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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • TB treatment success rates are improving gradually in India

    Why in the News?

    Tuberculosis cases in India dropped from over 237 per lakh people in 2015 to below 200 per lakh in 2022, showing a 16% decrease.

    tb

    What has been the percentage decline in TB incidence and mortality in India since 2015?

    • Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
    • Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.

    What factors led to a decline in TB incidence and mortality?

    • Improved Diagnosis and Treatment: The decline is attributed to better TB detection, newer diagnostic methods, and improved healthcare access. Example: The use of rapid molecular testing like CBNAAT and TrueNat has increased early detection rates.
    • Government Initiatives and Free Treatment Programs: Schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which provides nutritional support to TB patients, have played a role. Example: Free TB treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has improved patient outcomes.
    • Targeted Approach for Drug-Resistant TB: Specialized treatment centers and newer drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid have improved survival rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.
      Example: The expansion of Drug-Resistant TB Centers (DR-TBCs) across India has ensured timely and quality treatment for resistant cases.
    • Active Case Finding and Surveillance: The government and NGOs have been proactively identifying TB cases, even among asymptomatic individuals, through door-to-door screening and community outreach programs. Example: The “Active Case Finding” (ACF) initiative.
      • The “Aashwasan” program is a large-scale ACF campaign successfully implemented across 174 tribal districts of India in 2022, focusing on TB among tribal communities.

    Note: Despite progress, drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) remains a major issue, with low treatment success rates. Example: While overall TB mortality is declining, severely drug-resistant TB still has a treatment success rate of only 45% in India (2021).

    Why is the treatment success rate for severely drug-resistant TB lower than other forms of TB?

    • Limited Effective Drugs & High Toxicity: Severely drug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug. This leaves fewer treatment options, and the available drugs often have severe side effects like organ damage. Example: Patients with Pre-XDR-TB (resistant to fluoroquinolones) have a success rate of only 68%, while MDR-TB (less resistant) has a success rate of 74%.
    • Longer & More Complex Treatment Regimens: Treatment can take 18-24 months with a combination of multiple drugs. Many patients fail to complete treatment due to the high cost, side effects, or lack of adherence. Example: A patient with XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) may require daily injections and strong antibiotics, leading to dropout and failure.
    • Weaker Immunity & Higher Mortality Risk: Severely drug-resistant TB is harder to treat in patients with weaker immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition. Example: In India, a significant number of TB patients suffer from poor nutrition, making them more vulnerable to severe drug-resistant TB and treatment failure.

    Where does India rank among lower-middle-income countries in terms of catastrophic health expenditure due to TB?

    • Third Highest Among Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Over 10% of India’s population faces catastrophic health expenditure due to TB. Catastrophic health spending is defined as exceeding 10% of a household’s income or consumption. Example: Among 14 lower-middle-income countries with a high TB burden, India ranks third in terms of the population facing financial strain due to TB treatment.
    • Despite High Health Coverage, Costs Remain High: Around 60% of India’s population has some form of health coverage, making it the third highest among these countries. However, out-of-pocket expenses remain high, leading to significant financial distress for many TB patients. Example: Even with government schemes like PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), many TB patients still bear steep medical and non-medical costs (e.g., travel, and nutrition).

    Who are the top-performing and bottom-performing states in India’s fight against TB according to the TB index?

    • Top-Performing States: Among major states, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat rank highest in the TB index. Example: These states have shown better TB detection rates, improved treatment success rates, and stronger healthcare interventions to combat TB effectively.
    • Bottom-Performing States: Punjab, Bihar, and Karnataka rank lowest in the TB index among major states. Example: These states struggle with weaker TB surveillance, lower treatment adherence, and higher financial burden on patients, impacting overall TB control efforts.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Drug-Resistant TB Management: Expand access to newer, effective TB drugs (e.g., Bedaquiline, Pretomanid) and ensure adherence through shorter, less toxic treatment regimens. Example: Scaling up all-oral MDR-TB regimens can improve treatment success rates.
    • Reduce Financial Burden on TB Patients: Enhance direct benefit transfers for nutrition and support under schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana and integrate TB care with Ayushman Bharat for full cost coverage. Example: Covering non-medical costs (e.g., travel, nutrition) can reduce catastrophic health expenditure.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level” (2024)

    Reason: This question relates to strengthening the public health system, which is crucial for TB control and treatment success.

  • The challenge of policing digital giants

    Why in the News?

    On November 18, 2024, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) imposed a fine of ₹213.14 crore on Meta Platforms, Inc., for abusing its dominant position through WhatsApp’s 2021 Privacy Policy. This landmark decision underscores the growing intersection of competition law and data privacy, marking a significant step in regulating digital markets in India.

    What were the key findings of the Competition Commission of India (CCI)?

