care for children aged 6 months to 6 years. They include provisions for one Creche Worker and one Creche Helper. Services include sleeping arrangements, health monitoring, and education.
    • Anganwadi-cum-Creches (AWCC): A key component of Palna Scheme, these creches combine Anganwadi services with daycare for working mothers.
      • Staffing: Includes an Anganwadi Worker, Helper, and Creche Worker and Helper.
      • Target: Establish 17,000 new AWCCs by 2024-25, with 11,395 already approved as of March 2025.
      • Objective: To provide childcare in rural and semi-urban areas, ensuring last-mile delivery.
      • Honorarium: ₹6,500 for Creche Workers in standalone crèches and ₹5,500 for AWCC Workers.

    About Mission Shakti

    • Mission Shakti is the Ministry of Women and Child Development’s flagship scheme, designed to strengthen women’s safety, security, and empowerment in India. 
    • The scheme supports women-led development by addressing issues affecting women across their life-cycle.
    • Components:
      1. Sambal: Focuses on women’s safety, with initiatives like the One Stop Centre (OSC), Women Helpline (WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
      2. Samarthya: Empowering women through sub-schemes like Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh, and the Palna Scheme. It integrates support for childcare and maternal health.
      3. Gap Funding for Economic Empowerment: A new initiative to support financial gaps in women’s enterprises.
    [UPSC 2019] With reference to the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017, consider the following statements:

    1. Pregnant women are entitled for three months pre-delivery and three months post-delivery paid leave

    2. This act applies to all organisations with 20 or more employees

    3. It has made it mandatory for every organisation with 50 or more employees to have a crèche.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • [7th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Prescribe preventive medicine for a healthy India

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2021] Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.

    Linkage: This highlights the importance of a primary health structure, which is crucial for delivering preventive healthcare services, including screening and early detection of diseases.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India is aiming to become a $5 trillion economy and a major global power. But there’s a growing problem that often goes unnoticed — non-communicable diseases (NCDs), like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. These diseases now cause about two out of every three deaths in the country and pose a serious threat to our progress. To build a healthy and successful future, India must focus more on preventing illness, rather than only treating it after people fall sick.

    Today’s editorial discusses the issue of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. This analysis will be useful for GS Paper 2 and Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains examination.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India is seeing a rapid rise in non-communicable diseases, so people need to be aware that staying healthy is possible by taking care of themselves early before any illness starts.

    What are the major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting India’s population?

    • Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): The Leading cause of NCD-related deaths in India. Eg: Heart attacks and hypertension are increasingly seen in people as young as 30–40 years.
    • Diabetes and Its Complications: Rapidly rising due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets. Eg: Many young adults require dialysis due to diabetic kidney complications.
    • Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Cancers: Included chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, and oral cancer. Eg: Air pollution has led to increased COPD and lung cancer cases, especially in urban areas.

    How do they impact the country’s economy?

    • Loss of Productivity: NCDs reduce the ability of working-age individuals to remain productive. Eg: A 35-year-old with heart disease may take frequent leaves or drop out of the workforce, affecting economic output.
    • Increased Healthcare Expenditure: Families spend more on long-term treatment and medications, leading to out-of-pocket expenditure and pushing many into poverty. Eg: The cost of dialysis for kidney failure due to diabetes can be ₹20,000–₹30,000 per month, unaffordable for many.
    • Strain on Public Health Infrastructure: Public hospitals and health schemes get overburdened by rising cases of NCDs. Eg: Increased cases of cancer and diabetes require long-term care and monitoring, diverting resources from other healthcare needs.
    • Reduction in Demographic Dividend: India’s youthful population, considered an asset for economic growth, becomes a liability if affected by chronic illnesses early. Eg: Young professionals in IT or manufacturing sectors becoming diabetic or hypertensive by their mid-30s reduces long-term economic contribution.
    • Macroeconomic Losses: NCDs collectively reduce national income due to loss of labor force and healthcare costs. Eg: A World Economic Forum study estimated India may lose $3.5–$4 trillion between 2012–2030 due to NCD-related economic impacts.

    Why is preventive healthcare considered a crucial strategy for India’s sustainable development?

    • Reduces Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs: Preventive care helps in early detection and control of diseases, reducing the need for expensive treatments and hospitalizations. Eg: Widespread vaccination against polio eliminated the disease from India, saving billions in treatment costs.
    • Improves Productivity and Economic Growth: A healthier population means fewer sick days and a more productive workforce, which boosts economic development. Eg: Regular health screenings in workplaces reduce absenteeism and increase employee efficiency.
    • Strengthens Public Health Infrastructure: Focusing on prevention encourages investment in primary healthcare and rural health systems, making care more accessible. Eg: Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres promote lifestyle changes and early diagnosis at the grassroots level.
    • Mitigates Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Preventive measures like health education and lifestyle changes are key to tackling rising NCDs such as diabetes and hypertension. Eg: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS).
    • Supports Environmental and Social Sustainability: Preventive healthcare includes sanitation, nutrition, and pollution control—contributing to better environmental and community health. Eg: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan improved sanitation, reducing waterborne diseases and promoting healthy living conditions.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS): A flagship initiative aimed at early diagnosis, treatment, and management of NCDs at various levels of healthcare. Eg: Screening camps are organized at district and sub-district levels to detect hypertension and diabetes.
    • Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Over 1.6 lakh HWCs are being set up to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, with a focus on preventive care and NCD screening. Eg: Regular health check-ups for people over 30 years to catch NCDs early at the grassroots level.
    • Fit India Movement and Eat Right India Campaign: Aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits to reduce lifestyle-related NCDs. Eg: Schools and workplaces are encouraged to adopt fitness routines and healthier cafeteria menus.
    • Tobacco and Alcohol Control Measures: Implementation of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, and awareness campaigns to curb use of tobacco and alcohol — key NCD risk factors. Eg: Graphic health warnings on cigarette packs and bans on public smoking areas.
    • Integration of Digital Health and Telemedicine: Leveraging platforms like eSanjeevani and CoWIN to deliver health advice, track NCD risk, and facilitate remote consultations. Eg: Teleconsultation for diabetic patients in rural areas via mobile apps and village-level health workers.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Preventive and Community-Based Healthcare: Expand health education in schools, workplaces, and rural communities to promote healthy lifestyle habits (diet, exercise, no tobacco/alcohol).Eg: Launch campaigns like “Healthy India, Fit India 2.0” with a focus on local dietary habits, mental health, and physical fitness, integrated into school curricula and rural outreach.
    • Enhance Multi-sectoral Collaboration and Policy Integration: Coordinate between health, education, urban development, food processing, and environment ministries to tackle NCD risk factors comprehensively. Eg: Enforce stricter urban pollution controls, promote cycling/walking infrastructure, regulate trans fats/sugars in processed foods, and incentivize healthy food production through farm policies.

  • Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet

    Why in the News?

    A healthy and nutritious diet costs much more than just eating enough to fill the stomach. Because of this, around three billion people worldwide cannot afford to eat healthy diet.

    What is the primary difference between a calorie-sufficient diet and a healthy diet? 

    Aspect Calorie-Sufficient Diet Healthy Diet Example (Eg)
    Purpose Provides minimum energy to survive Provides energy + essential nutrients for overall health Eating only rice vs. eating rice with dal, vegetables, and curd
    Nutrient Content Lacks micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins) Rich in macro and micronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins) Rice alone vs. balanced meal with fruits, vegetables, proteins
    Food Variety Limited to cheap staples like rice, maize, or flour Includes diverse food groups (grains, fruits, dairy, protein, etc.) Maize flour daily vs. varied diet with pulses, greens, dairy
    Health Impact May cause “hidden hunger” and nutritional deficiencies Promotes growth, immunity, and good physical and mental health Feeling full but weak vs. feeling full and energized
    Affordability Very cheap (less than $1/day) Expensive (around $3.67/day globally) Affordable for poor families vs. out of reach for billions

    Why are the three billion people unable to afford a healthy diet globally?

    • High Cost of Nutritious Foods: Healthy diets with fruits, vegetables, proteins, and dairy are much more expensive than basic staples. Eg: A meal with rice, lentils, vegetables, and milk costs much more than a plain rice or maize meal.
    • Low Incomes in Poor Countries: In many low-income countries, the median income is lower than the daily cost of a healthy diet. Eg: In parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, people would need to spend over 100% of their income just to afford healthy food.
    • Most Income Spent on Non-Food Essentials: People also need to spend on housing, transport, education, etc., leaving less money for nutritious food. Eg: A poor family may prioritize rent and school fees, and manage meals with only the cheapest staples.
    • Dependence on Starchy Staples: Many rely heavily on calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods like rice, maize, or wheat due to affordability. Eg: A person eats only maize porridge daily, missing out on proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
    • Limited Production by Small Farmers: Even subsistence farmers may not produce enough variety to meet dietary needs, and cannot afford to buy it either. Eg: A farmer growing only rice and vegetables may lack access to milk, eggs, or fruits, leading to an unbalanced diet.

    Where is the affordability of a healthy diet the lowest, affecting over 80% of the population?

    • Sub-Saharan Africa: This region has the highest percentage of people who cannot afford a healthy diet. Eg: In countries like Chad, Burundi, or Niger, more than 80% of the population cannot afford fruits, dairy, or protein-rich foods regularly.
    • South Asia: Countries like India, Nepal, and Bangladesh have large populations with low incomes, making even basic healthy foods costly. Eg: In rural India, a balanced diet might cost nearly an entire day’s wage.

    How do subsistence farmers fit into the statistics on food affordability according to the FAO report?

    • Included in Affordability Calculations: The FAO includes the value of food produced for self-consumption when calculating affordability. Eg: A farmer growing their own rice and vegetables is considered as having partial income from that food production.
    • Still Unable to Afford or Produce a Healthy Diet: Even with homegrown food, many subsistence farmers cannot meet the dietary diversity needed for good health. Eg: A small farmer in rural Nepal may grow millet but can’t access milk, eggs, or leafy greens.
    • Dependence on Staple Crops: Most subsistence farmers rely on calorie-rich but nutrient-poor staples like maize or cassava. Eg: A family in Malawi surviving mostly on maize lacks essential proteins and vitamins.
    • Limited Market Access and Income: They often have little surplus to sell and low access to markets, limiting their purchasing power for other foods. Eg: A farmer in northern Nigeria may produce yams but can’t reach a market to sell or buy fruits.
    • Vulnerable to Shocks and Seasonal Gaps: Crop failures, poor rainfall, or pests can wipe out their food supply and worsen affordability. Eg: In drought-prone Kenya, crop failure forces families to skip meals or rely on relief aid.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched to reduce malnutrition among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers through better monitoring, awareness, and convergence of nutrition schemes. Eg: Promotion of locally sourced nutritious food and growth monitoring of children.
    • Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): Provides free nutritious meals to school children to improve school attendance and address childhood hunger and malnutrition. Eg: Meals include rice, dal, vegetables, and sometimes eggs or milk.
    • Fortification of Staples: The government promotes adding essential micronutrients (like iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12) to staples such as rice, wheat, and edible oils. Eg: Distribution of fortified rice through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in Local Production and Diversification of Nutritious Foods: Governments and NGOs should support smallholder farmers to grow a wider range of nutritious crops (e.g., pulses, fruits, vegetables, dairy, poultry). Eg: Promoting kitchen gardens, poultry, and millet farming in rural India to diversify diets.
    • Make Healthy Foods Affordable Through Policy and Subsidies: Implement targeted subsidies or cash transfers for poor households to afford healthy food groups. Eg: Expanding India’s mid-day meal and ICDS schemes with eggs, fruits, and vegetables for children.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?

