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Subject: International Relations

  • UN’s ICAO rated India above the global average.

    Why in the News?

    India has earned top ratings from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for aviation safety, outperforming global averages in key areas.

    About the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO):

    • Establishment: It is a specialised UN agency created in 1944 under the Chicago Convention.
    • Headquarters: It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
    • Core Role: It sets global standards for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
    • Global Reach: It has 193 member states, including India.
    • Safety Oversight: It conducts safety audits through its Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP).
    • Functions of ICAO –
      • Safety and Order: ICAO works to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation.
      • Equitable Access: It promotes fair access for all countries to operate international airlines.
      • Legal Frameworks: The organisation helps develop aviation laws to uphold safety standards amid industry expansion.
      • International Cooperation: It supports regional agreements and global collaboration in air transport policy and practice.

    India and ICAO: Recent Safety Audit

    • Audit Timeline: ICAO conducted its latest audit of India’s DGCA in November 2022.
    • Improved Performance: India’s Effective Implementation score improved from 69.95% (2018) to 85.65% (2022).
    • Category-Wise Scores: India scored above the global average in all eight USOAP categories, including:
      • Legislation, Organisation, Licensing, Operations, Airworthiness, Accident Investigation, Air Navigation, and Aerodromes.
    • Operational Excellence: In Operations, India scored 94.02%, outperforming the global average (72.28%), the US (86.51%), and China (90%).
    • Airworthiness Strength: India scored 97.06%, higher than the US (89.13%) and China (94.83%).
    • Comparative Timeline: India was audited in 2022, while the US and China were reviewed in 2024.
    • Market Rank: India is the third-largest domestic aviation market after the US and China.
    • Fastest Growing: It is also the fastest-growing major aviation market, highlighting its expanding global significance.
    [UPSC 2025] GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation.

    Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?

    I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.

    II. It will allow more uniform and high-quality air traffic management.

    III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.

    Options: (a) I, II and III (b) II and III only (c) I only (d) I and II only*

     

  • [14th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Endgame of a 2,611-year-old Jewish-Persian enmity

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples.

    Linkage: The article points out several trade and economic tensions between the U.S. and India. These include disagreements over the actual size of the U.S. trade deficit with India, the increase of tariffs on steel and aluminium imports from 25% and 10% to 50%, which also affects India, and warnings of possible tariffs on Apple products if they are made in India.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Israel’s bold “Rising Lion” operation against Iran on June 13, 2025, is a major turning point in Middle East politics. By killing top Iranian military and nuclear officials and bombing over 100 key sites, Israel has taken one of the most serious actions in its long rivalry with Iran. Both countries have described it as a historic moment, showing how serious the situation is. This is more than just a military move — it could have huge effects on the region and the world, including risks to energy supplies, rising tensions, and economic problems. It raises important questions about whether such surprise attacks can really prevent conflict or if they make things worse in an already unstable region.

     Today’s editorial focuses on the analysis of the Israeli attack on Iran and its impact. This content is very relevant to GS Paper II (International Relations) Mains.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Israeli military launched the “Rising Lion” operation against Iran, which is a very big step up in tensions in the Middle East.

    What are the strategic objectives behind Israel’s “Rising Lion” operation against Iran?

    • Neutralizing Nuclear and Missile Capabilities: Israel seeks to dismantle Iran’s ability to develop or deploy nuclear weapons and long-range missiles. Eg: Over 200 Israeli Air Force jets attacked 100+ targets, including nuclear sites and missile installations.
    • Eliminating Key Military Leadership: The operation targets Iran’s military command to disrupt strategic coordination and weaken retaliation capabilities. Eg: High-ranking officials like the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Revolutionary Guard commanderswere assassinated.
    • Asserting Regional Military Superiority: By launching a preemptive, technology-driven blitzkrieg, Israel aims to reinforce its deterrence and reshape regional power dynamics. Eg: The campaign follows 21 months of pressure on Iran and its proxies, including provocative assassinationsand systematic airstrikes.

    Why has the Israeli campaign raised concerns about regional and global stability?

    • Risk of Regional Escalation: The conflict could widen if Iran retaliates or drags its proxies into action, destabilizing the Middle East. Eg: The Sunni Arab world fears blowback through attacks on oil facilities, incitement of Shia minorities, or revival of terrorist networks like ISIS.
    • Threat to Global Oil Supply Chains: Hostilities near key maritime chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz can disrupt global energy flows. Eg: About 20% of global oil passes through the Strait; any Iranian attempt to block it could trigger oil price surgesand inflation.
    • Economic Fallout and Global Instability: A prolonged or messy war could amplify existing economic challenges like inflation, supply chain shocks, and geopolitical tension. Eg: The conflict may cause stock market instability, worsen the impact of other regional conflicts, and reverse global growth momentum.

    How has U.S. foreign policy influenced the escalation of the Israel-Iran conflict?

    • Withdrawal from the Iran Nuclear Deal: The U.S. pulled out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018, dismantling diplomatic progress and increasing Iran’s nuclear activity. Eg: Under Trump 1.0, the U.S. exited the deal and applied “maximum pressure” sanctions, leading to heightened tensions and mistrust.
    • Economic Strangulation Strategy: U.S. actions aimed to weaken Iran economically and diplomatically, increasing regional hostility. Eg: The U.S. pressured Saudi Arabia to flood the oil market, reducing Iran’s oil revenues, and pushed the IAEAto condemn Iran before the Israeli attack.
    • Military and Diplomatic Alignments: The U.S. built strategic ties and military alignments with Israel and other regional players to isolate Iran. Eg: The June 12 IAEA resolution, U.S. airstrikes on al-Houthis, and renewed ties with Pakistan signal coordinated steps that emboldened Israeli action.

