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Subject: International Stories of Key Importance

  • [11 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Freshwater Quest, the Likely New Gold Hunt

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q  India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still suffers from water scarcity. (UPSC IAS/2015)

    Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organizational, technical, and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)

    Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Non-renewable sources;

    Mains: Non-renewable sources in India; Non-controversial legislative;

    Mentor comment:  Healthy freshwater environments supply water for drinking, growing crops, manufacturing, energy, and transport. They also help to prevent erosion, dispose of waste, and provide natural protection from flooding. But we’ve been careless with this vital resource. In addition, 10% of the world’s animal species live exclusively in freshwater habitats, many of which are currently threatened with extinction. Now in this Climate changing world, can you imagine that huge volumes of freshwater exist under the saline ocean? And what if this Saline Ocean becomes an opportunity as the ‘largest freshwater resource’?

    Let’s learn

    _

    Why in the News? 

    A team of scientists from Vietnam and other countries have discovered underwater sources of Fresh water in the Oceanic body, previously, a river under the sea was discovered at the bottom of the Black Sea.

    Context:

    • In the 1960s, the U.S. Geological Survey drilled boreholes off the New Jersey coast and unexpectedly struck freshwater.
      • According to the present researchers, this river appears to be 100 feet deep and has a flow rate of about 4 miles per hour; about 22,000 cubic meters of water passes through this channel.
      • It would count as one of the largest rivers in the world when compared to land-based rivers.
    • Freshwater is a depleting resource and countries will begin exploring for and exploiting freshwater from above or under their ocean bed, within their maritime zones. Eventually, they will try to expand their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) as given in Part XI of UNCLOS.
      • India can take the lead in shaping Non-controversial Legislative text that addresses the gaps in the laws of the sea, especially in exploratory activities that concern freshwater extraction
    About UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea):

    It is an international treaty adopted in 1982 (in force since 1994) that sets out the legal framework for all marine and maritime activities.
    While UNCLOS is a comprehensive text governing oceans, customary international law remains significant in shaping maritime law.  As of 2024, 168 parties have ratified the treaty.
    • Exploration and Exploitation of the “Area”: UNCLOS governs the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the Area, which includes solid, liquid, or gaseous mineral resources beneath the seabed. The International Seabed Authority regulates activities in this regard.
    • “Minerals”: While UNCLOS defines “resources” as including solid, liquid, or gaseous mineral resources, it’s unclear if this includes freshwater.
    • International Seabed Authority (ISA): The ISA administers and controls activities in the “Area” under UNCLOS, ensuring compliance with regulations and procedures. However, it does not have jurisdiction over states’ parties to the Geneva Conventions.

    About Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, 1958: 

    These conventions cover many issues addressed by UNCLOS and are often based on customary international law.
    • Article 311 of UNCLOS states that UNCLOS prevails over the Geneva Conventions, among state parties. This means that UNCLOS applies to signatory states over the Geneva Conventions.
    • The United States is a signatory to the Geneva Conventions but not UNCLOS, creating complexities in its adherence to maritime law.
    • Non-signatory states are not bound by UNCLOS and may not recognize concepts like the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or the “Area” beyond 200 nautical miles.
    • There is ambiguity regarding the regulation of state parties to the Geneva Conventions, especially concerning mining and exploratory activities in the “Area.”

    Challenges for India in the “Zone of Exploration”:

    • Water Scarcity and Conflict: Anticipation that future wars may be fought over water due to its increasing scarcity and value, highlighting the importance of freshwater resources.
    • The potential of the “Area” for Freshwater: With freshwater becoming scarce and expensive, the “Area” could qualify as a potential zone for freshwater exploration and extraction, similar to oil exploration.
    • Lack of Legislation: Currently, there is a lack of specific legislation and terminologies governing the exploration and extraction of resources beyond national jurisdiction, particularly freshwater.
    • Complexities in Governance: The governance of activities beyond national jurisdiction, such as freshwater exploration, is complicated by multiple legislations governing the law of the sea.

    Silver Lining for India:

    • Opportunity for Legislative Development: There is a need for the international community to develop laws of the sea, particularly concerning exploratory activities related to freshwater from the “Area.”
    • Sustainable Development Goals: The effort aligns with the global agenda of SDG 14, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management beyond national jurisdictions.
    • Potential Role for India: India is suggested to take a lead role in addressing these legislative challenges and advancing exploration activities in the “Area,” which could benefit mankind significantly.
    • Human Priorities Over Space Exploration: It advocates for prioritizing efforts to secure freshwater resources on Earth over investing in space exploration, highlighting the immediate and pressing need for water security.

    The way for India to shape the “Non-controversial” Legislative text:

    (The Non-controversial legislative text means the laws that are passed without an actual voice or recorded vote but by unanimous consent.)

    • Diplomatic Leadership: India can leverage its diplomatic influence and engagement with other nations to initiate discussions and negotiations on developing new legislative frameworks for freshwater extraction in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
    • International Partnerships: India can forge partnerships with like-minded countries, international organizations, and stakeholders to collaboratively draft and promote legislative proposals addressing gaps in the laws of the sea related to freshwater extraction.
    • Expertise and Research: India can contribute its expertise in marine science, technology, and legal studies to inform the development of non-controversial legislative text. Investing in research and studies on freshwater resources can provide valuable insights for legislative discussions.