    • Abuse of Dominant Position in OTT Messaging & Online Advertising: CCI found that WhatsApp’s 2021 privacy policy update forced users to mandatorily consent to data sharing with Meta (Facebook, Instagram), strengthening WhatsApp’s dominance.  
    • Unfair Data Collection & Competitive Advantage: Meta leveraged WhatsApp’s vast user base to collect personal data, creating an unfair advantage in digital advertising by refining targeted ads.
    • Potential Harm to Consumer Privacy & Competition: The policy update allowed cross-platform data sharing, which CCI considered an unfair trade practice that compromised user privacy and created barriers for rival messaging apps.  
    • Violation of Fair Market Practices & Entry Barriers: The data-sharing policy made it difficult for new entrants to compete, as they lacked access to similar user insights, reinforcing Meta’s market position. Example: Startups like Telegram faced challenges in growing due to WhatsApp’s entrenched market power and data-driven network effects.
    • Imposition of Fine & Behavioral Remedies: CCI fined Meta ₹213.14 crore and imposed a five-year ban on sharing WhatsApp user data with Facebook and Instagram for advertising purposes. Example: This aimed to limit Meta’s ability to exploit its dominant position and create a level playing field in India’s digital ecosystem.

    Why did the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) grant a stay on CCI’s five-year ban and penalty imposed on Meta?

    • Prima Facie Case for Meta: NCLAT found grounds to review CCI’s decision, indicating that Meta’s appeal had merit and required further examination. Example: Meta argued that its privacy policy update did not force users but offered them a choice, which needed deeper legal scrutiny.
    • Irreparable Harm to Meta’s Business: The five-year ban on sharing WhatsApp user data with Facebook and Instagram could cause significant financial and operational disruption to Meta’s business. Example: Meta claimed that restricting data integration would affect its targeted advertising model, reducing its revenue from India.
    • Dominance and anti-competitive effects: NCLAT noted that CCI’s conclusions on abuse of dominance and anti-competitive effects required further legal and economic analysis before enforcement. Example: The tribunal wanted to assess whether the policy update genuinely harmed consumers or merely provided better services through personalized ads.
    • Balance of Convenience: The tribunal ruled that temporarily halting the penalty and data-sharing ban would not cause immediate harm to consumers but would protect Meta from disproportionate damages while the case was under review. Example: If Meta had to immediately comply but later won the appeal, reversing the business impact would be difficult.
    • Conditional Relief with Partial Penalty Payment: NCLAT granted the stay but directed Meta to deposit 50% of the ₹213.14 crore penalty, ensuring some accountability while legal proceedings continued. Example: This allowed Meta to continue operations without full compliance but ensured it remained engaged in the legal process.

    How does data play a role in creating and sustaining dominance in digital markets?

    • Data-Driven Network Effects: More users generate more data, which improves algorithms and services, attracting even more users, creating a self-reinforcing loop. Example: Google’s search engine improves as more users search, making its results better than competitors, reinforcing its market dominance.
    • Competitive Barrier Through Data Aggregation: Large tech firms collect massive user data across multiple services, making it hard for new entrants to compete due to a lack of comparable datasets. Example: Meta collects data from Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, allowing it to offer highly personalized ads, making it difficult for smaller ad platforms to compete.
    • Monetization & Market Lock-In: Companies use vast data pools to refine targeted advertising, personalize user experiences, and create dependencies, discouraging users from switching. Example: Amazon leverages consumer purchase data to optimize product recommendations, making it harder for new e-commerce platforms to attract customers.

    Which global regulatory actions have been taken against Meta and Google for their anti-competitive practices?

    • Heavy Antitrust Fines: Governments have imposed billions in fines on Meta and Google for abusing their market dominance. Example: The European Commission fined Google €8 billion across three cases, including unfair dominance in mobile operating systems (Android) and online advertising.
      • Similarly, the Bundeskartellamt (Germany’s Federal Cartel Office) found Meta guilty of merging user data without consent, violating EU competition law and GDPR.
    • Structural and Behavioral Restrictions: Authorities have enforced regulatory measures like breaking up monopolistic control, imposing interoperability, and preventing self-preferencing. Example: The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) filed a lawsuit against Meta for acquiring Instagram and WhatsApp to eliminate competition.
      • The Digital Markets Act (DMA) in the EU now mandates that dominant firms like Meta and Google ensure fair access to platforms, prevent self-preferencing, and allow third-party data-sharing.

    What should be amendments in India’s Competition Act, 2002 to address data-centric monopolies? (Way forward)

    • Recognizing “Data Monopolization” as a Form of Market Power: The Act should explicitly define data dominance as a key factor in determining market power and abuse of dominance.
      • Example: The EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) considers large data control a sign of dominance. India could adopt similar provisions to regulate companies like Meta and Google that leverage massive user data to eliminate competition.
    • Mandatory Interoperability and Data-Sharing Regulations: The Act should mandate interoperability and restrict exclusive data-sharing agreements that create entry barriers for competitors.
      • Example: In Germany, Meta was restricted from combining user data across platforms without explicit consent. Similarly, India could prevent dominant firms from self-preferencing their services and enforce data portability rules to promote fair competition.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the educational system in the country? Elaborate your answer.” (UPSC 2020)

    Reason: This question underscores the significant impact of digital platforms on key sectors. The influence of digital giants extends to education (e.g., online learning platforms, content distribution), highlighting their pervasive role and the need for understanding and potentially regulating their impact.