    Linkage: Poverty and malnutrition which are key reasons why three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. The inability to afford nutritious food leads to malnutrition, which in turn perpetuates poverty by hindering human capital development.

  • India’s educational transformation — the true picture 

    Why in the News?

    India’s education system was neglected for decades, with no major policy update since 1986. While the world evolved, India remained stuck in outdated methods, resisting technological and global advancements.

    What were the key flaws in India’s education system before NEP 2020?

    • Outdated and Rigid Curriculum: The last major policy revision was in 1986 (with minor changes in 1992), making the education system disconnected from modern technological and economic advancements. Example: While global education systems embraced digital learning and skill-based curricula.
    • Lack of Access and Equity: The system failed to provide inclusive education, with marginalized communities, women, and rural students facing significant barriers. Example: Inadequate scholarships, lack of infrastructure in rural schools, and gender disparity led to lower enrollments among Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and women.
    • Political Interference and Corruption: Governance bodies like UGC and AICTE became instruments of political control rather than enablers of academic excellence. Example: The 2009 Deemed University scandal, where 44 private institutions were granted university status without proper evaluation, exposing financial irregularities.
    • Underfunded Public Education & Rise of Unregulated Private Institutions: Public universities were systematically starved of funds, leading to poor infrastructure and faculty shortages. Meanwhile, private institutions emerged as degree mills with little regulation. Example: Many engineering and medical colleges prioritized profit over education quality, leading to subpar graduates with minimal employable skills.
    • Eurocentric and Ideologically Driven Curriculum: The education system failed to incorporate India’s rich intellectual and cultural heritage, with history often being selectively framed to suit political narratives. Example: Contributions of revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Veer Savarkar were downplayed.

    How has the NEP 2020 contributed to improving access, equity, and quality in education in India?

    • Increased Access to Education for Marginalized Groups: NEP 2020 introduced policies to improve enrollment among SCs, STs, OBCs, and minorities. Example: Enrollment in higher education increased by 50% for SCs, 75% for STs, and 54% for OBCs since 2014-15. Women’s enrollment also grew by 38.8% in 2022-23.
    • Expansion of Early Childhood Education & Foundational Learning: NEP 2020 introduced the 5+3+3+4 system, focusing on foundational literacy and numeracy. Example: The NIPUN Bharat Mission aims to ensure that every child attains foundational literacy and numeracy by Grade 3.
    • Multilingual Education & Inclusion of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS): Promotes regional languages in schools and integrates traditional knowledge into the curriculum. Example: The Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Yojana aims to publish 15,000 textbooks in 22 Indian languages to make higher education accessible in local languages.
    • Improved Infrastructure & Teacher-Student Ratio: NEP 2020 mandates modern infrastructure, teacher training, and support systems to improve learning outcomes. Example: Per-child government expenditure increased by 130% (from ₹10,780 in 2013-14 to ₹25,043 in 2021-22), leading to improved pupil-teacher ratios and reduced dropout rates.
    • Quality Enhancement Through Skill-Based & Digital Learning: NEP 2020 emphasizes coding, AI, and multidisciplinary learning to prepare students for the future. Example: Over 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) have been set up to promote STEM education, and plans are underway to establish 50,000 more with broadband access.

    Why is the empowerment of women a key focus of the education reforms under NEP 2020?

    • Bridging Gender Gaps in Education: NEP 2020 emphasizes increasing female enrollment across all levels of education. Example: Female enrollment in higher education grew by 38.8%, crossing 2.18 crore in 2022-23. Among Muslim minority students, female enrollment rose by 57.5%.
    • Encouraging Women in STEMM Fields: The policy promotes gender inclusion in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). Example: Women now make up 43% of students in STEMM fields, breaking traditional gender barriers in male-dominated domains.
    • Improving Female Representation in Academia: NEP 2020 ensures equal opportunities in teaching and research positions. Example: The proportion of female teachers increased from 38.6% in 2014 to 44.23%, transforming academic leadership landscapes.
    • Financial and Social Support for Girls’ Education: NEP 2020 promotes scholarships, financial aid, and safety measures to encourage girls’ education. Example: The introduction of Gender Inclusion Fund supports school infrastructure, sanitary facilities, and incentives for female students.
    • Skill Development & Economic Independence: NEP 2020 integrates vocational training, entrepreneurship, and digital literacy to empower women economically. Example: The policy supports multidisciplinary learning and skilling programs that prepare women for careers in emerging fields like AI and data science.

    Which NEP 2020 initiatives promote innovation and research in education?