    Conclusion: India needs to work towards involvement in amending existing conventions like UNCLOS or drafting new agreements tailored to address the unique challenges of freshwater resource management.

  • [10 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The message from U.S. campuses, protesting students

    Mains PYQ Relevance: 

    Q)“The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood? Discuss along with strategies to be adopted to counter this environment. (UPSC IAS/2014)

    Q) Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. What importance does it hold for India?. (UPSC IAS/2021)

    Note4Students: 

    Subject: GS II (IR)

    Prelims: International issues in the news;

    Mains: Islamophobia and Anti-Palestinian Racism;

    Mentor comments: In 1985, when American campuses were roiling with protests against apartheid South Africa, the legendary African-American feminist poet and philosopher, Audre Lorde, reflected that America was “the most powerful country in the world” but also “a country which stands upon the wrong side of every liberation struggle on earth”. Lorde noted that this filled her with both a sense of dread and a sense of urgency. Dread and urgency, once again, have driven students across campuses in the United States to protest against the catastrophe in Gaza. During the anti-apartheid protests calling for divestment at campuses in the late 1980s — when we were students — university administrators were embarrassed about aligning with the White apartheid state of South Africa. 

    Let’s learn

    —

    Why in the news? 

    Today, with Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian racism so normalized in the U.S., university administrators are proudly aligning with this genocidal war. 

    What is Islamophobia and Anti-Palestinian racism?

    • Islamophobia is a form of racism that targets expressions of Muslimness or perceived Muslimness, rooted in racism and involving stereotypes, demonization, and dehumanization of Muslims
    • Anti-Palestinian racism, on the other hand, refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination directed at the Palestinian people, including silencing, exclusion, erasure, stereotypes, defamation, and dehumanization of Palestinians or their narratives

    Student’s protest in the USA:

    • Unified Demands: Student protesters have a unified set of demands, including disclosure and divestment from corporations complicit in the Israeli occupation of Palestine, removal of police from campuses, and protection of pro-Palestinian speech and activism.
      • The call for divestment can be traced back to the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement inspired by the anti-apartheid student movement. The demand for “cops off campus” reflects abolitionist critiques of police as a racist institution, amplified after the George Floyd protests.
    • Education and Activism: Students are educating each other on the history of the Levant, colonialism, racial violence, and the complexities of historic Palestine. They organize teach-ins, study apartheid, analyze the political economy of occupation, and explore Palestinian resistance.
    • University Clampdowns: Many university administrators have instituted disciplinary procedures against pro-Palestine solidarity and activism, banned student organizations, and intensified surveillance and crackdowns on protests.
      • Despite repression, student protests have proliferated, and peaceful encampments have spread to campuses across the country, challenging the complicity of universities in colonialism and imperialism.
    • Intersectional Solidarity: The movement is shaped by other social justice movements like Black Lives Matter and Standing Rock, highlighting connections between racialized police brutality, settler colonialism, and imperialism.
    • Resistance against Repression: Students risk suspensions and arrests to expose and disrupt the ideological and economic ties that bind universities to forces of genocide, inspired by struggles in historic Palestine.

    Significance and Impact of the Student’s Protest::

    • Raising Awareness: By organizing teach-ins and spreading information about the history of the Levant, colonialism, and racial violence, these protests can educate people and raise awareness about the plight of Palestinians and the broader issues of imperialism and colonialism.
    • Challenging normalization of Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian: By challenging the normalization of Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian racism, these protests can disrupt the status quo and push for a reevaluation of societal attitudes towards these issues.
    • Inspiring Solidarity: The intersectional nature of these protests, where movements like Black Lives Matter and Standing Rock are involved, can foster solidarity among different marginalized communities and strengthen the broader social justice movement.
    • International Impact: These protests, especially if they gain widespread attention and support, could influence international perceptions and policies towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, potentially leading to increased pressure on governments to take action towards a just resolution.

    Conclusion: University administrators should engage in open dialogue with protesting students to address their concerns and explore potential solutions. This could involve creating forums for discussion, establishing student-administrator committees, and actively listening to student perspectives.

  • What is an Interpol Blue Corner Notice?

    Why in the news?

    • Karnataka’s political landscape is rocked by accusations of sexual abuse against a sitting MP belonging to a prominent political family.
    • Following explicit video leaks allegedly implicating him, Interpol has issued a Blue Corner notice, as he remains on the run.

    INTERPOL’s Notice System:

    • The Interpol issues various types of notices to its member countries about individuals who are either missing or wanted.
    • While these notices aren’t legally binding and countries aren’t required to act on them, they are commonly used to arrest and extradite suspects.

    The following entities can request for a notice:

    • Notice request by the Member Country
    • International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court can also request notices for individuals accused of serious crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity under their jurisdiction.
    • The United Nations can request notices related to enforcing sanctions imposed by the Security Council.

    What are Blue Corner Notice?

    • Purpose: Blue corner notice, also known as an “enquiry notice,” facilitates sharing critical crime-related information, including criminal records verification and locating individuals.
    • Example: In January 2020, Interpol issued a blue corner notice to locate fugitive Nithyananda, a self-styled godman.