    What are the implications of the conflict for the Sunni Arab world and global oil supply chains?

    • Strait of Hormuz Vulnerability: The conflict raises the risk of disruption in the Strait of Hormuz, a vital energy chokepoint. Eg: Nearly 20% of global oil supply passes through this strait, and Iran may block or threaten its use in retaliation.
    • Shia-Sunni Sectarian Tensions: Iran could incite Shia minorities in Sunni-ruled countries, destabilizing domestic security. Eg: Countries like Saudi Arabia and Bahrain fear internal unrest or uprisings, particularly in Shia-dominated regions.
    • Proxy Warfare and Regional Blowback: Iran-backed militias or proxies may target Sunni governments or U.S. allies, increasing regional instability. Eg: Attacks by Hezbollah, Houthis, or Iraqi militias could threaten infrastructure in UAE or Saudi Arabia.
    • Oil Price Surge and Inflation: Threats to supply lines or actual conflict could lead to global oil price spikes, impacting inflation. Eg: Fear of escalation alone can push prices upward, hurting import-dependent economies like India, and driving global market volatility.
    • Policy Dilemma for Sunni Arab States: Sunni states face a strategic dilemma—balancing between opposing Iran and avoiding regional escalation. Eg: Countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE are wary of openly backing Israel, fearing retaliation and regional backlash.

    What could be the impact on India? 

    • Oil Price Volatility and Economic Stress: Rising tensions threaten energy security, as India imports over 85% of its crude oil. Eg: A spike in Brent crude prices due to disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz would increase India’s current account deficit, raise fuel prices, and trigger inflation.
    • Geopolitical Balancing Challenge: India must maintain a delicate diplomatic balance between Israel, Iran, and the U.S. Eg: India has strong strategic ties with Israel (defence and tech) but also energy and connectivity interests with Iran (e.g., Chabahar Port), making neutrality harder to maintain.
    • Threat to Diaspora and Trade Routes: Escalation could impact the safety of the Indian diaspora in the Gulf and disrupt maritime trade routes. Eg: Over 8 million Indians live in West Asia. Any conflict-induced displacement or shipping disruptions through the Persian Gulf would hurt remittances and exports.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Energy Diversification and Strategic Reserves: India should diversify oil import sources (e.g., from Latin America, Africa) and expand strategic petroleum reserves to cushion against supply shocks. Eg: Fast-track deals with Brazil, UAE, and the U.S., while increasing domestic oil storage capacity.
    • Pursue Proactive and Balanced Diplomacy: India must engage in quiet diplomacy with both Israel and Iran, reaffirming strategic ties without compromising neutrality. Eg: Leverage platforms like BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), and G20 to promote regional de-escalation and safeguard Indian interests.

  • [13th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Trump’s tariffs and a U.S.-India trade agreement

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples.

    Linkage: The article points out several trade and economic tensions between the U.S. and India. These include disagreements over the actual size of the U.S. trade deficit with India, the increase of tariffs on steel and aluminium imports from 25% and 10% to 50%, which also affects India, and warnings of possible tariffs on Apple products if they are made in India.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  In a major decision, five small U.S. businesses won a legal case against former President Donald Trump’s wide-ranging tariffs in the U.S. Court of International Trade. On May 28, 2025, the court ruled that the tariffs—ranging from 10% to 135% and affecting over 100 countries—were unconstitutional and illegal. This ruling matters globally, especially for countries like India, now facing increased 50% tariffs on steel and aluminium.

     Today’s editorial focuses on the  US Courts’ decision on tariffs, a key issue relevant to GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC syllabus.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, on May 28, 2025, a U.S. court ruled that the tariffs, ranging from 10% to 135% and applied to over 100 countries, were against the Constitution and not legal.

    What was the legal challenge to Trump’s tariffs?

    • Unlawful Executive Overreach: Five small U.S. businesses challenged Trump’s tariffs at the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT), arguing that the President exceeded legal authority by imposing tariffs without Congressional approval. Eg: Firms dealing in wines, bicycles, and fishing equipment claimed economic harm.
    • Violation of Separation of Powers: The lawsuit argued that the President’s sweeping tariffs bypassed legislative and judicial checks, undermining the constitutional framework. Eg: The court noted that trade rules must involve Congress, not unilateral executive orders.
    • Misuse of National Emergency Powers: The court ruled that invoking a “national emergency” does not justify rewriting international tariff agreements. Eg: The CIT stated that such powers cannot be used to override trade commitments under WTO rules.

    Why did the court reject the “national emergency” claim?