  • [pib] PM’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors (PM-YUVA 3.0)

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, launched the PM-YUVA 3.0 (Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors) on 11th March 2025.

    About the PM-YUVA Scheme

    • PM-YUVA 3.0 was launched on 11th March 2025, building upon the success of the first two editions, which focused on themes like national movement and democracy.
    • It is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, aimed at mentoring young authors below the age of 30.
    • The scheme’s objectives include fostering a new generation of writers who can explore topics such as:
      • Contribution of the Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
      • Indian Knowledge System
      • Makers of Modern India (1950-2025)
    • Background:
      • PM-YUVA 1.0 (2021): Focused on India’s National Movement & unsung heroes.
      • PM-YUVA 2.0 (2022): Focused on Democracy and Constitutional Values.
    • The scheme was designed to promote reading, writing, and book culture in India while showcasing Indian literature and heritage globally.
    • The National Book Trust (NBT), India, is the implementing agency responsible for executing the scheme.
    • The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to empower youth, develop creative leaders, and encourage capacity building in India’s younger generation.

    Important Features of PM-YUVA 3.0

    • An All-India Contest will be held through MyGov from 11 March 2025 to 10 April 2025.
    • 50 authors will be selected across three themes.
    • Evaluation of proposals will be completed by April 2025, and the final list of selected authors will be announced between May-June 2025.
    • Each selected author will receive a ₹50,000 monthly scholarship for six months, totaling ₹3 lakh per author.
    • Authors will also receive a 10% royalty on successful publications of their books.
    • Books created under the scheme will be published by the National Book Trust and translated into other Indian languages, promoting literary exchange and supporting the vision of ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’.
    • Applicants who have qualified for PM-YUVA 1.0 and PM-YUVA 2.0 are not eligible for this edition.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements :
    1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
    2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
    3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • [17th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The challenges of public health education in India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.” (2024)

    Reason: This question requires an understanding of the challenges within the public healthcare system, including the availability and competence of public health professionals, which is linked to the quality and accessibility of public health education.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Public health system’ (in 2015) and  ‘role of Indian state in public healthcare system’ (2024).

    The U.S. decision to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has caused major disruptions in healthcare services in many developing countries. However, India has remained mostly unaffected because it relies very little on international aid, which makes up only 1% of its total health spending.

    Today’s editorial discusses the impact of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) and reduce funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2, covering International Relations (IR) and Governance in the health sector.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the U.S. decided to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

    Why has the withdrawal of U.S. funding from WHO and USAID had a limited impact on India’s public health system?

    • Low Dependence on Foreign Aid – International aid accounts for only 1% of India’s total health expenditure, making the system largely self-reliant. For example, India’s Ayushman Bharat scheme is fully funded by the government, reducing dependence on external grants.
    • Strong Domestic Health Programs – India has large-scale, government-funded health programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). For instance, India’s polio eradication drive was successful primarily due to government initiatives rather than foreign aid.
    • Growing Private Healthcare Sector – The private sector plays a dominant role in healthcare delivery, reducing reliance on foreign-funded public health initiatives. For example, large hospital networks like Apollo Hospitals and Narayana Health operate independently of international funding.
    • Diversified Funding Sources – India receives aid from multiple global organizations, including the Gavi Vaccine Alliance and the Global Fund, ensuring that a reduction in U.S. contributions does not severely impact the overall funding pool. For example, India’s HIV/AIDS control programs receive support from UNAIDS and the Global Fund, not just USAID.
    • Increased Government Health Spending – The Union Budget allocations for health have consistently increased, helping sustain key health initiatives. For instance, India’s health budget in 2023-24 was ₹89,155 crore, allowing for the continued expansion of primary health infrastructure and insurance schemes without heavy reliance on foreign aid.

    What are the key challenges faced by Master of Public Health (MPH) graduates in securing employment in India?

    • Limited Government Job Opportunities – Despite the increasing number of MPH graduates, government recruitment has stagnated. For example, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) initially opened roles for non-medical public health specialists, but hiring has since slowed.
    • Preference for Medical and Management Professionals – The private healthcare sector prioritizes hospital administrators and business managers over public health specialists. For instance, private hospitals often recruit MBA (Healthcare) graduates for leadership roles rather than MPH holders.
    • Declining International Funding for Public Health – Many research institutions and NGOs rely on foreign grants, which are shrinking due to the U.S. withdrawal from WHO and USAID cuts. For example, NGOs working on tuberculosis control have faced funding reductions, limiting hiring capacity.
    • Lack of Practical Training and Standardization – Many MPH programs lack field experience, making graduates less competitive. For example, graduates from institutions with strong internships (like PHFI) are often preferred over those from colleges with purely theoretical training.
    • Absence of a Public Health Cadre – Unlike developed nations where public health professionals have dedicated government roles, India lacks a structured Public Health Management Cadre. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such a cadre, but implementation remains slow.