    About INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)

    Details
    Overview
    • Established in Vienna, Austria (1923), it enables cross-border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
    • An inter-governmental organization comprising 195 member countries,
    • Facilitates better coordination among police forces globally
    Functions
    • Enables member countries to share and access data on crimes and criminals
    • Offers technical and operational support to member countries
    • Manages 19 police databases containing information on crimes and criminals, accessible in real-time
    • Provides investigative support, including forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives worldwide.
    Working
    • Run by a Secretary General
    • Headquarters located in Lyon, France
    • Global complex for innovation based in Singapore.
    • Several satellite offices in different regions.

    I-24/7 Service: Global Police Communications System that provides a common platform for the member countries’ police organizations to share sensitive and urgent police information.
    India’s Membership
    • Joined in June 1956.
    Functioning in Member Countries
    • Each member country has a National Central Bureau (NCB), serving as the central point of contact for the general secretariat and other NCBs worldwide
    • NCBs are typically managed by police officials and situated in the government ministry responsible for policing (e.g., CBI in India)
    • Interpol’s databases contain various information, from names and fingerprints to stolen passports, accessible in real-time to member countries
    • Provides investigative support to member countries, aiding in forensic analysis and locating fugitives globally.
    Notices Interpol issues seven types of notices:

    1. Red Notice: Seeks the location and provisional arrest of fugitives.
    2. Blue Notice: Requests information about a person’s identity or activities.
    3. Green Notice: Warns about individuals likely to repeat crimes.
    4. Yellow Notice: Aids in locating missing persons.
    5. Black Notice: Seeks information about unidentified bodies.
    6. Orange Notice: Warns of imminent threats to public safety.
    7. Purple Notice: Seeks or provides information on criminal methods.

  • An overview of Sudan’s civil war 

    Why in the News? 

    The inability of successive governments to articulate a shared vision has resulted in the unfair distribution of wealth and resources in Sudan.

    ANKARA, TURKIYE – NOVEMBER 3: An infographic titled ”Sudanese civil war intensifies in the western cities” is created in Ankara, Turkiye on November 3, 2023. Since mid-April, the intensity of the conflicts between the army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Sudan, which have resulted in nearly 10,000 casualties, shifted from the capital Khartoum and its surroundings to the western cities. (Photo by Yasin Demirci/Anadolu via Getty Images)

    Historical background  of Conflict: 

    • In 1956: The government that came to power in 1956 emphasized an Arab and Islamic identity based on Mahdist principles. It was not representative of diverse communities and demanded compliance, leading to widespread resistance.
    • In 1989: In 1989, a new government seized control under the National Islamic Front, an alliance between army officers and the Muslim Brotherhood. Omar al-Bashir came to power, supported by Islamist leader Hassan al-Turabi, aiming to establish an Islamic state.
    • In 1991: The government set up an internal security apparatus, arresting and torturing dissenters. It introduced a new penal code in 1991 to impose an Islamization agenda.
    • In 2003: The al-Bashir (in 2003) regime enlisted Janjaweed militias to quell an insurgency in Darfur. These militias were later designated as the Rapid Support Forces in 2013.
    • In 2018-19: After protests in 2018 and al-Bashir’s removal in 2019, a transitional military government was established. Despite challenges and a failed coup attempt, a power-sharing agreement was reached, but another coup led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan derailed the democratic transition.

    Causes of the present conflict in Sudan:

    • Deep-rooted Crisis in Governance: The conflict reflects a longstanding crisis within Sudan’s governing structure since gaining independence in 1956, characterized by power struggles and frequent coups.
    • Identity Crisis and Rebellion: Sudan has experienced numerous rebellions fueled by an identity crisis, with marginalized populations seeking autonomy and fair representation within the state.
    • Ethnic and Regional Disparities: Sudan comprises of 19 major ethnic groups and about 597 ethnic sub-groups. Since independence, the Sudanese have experienced 35 coups and attempted coups, more than any other African country.
    • Religious and Political Ideologies: Shifts in government ideologies, such as the establishment of an Islamic state in 1989, have exacerbated tensions and led to further marginalization of certain groups.
    • Role of Militias: The emergence of paramilitary forces, such as the Rapid Support Forces, has complicated the conflict dynamics, with militias vying for power and control over resources.
    • Other country’s involvement: External influences, including support from foreign entities like Russia, have played a role in shaping the conflict landscape, particularly in resource-rich regions like Darfur.
    • Economic Interests: Economic factors, such as control over lucrative industries like gold mining, have contributed to the entrenchment of certain groups in power and fueled conflict dynamics.

    Way Forward:

    • Establish a Civilian-Led Government: Sudan needs to prioritize the establishment of a transparent, civilian-led government that represents the diverse Sudanese populace. This government should ensure inclusivity and participation in decision-making processes.
    • Disarm and Demobilize Militias: Urgent action is needed to disarm and demobilize militias like the Rapid Support Forces. This will prevent militia dominance over the state and reduce the risk of armed confrontations and conflicts.
    • International Support for Reconstruction: Sudan requires collaborative efforts from the international community to aid in post-conflict reconstruction. This support can include financial assistance, capacity-building programs, and technical expertise to rebuild infrastructure, institutions, and communities affected by conflict.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Africa was chopped into states artificially created by accident of European competition. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • How Diplomatic Passports, visa regimes work?