    • Lack of Legal Basis: The court ruled that there was no statutory authority for the President to impose retaliatory global tariffs under a vague “national emergency.” Eg: Tariffs up to 135% were applied without Congressional sanction.
    • Overreach of Executive Powers: The court stated that invoking national emergency powers cannot allow the President to override trade laws and international commitments. Eg: It held that such use disrupts the constitutional separation of powers.
    • Absence of Real Emergency: The court found no credible evidence of an immediate or actual threat that would justify emergency trade measures. Eg: The cited trade deficit was not a sudden crisis but a long-standing economic condition.
    • Distortion of Trade Deficit Data: The administration failed to account for services and arms trade while citing trade deficits as justification. Eg: U.S. cited a $44.4 billion deficit with India, while it actually runs a $35–40 billion surplus when services are included.
    • Violation of International Obligations: The court emphasized that the tariffs contradicted U.S. commitments under WTO agreements and eroded global trade norms. Eg: The U.S. applied tariffs even to uninhabited territories like the Heard and McDonald Islands, showcasing arbitrariness.

    How did the U.S. justify tariffs on India after WTO talks?

    • National Security Pretext: The U.S. continued to claim national security grounds for the imposition of tariffs, even after WTO rulings against it. Eg: Despite WTO panels rejecting the justification in 2022, the U.S. raised steel and aluminium tariffs to 50% on India.
    • Strategic Trade Leverage: The U.S. argued that enhanced tariffs served as negotiation tools to pressure trade partners into deals. Eg: The U.S. claimed the tariffs on India helped gain leverage in talks to finalize a bilateral trade agreement.
    • Mutually Agreed Solution Bypass: Though India and the U.S. reached a “mutually agreed solution” at the WTO in 2023, the U.S. still extended new tariffs on India. Eg: The 50% tariffs imposed in 2025 contradicted the earlier settlement, undermining trust in WTO dispute resolution.

    Which issues must India address in a U.S. trade deal?

    • Removal of Additional Tariffs: India must ensure that the U.S. removes punitive tariffs on Indian exports like steel and aluminium, currently raised to 50%. Eg: The continuation of high tariffs impacts India’s manufacturing sector and export competitiveness.
    • Digital Services Tax Clarity: India should seek guarantees that its digital services taxes will not face retaliation from the U.S. Eg: U.S. firms operating in India’s tech sector may be affected unless taxation issues are resolved amicably.
    • Protection from Remittance Tax: India needs to negotiate exemption from the proposed 3.5% tax on remittances under the Trump One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB). Eg: This would impact millions of Indian diaspora workers sending money back home.
    • H-1B Visa Concerns: India must address growing restrictions and backlash against H-1B visas, which are vital for its IT and service industry. Eg: Tech companies rely heavily on H-1B visas for skilled Indian professionals working in the U.S.
    • Cross-Border Services and Data Flows: India must ensure smooth cross-border delivery of services, including clear data flow regulations and digital trade provisions. Eg: This is critical for India’s BPO and fintech industries, which depend on uninterrupted digital transactions.

    Way Forward:

    • Pursue Balanced Trade Negotiations:
      India should negotiate a comprehensive trade deal that protects its strategic sectors, ensures reciprocity, and strengthens economic resilience without compromising on national interests.
    • Strengthen WTO and Multilateral Engagements:
      India must continue to uphold and reform the WTO-based trade framework, using it as a platform to address disputes, promote fair trade practices, and build coalitions with like-minded nations.

  • Is Bangladesh slipping into authoritarianism?

    Why in the News?

    Bangladesh is seeing major political change as interim leader Dr. Muhammad Yunus delays elections to April 2026 and proposes the “July Proclamation” to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution.

    Why is the ‘July Proclamation’ seen as a threat to Bangladesh’s democratic foundations?

    • Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: It is being pushed by an unelected interim regime without a popular mandate or proper parliamentary debate. Eg: Prof. Yunus’ government is not elected, yet is trying to undertake constitutional reforms meant for a legislature.
    • Distorts Historical Legacy: The move seeks to marginalize the legacy of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and diminish the significance of December (Victory Day) and August (Mujib’s assassination), promoting July as a new political start. Eg: The July Proclamation downplays Bangladesh’s founding narrative to suit a new political agenda.

    What are the risks of an unelected interim government pursuing constitutional reforms?

    • Lack of Legitimacy and Public Mandate: An interim government is not elected by the people and lacks the constitutional authority to undertake major reforms meant for a parliament or constituent assembly. Eg: In Bangladesh, Prof. Yunus’ government is implementing reforms without elections, violating democratic norms.
    • Potential for Power Consolidation: Such reforms can be used to prolong the tenure of the interim regime, sideline opposition, and weaken checks and balances, paving the way for authoritarian rule. Eg: The banning of the Awami League and the extension of election dates to 2026 raise concerns of power entrenchment.
    • Political Instability and Polarisation: Constitutional changes without bipartisan consensus can lead to unrest, legitimacy crises, and deep political divisions. Eg: The BNP, though opposed to the Awami League, is uncomfortable with the July Proclamation, showing a lack of political unity.

    How could the proposed humanitarian corridor affect regional security?

    • Violation of Sovereignty and Military Tensions: A demilitarised humanitarian corridor, especially if monitored by international forces, may be seen as a breach of national sovereignty by host countries.
      Eg: The Bangladesh Army chief objected to international enforcement in the Rakhine region, fearing it would undermine Bangladesh’s sovereignty.
    • Risk of Weapon Smuggling and Armed Group Access: Without effective monitoring mechanisms, such corridors could be exploited by international armed groups to smuggle weapons and infiltrate conflict zones. Eg: Concerns exist that the proposed corridor into Myanmar’s Rakhine province may be misused by armed groups, threatening both Myanmar and Indian border security.
    • Uncertain Aid Distribution and Escalation of Conflicts: There’s no guarantee that humanitarian aid will reach only the intended civilian population (like Rohingya) and not be diverted to militant factions, escalating regional conflicts. Eg: India fears that lack of clarity over corridor enforcement could worsen militancy in the Northeast and Indo-Myanmar border areas.
    Note: The humanitarian corridor to Myanmar’s Rakhine province is a proposed initiative — not yet implemented — and it was publicly supported by Professor Muhammad Yunus, the Chief Adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh, in a speech on June 7, 2025.

