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Subject: International Relations

  • India–Africa digital partnership is achieving mutual respect, co-development and long-term institutional partnerships. Elaborate.

    In the words of PM Modi, “Africa will remain at the center of our attention. Our partnership is not just about sharing resources but about sharing dreams and a vision for a brighter future.”

    India-Africa Digital Partnership

    Foundation of Mutual Respect-

    South-South Cooperation– based on equality, non-conditionality, and mutual benefit.

    Unlike the Chinese “Digital Silk Road”, India provides low-cost and interoperable solutions.

    Africa views India as a partner in capacity building, not a neo-colonial actor. (Shashi Tharoor)

    Co-development through Technology and Capacity Building-

    Pan-African e-Network (2009)- Connects 48 African countries with India for tele-education and telemedicine.

    India’s Aadhaar, UPI, CoWIN, and DigiLocker systems serve as models for Africa’s Digital Transformation Strategy (2020-2030). Eg- Namibia – NPCI Pact for a UPI-like instant payment system

    ITEC Program- Trains African professionals in e-governance, AI, fintech, and cybersecurity, promoting shared digital growth.

    Long-term Institutional Partnerships-

    India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) & Voice of Global South Summit (2023)- Institutionalize digital cooperation as a core agenda.

    EXIM Bank LoCs & Tech Parks- Fund ICT hubs and innovation centers (e.g., Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania).

    Start-up collaboration under Digital India-Digital Africa initiative, in agri-tech, e-health, fintech, and education.

    Triangular cooperation with Japan under Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) supports digital infrastructure.

    Education and Skilling – Eg- IIT Madras campus in Zanzibar (first overseas IIT)

    The digital partnership reflects a new model of South-South cooperation for inclusive digital transformation

  • With the waning of globalization, post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism. Elucidate.

    Thomas Friedman, (The Lexus and the Olive Tree), defines globalization as the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies, making it farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper. However, at present, the world is witnessing ‘Deglobalisation’.

    Waning of Globalization

    Global trade as % of GDP peaked at 61% in 2008, declining to ~52% by 2024 (World Bank).

    Reversal of Liberalization- Trade wars, tariffs (US-China), and reshoring policies mark a retreat from free markets.

    The splinternet, 5G bans, and AI regulation indicate the politicisation of technology.

    Weakening of Global Institutions- paralysis of WTO, and unilateral sanctions. Eg- USA’s CAATSA

    Regionalism replacing globalization – RCEP, IPEF, BRICS+, EU strategic autonomy.

    Rise of Sovereign Nationalism

    Economic Nationalism – US “America First”, India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat, EU’s strategic autonomy.

    Resource Nationalism- Nations asserting control over rare earths, energy, and food exports. Eg- Indonesia’s nickel ban.

    Political Sovereignty – Brexit (2016) justified as “taking back control”.

    Identity Politics- Nationalist rhetoric linked to cultural, ethnic, or religious identity. Eg- rise of Neo Fascist powers in Europe.

    Strategic Assertion – Russia’s rejection of Western dominance through the Ukraine war.

    Digital Sovereignty – EU’s GDPR and DSA for data protection; China’s Great Firewall.

    Security Nationalism – Eg- Iran’s nuclear program

    Vaccine & Resource Nationalism during COVID-19

    Backlash Against Migration- Eg- Immigration controls in UK, EU, USA

    Public Opinion Shift- Global surveys (Pew, 2023) show declining trust in globalization and preference for domestic self-reliance.

    The retreat of globalization signals a transition from hyper-interdependence to guarded sovereignty and realist state-centric politics

  • Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists

    Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
    List-I (Organization) – List-II (Associated Convention/Person/Place/Headquarters).
    List-I (Organization) List-II (Associated Convention/Person/Place/Headquarters)

    A. Amnesty International 1.Visculi
    B. Common wealth of Independent States (CIS) 2.Paris
    C. Danube Commission 3.Peter Beneson
    D. Europian Space Agency 4.Belgrade Convention

    A B C D A B C D
    (a) 3 1 4 2 (a) 4 2 3 1
    (b) 3 2 4 1 (b) 4 1 3 2

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Nuclear Suppliers Group has 24 countries as the members.
    2. India is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.

  • Consider the following pairs

    Consider the following pairs:
    1. Asian Development Bank: Tokyo
    2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation :Singapore
    3. Association of South East Asian Nations :Bangkok
    Which of the above pairs is/are correct matchd?

  • Consider the following countries

    Consider the following countries :
    1. Switzerland
    2. Malta
    3. Bulgaria
    Which of the above are members of European Union?

  • Consider the following countries

    Consider the following countries :
    1. Brunei Darussalam
    2. East Timor
    3. Laos
    Which of the above is/are member/members of ASEAN ?

  • Consider the following countries

    Consider the following countries :
    1. Brazil
    2. Mexico
    3. South Africa
    According to UNCTAD, which of the above is/are categorized as ‘Emerging Economies’?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Commonwealth has no charter, treaty or constitution
    2. All the territories/countries once under the British empire (jurisdiction/rule/mandate) automatically joined the Commonwealth as its members.
    Which of the statement given above is/are correct?

  • Consider the following pairs

    Consider the following pairs :
    Region often in news Country
    1. Chechnya : Russian Federation
    2. Darfur : Mali
    3. Swat Valley : Iraq
    Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched ?