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Subject: Internal Security

  • India successfully tests Indian Army’s first ‘Bhargavastra’ counter-drone micro missiles

    Why in the News?

    India has achieved a significant milestone in defense technology by successfully testing its first domestically developed Bhargavastra micro-missile system, designed to counter swarm drone threats.

    'Bhargavastra'

    What is Bhargavastra?

    • Bhargavastra is India’s first micro-missile-based counter-drone system, developed to address the increasing threat posed by swarm drones.
    • It is capable of detecting and neutralizing small aerial vehicles at ranges exceeding 6 km.
    • Developed by Economic Explosives Ltd, the system is designed for the Indian Army, with interest also expressed by the Indian Air Force.
    • The system is tailored to provide a cost-effective solution for countering drone threats while preserving advanced air defense systems for larger challenges.

    Features of the Bhargavastra Missile System

    • Detection Range: Can detect small aerial vehicles at distances greater than 6 km.
    • Neutralization Capability: Employs guided micro munitions to engage and destroy drone targets.
    • Simultaneous Launches: Capable of launching over 64 micro missiles simultaneously, enabling effective countermeasures against swarm formations.
    • Mobile Platform: Mounted on a mobile platform for rapid deployment in diverse terrains, including high-altitude regions.
    • Versatile Design: Engineered to operate across varied terrains, meeting the specific requirements of the Indian military.

    PYQ:

    [2014] With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Commissioning of INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer

    Commissioning of INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer

    Why in the News?

    Three frontline combatants—INS Nilgiri, INS Surat, and INS Vaghsheer—were commissioned into the Indian Navy at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai.

    About the Ships/Vessels

    Details
    INS Nilgiri
    • Type: First Ship of Project 17A (Nilgiri-class stealth frigates)
    • Role: Multi-mission operations in deep-sea environments
    • Builders: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and GRSE, Kolkata
    • Features: Integrated construction, supersonic missiles, MRSAMs, advanced weaponry
    • Timeline: Keel laid Dec 28, 2017; Launched Sep 28, 2019; Delivered Dec 20, 2024
    • Significance: Enhances anti-surface, anti-air, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities
    INS Surat
    • Type: Last Ship of Project 15B (stealth guided missile destroyers)
    • Role: Advanced stealth destroyer for offensive and network-centric warfare
    • Builders: MDL
    • Features: AI-enabled systems, advanced weaponry (surface-to-air missiles, torpedoes), COGAG propulsion
    • Timeline: Commissioned in 2024; follows Visakhapatnam, Mormugao, and Imphal
    • Significance: India’s first AI-enabled warship with advanced IT tools
    INS Vaghsheer
    • Type: Last Submarine of Project 75 (Scorpene-class submarines)
    • Role: Stealthy, multi-role operations (anti-surface, anti-submarine warfare)
    • Builders: Collaboration with French Naval Group
    • Features: Diesel-electric propulsion, wire-guided torpedoes, modular design for future AIP upgrades
    • Timeline: Sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine; follows Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, and Vagir
    • Significance: Enhances India’s underwater warfare capabilities

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship
    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine
    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel
    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

  • India’s journey so far on the AI military bandwagon

    Why in the News?

    India has started leveraging AI to bolster its defence ecosystem, but significant challenges remain.

    What are the strategic implications of AI integration in India’s defence?

    • Enhanced Military Capabilities: The integration of AI is expected to revolutionize military operations through improved predictive analytics, autonomous decision-making systems, and advanced operational efficiency.
    • Modernization Focus: With a defence budget of ₹6.21 lakh crore ($75 billion) for 2023-24, India is prioritizing modernization efforts, including the development of innovative products like the Indrajaal autonomous drone security system.
    • Global Competitiveness: To keep pace with countries like Israel and China that have rapidly advanced their military AI capabilities, India recognises the need for a clear vision and strategy for AI deployment in defence.

    How does India plan to overcome challenges in implementing AI in military operations?

    • Funding and Infrastructure: A significant barrier to effective AI integration is the high cost of data centres and the infrastructure necessary for running advanced AI systems. The military’s focus on replacing outdated legacy systems adds to financial pressures.
    • Fragmented Policies: India’s current policies regarding AI deployment are often fragmented, lacking comprehensive guidelines specifically tailored for military applications. Existing frameworks do not adequately address accountability and transparency in military AI use.
    • Inter-Service Silos: The historically siloed nature of the Indian Armed Forces—where the Army, Navy, and Air Force operate independently—hinders interoperability and complicates joint operations.

    What role does collaboration between the public and private sectors play in advancing AI in defence?

    • Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): To enhance technological advancements in defence, India needs to foster collaboration between public sector units (PSUs) and private entities. This approach can leverage the innovation capabilities of startups and private companies.
    • Knowledge Sharing: Collaborations with foreign tech giants like Microsoft, which has committed approximately $3 billion to develop data centres in India, can facilitate knowledge transfer and resource sharing essential for building a robust AI ecosystem.
    • Accelerating Innovation: Engaging private sector expertise can lead to faster development cycles and more effective deployment of AI technologies within the military framework.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Policy Frameworks and Coordination: Develop cohesive and actionable policies for AI deployment in defence, focusing on inter-service interoperability, accountability, and transparency while operationalizing bodies like DAIC and DAIPA effectively.
    • Promote Public-Private Collaboration: Enhance public-private partnerships (PPPs) to leverage private innovation and attract foreign investments, ensuring resource optimization and accelerated AI adoption in military operations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Ministry of Defence declares 2025 as ‘Year of Reforms’

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, marking a significant step in modernizing India’s Armed Forces.

    Nine Broad Areas Listed for the ‘Year of Reforms’

    • Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs): Enhance jointness and resolve inter-service disagreements for effective ITC implementation.
    • Emerging Domains and Technologies: Prioritize cybersecurity, AI, ML, hypersonics, and robotics, and develop tactics for future warfare.
    • Operational Collaboration: Strengthen inter-service cooperation through shared training and joint operational capabilities.
    • Acquisition Reforms: Simplify procedures to expedite procurement and facilitate technology transfers via public-private partnerships.
    • Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the defence sector and industries to foster innovation.
    • Civil-Military Coordination: Break silos to eliminate inefficiencies and optimize resources.
    • Defence Exports: Position India as a global defence exporter, promoting R&D and partnerships with foreign OEMs.
    • Veterans’ Welfare: Optimize welfare measures for veterans and leverage their expertise.
    • Cultural Pride: Promote indigenous capabilities and instil pride in Indian culture alongside adopting modern military practices.

    Key Initiatives for Defence Modernization in India

    • Acquisition of Advanced Weaponry: Rafale jets (36 inducted, 26 more planned) enhance air power; S-400 air defence systems provide long-range protection; Arjun Mk-1A tanks boost indigenous capability and firepower.
    • Indigenous Development: LCA Tejas replaces ageing fighter jets and supports air-to-air refuelling; INS Arihant, India’s first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, strengthens underwater deterrence.
    • Technological Advancements: Network-centric warfare improves situational awareness (e.g., Project Sanjay, E-Sitrep); AI and robotics enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; cyber warfare capabilities grow under the National Cyber Security Policy.
    • Defence Production and Export: Domestic production reached a record ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023–24, emphasizing indigenisation; exports hit $2.63 billion, supplying markets like Vietnam and the Philippines.
    • Strategic Infrastructure: Border security efforts include the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System and Border Infrastructure Management, improving troop mobility and safeguarding boundaries.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the defence sector is now set to be liberalized: What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run?

  • Home Minister launches ‘Bharatpol’ for international police assistance

    bharatpol

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Bharatpol, a groundbreaking portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

    What is Bharatpol?