    • Establishment of the National Research Foundation (NRF): The NRF aims to fund, mentor, and support research across disciplines by integrating industry and academia. Example: India’s research publications have increased by 88% since 2015, and India’s ranking in the Global Innovation Index improved from 76 (2014) to 39 (2023).
    • Introduction of Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) for Grassroots Innovation: Over 10,000 ATLs have been set up in schools to nurture a culture of experimentation, problem-solving, and innovation among students. Example: The government plans to expand ATLs to 50,000 schools with broadband connectivity in the next five years.
    • Multidisciplinary and Flexible Learning Approach: NEP 2020 promotes multidisciplinary research by breaking rigid subject barriers and introducing coding, artificial intelligence (AI), and data science at the school level. Example: Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) are being integrated into over 8,000 higher education institutions, encouraging innovation rooted in traditional knowledge.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Public-Private Collaboration in Research & Innovation: Strengthen industry-academia partnerships to bridge the skill gap, improve employability, and boost indigenous research in emerging technologies like AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology.
    • Robust Monitoring & Implementation Framework: Establish independent regulatory bodies to track progress, ensure equitable access, and prevent commercialization of education, ensuring that NEP 2020 achieves its intended objectives effectively.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. [UPSC 2020]

    Linkage: Critical examination of the policy’s intent to restructure and reorient the education system.

  • [31st March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘3Cs’ that haunt Indian education today

    PYQ Relevance:

    Question: National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. [UPSC 2020]

    Linkage: Critical analysis of a major education policy, where aspects of centralisation, commercialisation, and the underlying ideological orientation (potentially related to communalisation, although not directly stated) could be part of the critique.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 may seem important, but it hides the government’s lack of real effort to improve education for children and youth in India. Over the past ten years, the government has mainly focused on three things—taking more control over education, encouraging private schools and colleges while reducing public funding, and changing textbooks and courses to fit its own ideas.

    Today’s editorial discusses education policy and its impact, providing useful insights for GS Paper 2 in the UPSC Mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The government’s three-point agenda is causing serious harm to the education system, affecting accessibility, quality, and fairness in learning opportunities.

    What is the three-point agenda of the government?

    • Centralisation of Power: The Union Government has taken control over education policy and decision-making, sidelining State governments.
    • Commercialisation & Outsourcing to the Private Sector: Government policies have led to the closure of public schools and increased dependence on expensive private education.
    • Communalisation of Curriculum & Institutions:  The Opposition has accused the government of modifying textbooks and appointing ideologically aligned individuals in academic institutions to promote a biased narrative.

    What are the key concerns regarding the centralization of education under NEP 2020?

    • Lack of State Consultation & Decision-Making: Despite education being in the Concurrent List, the Union Government has not consulted State governments on policy implementation. Example: The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), which includes State Education Ministers, has not been convened since 2019.
    • Financial Coercion to Implement Central Schemes: The Union Government uses financial control to push State governments into adopting centrally designed schemes. Example: Funds under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), meant for RTE implementation, were withheld to pressure States into adopting PM-SHRI model schools.
    • Undermining State Control Over Higher Education: The Union Government is reducing the role of State governments in governing their own universities. Example: The 2025 UGC guidelines remove State governments from the process of appointing Vice-Chancellors, giving power to Governors (as Chancellors) instead.
    • Shift from Neighborhood Schools to Centralized School Complexes: NEP 2020 promotes school complexes, which leads to the closure of small public schools, reducing accessibility for marginalized students. Example: Since 2014, 89,441 government schools have been shut down, while 42,944 private schools have been opened.
    • Increased Control Over Curriculum & Textbooks: The Union Government has made unilateral changes to the NCERT curriculum, promoting a selective historical and ideological narrative. Example: Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination details, Mughal history, and the Preamble to the Indian Constitution were removed from textbooks, later reinstated due to public backlash.

    How has the commercialisation of education impacted public schools and higher education institutions in India?

    • Closure of Public Schools & Growth of Private Schools: The shift towards school complexes under NEP 2020 has led to the closure of public schools, forcing students into expensive private education. Example: Since 2014, 89,441 public schools have been closed, while 42,944 private schools have opened, increasing educational inequality.
    • Higher Education Funding Shift to Loans Instead of Grants: The introduction of the Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) forces universities to take loans at market interest rates, instead of receiving government grants. Example: Universities now recover loan repayments from student fees, leading to fee hikes, making higher education less affordable.
    • Rise in Corruption & Lack of Accountability: Increased privatisation and outsourcing have led to corruption in regulatory bodies and lower academic standards. Example: The NAAC bribery scandal and failures of the National Testing Agency (NTA) have exposed financial misconduct and inefficiency in public education governance.

    What is the criticism of the Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA)?

    • Shift from Grants to Loans Increases Financial Burden: HEFA replaces UGC’s block grants with market-rate loans, forcing universities to generate their own funds. Example: Universities struggle to repay loans, leading to higher student fees, making education less accessible to the economically weaker sections.
    • Universities Rely on Student Fees for Loan Repayments: Most universities lack revenue sources, so they increase student fees to repay loans. Example: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education found that between 78% to 100% of HEFA loans were repaid using student fees, worsening affordability.
    • Neglect of Public Education & Research: HEFA discourages public investment in higher education, prioritizing financial viability over quality education and research. Example: Many state universities, lacking resources, avoid infrastructure development or research expansion due to loan repayment concerns.

    Which specific changes in NCERT textbooks have been linked to the alleged communalisation of education?