    How has the expansion of public health education in India led to concerns about the quality of MPH training?

    • Lack of Standardized Curriculum – Different universities follow varied curricula, leading to inconsistencies in training quality. For example, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) emphasizes social determinants of health and policy, while Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) focuses more on epidemiology and biostatistics. This lack of uniformity affects the competencies of graduates.
    • Insufficient Practical Training – Many MPH programs lack field-based learning, making graduates less prepared for real-world public health challenges. For instance, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) offers strong internship opportunities in collaboration with state governments, whereas some newer private universities, like Amity University, provide limited hands-on experience.
    • Shortage of Qualified Faculty – Several institutions face a shortage of experienced public health faculty, affecting the depth of education. For example, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) has an established public health faculty, whereas some recently launched programs in private universities struggle to recruit trained professionals, leading to a reliance on general medical or social science faculty.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Expansion of Public Health Institutes – The government has established institutions to strengthen public health education. Example: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH) and National Institute of Public Health Training & Research (NIPHTR) provide specialized training in public health.
    • Inclusion of Public Health in Government Initiatives – Various health programs now incorporate public health professionals. Example: The National Health Mission (NHM) and Ayushman Bharat programs employ MPH graduates in areas like health policy, epidemiology, and disease surveillance.
    • Strengthening Public Health Cadre – Several states are working on creating a structured public health cadre for MPH graduates. Example: Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed dedicated Public Health Management Cadres (PHMCs) to integrate MPH professionals into government health services.
    • Skill Development and Capacity Building – Initiatives to enhance practical training and research skills. Example: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) offer training in epidemiology, biostatistics, and field research.
    • Accreditation and Regulation Efforts – Steps are being taken to ensure uniform standards in MPH education. Example: The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed guidelines for public health courses, and discussions are ongoing for a central regulatory body to oversee MPH programs.

    Way forward: 

    • Establishment of a Public Health Cadre – The government should create a dedicated Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) at the state and central levels to ensure structured employment for MPH graduates. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such cadres, but national-level implementation is required.
    • Standardization of MPH Curriculum – A central body like the National Medical Commission (NMC) or the University Grants Commission (UGC) should regulate MPH programs, ensuring a uniform curriculum with a balance of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. For instance, defining core competencies such as epidemiology, health policy, and program management would enhance graduate employability.

  • Tackling the problem of nutrition

    Why in the News?

    In the upcoming financial year, the government has increased funding for two key schemes—Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.

    What are the key nutrition-related schemes that received higher allocations in Budget 2025?

    • Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0: Allocated ₹21,960 crore, up from ₹20,070.90 crore in the previous year, these initiatives aim to combat malnutrition and strengthen early childhood care.
    • Mission Vatsalya (Child Protection Services): Received ₹1,500 crore, an increase from ₹1,391 crore last year, focusing on creating a safe environment for vulnerable children through institutional and family-based care.
    • Mission Shakti (Women’s Empowerment): Allocated ₹3,150 crore, with components like Sambal and Samarthya receiving significant funding to support initiatives such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY).
    • Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): While specific figures were not detailed in the available sources, the scheme continues to provide nutritious meals to school children, aiming to improve health and learning outcomes.
    • Food Subsidy Program: The government plans to increase the food subsidy bill by about 5% to nearly ₹2.15 trillion, primarily due to higher rice purchases and rising storage costs, ensuring food security for the underprivileged.

    ​Why is India’s nutrition challenge not just about food insecurity but also linked to cultural and social factors?

    • Dietary Habits Shaped by Culture: Traditional food choices often lack diversity in essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), only 11% of breastfed children (6-23 months) receive an adequate diet. Example: Many vegetarian diets in India lack protein, iron, and vitamin B12, increasing anaemia risks.
    • Caste and Social Norms Impact Food Access: Historical caste-based discrimination limits access to nutrient-rich foods for marginalized communities. Example: Many lower-caste communities have restricted access to milk and pulses, key protein sources.
    • Gender Disparities in Nutrition: Women often eat last and consume less nutritious food compared to men in the family.
      • NFHS-5 reports that 57% of Indian women (15-49 years old) are anaemic, significantly higher than men.
    • Urbanization and Processed Food Consumption: Rising income levels and urban lifestyles have increased fast food and processed food consumption, leading to diet-related diseases. Around 23% of women and 22.2% of men in India are overweight or obese, according to NFHS-5. Example: High consumption of sugar-laden, fiber-poor packaged foods contributes to rising cases of diabetes and hypertension.
    • Limited Nutrition Focus Beyond Maternal and Child Health: National policies prioritize nutrition interventions for pregnant women and children but ignore other vulnerable groups.Elderly populations and working men receive little policy attention, despite being at risk of malnutrition and lifestyle diseases.
      • Example: According to NFHS-5, only 27.5% of adults with diabetes were aware of their condition, 21.5% were on treatment, and just 7% had their diabetes under control.

    How does the existing nutrition policy overlook certain segments of the population? 

    • Focus on Women and Children, Ignoring Other Vulnerable Groups: Most policies, like Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi, prioritize maternal and child nutrition but neglect other groups. Example: Elderly populations, adolescent boys, and working men rarely receive targeted nutritional support.
    • Lack of Attention to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Policies focus on undernutrition but ignore rising lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Example: 14% of adults in India require diabetes medication, yet nutrition plans rarely address high sugar and processed food consumption.
    • Limited Inclusion of Urban Poor and Middle-Class Nutritional Needs: Urban food insecurity and poor dietary habits are often overlooked in favor of rural nutrition programs. Example: Many urban poor rely on cheap, processed foods with low nutritional value, increasing obesity and micronutrient deficiencies.
    • One-Size-Fits-All Approach Ignores Local Dietary Diversity: National policies provide standardized nutrition interventions that may not align with regional food habits. Example: In some tribal areas, traditional nutrient-rich foods like millets are being replaced with government-distributed wheat and rice, reducing diet diversity.
    • Inadequate Support for Special Groups (Elderly, Disabled, Recuperating Patients): People recovering from illnesses, trauma, or those with disabilities have special dietary needs that existing policies fail to address. Example: Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) provide minimal nutrition support for elderly individuals with osteoporosis or post-surgical patients needing high-protein diets.

    What steps has taken by the Indian government?

    • Increased Allocation for Nutrition Schemes: Higher funding for Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi to improve maternal and child nutrition. Example: Focus on aspirational districts and take-home rations for malnourished children.
    • Fortification of Staple Foods: Distribution of fortified rice, wheat, and edible oil to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Example: Fortified rice with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in Mid-Day Meal (PM-POSHAN).
    • Strengthening Public Distribution System (PDS): Free ration under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) to ensure food security. Example: 5 kg of free grains per person per month for priority households.
    • Promotion of Millets and Local Food: Encouraging millet consumption for better nutrition and climate resilience. Example: 2023 was the International Year of Millets, and millets are now included in PM-POSHAN.
    • Awareness and Behavioral Change Campaigns: POSHAN Abhiyan promotes healthy dietary habits, anemia prevention, and hygiene. Example: Campaigns to promote breastfeeding and combat malnutrition at the grassroots level.

    Way forward: 

    • Expand Nutrition Coverage Beyond Maternal and Child Health: Develop inclusive policies targeting adolescents, elderly populations, and working adults. Example: Introduce nutrition programs for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and obesity.
    • Promote Region-Specific and Sustainable Diets: Encourage traditional, locally available nutrient-rich foods over a one-size-fits-all approach. Example: Integrate millets and indigenous grains into government nutrition programs.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (2024)

    Reason: This question directly addresses the link between poverty and malnutrition and asks for solutions.

  • A voluntary mandate: On the APAAR student ID

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education introduced the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID to digitally store each student’s academic records, providing a single, reliable source of their educational history throughout their life in India.

    Should the APAAR ID be imposed without a legal framework in place?

    • Violation of Right to Privacy: Without a legal framework, imposing APAAR violates the right to privacy upheld by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Example: The Court ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for basic services like school admissions. APAAR, linked to Aadhaar, may similarly infringe on privacy rights.
    • Lack of Informed Consent: Mandatory implementation without clear legal guidelines undermines voluntary participation and informed consent. Example: Parents in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka face pressure to enroll their children despite official claims that APAAR is voluntary.
    • Data Security Risks: Collecting sensitive student data without legal safeguards increases vulnerability to data breaches and misuse. Example: The Aadhaar leak incidents exposed millions of personal records, highlighting risks in handling large-scale digital databases without strict protection laws.
    • Discrimination and Exclusion: Errors in digital records (e.g., name mismatches) can exclude students from educational benefits if no legal recourse is available. Example: In DigiLocker, discrepancies in Aadhaar details have led to failed registrations and denial of services. Similar risks exist with APAAR.
    • Need for Legislative Oversight: A legal framework ensures transparency, accountability, and public trust in the system’s operation. Example: Countries like Germany regulate educational data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to protect citizens’ privacy. India lacks similar comprehensive safeguards for APAAR.

    What is the purpose of the APAAR ID introduced by the Ministry of Education?