    Why does the sidelining of major parties like BNP and Awami League raise democratic concerns?

    • Undermining of Political Representation: Exclusion of major political parties weakens democratic legitimacy and narrows the space for public representation and opposition. Eg: The ban on the Awami League and the marginalisation of the BNP prevents millions of citizens from having their voices heard in the political process.
    • Emergence of Proxy or Unrepresentative Forces: The vacuum created by sidelining mainstream parties can be filled by unaccountable or extremist groups, increasing political instability. Eg: The rise of the National Citizens Party (NCP), referred to as the ‘King’s Party’ by the BNP, raises fears of state-sponsored political manipulation.

    Way forward: 

    • Inclusive Political Dialogue and Election Roadmap: The interim government must initiate an inclusive dialogue involving all major political parties, including the BNP and Awami League, to build consensus on constitutional reforms and ensure free and fair elections.  
    • Limit Powers of the Interim Government: Clearly define and restrict the mandate of the interim government to conduct elections only, avoiding any major constitutional or policy decisions that should be left to an elected Parliament.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013] Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles in the emergence of Bangladesh.

    Linkage: Understanding India’s historical role is crucial for comprehending the current political landscape in Bangladesh, especially as the interim government seems to want to ensure “that the legacy of 1971.

  • Bad blood India and Canada must use every opportunity to reset ties

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister’s upcoming visit to Kananaskis (Canada), Alberta, for the G-7 outreach summit is an important chance for India and Canada to improve their diplomatic relations.

    What led to the deterioration of India-Canada relations since 2023?

    • Assassination Allegations: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged that Indian government agents were involved in the assassination of Khalistani activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil, without providing conclusive evidence.
    • Diplomatic Fallout: In response to the allegations, both countries reduced their diplomatic staff to one-third, significantly weakening diplomatic engagement and services.
    • Suspension of Key Agreements: Canada suspended negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India, while India temporarily stopped issuing visas to Canadian citizens, citing security threats to Indian diplomats.
    • Naming of Senior Indian Official: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reportedly named Home Minister Amit Shah in the conspiracy, further escalating tensions and hardening positions on both sides.
    • Historical and Diaspora-linked Frictions: The long-standing Khalistan issue and alleged Khalistani extremism in Canada aggravated India’s concerns, especially given the large Indian diaspora and the perceived lack of action by Canadian authorities.

    Why is PM Modi’s visit to the G-7 summit in Canada significant for bilateral ties?

    • Signals a Diplomatic Reset: Inviting Modi marks a deliberate attempt by Canada to reopen diplomatic channels after relations plummeted following the 2023 Nijjar incident. Eg: Prime Minister Carney’s invitation—despite ongoing tensions—was described as coming at the last-minute, yet with careful back-channel diplomacy to avoid embarrassment.
    • Re-emphasizes India’s Global Economic Role: Carney stressed that India is the world’s 5th-largest economy and central to global supply chains. Including India in G-7 discussions underscores its economic and geopolitical relevance. Eg: Carney asserted that India’s presence was essential to dialogues on energy security, critical minerals, AI, and infrastructure.
    • Creates a Platform for Sensitive Law Enforcement Dialogue: The G-7 summit provides a high-level platform to initiate the planned law enforcement dialogue, a key mechanism to address the Nijjar case and broader security-related concerns.

    Who are the key stakeholders involved in the India-Canada diplomatic reset?

    • Prime Minister of India: Represents India at the G-7 and the potential diplomatic outreach.
    • Prime Minister Mark Carney: Initiator of the summit invite; key to Canada’s effort to normalize ties.
    • Law enforcement agencies: Both sides agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” to address allegations and threats.
    • Diaspora communities: The 1.86 million-strong Indian community in Canada serves as a bridge between the two nations.
    • Trade and diplomatic negotiators: Officials working behind the scenes to restore dialogue on trade and diplomacy.

    How can justice be pursued while maintaining diplomatic respect?

    • Facilitate Law Enforcement Dialogue Through Official Channels: Both countries should engage in structured and confidential legal cooperation to address allegations without public confrontation. Eg: Canada and India have agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” where sensitive issues like the Nijjar caseand threats to Indian diplomats can be discussed respectfully.
    • Avoid Public Accusations Before Due Process: Governments must refrain from making unverified public allegations that escalate tensions and damage bilateral trust. Eg: Canada’s public statement in 2023 about Indian involvement in Nijjar’s death, without conclusive evidence, led to a sharp diplomatic fallout.
    • Restore Diplomatic Presence to Normal Levels: Reinstating high commissioners and full diplomatic staff enables better communication and prevents misunderstandings during sensitive investigations. Eg: Both countries had reduced their mission strength by two-thirds; restoring these positions is key to pursuing justice without compromising diplomacy.