    Why in the news? 

    After allegations of sexual abuse by Janata Dal (Secular) MP Prajwal Revanna came to light, the politician fled to Germany on a Diplomatic Passport.

    What is a Diplomatic Passport? 

    • The normal passports, which have dark blue covers and are valid for 10 years (for adults) while the diplomatic passports have maroon covers, and are valid for five years or less.
    • Holders of such passports are entitled to certain privileges and immunities as per international law, including immunity from arrest, detention, and certain legal proceedings in the host country.

    Who can get a Diplomatic Passport?

    • Diplomatic Status: Individuals with diplomatic status, such as diplomats representing the country abroad, are eligible for diplomatic passports.
    • Government-Appointed Officials: Government-appointed individuals travelling abroad for official business can receive diplomatic passports.
    • Officers of Indian Foreign Service (IFS): Officers working under branches A and B of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), typically at the rank of Joint Secretary and above, are entitled to diplomatic passports.
    • Relatives of IFS and MEA Officers: Relatives and immediate family members of officers employed in the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) are eligible for diplomatic passports.
    • Authorized Individuals for Official Travel: Select individuals authorized to undertake official travel on behalf of the government, such as union ministers and Members of Parliament (MPs), may receive diplomatic passports. The validity of these passports is concurrent with the term of the MP.

    Surrender of Diplomatic Passport by MPs: 

    • Individuals who are disqualified from their positions, such as MPs, are required to surrender their diplomatic passports. For example, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi surrendered his diplomatic passport after being disqualified as an MP.

    Why did Prajwal Revanna not need a visa to travel to Germany?

    • Operational Visa Exemption Agreements: India has operational visa exemption agreements with certain countries, including Germany, for holders of diplomatic passports. These agreements allow diplomatic passport holders to travel to these countries without requiring a visa, provided their stay does not exceed 90 days.
    • Reciprocal Deal with Germany: A reciprocal deal signed in 2011 between India and Germany exempts holders of Indian diplomatic passports from obtaining a visa for travel to Germany.
      •  India has similar agreements with other countries, such as France, Austria, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Italy, Greece, Iran, and Switzerland, where diplomatic passport holders are exempted from visa requirements.
    • Operational Visa Exemption for Other Passport Holders: India also has agreements with 99 other countries where not only diplomatic passport holders but also those holding service and official passports can avail of operational visa exemption for stays up to 90 days.
      • Countries in this list include Bahrain, Brazil, Egypt, Hong Kong, Oman, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates.
    • Despite not needing a visa, Prajwal Revanna should have applied for prior political clearance for his private visit to Germany. Members using a diplomatic passport are required to apply for political clearance directly to the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) before proceeding abroad.

    Who can revoke a Diplomatic Passport?

    • Court Order Requirement: The government can revoke a diplomatic passport only after a court order to that effect. The relevant provisions of the Passport Act 1967 stipulate that revocation of a diplomatic passport may occur upon orders from a court during proceedings concerning an offence allegedly carried out by the passport holder before a criminal court.
    • Passport Authority’s Discretion: The Passport Act empowers the passport authority to impound or revoke a passport under various circumstances. These include instances where the holder is in wrongful possession of the passport or obtained it by suppressing material information or in the interests of India’s sovereignty and integrity or friendly relations with foreign countries.
    • Conviction by Indian Court: A diplomatic passport can be revoked if the holder has been convicted by a court in India and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years.

    What is the Henley Passport Index?

    • The Henley Passport Index is a renowned ranking system that assesses the strength of passports based on the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa.
    • It utilizes data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and is enhanced by Henley & Partners’ research team.
    • In the latest 2024 ranking, India’s rank has slipped one place to 85th, despite the number of visa-free destinations increasing to 62 countries

    Way forward

    • Enhanced Oversight and Accountability: Implement stricter oversight mechanisms to monitor the issuance and use of diplomatic passports. Regular audits and reviews can help identify any discrepancies or misuse.
    • Strict Enforcement of Surrender Rules: Enforce existing rules mandating the surrender of diplomatic passports by individuals who are disqualified from their positions, such as Members of Parliament.

     

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Analyse the circumstances that led to the Tashkent Agreement in 1966. Discuss the highlights of the agreement.

  • [PREMIUM] Conflict Regions in West Asia

    Why in the news?

    • The resurgence of West Asian rivalries has been reignited by the ongoing Hamas-Israel War, which commenced on October 7, 2023.
    • With a backdrop of historical conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and Israel’s engagements with Hezbollah and Hamas, the current conflict is escalating tensions in the region.

    About West Asia

    [A] Political Overview:

    1. Countries:
    • West Asia comprises 17 countries, including:
      • In Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has 6 countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
      • Middle Eastern countries like Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Yemen.
      • Egypt is sometimes included in the definition of West Asia due to its geographical proximity and historical ties.
    1. Geopolitical Dynamics:
      • The region is characterized by complex geopolitical dynamics, including conflicts, alliances, and power struggles.
      • Ongoing conflicts include the Syrian Civil War, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the Yemeni Civil War, among others.
      • Strategic interests of global powers, including the United States, Russia, and China, contribute to the region’s instability.