    • Digitisation of Academic Records: APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) aims to create a digital repository for every student’s academic transcripts, ensuring a lifetime record of their educational journey.
      • It seeks to provide a unified and verified database for academic credentials, reducing discrepancies and ensuring authenticity across institutions.
    • Improved Accessibility and Portability: Enables students to access, share, and transfer their academic records seamlessly across educational institutions and employment platforms.
    • Integration with Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): APAAR is part of the broader Digital Public Infrastructure strategy, aligning with initiatives like UDISE+ and the Student Database Management System to enhance educational governance.
    • Facilitating Future Opportunities: It aims to streamline processes like scholarship applications, higher education admissions, and employment verification, making these services more efficient and transparent.

    How are schools and state education authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka enforcing APAAR enrolment?

    • Imposing 100% Enrolment Targets: Schools have been directed to achieve “saturation”, meaning complete APAAR enrolment for all students, putting pressure on administrators and parents. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, education authorities have set strict deadlines for schools to register every student under the APAAR system.
    • Threatening Consequences for Non-Enrolment: Schools are warning parents of potential penalties or loss of educational services if they refuse to enroll their children. Example: In Karnataka, some schools have informed parents that students may face issues in accessing government benefits and future educational opportunities without APAAR registration.
    • Targeting Minority Institutions and Administrators: Religious minority schools and district education officials face increased scrutiny for discrepancies between APAAR and existing student records. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, authorities have questioned minority institutions over mismatched enrollment data, raising concerns about discrimination and administrative overreach.

    Way forward: 

    • Enact a Clear Legal Framework: Introduce legislation to regulate APAAR, ensuring data protection, informed consent, and compliance with the right to privacy as upheld by the Supreme Court.
    • Ensure Voluntary Participation and Transparency: Maintain APAAR enrolment as optional, provide clear communication to parents and institutions, and establish grievance redressal mechanisms to address errors and concerns.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Reason- UPSC’s focus on privacy concerns related to government actions.

  • The gender budget — bigger allocations, little impact

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget 2025-26 has increased funding for women-centric schemes to ₹4.49 lakh crore, a 37.25% rise from ₹3.27 lakh crore in the previous year. This increase remains significant even after accounting for an estimated inflation rate of 3.61%.

    What are the major reasons for the underutilisation of funds allocated under the Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)?

    • Bureaucratic Delays and Complex Procedures: In many states, lengthy approval processes and multi-tiered administrative hurdles delay fund disbursement, preventing timely implementation of welfare schemes. The “Post-Matric Scholarship for SC/ST Students” often faces delays due to slow bureaucratic processing.
    • Lack of Community Involvement in Planning: The absence of direct consultation with SC/ST communities results in schemes that do not align with their specific needs.
      • In tribal areas, the lack of local representation has led to the failure of livelihood programs tailored for forest-based communities.
    • Inadequate Awareness and Outreach: Many eligible beneficiaries are unaware of available programs due to poor dissemination of information. Despite a substantial allocation to the “Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana,” low awareness among SC/ST households has limited its reach.
    • Underutilisation due to Misallocation: Funds intended for targeted development are often diverted to general welfare projects, reducing the impact on SC/ST communities. In some states, funds under the TSP have been used for infrastructure projects that do not directly benefit tribal populations.
    • Digital and Procedural Barriers: The shift to digital application processes without adequate digital literacy programs has excluded many SC/ST beneficiaries. In Rajasthan, digitization of welfare schemes like “PVTG Development Programmes” has created barriers for those lacking internet access or digital skills.

    Why is the lack of gender-disaggregated data within SCSP and TSP a major challenge in assessing the impact on SC/ST women?

    • Inability to Measure Gender-Specific Outcomes: Without data distinguishing male and female beneficiaries, it’s challenging to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives aimed at SC/ST women.
      • For instance, literacy rates among SC women stand at 56.5%, and among ST women at 49.4%, compared to the national female literacy rate of 64.63%.
    • Failure to Address Intersectional Disparities: SC/ST women experience layered discrimination based on caste, gender, and class. Without data distinguishing their experiences, policies fail to address these overlapping vulnerabilities.
      • For example, in tribal areas, women’s access to maternal healthcare remains poor because gender-specific needs are not reflected in TSP allocations.
    • Ineffective Policy Design and Implementation: The absence of gender-specific data prevents the government from designing targeted interventions and monitoring their effectiveness.
      • In the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin), there is no separate data on SC/ST women beneficiaries, making it difficult to assess if they are receiving adequate housing support.

    How has digitalisation created new barriers for women, particularly those from marginalised communities?