    How can both countries rebuild trust and restart cooperation? (Way forward)

    • Resume Diplomatic Engagement and Dialogue Mechanisms: Reinstating high commissioners and activating official dialogues like law enforcement and trade talks will help normalize relations. Eg: The proposed law enforcement dialogue and discussions on restoring trade negotiations signal mutual willingness to rebuild ties.
    • Prioritize People-to-People and Economic Links: Focusing on shared interests such as the Indian diaspora, education, and investment cooperation can help overcome political setbacks. Eg: With 1.86 million people of Indian origin in Canada and strong business partnerships, both nations can leverage these ties for renewed cooperation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.

    Linkage: A Diplomatic Reset at the G-7″ explicitly states that India and Canada are “inextricably bound by their people” and that “over 1.86 million [people of Indian origin] are settled in Canada, but remain connected to India”. Canada is a significant Western country where the Indian diaspora has a strong presence. Therefore, discussing the economic and political benefits for India from its diaspora in the West would directly involve the Canada-India context, including how this diaspora can play a role in improving strained bilateral ties.

  • India participates in 2nd Session of IALA Council

    Why in the News?

    India is serving as a Vice President to the 2nd Session of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (and Lighthouse Activities) (IALA) Council held in Nice, France.

    About IALA:

    • Overview: It is the global authority headquartered near Paris, France, responsible for standardizing and harmonizing marine aids to navigation (AtoN), including lighthouses, buoys, and electronic navigation systems.
    • Establishment: IALA was founded in 1957 as a non-governmental organization and officially became an intergovernmental organization (IGO) on August 22, 2024, following ratification by 34 countries.
    • Mission: Its mission is to ensure safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable maritime navigation by promoting uniform standards, modern technology, and global cooperation.
    • Relevance: IALA plays a crucial role in reducing maritime accidents, protecting marine environments, and supporting developing nations through training and technical assistance.

    Structure and Features:

    • Membership: The organization consists of 80+ member countries, along with commercial maritime companies, training institutions, and scientific bodies.
    • General Assembly: The supreme decision-making body, which meets every four years to define broad policies and strategic direction.
    • Council: The executive body composed of 24 elected members, meeting twice annually to oversee day-to-day governance and technical progress.
    • Technical Committees: Specialized groups focused on areas such as digital navigation technologies, marine engineering, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), and sustainable navigation systems.
    • Key Innovations:
      • Maritime Buoyage System: Unified over 30 local buoyage systems into two global regions (Region A and Region B).
      • Pioneered technologies like Differential GPS (DGPS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), and e-navigation frameworks.
    • Global Partnerships: IALA works closely with international bodies like the IMO (International Maritime Organization), IHO (International Hydrographic Organization), and ITU (International Telecommunication Union).

    India and IALA:

    • Founding Member: India is a founding member of IALA and has been a Council member since 1980, represented by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).
    • Infrastructure Contributions: India has implemented Integrated Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) across 12 major ports, enhancing navigational safety and efficiency.
    • Upcoming Hosting: India will host the 3rd IALA General Assembly in December 2025 and the IALA Conference in 2027, both scheduled to take place in Mumbai.
    [UPSC 2017] Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):

    1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.

    2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • [11th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Erdogan’s neo-Ottoman foreign policy

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.

    Linkage:  Under President Erdogan, Türkiye has moved away from its earlier identity as a secular, peaceful Cold War ally. Instead, it is now trying to become a strong regional power by following a foreign policy influenced by Islamic values. This question looks at how a country’s image and role are changing in today’s world.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  Türkiye’s bold and ideology-driven foreign policy under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is changing the political balance in West Asia, North Africa, and the Caucasus. By mixing Islamic revival ideas with smart diplomacy, Türkiye has become a unique player — a NATO member that backs Islamic groups and also works closely with Russia and Iran. Its support for HTS in Syria, military presence in Qatar, and use of drones in Azerbaijan and Ukraine show a carefully planned but risky push to expand its regional influence.

     Today’s editorial discusses Türkiye’s bold and belief-based foreign policy, which is an important topic for GS Paper II (International Relations).

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, under President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Türkiye has followed a foreign policy that leans towards Islamic values and focuses on making closer friendships with Muslim countries. But knowing Türkiye’s limits, he has also used a practicaland flexible approach along with his Islamic ideas.

    What are the key features of Türkiye’s foreign policy under President Erdogan?

    • Islamist-leaning tilt: Türkiye has shifted from secular foreign policy to an Islamist-oriented approach, drawing from Ottoman-era ideology like Ittihad-i Islam (Unity of Islam).
    • Strategic activism: Ankara has actively intervened in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) to expand influence and protect Islamist groups.
    • Balanced diplomacy: Despite its Islamist foreign policy, Türkiye continues to be a key NATO member and maintains military cooperation with the West.
    • Pragmatism with ideology: Erdogan blends ideological objectives with pragmatic diplomacy to gain leverage in regional and global affairs.

    Why has Türkiye blended Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances in recent years?