    [B] Physical Features:

    1. Terrain:
      • West Asia encompasses varied terrain, including vast deserts like the Rub’ al Khali in Saudi Arabia and the Syrian Desert in Syria and Jordan.
      • Mountainous regions include the Zagros Mountains in Iran, the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains along the Lebanon-Syria border.
      • Fertile river valleys, such as the Tigris-Euphrates in Iraq and the Nile in Egypt, have historically supported agriculture and civilization.
    2. Climate:
      • The region experiences diverse climates:
        • Arid and semi-arid climates prevail in much of the interior, with hot summers and mild winters.
        • Mediterranean climates along the coastal areas, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
        • Highland climates in mountainous regions, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation.
    3. Natural Resources:
      • West Asia is endowed with abundant natural resources, notably oil and natural gas reserves, concentrated primarily in countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and the Gulf states.
      • The region also possesses significant mineral deposits, including phosphates in Jordan, sulfur in Iraq, and metals like copper and iron in various countries.

    [C] Physiographical Details:

    1. Biodiversity:
      • Despite its predominantly arid climate, West Asia supports diverse ecosystems, including desert, mountain, and coastal habitats.
      • Unique species of flora and fauna, adapted to harsh environmental conditions, inhabit the region, including desert mammals like the Arabian oryx and mountain species like the Persian leopard.
    2. Water Resources:
      • Water scarcity is a pressing issue in West Asia, exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and climate change.
      • Countries rely on shared river basins, such as the Tigris-Euphrates and the Nile, leading to water disputes and conflicts.
      • Desalination plants along the coastlines provide an alternative source of freshwater, particularly in Gulf countries.
    3. Human Geography:
      • The region is home to diverse ethnic and religious communities, including Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Persians, Jews, and Christians, among others.
      • Urbanization is on the rise, with major cities like Riyadh, Tehran, Istanbul, and Cairo serving as economic, cultural, and political centers.

    Flash Points in West Asia

    Conflict 

    Areas

    		 Description Flashpoints
    Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A protracted dispute over territory, borders, and self-determination between Israel and Palestinians. Gaza Strip: A densely populated coastal enclave with sandy beaches, urban areas, and limited agricultural land. It is approximately 41 kilometers long and 6 kilometers wide.

     

    Netzarim Corridor: The Netzarim Corridor is a just under seven-kilometer-long corridor that is set to cut Gaza City from the rest of the enclave, running east to west from the Israeli border south of Nahal Oz to the Mediterranean Sea. Israel has previously bisected the Gaza Strip to create a Buffer Zone.

    West Bank: Diverse geography including mountainous terrain, fertile valleys, and the Jordan River Valley. It covers an area of approximately 5,655 square kilometers.

    East Jerusalem: Hilly terrain with historic landmarks and religious sites, including the Old City with its ancient walls, mosques, and churches.
    Syrian Civil War Complex conflict involving multiple factions, resulting in immense humanitarian suffering. Aleppo: Surrounded by fertile plains and agricultural land, it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 190 square kilometers.

    Damascus: Situated in the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, it is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. It spans an area of around 105 square kilometers.

    Homs: Located along the Orontes River, it is an important industrial center with a history dating back to ancient times. It has an area of about 165 square kilometers.

    Idlib: Mix of agricultural plains, hills, and urban centers, covering an area of approximately 6,097 square kilometers.
    Iraqi Conflict Various conflicts including the Iraq War, sectarian violence, insurgency, and fight against ISIS. Baghdad: Flat terrain surrounded by fertile agricultural land, situated on the Tigris River. It covers an area of around 204 square kilometers.

    Mosul: Surrounded by plains, historic landmarks, and the Tigris River, it is one of Iraq’s largest cities. It spans an area of approximately 370 square kilometers.

    Fallujah: In the Euphrates River valley with arid landscapes and urban areas, it is strategically located near major highways. It covers an area of about 139 square kilometers.

    Kirkuk: Oil-rich region with diverse ethnic populations and mountainous terrain, it covers an area of approximately 9,679 square kilometers.
    Yemeni Civil War Involves the Yemeni government, Houthi rebels, and other factions, leading to a dire humanitarian crisis. Sana’a: Surrounded by mountains and valleys in the Yemeni Highlands, it is one of the highest capital cities in the world. It covers an area of approximately 73 square kilometers.

    Aden: Coastal city with a strategic port and urban areas, located on the Gulf of Aden. It spans an area of around 50 square kilometers.

    Hodeidah: Major port city with coastal plains, mountains, and urban areas, situated on the Red Sea coast. It covers an area of about 192 square kilometers.
    Lebanese-Israeli Tensions Sporadic clashes and occasional escalation over territorial disputes and Hezbollah’s presence. Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with mountains, fertile valleys, and coastal plains along the Mediterranean Sea. It covers an area of approximately 929 square kilometers.
    Kurdish-Turkish Conflict Involves the Turkish government and Kurdish separatist groups, focusing on Kurdish autonomy. Southeastern Turkey: Mountain ranges, plateaus, fertile river valleys, and urban areas, covering an area of approximately 190,534 square kilometers.