    • Bharatpol is a unified digital platform designed to enhance collaboration between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol, which connects police forces across 195 member countries.
    • It simplifies international police cooperation, replacing outdated modes of communication like letters and faxes with real-time digital tools.
    • Goal: Equip Indian law enforcement agencies with modern technology and techniques to track fugitives and address global crime challenges.
    • Why was it developed?
      • Rising transnational crimes necessitate real-time international assistance.
      • Facilitates faster investigations into crimes such as cybercrime, drug trafficking, organized crime, and online radicalization.
    • Features of Bharatpol:
      • Integrates CBI’s role as Interpol’s National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi)
      • Simplified Request Mechanism
      • Rapid Information Dissemination
      • Utilization of Interpol Notices
      • Capacity Building and Training

    Modules of Bharatpol:

    1. Connect: Acts as a digital extension of Interpol’s NCB-New Delhi, ensuring seamless and secure communication between Indian agencies and Interpol.
    2. INTERPOL Notices: Simplifies the process of issuing and managing Interpol Notices, ensuring swift action on international alerts.
    3. References: Streamlines the use of global criminal data, enabling faster investigations.
    4. Broadcast: Allows real-time sharing of requests and updates from Interpol’s 195 member countries.
    5. Resources: Facilitates the exchange of documents, training materials, and capacity-building resources.

    How does Bharatpol enhance Interpol’s functionality?

    • Bharatpol extends Interpol’s reach in India, connecting local police to global law enforcement networks.
    • It allows instant transmission of critical information, enhancing the efficiency of investigations and international cooperation.
    • It simplifies the process for Indian agencies to access Interpol’s 19 databases on crimes, criminals, and stolen assets.
    • It ensures a structured approach to tracking fugitives and resolving international cases.

  • What is Coastal Security Scheme (CSS)?

    Why in the News?

    Non-operational patrolling boats, insufficient funds for training, and manpower shortages are among the challenges highlighted by 13 coastal states and Union Territories during a review of the Coastal Security Scheme (CSS) phases I and II.

    What is the Coastal Security Scheme?

    • CSS was launched to strengthen security across India’s 7,516.6 km coastline, including 1,382 offshore islands, in order to prevent unauthorized entry, smuggling, and infiltration.
    • It is overseen by the Department of Border Management, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), in collaboration with coastal States/UTs and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).
    • Core Objective: Bolster coastal security by enhancing infrastructure, resources, and coordination among central and state agencies, ensuring effective maritime surveillance and prompt emergency response.

    Implementation Phases

    • Phase I (2005–2011)
      • Budget: ₹646 crore
      • Established 73 coastal police stations, 97 check-posts, 58 outposts, 30 barracks, 204 interceptor boats, 153 jeeps, and 312 motorcycles.
    • Phase II (2011–2020)
      • Budget: ₹1,579.91 crore
      • Added 131 coastal police stations, 60 jetties, 10 marine operational centers, 225 boats, 131 four-wheelers, and 242 motorcycles.

    Key Features

    • Infrastructure Development: Construction of coastal police stations, jetties, outposts, barracks, and marine operation centers.
    • Marine Patrolling: Deployment of interceptor boats for rapid response and improved surveillance.
    • Manpower & Training: Specialized marine police personnel trained at the National Academy of Coastal Policing (Gujarat).
    • Technological Integration: Collaboration with the Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN) for real-time monitoring and swift threat detection.

    Current Status

    • Phase III Plans:
      • Upgraded Boats & Equipment: Introducing larger, more stable vessels and better maintenance.
      • More Manpower: Focused recruitment and specialized training for marine police.
      • Infrastructure Expansion: Building new jetties and operational centers, backed by adequate funding.
      • Insurance Coverage: Proposals to protect marine police personnel operating in high-risk conditions.

  • On India’s obligations towards the Rohingya

    Why in the News?