    • Strategic Leverage: Türkiye blends Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances to expand its influence in the Muslim world while continuing to benefit from Western military and economic support. Eg: It supported the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt while remaining a NATO member and hosting U.S. nuclear weaponsat Incirlik Airbase.
    • Geopolitical Balancing: By engaging with both the West and rivals like Russia, Türkiye positions itself as a key regional power using diplomatic flexibility. Eg: It supplied drones to Ukraine but refused to impose sanctions on Russia, and also bought Russia’s S-400 missile defence system.
    • Domestic Political Gains: The blend allows Erdogan to satisfy his conservative and Islamist voter base while keeping ties with the West to boost Türkiye’s global standing. Eg: While supporting Islamist groups in Syria and Libya, he also pursued EU accession negotiations and maintained U.S. relations.
    • Reclaiming Regional Influence: Erdogan aims to revive Türkiye’s past Ottoman glory by asserting leadership in the Islamic world through both ideology and realpolitik. Eg: Türkiye supported HTS in Syria, deployed troops in Qatar, and backed Azerbaijan against Armenia—moves tied to its historical influence in those regions.

    How has Türkiye’s involvement in Syria, Libya, and the Caucasus expanded its regional influence?

    • Support for Islamist Groups in Syria: Türkiye backed anti-Assad factions, including the Free Syrian Army and later Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), to expand its presence near the Israeli border and counter Kurdish militias. Eg: Türkiye created a buffer zone on the Turkish-Syrian border and opposed military operations against HTS, enhancing its influence in northern Syria.
    • Military Presence in Libya: Türkiye supported the Tripoli-based government, which was dominated by Islamist groups, against the eastern faction supported by Egypt and Russia. Eg: Its intervention shifted the power balance in Libya’s civil war, strengthening its role as a decisive actor in North Africa.
    • Backing Azerbaijan in the Caucasus: During the 2023 Armenia-Azerbaijan war, Türkiye supported Azerbaijanmilitarily and diplomatically against Russia-backed Armenia. Eg: Türkiye’s supply of drones and training helped Azerbaijan gain territory in Nagorno-Karabakh, solidifying Ankara’s role in Caucasian geopolitics.
    • Neo-Ottoman Strategic Depth: These interventions reflect Türkiye’s goal of restoring its Ottoman-era influence in regions it historically controlled. Eg: By actively engaging in conflicts across West Asia and the Caucasus, Türkiye revives its historical footprint under a neo-Ottoman vision.
    • Diplomatic Bargaining Power: Türkiye’s involvement in regional conflicts enhances its bargaining power with both the West and Russia, giving it room to extract concessions. Eg: Despite tensions over S-400, Türkiye supported Sweden and Finland’s NATO entry, using its strategic role to influence Western policy decisions.

    What are the ethical issues? 

    • Support for Militant Groups: Backing groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which has links to terrorist networks, raises serious ethical concerns regarding state sponsorship of violence. Eg: Türkiye’s protection of HTS in Syria, despite its al-Qaeda roots, may undermine international counter-terrorism norms.
    • Civilian Impact and Regional Instability: Türkiye’s military involvement in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) can lead to civilian casualties and human rights violations, raising questions about just war ethics. Eg: Drone strikes in Libya and Azerbaijan, though tactically effective, risk collateral damage and contribute to prolonged violence.

    What would be the impact on India? 

    • Strengthened Türkiye-Pakistan Alliance: Türkiye’s open support for Pakistan in regional disputes, especially during India-Pakistan tensions, could undermine India’s diplomatic interests. Eg: During the India-Pakistan flare-up, Türkiye backed Islamabad, which may influence international forums like the UN or OIC against India.
    • Rival Narrative in the Muslim World: Türkiye’s Islamist foreign policy positions it as a champion of Muslim causes, potentially creating a counter-narrative to India’s efforts to engage Gulf and West Asian countries. Eg: Türkiye’s support for Kashmir-related discussions at the OIC can affect India’s relations with Muslim-majority countries.
    • Strategic Presence Near India’s Periphery: Türkiye’s increasing engagement in South Asia and Central Asia through military and diplomatic ties (e.g., with Azerbaijan and Pakistan) may reduce India’s strategic space in the extended neighbourhood. Eg: Türkiye’s participation in military drills with Pakistan and support for joint defence production could enhance Islamabad’s military capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Strategic Partnerships in West Asia and Eurasia: India should deepen ties with countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, and Central Asian republics to counterbalance Türkiye’s growing regional influence. Eg: Expanding the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and increasing energy and security cooperation with Gulf nations can help secure India’s interests.
    • Enhance Global Diplomacy and Narrative Building: India must actively engage in multilateral platforms (like OIC, UN, SCO) to neutralize anti-India rhetoric and promote a moderate, inclusive image. Eg: Leveraging its civilizational diplomacy and diaspora to reinforce its role as a responsible power in the Islamic world.

  • Assam CM on Pakistan ‘scare narrative’: Could Chinese dams affect Brahmaputra flow in India?

    Why in the News?

    India has rejected the “scare stories” spread by Pakistan and others about China building dams upstream on the Brahmaputra River, especially the big 60,000 MW Medog Hydropower Project in Tibet.

    What is the significance of the Brahmaputra’s flow originating mostly in India?

    • Major Contribution to River Flow: Although India has only about 34.2% of the Brahmaputra basin area, it contributes over 80% of the river’s total water flow due to higher rainfall and tributary inflows. Eg: The Indian basin receives an average annual rainfall of 2,371 mm, much higher than Tibet’s 300 mm.
    • Flood Management Potential: Control over a major share of the river’s flow gives India better scope to design flood control infrastructure and storage systems to reduce monsoon-related disasters. Eg: Assam CM stated that reduced flow from China could help mitigate annual floods in Assam.
    • Strengthened Riparian Rights and Development Planning: India’s dominant share in flow enhances its claim as a principal riparian state, empowering it to undertake hydropower and irrigation projects without heavy external dependency. Eg: India is developing hydropower projects like Dibang and Subansiri in Arunachal Pradesh based on its flow share.
    Note: A “riparian state” refers to a state or country that shares a river or stream border with another state or country.