    • Limited Digital Literacy and Access: Many women from SC/ST and other marginalised groups lack basic digital skills, making it difficult to access welfare schemes and online services. For instance, beneficiaries of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana often struggle to navigate digital banking platforms, leading to dependency on intermediaries.
    • Exclusion Due to Lack of Digital Infrastructure: Poor digital infrastructure in rural and tribal areas limits women’s ability to participate in digital governance processes. For example, the Aadhaar-linked Public Distribution System (PDS) often fails to deliver benefits to women in remote regions due to biometric authentication issues.
    • Increased Dependence on Intermediaries: Digital processes intended to reduce corruption have increased reliance on middlemen for those who cannot navigate online systems. For instance, women applying for the PM Ujjwala Yojana face difficulties completing online applications, forcing them to seek help and sometimes pay additional fees.

    Case study:  What lessons can be drawn from Kerala’s Kudumbashree mission to improve the effectiveness of gender budgets?

    • Community-Led Participatory Approach: Involving women from the grassroots level in planning, implementation, and monitoring ensures that schemes address their real needs. For instance, Kudumbashree’s neighbourhood groups empower women to influence local budget decisions, ensuring better allocation and utilisation of resources.
    • Transparent Monitoring and Accountability: Regular audits and community-based tracking improve fund utilisation and prevent leakages. For example, Kudumbashree’s micro-level monitoring system tracks welfare schemes, ensuring funds reach the intended beneficiaries and improving service delivery.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Data Systems and Targeted Monitoring: Implement gender-disaggregated and caste-specific data collection within SCSP and TSP to track the impact on SC/ST women and address intersectional vulnerabilities effectively.
    • Enhance Digital and Community Accessibility: Invest in digital literacy programs and community-based facilitation to ensure equitable access to welfare schemes, especially for women in rural and marginalised communities.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation? (UPSC IAS/2024)

  • More signs of overhauling the compliance framework

    Why in the News?

    Despite ongoing efforts to fight corruption, bureaucratic delays and bribery continue to be major obstacles to business growth in India.

    What are the key sectors in India most affected by corruption and red-tapism, according to the “India Business Corruption Survey 2024”?

    •  Persistent Corruption and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Despite ongoing reforms, the India Business Corruption Survey 2024 reveals that 66% of businesses admit to paying bribes, with 54% coerced into doing so to expedite processes or secure necessary permits.
      • Sectors like GST, income tax, and property registration remain particularly vulnerable to corrupt practices, posing significant challenges to business growth.
    • Deterrent to Foreign Investment: According to the EY-FICCI survey, 80% of respondents view corruption as a major obstacle to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India. This highlights the urgent need for comprehensive reforms to establish a transparent and predictable regulatory environment conducive to both domestic and international business.
    • Incomplete Compliance Reforms: While the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 and the proposed Jan Vishwas 2.0 aim to decriminalise a combined total of around 280 provisions, over 20,000 provisions with imprisonment clauses remain unaddressed.

    What are the four new labour codes?

    • Code on Wages (2019): Standardizes wage-related laws, including minimum wages, timely payments, and equal pay for equal work.
    • Industrial Relations Code (2020): Simplifies rules on trade unions, industrial disputes, and employment terms, allowing fixed-term employment.
    • Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code (2020): Ensures safe working environments, better health standards, and welfare for all workers across industries.
    • Code on Social Security (2020): Expands social security benefits like provident funds, insurance, and maternity benefits, including gig and platform workers.

    Why is the implementation of the four new labour codes crucial for India’s business environment?

    • Simplification of Labour Laws: The four labour codes consolidate 29 existing laws, reducing complexity and making it easier for businesses to understand and comply with legal requirements. For instance, companies no longer need to navigate multiple regulations for wages, as the Code on Wages standardizes definitions and payment rules across sectors.
    • Enhancing Ease of Doing Business: By reducing regulatory overlaps and streamlining compliance, the labour codes cut down bureaucratic delays and corruption risks. For example, under the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, a single license can cover multiple locations, simplifying operations for large businesses.
    • Greater Workforce Flexibility: The new codes allow for fixed-term employment, enabling businesses to manage workforce needs based on demand without lengthy contractual obligations. For instance, manufacturing firms can now hire temporary workers for seasonal production spikes without facing penalties under outdated laws.
    • Ensuring Social Security for Workers: The Social Security Code extends benefits like provident funds and health insurance to gig and platform workers, expanding the safety net. For example, delivery personnel working for online platforms now qualify for social welfare schemes, improving job security and worker welfare.

    How can a digital-first approach, such as the ‘One Nation, One Business’ identity system, reduce bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption in India?

    • Simplified Business Registrations and Compliance: Currently, businesses need multiple identifiers like PAN, GSTIN, CIN, and state-specific licenses, leading to duplication and delays.
      • A ‘One Nation, One Business’ system would unify these into a single digital identity, reducing the need for repetitive filings and lowering the chances of officials demanding bribes for faster processing.
    • Reduced Human Discretion and Corruption: Digital systems provide automated checks and real-time tracking of applications, minimizing manual intervention.
      • Businesses applying for pollution control certificates or labour permits could do so online, reducing face-to-face interactions where unofficial payments are often demanded to expedite approvals.
    • Faster Approvals and Increased Transparency: A unified digital platform, similar to DigiLocker, could store pre-verified documents accessible to all regulatory bodies.
      • This would enable faster processing of approvals like property registrations or drug licenses, reducing the delays and informal payments typically required to move applications through bureaucratic bottlenecks.