    Northern Iraq: Zagros Mountains, valleys, rivers, and urban centers, with an area of about 198,956 square kilometers.
    Iranian-Israeli Tensions Fueled by Iran’s support to militant groups and its nuclear program, leading to regional security concerns. Golan Heights: Plateau region with rocky slopes, volcanic hills, fertile agricultural land, and urban settlements. It spans an area of approximately 1,800 square kilometers.

    Southern Lebanon: Rugged terrain with valleys, plains, and urban areas, covering an area of about 929 square kilometers.
    Gulf States Tensions Rivalries among Gulf states are driven by ideological differences, political alliances, and economic interests. Qatar: Peninsula with desert terrain, low-lying coastal areas, and urban development, covering an area of approximately 11,586 square kilometers.

    Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: Desert landscapes, oasis areas, oil fields, and urban centers, with an area of about 672,522 square kilometers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea?

    (a) Syria

    (b) Jordan

    (c) Lebanon

    (d) Israel

  • Tensions grow in West Asia, a heavily militarised region

    Why in the news? 

    According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s ‘Trends in International Arms Transfers 2023’, four of the top 10 largest importers of arms last year were from West Asia, with the U.S. being the main supplier

    SIPRI Report: Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023

    • India’s Arms Imports: Increased by 4.7% compared to 2014-18.
    • European Arms Imports: Saw a staggering 94% increase between 2014-18 and 2019-23, likely influenced by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
    • Russia-India Arms Trade: Russia remained India’s largest arms supplier, accounting for 36% of total imports.
    • Top Global Importers: India, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar emerged as the top three importers globally.
    • Ukraine’s Arms Imports: Became the fourth largest arms importer during the specified period.
    • China-Pakistan Arms Trade: Pakistan, the fifth largest arms importer, obtained 82% of its arms from China.
    • France’s Arms Exports: Emerged as the world’s second-largest arms supplier, after the United States.
    • French Arms Exports to India: India was highlighted as the largest single recipient of French arms exports.

     

    West Asia has largest expenditure in Defence as per GDP %

    Reason behind the west Asia is heavily militarised region:

    • Regional Conflicts and Tensions: The region is characterized by ongoing conflicts and tensions, such as those in Yemen and Syria, leading countries to seek advanced weaponry to address security challenges
    • Oil Boom: The oil boom in West Asia has led to increased military spending as countries seek to protect their oil resources and maintain regional stability
    • Internal Factors: The presence of Western arms and personnel in some Persian Gulf countries has contributed to internal resurgences, leading states to invest in military capabilities for self-defense
    • Diversification of Arms Suppliers: West Asian states have adopted the principle of diversifying sources of arms supply, leading to a broader range of arms imports from various suppliers globally
    • Client-Supplier Relationship: The relationship between client states and arms suppliers is often favorable to the recipient, with the recipient receiving the arms they wish and the supplier bowing to their demands
    • Regional Disputes and Border Skirmishes: Border disputes, threats, and wars have made it imperative for West Asian states to resort to modern and efficient national defense systems like conflict between Iran and Israel

    Conclusion: 

    Encourage diplomatic efforts to resolve regional conflicts and tensions through dialogue and negotiation, aiming to reduce the need for excessive military spending. Advocate for the establishment of regional arms control agreements to limit the proliferation of weapons and promote stability in the West Asia region.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

  • What Iran-Israel conflict means for Middle East and India

    Why in the news?

    The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the extensive Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region, with an added risk of piracy and hostage situations.

    The conflict between Israel and Iran:

    • Historical Context: The roots of the conflict can be traced back to the Islamic Revolution in 1979 when Iran rejected Israel’s existence and vowed to undermine it. Iran has supported anti-Israeli militant groups like Hezbollah and Hamas and pursued a nuclear program, which Israel sees as a threat
    • Recent Escalation: Recent events, such as the unprecedented missile and drone assault on Israel originating from Iran, have raised concerns about a potential all-out war between the two nations. Israel successfully intercepted most of the attacks, but the implications of this escalation are significant
    • Israel’s Response Options: Israel faces decisions on how to respond to Iran, with options including retaliation by proxy, assassinations, cyberattacks, or direct attacks. Each option carries risks of escalation and broader regional consequences
    • The nuclear issue: The long history of animosity and confrontation between the sides has now erupted in direct attacks. Israel is believed to be nuclear-capable and Iran’s desired programmes for nuclear capability have been in the spotlight

    Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India:

    • Economic Interests: India has significant economic ties in the Middle East, including trade, investment, and energy imports. Any escalation of conflict in the region threatens India’s economic interests, potentially leading to disruptions in trade routes and increased oil prices.
    • Security of Indian Diaspora: The Middle East hosts a large Indian diaspora, particularly in the Gulf region. Turmoil and conflict pose risks to their safety and security, with concerns about piracy, hostage-taking, and general instability.
    • Instability in Global south Governance : India recognizes the importance of stability in the Middle East for global south governance and stability. Instability in the region affects not only regional dynamics but also has broader implications for international security and cooperation.