    • Removal of Mughal History & Selective Erasure of Historical Facts: Chapters on Mughal India and references to their contributions in architecture, administration, and culture have been removed or reduced.Example: Class 12 history textbooks no longer include sections on Mughal rule, diminishing a key period of Indian history.
    • Omission of Mahatma Gandhi’s Assassination and Hindutva Ideology’s Role: References to Nathuram Godse and the RSS’s role in Gandhi’s assassination were removed, altering historical narratives. Example: Class 12 Political Science textbooks no longer mention how Hindu nationalist ideologies influenced Godse’s actions.
    • Exclusion of Constitutional Principles & Secularism: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution was initially removed, and sections on secularism and democracy have been diluted. Example: Class 10 political science textbooks saw removal of content discussing secularism as a foundational principle, sparking public backlash.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Federalism in Education Governance: Restore State consultation mechanisms like the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) to ensure inclusive decision-making.
    • Ensure Transparency & Academic Integrity in Curriculum Revisions: Establish an independent curriculum review committee with experts from diverse backgrounds to prevent ideological biases in textbooks.

  • Centre hikes MGNREGS wages by 2-7% for FY26

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has announced a hike in the wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for the financial year 2025-26, with an increase ranging from 2-7%.

    Wage Revision Under MGNREGS:

    • 2025-26 Wage Hike:
      • Wage increase: 2.33%-7.48%, with ₹7 to ₹26 rise.
      • Haryana records the largest hike of ₹26, bringing the wage to ₹400 per day (highest in India).
    • Wage Calculation:
      • Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).
    • Previous Hikes:
      • Goa had the largest hike of 10.56% in 2024-25.
      • Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand had the smallest at 3.04%.

    About MGNREGS

    • The MGNREGS, launched in 2005, guarantees 100 days of wage employment annually for rural households.
    • It provides a legal right to work, focusing on unskilled manual labour.
    • Unique Features:
      • 100 days of employment for rural households, with adult members volunteering for unskilled work.
      • If employment isn’t provided within 15 days, an unemployment allowance is paid.
      • Work must be offered within 5 km of the applicant’s residence.
      • The Centre funds 100% of unskilled labour costs, 75% of skilled labour and materials, and 6% of administrative costs.
    • Key Provisions under MGNREGS
      • Rural households are entitled to 100 days of employment. Additional days are allowed during natural calamities or for Scheduled Tribe households.
      • Citizens can conduct social audits to ensure transparency, with all records open to public scrutiny.
      • Worksites must provide crèches, drinking water, and first aid.
      • Workers more than 5 km from the worksite receive a travel allowance of 10% of the wage rate.

    Recent Challenges surrounding MGNREGS:

    • Delayed Payments: ₹11,423 crore owed for wages and administrative costs as of January 2025, with workers facing delays of weeks or months.
    • Inadequate Wage Rates: Wage rates are not linked to inflation, with the highest wage for 2024-25 at ₹374 in Haryana, below the national minimum wage.
    • Technological Challenges: Issues with Aadhaar-based payments and mobile monitoring systems have led to non-payment or misdirected funds.
    • Budget Constraints: Budget allocations have decreased from 0.4% of GDP in FY22 to 0.2% in FY25, impacting workdays and payments.
    • Social Audit Irregularities: Irregular audits by Gram Sabhas raise concerns about accountability and transparency.

     

    [UPSC 2011] Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”?

    (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households

    (b) Adult members of below poverty line (BPL) households

    (c) Adult members of households of all backward communities

    (d) Adult members of any household

     

  • SAHYOG must adhere to the safeguards and procedures in Section 69A of IT Act

    Why in the News?

    Social media platform X told the Delhi High Court that it cannot be forced to join the government’s SAHYOG portal, raising concerns that the portal might be misused to restrict online content.

    What is the SAHYOG portal?

    • The SAHYOG portal is an initiative by India’s Ministry of Home Affairs designed to streamline the process of identifying and removing unlawful online content. 
    • It serves as a centralized platform that connects authorized government agencies with online intermediaries, such as social media platforms, to facilitate the automated issuance of notices under the Information Technology Act, 2000.

    How does the government justify the creation of SAHYOG portal?

    • Enhancing Law Enforcement Efficiency: The government argues that SAHYOG enables faster coordination between law enforcement agencies, social media platforms, and telecom providers to remove unlawful content swiftly. Example: During communal riots, law enforcement can quickly flag and remove misinformation that could incite violence.
    • Legal Obligation Under IT Act: The government justifies SAHYOG under Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, which mandates that intermediaries remove content upon receiving government notification to retain their safe harbour protection. Example: If a government agency reports a post promoting terrorism, the platform must take it down to comply with the law.
    • Court-Mandated Need for Real-Time Action: The government cites the Delhi High Court’s observation in Shabana vs Govt of NCT of Delhi and Ors., which highlighted the necessity of a real-time content removal mechanism to handle urgent cases. Example: In cases of child exploitation content, immediate action through SAHYOG ensures rapid takedown and prevents further harm.

    Why has X (formerly Twitter) challenged the SAHYOG portal in the Delhi High Court?

    • Existence of an Independent Mechanism: X asserts that it has its own system to process valid legal requests for content removal and cannot be compelled to join the SAHYOG portal.
    • Legal Concerns Over Parallel Mechanisms: The company argues that the SAHYOG portal creates a parallel content removal mechanism without the stringent legal safeguards outlined in Section 69A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
    • Potential for Unchecked Censorship: X is concerned that the portal could lead to unrestrained censorship by allowing multiple government officials to issue content removal orders without proper oversight.

    How does Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act differ from Section 69A in terms of content takedown provisions?