     

    What about the Medog Hydropower Project?

    The Medog Hydropower Project is an ambitious and controversial initiative by China to construct the world’s largest hydropower dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet. With a planned capacity of 60,000 megawatts (MW) and an estimated cost of $137 billion, the project has significant environmental, geopolitical, and social implications for the region

    Why is China’s proposed Medog hydropower project raising concerns for India?

    • Strategic Control Over Water Flow: China’s 60,000 MW Medog dam could allow manipulation of the Brahmaputra’s flow, risking reduced water in dry seasons or artificial floods during monsoons. Eg: Sudden releases from Chinese dams have previously caused flash floods in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.
    • Environmental and Seismic Hazards: The dam’s location in a seismic zone threatens biodiversity, increases landslide risks, and may disrupt sediment flow critical for downstream agriculture. Eg: Trapped sediments can reduce soil fertility, impacting farming in India and Bangladesh.
    • Absence of Water-Sharing Agreements: China’s unilateral actions without consultation violate equitable sharing norms, worsening trust deficits. Eg: Unlike the Indus Treaty with Pakistan, no formal pact exists between India and China on the Brahmaputra.

    What steps has India taken or proposed to utilise the Brahmaputra’s water potential?

    • Development of Hydropower Projects: India is actively constructing and planning large hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh to harness the Brahmaputra’s energy potential and establish water-use rights. Eg: Projects like the Dibang Multipurpose Project (2880 MW) and Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project (2000 MW) are designed to generate clean energy and regulate river flow.
    • Construction of Multipurpose Storage Reservoirs: India is focusing on creating dams and storage facilities to control floods, store monsoon water, and ensure water availability in dry seasons. Eg: The proposed Upper Siang project aims to store floodwaters and generate electricity while supporting irrigation and drinking water needs in the region.
    • Promotion of Inland Waterways and River Navigation: The Brahmaputra is being developed as a key navigable waterway under India’s Act East Policy to boost trade and regional connectivity. Eg: The National Waterway-2 (NW-2) on the Brahmaputra facilitates cargo movement between Assam and Bangladesh, promoting economic use of the river.

    Way forward: 

    • Bilateral Water-Sharing Framework: India and China should initiate dialogue to establish a formal transboundary water-sharing agreement, ensuring data transparency, flow regulation, and emergency notification mechanisms—similar to the Indus Waters Treaty.
    • Regional Environmental Assessment Mechanism: Promote a joint environmental impact assessment (EIA) involving India, China, and Bangladesh under a multilateral platform like the UN or SAARC, to ensure sustainable and equitable river basin management.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013} What do you understand by run of the river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?

    Linkage: The articles talks about the Chinese infrastructure interventions on the Brahmaputra are “hydropower projects with minimal storage”. It also mentions the massive planned Medog project as the world’s largest hydropower facility, and India’s own Upper Siang Project which will generate power and serve as a buffer against flow variations. This question directly relates to a type of hydropower project pertinent to river development and control.

  • India elected to UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)  

    Why in the News?

    India has been elected to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the term 2026–2028.

    About the UN’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):

    • Establishment: It is one of the 6 principal UN organs, created in 1945 under the UN Charter.
    • Mandate: It coordinates the UN’s economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural work.
    • Role: ECOSOC serves as the central platform for global policy dialogue, review, and development recommendations.
    • Composition: ECOSOC has 54 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year terms.
    • Decision-Making: Decisions are made by simple majority; no permanent members; presidency rotates annually.
    • Functions and Powers:
      • Coordination: Oversees 15 specialized agencies (e.g., WHO, ILO), 8 functional commissions, and 5 regional commissions.
      • Promotion Areas: Focuses on living standards, employment, human rights, education, healthcare, and environmental protection.
      • Engagement with NGOs: Grants consultative status to over 1,600 NGOs and organizes global conferences.
      • UN Oversight: Supervises agencies such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNHCR.
    • Sessions and Meetings:
      • Main Sessions: Held each July, along with an organizational session.
      • Finance Dialogues: Hosts April meetings with finance ministers from the IMF and World Bank.
      • SDG Monitoring: Organizes the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) to track progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • Legal and Institutional Details:
      • UN Charter Basis: Defined under Chapter X (Articles 61–72) of the Charter.
      • Headquarters: Located in New York.
      • Scope: ECOSOC is the largest and most complex UN body, shaping global development policy.

    India and ECOSOC:

    • Membership: India is serving its 18th term as a member, elected for the 2026–28 period.
    • Subsidiary Roles: India has held positions in bodies like the UN Statistical Commission, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and UNAIDS Board.
    • Recent Milestone: India recently joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD), highlighting its data expertise.
    • Policy Priorities: India supports inclusive growth, SDG progress, and south-south cooperation through evidence-based multilateral leadership.
    [UPSC 2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:

    1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.

    2. It is elected by a 2/3 majority of The General Assembly for a 3-year term.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • A Eurocentric reset, a gateway for India

    Why in the News?