    Diplomatic solution for this conflict:

    •  India advocates for diplomatic solutions to conflicts in the Middle East and supports initiatives for peace and stability, including the two-state solution for the Israel-Palestine conflict. India’s historical and cultural ties with the region position it as a potential mediator and facilitator for dialogue.

    Way forward:

    • Restraint and De-escalation: Call upon both parties to exercise restraint and avoid actions that could escalate the conflict further.  
    • Regional Cooperation: Encourage regional actors, including neighboring countries  to work together to promote stability and security in the Middle East.  
    • International Support: Seek support from the international community, including major powers and multilateral organizations, to pressure Iran and Israel to pursue peaceful resolutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

    Mains question for practice:

    Q The turmoil resulting from the Iran-Israel conflict poses a threat to the security of the  Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region. Discuss the Impact of the Iran-Israel conflict on India and suggest the solution.

     

     

  • Premium – Conflict Areas of African Continent

    Why in the News?

    The places discussed in this article are pertinent to conflict zones either due to Geopolitical conflicts or Climate change impacts.

    Political and Ethnic Conflicts:

    • Darfur Region, Sudan:
      • The Darfur region constitutes Western Sudan, present-Eastern Chad, and the present-Northern part of the Central African Republic Region. 
      • This conflict involves clashes between government forces and paramilitary groups, resulting in widespread violence and displacement, particularly in regions like Darfur.
      • Darfur has experienced conflict for years, with ethnic tensions and government-rebel clashes leading to violence and displacement. 
      • The conflict has been characterized by allegations of ethnic cleansing and human rights abuses.
    • Somalia:
      • The Conflict zone of Somalia is situated in the South-Eastern part (Mogadishu).
      • Al Shabaab is an Islamist militant group that has been engaged in a prolonged insurgency against the Somali government. 
      • The conflict has led to widespread violence, including attacks on civilians, and has contributed to significant displacement within Somalia
    • Nigeria:
      • Groups like Boko Haram and its offshoot, Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), have carried out attacks, including suicide bombings and kidnappings, targeting civilians and security forces. 
      • This conflict has led to widespread displacement (Due to infringements of Human rights), particularly in northeastern Nigeria.
      • Nigeria is traversed by several major rivers, including the Niger River and the Benue River. 
      • The Niger River flows from southeastern Guinea through Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. It is the third-longest river in Africa behind the Nile and the Congo. 
      • Niger River tributaries include the Sokoto, Kaduna, Benue, and Bani Rivers.
    • Tigray, Ethiopia:
      • The conflict in Tigray erupted between regional forces and the Ethiopian government in late 2020, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and allegations of human rights abuses.
      • Ethiopia has experienced internal conflicts fueled by ethnic divisions and political grievances, leading to sporadic violence and displacement in various regions.
      • The region is part of the Nile River Basin.

    Resource-based Conflicts (Climate Change Impact):

    • Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC):
      • The DRC has been plagued by multiple armed groups operating in different regions, often vying for control over territory and resources. 
      • The M23 rebel group is one of several militias involved in the conflict, leading to displacement and humanitarian crises.
      • The DRC is home to the Congo River, one of the largest rivers in Africa. 
      • The Congo River drains a total watershed area of 3,690,750km 2, covering all of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), as well as parts of Congo-Brazzaville, Cameroon, the Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia and Angola.
    • Burkina Faso:
      • Burkina Faso (landlocked in West Africa) has experienced a rise in violence perpetrated by groups affiliated with al Qaeda and the Islamic State, leading to displacement and insecurity, especially in the northern regions.
      • This conflict is often seen as a spillover from instability in neighboring Mali.
      • This region lies on the Prime Meridian. 
      • As it is landlocked, it does not have any significant rivers or lakes within its territory. However, it is part of the Volta River Basin, which includes rivers like the Black Volta and the White Volta.
    • Sahel Region:
      • The Sahel is a 3,860-km transitional belt stretching between the Sahara Desert and sub-Saharan Africa, extending from Senegal to Eritrea. It consists of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, and a portion of southern Algeria.
      • Climate: Characterized by semi-arid conditions and features barren landscapes, making it susceptible to desertification.
      • It serves as a historical and cultural crossroads, where Arabic, Islamic, and nomadic cultures from the north intersect with indigenous and traditional cultures from the south.
      • The region faces numerous challenges, including ethno-religious tensions, political instability, widespread poverty, natural disasters, and the proliferation of criminal and political movements. 
      • Its vast, ungoverned spaces make it a hotspot for various illicit activities.
    • Notable water bodies in the Sahel region:
      • Niger River: It is a major waterway that traverses through countries such as Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, providing water for irrigation, transportation, and fishing.
      • Senegal River: The Senegal River forms part of the northern border of Senegal and Mauritania. It provides water for agriculture, supports ecosystems, and is used for transportation and hydropower generation.
      • Bani River: A tributary of the Niger River, the Bani River flows through Mali during the rainy season, supporting agriculture and wildlife in the region.
      • Koumoue River: This river, located in Burkina Faso, is a tributary of the Niger River and plays a crucial role in providing water for agricultural activities in the region.
      • Logone River: The Logone River, flowing through Chad and Cameroon, is an important water source for communities living along its banks, supporting agriculture and providing habitats for wildlife.
      • Mare aux Hippopotames: This seasonal lake, located in Niger, fills with water during the rainy season and serves as an essential habitat for wildlife, including hippos and migratory birds.
      • Lake Chad: Although Lake Chad has significantly diminished in size over the years due to factors such as climate change, overuse of water resources, and population growth, it remains an important water body for countries like Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon.
    • Afar Triangle:
      • The Afar Triangle, also known as the Afar Depression or Afar Rift, is a geological depression in the Horn of Africa. It encompasses parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
      • It is said to be world’s Sixth Ocean in making.
      • It is located at the tri-junction of the African, Arabian, and Somali tectonic plates, making it one of the most geologically active regions on Earth. 
      • Border disputes between countries have occasionally involved the Afar region, particularly along the border areas.