    Aspect Section 79(3)(b) Section 69A
    Nature of Obligation
    • Intermediaries (social media platforms, websites) must remove content if they have “actual knowledge” of illegality or receive a court/government order.
    • The government can directly block content if it threatens national security, public order, or sovereignty.
    Who Issues Takedown Orders?
    • Takedown is required based on court orders or government notifications; intermediaries must act or lose their safe harbor protection.
    • Only the central government can order content blocking through a confidential process.
    Legal Safeguards & Due Process
    • Provides some scope for judicial review, as takedown requests are often based on court rulings.
    • Decisions are made secretly by a government committee, limiting transparency and legal recourse.
    Scope of Application
    • Applies broadly to any illegal content, including defamation, copyright violations, and hate speech.
    • Targets content affecting national security, public order, or friendly relations with foreign states.
    Example Scenarios
    • If a court finds a defamatory post on social media, the platform must remove it.
    • The government can block TikTok or ban certain tweets for national security concerns (e.g., India’s TikTok ban in 2020).

     

    Who are the key stakeholders involved in the SAHYOG portal’s implementation and legal challenge?

    • Government Authorities: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) developed the SAHYOG portal to enhance coordination between law enforcement agencies and social media platforms for combating cybercrime. The portal aims to automate the process of sending notices to intermediaries for the removal or disabling of unlawful online content.
    • Social Media Platforms (Intermediaries): Companies like X Corp (formerly Twitter) are directly impacted by the portal’s operations. X Corp has legally challenged the government’s use of the SAHYOG portal, arguing that it functions as a censorship tool by bypassing established legal safeguards and infringing upon constitutional rights such as freedom of speech.
    • Judiciary: The Delhi High Court plays a pivotal role in adjudicating disputes related to the SAHYOG portal. It has urged various states, union territories, and intermediaries to join the portal to effectively combat cybercrime, while also addressing grievances from law enforcement agencies regarding data access from intermediaries.

    Where does the Supreme Court’s ruling in Shreya Singhal vs Union of India come into play in the debate over SAHYOG?

    • Precedent on Online Free Speech & Due Process: The Shreya Singhal ruling struck down Section 66A of the IT Act for being vague and overbroad, while upholding Section 69A with due process requirements, including hearings for content creators. Example: A journalist’s tweet flagged via SAHYOG may be removed without an opportunity to challenge it, violating Shreya Singhal principles.
    • Judicial Safeguards & Preventing Arbitrary Censorship: Shreya Singhal upheld Section 69A but mandated transparent procedures, review committees, and justifications for content blocking. Example: If SAHYOG bulk blocks dissenting voices without an independent review, it could breach Shreya Singhal safeguards.

    Way forward: 

    • Ensure Judicial Oversight & Accountability – Implement an independent review mechanism to prevent arbitrary censorship and align with the Shreya Singhal ruling.
    • Enhance Transparency & Due Process – Mandate clear guidelines, periodic transparency reports, and an appeal system for content takedown decisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. [UPSC 2013]

    Linkage: This question linked with regulation of online content and the potential restrictions on freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by Article 19 of the Constitution. This is relevant because content takedown provisions are also a form of regulating online speech and need to be consistent with constitutional rights. 

  • The CBSE’s ‘two-exam scheme’ overcomplicates things

    Why in the News?

    Recently, CBSE plans to let Class 10 students take their board exams twice a year (in February/March and May) from 2026. This change is meant to help students and follows the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

    What are the key objectives of the CBSE’s proposed two-examination policy for Class 10 students starting from 2026?

    • Provide a Second Chance: Students can take board exams twice in an academic year (February/March & May) to improve their scores. Example: A student who performs poorly in the first attempt due to illness can appear again without waiting a full year.
    • Promote Competency-Based Learning: Shift from rote memorization to testing conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Example: Instead of asking students to memorize historical dates, the exam may include analytical questions on historical events’ impact.
    • Align with National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Encourage a flexible, student-friendly assessment model focused on continuous learning. Example: Like international systems (e.g., SAT in the U.S.), students get multiple opportunities to improve scores without excessive pressure.

    Why does the policy raise concerns about increased student stress instead of reducing examination pressure?

    • Short Remediation Window: The gap between the first (Feb/March) and second (May) exams is too short for meaningful improvement in weak areas. Example: A student struggling with math concepts in February may not get enough time to improve before the second attempt in May.
    • Double the Exam Preparation Pressure: Instead of easing stress, students may feel pressured to prepare for two board exams in a short span. Example: Students may end up studying rigorously for both exams, fearing they might need a second attempt.
    • Coaching-Centric Approach: The risk of coaching institutes exploiting the two-exam format may increase, leading to more emphasis on exam-focused learning rather than conceptual understanding. Example: Coaching centers may start specialized crash courses for the second attempt, pushing students into additional preparation cycles.

    How could the proposed policy impact students from economically weaker sections?

    • Higher Examination Fees: Students must pay a non-refundable fee covering both attempts, even if they only take one exam. Example: A student from a low-income family who performs well in the first attempt still pays for the second, increasing financial burden.
    • Increased Dependence on Coaching: Private coaching centers may exploit the two-exam system, making it harder for students without financial resources to compete. Example: Wealthier students might afford special coaching for the second attempt, while economically weaker students struggle with self-study.
    • Limited Access to Remedial Support: Schools may not provide structured support between the two exams, leaving underprivileged students without proper guidance. Example: A government school student scoring low in February may not have access to extra tutoring before the May exam.
    • Delayed Class 11 Admissions: If second-attempt results are declared late, students from poor backgrounds may struggle with securing admissions or scholarships in time. Example: A student awaiting May results might miss out on early admissions in better schools with financial aid opportunities.
    • Increased Psychological Pressure: Financial struggles combined with the pressure of performing well in two exams may cause additional stress and anxiety. Example: A student from a single-income household may feel forced to clear the first attempt to avoid extra financial strain on their family.