    What lessons can India learn from global governance models, such as the United States’ Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)?

    • Streamlined Regulatory Processes: The DOGE focuses on simplifying government procedures by reducing redundant regulations and consolidating compliance requirements.
      • India could adopt a similar approach by rationalizing overlapping laws and implementing a single-window clearance system to minimize delays and reduce the scope for corruption.
    • Enhanced Digital Integration: The DOGE promotes digital platforms for real-time monitoring and automated decision-making. India could enhance its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) by integrating regulatory databases.
    • Performance Accountability: The DOGE enforces outcome-based assessments to measure the efficiency of public officials. India could implement performance metrics for government departments.

    Way forward: 

    • Adopt a Unified Digital Governance Framework: Implement a National Business Identity System to integrate all regulatory processes (e.g., taxation, labour compliance, environmental clearances) under a single digital platform.
    • Strengthen Institutional Accountability and Oversight: Establish an Independent Regulatory Oversight Body to monitor public service delivery using performance-based metrics.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal, political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) Scheme

    Why in the News?

    Union Education Minister comment accusing the Tamil Nadu government of being “dishonest” in implementing the PM SHRI scheme caused disruption in the Lok Sabha.

    What is the PM-SHRI Scheme?

    About  
    • Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2022 to upgrade 14,500 schools as model institutions for NEP 2020 implementation.
    • Objective: To create inclusive, nurturing schools with modern infrastructure, holistic education, and competency-based learning.
    Implementation From 2022-23 to 2026-27. After this, states/UTs will maintain the benchmarks achieved. 

    Funding Pattern:

    1. 60:40 (Centre: State/UTs with legislature, except J&K).
    2. 90:10 for Northeastern & Himalayan States, J&K.
    3. 100% Central funding for UTs without legislature. States must sign an MoU with the Centre to participate.
    Key Features
    • Holistic learning: Focus on communication, collaboration, critical thinking. Experiential, inquiry-driven, learner-centred pedagogy.
    • Modern facilities: Smart classrooms, Computer Labs, Integrated Science Labs, Vocational Labs, Atal Tinkering Labs.
    • Green initiatives: Water conservation, waste recycling, energy efficiency.
    • Competency-based assessments linked to real-life applications.
    Eligible Schools Schools managed by Central/State/UT Governments & local bodies. Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) & Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) (non-project, with permanent buildings).

    School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) ensures performance evaluation & institutional excellence.
    Selection Process Challenge Mode (3-stage process):

    • Stage-1: Signing MoU with the Centre.
    • Stage-2: Identifying eligible schools using UDISE+ data.
    • Stage-3: Schools compete to meet selection criteria, verified by States/UTs/KVS/JNV.

    Final selection by Expert Committee headed by the Education Secretary.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] What is the purpose of ‘Vidyanjali Yojana’?

    1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.

    2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.

    3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only

     

  • What is Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Indicator?

    Why in the News?

    The United Nations Statistical Commission has introduced a new global indicator on Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger.

    About Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Indicator 

    • The MDD indicator measures whether individuals consume a variety of foods within a 24-hour period to assess dietary quality.
    • It tracks progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and helps identify micronutrient deficiencies in populations.
    • It was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 56th session (March 4-7, 2025, New York) and developed by Switzerland, FAO, UNICEF, and WHO.
    • The indicator records whether an individual has consumed at least 5 out of 10 food groups in the last 24 hours.
    • It is measured for children (6-23 months old) and women of reproductive age (15-49 years) to ensure adequate nutrition.
    • 10 Food Groups: It monitors intake from grains, white roots and tubers, pulses, nuts and seeds, milk products, meat, poultry and fish, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and other vegetables and fruits.
    • Significance:
      • It addresses hidden hunger, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases by promoting nutrient-rich diets.
      • The indicator strengthens long-term diet monitoring and ensures dietary diversity remains a global priority beyond 2030.

    SDG 2: Zero Hunger – The Larger Goal

    • Adopted in 2015, SDG 2 aims to eliminate hunger and promote sustainable agriculture.
    • Recognizes interconnections between food security, rural development, and nutrition.
    • Hunger remains a global crisis:
      • 757 million people faced hunger in 2023 (nearly 10% of the world population).
      • One in nine people worldwide sleeps hungry each night.
      • 20 million people are at immediate risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen, and Nigeria.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which of the following is/are the indicator/indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global Hunger Index Report?

    1. Undernourishment
    2. Child stunting
    3. Child mortality

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1, 2 and 3

    (d) 1 and 3 only