     

    Previous Year Questions:

    [2013] Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

    Geographical Feature Region
    (a) Abyssinian Plateau Arabia
    (b) Atlas Mountains North-Western Africa
    (c) Guiana Highlands South-Western Africa
    (d) Okavango Basin Patagonia

     [2020] Consider the following pairs:

    Rivers Flows into
    1. Mekong Andaman Sea
    2. Thames Irish Sea
    3. Volga Caspian Sea
    4. Zambezi Indian Ocean

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

     

    [2022] The term “Levant” often heard in the news roughly corresponds to which of the following regions?

    (a) Region along the eastern Mediterranean shores

    (b) Region along North African shores stretching from Egypt to Morocco

    (c) Region along Persian Gulf and Horn of Africa

    (d) The entire coastal areas of Mediterranean Sean

    [2022] Consider the following pairs:

    Region often mentioned, in the news Country
    1. Anatolia

    2. Amhara

    3. Cabo Delgado

    4. Catalonia

    		 Turkey

    Ethiopia

    Spain

    Italy

    How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one pair

    (b) Only two pairs

    (c) Only three pairs

    (d) All four pairs

     

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Area of conflict mentioned in news Country where it is located
    1. Donbas Syria
    2. Kachin Ethiopia
    3. Tigray North Yemen

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    a) Only one

    b) Only two

    c) All three

    d) None

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Regions often mentioned in News Reason for being in News
    1. North Kivu and Ituri War between Armenia and Azerbaijan
    2. Nagorno-Karabakh Insurgency in Mozambique
    3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Dispute between Israel and Lebanon

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c) All three

    (d) None

  • Israel, a two-state solution, some recent perceptions

    Why in the news?

    Writings and statements from Israel give us an understanding of what “a Jewish national home” means and the ongoing conflict it involves.

    Historical origins and evolution of the concept of a Jewish national home

    • Historical and Religious Context: The concept of a Promised Land for the Jewish people dates back to biblical times, with references in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the land of Canaan as a homeland promised to the descendants of Abraham. The idea of returning to this ancestral homeland remained significant in Jewish religious and cultural traditions throughout centuries of diaspora.
    • Zionism: The modern movement for Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism, gained momentum in the late 19th century. Zionist thinkers and leaders, such as Theodor Herzl, envisioned the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
    • Theodor Herzl and the First Zionist Congress: The publication of Herzl’s book “Der Judenstaat” (“The Jewish State”) in 1896 is often considered the starting point of modern political Zionism.
    • British Mandate for Palestine: During World War I, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, expressing support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
    • Settlement and Immigration: Jewish immigration to Palestine increased significantly during the early 20th century, as Jewish communities sought to establish settlements and build infrastructure in the region.
    • United Nations Partition Plan: In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for Palestine, which would have divided the territory into separate Jewish and Arab states, along with an internationalized Jerusalem. While Jewish leaders accepted the plan, Arab leaders rejected it, leading to the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the establishment of the State of Israel.

    Continue Struggle after Arab-Israeli War 1948 

    • International Response and Recognition after 1967 war: UN Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) addressed the aftermath of the 1967 war. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was recognized by the Arab League and the UN General Assembly as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. The Arab League Declaration/Initiative of 2002 and the Palestinian Non-Paper outlined visions for a solution, including reference to the 1967 Armistice Line as a border.
    • Annexation of West Bank Settlements: In 2018, Israel’s ruling Likud Party unanimously endorsed a resolution calling for the annexation of West Bank settlements, indicating a hardline stance on territorial claims.

    Why Israel’s position is so strong in conflict?

    • Military Might: The military success of Israel in the 1967 war shifted the dynamics of the Arab-Israeli conflict, convincing Arab states that they could not achieve victory through military means. However, it did not lead to a recommendation for a political settlement based on compromise.
    • Madrid Conference of 1991: The Madrid Conference was a significant event in the peace process, though the phrase “territories for peace” was not explicitly mentioned in the invitation letters. It marked a diplomatic effort to address the conflict.
    • American Support : The United States has provided unprecedented support to Israel, both diplomatically and militarily.And Israel’s conduct and efforts to shape the post-war situation have been growing.

    Conclusion: The idea of a Jewish national home emerged from historical and religious roots, gained momentum through Zionism, and was furthered by international recognition. Resolution requires diplomacy, acknowledgment of historical grievances, and genuine efforts towards mutual understanding and compromise to stabalise the situation.

    Mains PYQ

    Q “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss (UPSC IAS/2018)