    Recently, U.K. Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s move to renew relations with the European Union is an important change in post-Brexit policy that has big effects around the world, especially for India.

    What is the significance of the new U.K.-EU agreement for India?

    • Simplifies Trade and Regulatory Compliance: The agreement harmonizes food standards, fishing rights, and customs coordination between the U.K. and EU, making it easier for Indian exporters to comply with a single set of rules instead of two separate regimes. Eg: Indian pharmaceutical companies supplying over 25% of the U.K.’s generic medicines could benefit from faster unified approvals, reducing costs and delays.
    • Strengthens Strategic Diplomatic Relations: Renewed U.K.-EU cooperation offers India a chance to enhance multilateral ties and align foreign policies with key Western partners on issues like defence and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: India’s existing partnerships with France, Germany, and the U.K. on defence modernization could deepen with a coordinated U.K.-EU approach.
    • Boosts Talent Mobility and Diaspora Engagement: The agreement’s border and migration cooperation may ease movement for Indian students and professionals across the U.K. and EU, expanding educational and employment opportunities. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, a number likely to grow with improved mobility frameworks.

    How could the U.K.-EU reset impact Indian exports?

    • Simplified Compliance and Reduced Costs: A harmonised U.K.-EU regulatory framework will help Indian exporters by simplifying compliance, reducing redundant paperwork, and lowering operational costs across key sectors like pharmaceuticals, textiles, seafood, and agro-products. Eg: Indian seafood exports worth around ₹60,523 crore ($7.38 billion) in FY2024 could face fewer trade barriers due to aligned food standards and fishing policies.
    • Challenges for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): While unified standards ease trade, tighter common regulations might pose challenges for Indian SMEs that lack capital and technical expertise, requiring enhanced support from government schemes. Eg: To stay competitive, SMEs must leverage initiatives like the RoDTEP and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)schemes to upgrade their export capabilities.

    Why does the renewed U.K.-EU cooperation matter for India’s global diplomacy?

    • Enhanced Multilateral Coordination: A more aligned U.K.-EU foreign policy enables India to strengthen multilateral ties and gain cohesive support on global platforms like the United Nations, G-20, and WTO. Eg: India can push its agenda more effectively in climate finance and digital infrastructure reforms with a united Western bloc.
    • Boost to Defence and Security Partnerships: Coordinated defence policies between the U.K. and EU deepen India’s strategic collaborations in defence modernization, technology transfer, and Indo-Pacific security. Eg: Landmark defence deals with Germany and the U.K. on joint development and technology transfer gain momentum through U.K.-EU alignment.
    • Stronger Collective Response to Shared Geopolitical Challenges: The reset facilitates trilateral or multilateral engagements addressing shared concerns like China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. Eg: India’s partnerships with the U.K., France, and Germany could lead to coordinated strategies to ensure regional stability.

    What opportunities does the U.K.-EU alignment offer for Indian migration and talent mobility?

    • Improved Mobility for Students and Professionals: The renewed U.K.-EU cooperation on border checks and migration policies could partially restore the movement of Indian students and professionals across both regions. Eg: In 2024, the U.K. issued over 110,000 student visas to Indian nationals, indicating strong educational ties likely to expand.
    • Creation of Semi-Integrated Talent Corridors: The alignment may enable semi-integrated talent corridors that facilitate easier access to job markets in the U.K. and EU for skilled Indian workers. Eg: Indian professionals may benefit from more streamlined work permits and mobility agreements within the new U.K.-EU framework.
    • Strengthening Migration Pacts with Key EU Countries: India’s existing migration agreements with countries like Germany, France, and Portugal could be embedded within the broader U.K.-EU framework, enhancing their effectiveness. Eg: This could lead to expanded opportunities for Indian workers under more coordinated and stable migration policies.

    How should India respond to maximise gains from this U.K.-EU reset?

    • Accelerate Reforms and Modernize Export InfrastructureIndia needs to upgrade its export ecosystem by adopting unified standards, improving logistics, and strengthening support schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to enhance competitiveness and meet new regulatory demands. Eg: Indian exporters in sectors like pharmaceuticals and seafood can reduce costs and clearances by aligning with the harmonized U.K.-EU framework.
    • Assert Strategic Engagement in Global Governance and Diplomacy: India should deepen its diplomatic ties with the U.K., EU, and key European partners to leverage coordinated foreign policy and defence collaborations, boosting its influence in forums like the UN, G20, and WTO. Eg: India’s strengthened partnerships on climate finance and Indo-Pacific security will enhance its global leadership role.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Invest in upgrading export infrastructure, enhance quality standards, and expand government incentive schemes like RoDTEP and PLI to help Indian exporters meet unified U.K.-EU regulations and remain competitive globally.
    • Deepen Strategic and Diplomatic Engagement: Proactively engage with the U.K., EU, and key European nations to build stronger defence, trade, and migrationpartnerships, leveraging the reset to boost India’s global influence and economic opportunities.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.

    Linkage: In this article talks about the renewed ties between the UK and the EU — called a “Eurocentric reset” — could open new doors for India. A more united UK-EU foreign policy, especially in areas like defence and the Indo-Pacific, gives India a chance to work more closely with the EU on global matters. This also fits well with the growing strategic partnership between the US and Europe, which benefits India’s position in international affairs.