    What changes are needed to make sure the policy follows the NEP 2020 and supports skill-based learning? (Way forward)

    • Shift from Rote Learning to Competency-Based Assessment: Redesign question papers to focus on conceptual understanding, application, and problem-solving rather than memorization. Example: Instead of asking students to recall historical dates, exams should test their ability to analyze historical events and their impact.
    • Structured Remedial Support Between Exams: Schools should provide focused remedial classes for students who perform poorly in the first attempt, helping them improve their conceptual understanding. Example: If a student struggles with algebra in February, they should receive targeted math coaching before the May exam.
    • Flexible Examination Fee Structure: Allow students to pay for only one attempt if they do not wish to appear for both, ensuring financial equity. Example: A student confident in their preparation should not be forced to pay for a second exam they do not intend to take.
    • Staggered Implementation with Pilot Studies: Conduct phased trials in diverse school settings to identify logistical and pedagogical challenges before nationwide implementation. Example: A pilot program in rural and urban schools can reveal differences in access to resources and necessary adjustments.
    • Integration of Continuous and Holistic Assessment: Move towards year-round assessments that evaluate practical skills, creativity, and critical thinking, reducing reliance on a single high-stakes test. Example: Schools can introduce project-based assessments in science subjects, testing real-world application rather than just theoretical knowledge.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.” (UPSC 2020) 

    Reason: This question is directly linked with NEP 2020, the same policy framework that the CBSE’s ‘two-exam scheme’ claims to align with.

  • [ 24th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The need for universal and equitable health coverage

    PYQ Relevance:

    Question: Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.’ Analyse (UPSC IAS 2021)

    Reason:  A strong primary health structure, as highlighted in this question, is fundamental for achieving equitable access to healthcare. It serves as the first point of contact and helps in early detection and management of health issues across all sections of society.

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC usually focuses on the primary health structure in 2021 and Public healthcare system in 2024.

    India has made significant progress in TB care by expanding rapid molecular testing, introducing the shorter all-oral BPaLM regimen, increasing Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana support to ₹1,000 per month, and strengthening community involvement. These efforts led to a 17.7% drop in TB incidence and a 21.4% decline in TB deaths between 2015 and 2023.

    Today’s editorial highlights significant advancements in tuberculosis (TB) care and their impact. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 3 in UPSC Mains answer writing.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Integrating TB services into the public health system is essential for ensuring fair and universal healthcare for everyone in India.

    What are the key advancements India has made in tuberculosis (TB) care?

    • Expansion of Molecular Testing for Rapid Detection: India has significantly expanded molecular testing, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB. Example: Introduction of CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and TrueNat machines in primary health centers for early detection.
    • Improved Drug Regimens & Shorter Treatment Duration: Newer drug combinations have reduced treatment duration for drug-resistant TB, increasing patient compliance. Example: The shorter BPaL regimen (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid) has improved MDR-TB cure rates and reduced mortality.
    • Better Access to Free & Effective Treatment: Government programs like the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) provide free TB medicines, improving adherence and reducing deaths. Example: MDR-TB patients receiving Bedaquiline and Delamanid have better survival rates compared to traditional toxic injectable treatments.
    • Enhanced Nutritional and Financial Support: The Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) doubled financial assistance from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients to ensure proper nutrition. Example: Over 40 lakh patients have benefited from direct benefit transfers under this scheme.
    • Integration of TB Services with Primary Healthcare: TB care is now incorporated into the Ayushman Bharat scheme, linking it with Health and Wellness Centres (Ayushman Arogya Mandirs). Example: These centers serve as sputum collection points and treatment hubs, improving accessibility for rural and urban populations.
    • Community Engagement and Preventive Strategies: Expansion of TB preventive therapy and involvement of TB survivors as “TB Champions” to promote awareness and early detection. Example: The “100 Days” campaign aims to improve case detection and ensure early intervention for high-risk populations.

    How have these advancements contributed to a decline in TB incidence and mortality rates?

    • Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
    • Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.

    Who are the most vulnerable groups affected by TB?

    • People with Weakened Immune Systems: Individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or chronic illnesses are more susceptible due to weaker immunity. Example: TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV, as their immune system cannot effectively fight the infection.
    • Low-Income & Undernourished Populations: Malnutrition and poverty increase TB risk by weakening immunity and limiting access to healthcare. Example: In India, undernourished populations, especially in tribal and slum areas, have higher TB incidence due to poor living conditions.
    • Migrants, Prisoners, and Urban Slum Dwellers: Overcrowded and poorly ventilated environments increase TB transmission. Example: Migrant workers living in congested dormitories or prison inmates are at a higher risk of infection due to close contact with infected individuals.

    Gender & Tuberculosis: Challenges, Data, and Solutions

    Category Challenges Data & Examples Solutions
    Women & TB Social Stigma and Fear of Isolation 60% of women diagnosed with TB in India face stigma (REACH, 2022). Community awareness campaigns like “TB Mukt Mahila” in Uttar Pradesh.
    Misdiagnosis & Underreporting Only 34% of TB cases in women are officially diagnosed (WHO, 2019). Gender-sensitive diagnostic protocols in PHCs. Routine TB screening during maternal health checkups (Rajasthan model).
    Limited Healthcare Access 50% of rural women delay TB treatment due to financial dependence (Global TB Report, 2023). Example: Bihar’s ASHA workers report women refusing solo hospital visits, delaying treatment. Mobile TB clinics and door-to-door screenings.
    Higher Risk of Malnutrition 45% of women with TB suffer from malnutrition (NFHS, 2023). Example: 80% of TB-infected women in Jharkhand lack protein-rich diets, increasing dropout rates. Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana benefits for women, with an extra ₹500 allowance in Madhya Pradesh.
    Children & TB Non-Specific Symptoms & Misdiagnosis 60% of childhood TB cases present with fever and weight loss, not cough (IAP, 2022). AI-based diagnostic tools like Bihar’s AI-assisted TB detection, which increased early diagnosis by 28%.
    Sputum Test Ineffectiveness 40-50% of children’s TB cases are undetectable using standard sputum tests (WHO, 2023). Example: Delhi’s AIIMS introduced stool-based PCR testing, increasing childhood TB detection by 25%. Nationwide adoption of stool-based PCR tests.
    Late Detection in Infants 30% of TB meningitis cases in infants are fatal due to delayed screening. Routine TB screening during childhood immunizations.
    Malnutrition & Weak Immunity Malnourished children are six times more likely to develop TB (WHO, 2023). Example: 90% of TB-infected children in Jharkhand were also undernourished. Integrate TB screening with anganwadi nutrition programs.
    Exposure to Household TB 50% of children living with TB-infected adults develop latent TB, but only 15% receive preventive therapy (Nikshay Portal, 2023). Example: Kerala’s preventive therapy program reduced childhood TB cases by 40%. Preventive therapy for all children in TB-affected households.
    Lack of Awareness Among Parents 70% of parents believe TB only affects adults (UP survey, 2023). Example: Schools in Gujarat introduced annual TB screening camps, improving early detection. Mandatory TB screening in schools and anganwadis. Maharashtra’s “TB-Free Schools” program detected 5,000 hidden cases in 2023.

    Why is the integration of TB services within the broader public health system crucial for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India?

    • Ensures Comprehensive and Equitable Healthcare Access: Integrating TB services into primary healthcare allows early detection and treatment for all, especially marginalized populations. Example: Including TB screening in Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) improves outreach in rural areas.
    • Reduces Financial Burden on Patients: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to provide affordable treatment and minimize out-of-pocket expenses for TB care. Example: Linking TB care with PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat) ensures free diagnostic and treatment services, reducing financial distress.
    • Improves Early Detection and Treatment Outcomes: Strengthening public health infrastructure with integrated screening programs improves early diagnosis and treatment adherence. Example: Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides nutritional support to TB patients, improving recovery and treatment success rates.
    • Addresses Co-Morbidities and Holistic Patient Care: TB patients often suffer from HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition; integration helps manage co-existing diseases efficiently. Example: Co-treatment of TB and HIV in ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) centers ensures better health outcomes.
    • Strengthens Disease Surveillance and Data Management: A unified health system enhances TB monitoring, tracking drug resistance, and controlling outbreaks. Example: The Nikshay portal helps track patient progress and ensures adherence to treatment regimens.

    How does the Ayushman Bharat scheme contribute to decentralizing TB care?

    • Expansion of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) and HWCs under Ayushman Bharat provide TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment at the grassroots level, reducing dependency on tertiary hospitals. Example: A TB patient in a remote village can access free CBNAAT/Truenat testing at a nearby HWC, ensuring early detection.
    • Financial Protection through PM-JAY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) covers TB treatment costs, reducing the financial burden on poor and vulnerable groups. Example: A migrant laborer diagnosed with drug-resistant TB can avail free hospitalization and medication under PM-JAY without financial hardship.
    • Community-Based TB Care and Awareness: Health workers (ASHA, ANMs) are trained to provide TB awareness, medication adherence support, and nutritional aid at the community level. Example: An ASHA worker monitors a TB patient’s medicine intake and nutrition under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, preventing treatment dropout.

    What are Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)?

    • Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) are upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, aimed at strengthening primary healthcare across India.
    • These centers provide comprehensive healthcare services at the community level, integrating preventive, promotive, curative, and diagnostic care.

    What role do Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) play in this process?

    • Strengthening TB Screening and Early Detection: Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) serve as first-contact healthcare facilities offering free TB screening and diagnostic services, improving early detection. Example: A person with persistent cough visiting an AAM in a rural area can get an immediate sputum test, preventing delayed diagnosis.
    • Ensuring Free and Continuous TB Treatment: AAMs provide directly observed treatment (DOTS) services, ensuring uninterrupted access to TB medicines and better adherence to treatment. Example: A TB patient enrolled at an AAM receives daily monitored medication, reducing the risk of drug resistance and treatment dropout.
    • Community Engagement and Nutritional Support: AAMs facilitate awareness programs, counseling, and nutritional support through schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana to enhance treatment outcomes. Example: A malnourished TB patient visiting an AAM is linked to a nutrition support program, improving overall recovery and immunity.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhancing partnerships between healthcare, nutrition, and social welfare sectors can ensure a holistic approach to TB care. Example: Expanding Nikshay Poshan Yojana with additional dietary interventions can improve patient recovery.
    • Leverage Technology for TB Surveillance & Treatment: Expanding AI-driven diagnostic tools and digital adherence tracking can improve early detection and treatment success. Example: Scaling up the use of AI-based X-ray screening in rural areas can enhance case detection rates.