    A recent study by The Azadi Project and Refugees International has found that Rohingya refugees detained in India face serious violations of their basic rights. It also criticizes India for not meeting its responsibilities under international human rights agreements.

    What has a recent report said about India’s refugee policy for the Rohingya people?

    • Human Rights Violations: The report indicates that Rohingya refugees are subjected to “gross violations of constitutional and human rights,” including arbitrary detention without charges and inhumane living conditions in detention centres.
    • Call for Legal Revisions: It urges India to clarify the legal status of Rohingya refugees and revise outdated laws like the Foreigners Act of 1946 to align with international refugee standards.
    • Recommendations for Action: The report advocates for the immediate release of vulnerable detainees and calls on international actors, including the U.S. and UNHCR, to engage with India on these issues.

    What does the 1951 Refugee Convention state?

    The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol establish fundamental principles for the protection of refugees, including:

    • Non-refoulement: This principle prohibits states from returning individuals to countries where they may face persecution or serious harm. It is a cornerstone of international refugee law and is considered customary international law, binding even on states not party to the Convention.
    • Rights of Refugees: The Convention outlines various rights that refugees are entitled to, such as access to legal assistance, work, education, and social services, ensuring their dignity and protection from discrimination.

    Note: India is not a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention.

    What is India’s stand?

    • Non-signatory Status: India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol, which it argues absolves it from legal obligations to provide asylum or adhere to non-refoulement principles.
    • Detention Practices: The Indian government continues to detain Rohingya refugees under domestic laws that classify them as illegal migrants. Recent court rulings have reinforced this stance, stating that while they have a right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution, they lack right to reside or settle in India.
    • Judicial Interpretation: Despite India’s non-signatory status, some High Courts have interpreted international norms as applicable under Article 21, suggesting a potential pathway for legal protections for refugees.

    What are India’s international obligations?

    • International Treaties: India is a party to several international human rights treaties that imply obligations related to the treatment of individuals at risk of torture or inhumane treatment. For instance:
      • The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) includes provisions against refoulement (forcible return of refugees) under Article 7.
      • Other treaties like the Convention Against Torture also emphasise non-refoulement principles, even if India’s ratification status complicates direct enforcement.
    • Constitutional Mandates: Article 51(c) of the Indian Constitution encourages respect for international law and treaty obligations. Landmark Supreme Court rulings have indicated that international conventions should guide domestic law when local legislation is lacking

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India should enact a uniform refugee law aligning with international principles, ensuring legal clarity and protection for all refugees, including the Rohingya, while upholding the constitutional mandate under Article 21.
    • Strengthen Collaboration with UNHCR and Civil Society: Engage with international agencies and local organizations to improve refugee support systems, focusing on humane detention practices, legal aid, and sustainable resettlement initiatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation”. Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • [pib] Exercise SURYA KIRAN

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Army contingent has departed for Nepal to participate in the 18th edition of the Battalion-Level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN.

    About the Exercise Surya Kiran

    • Exercise Surya Kiran is a bilateral joint military exercise conducted annually between India and Nepal since 2011.
    • The 18th edition is being held in Saljhandi, Nepal, from 31st December 2024 to 13th January 2025.
    • It alternates between India and Nepal as the host nation.
    • The Indian Army contingent, consisting of 334 personnel, is led by a battalion from the 11th Gorkha Rifles.
    • The Nepal Army contingent is represented by the Srijung Battalion.
    • The exercise aims to enhance interoperability in areas like jungle warfare, counter-terrorism operations in mountainous terrains, and humanitarian assistance under the United Nations Charter.

    Features and Significance

    • Strengthens combat readiness in jungle warfare and counter-terrorism.
    • Facilitates the exchange of ideas, experiences, and best practices between the armies of both nations.
    • Reinforces the strong cultural and historical ties shared by India and Nepal.
    • Prepares both nations to address shared security challenges effectively.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 4

    (c) 1 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 4

  • UNGA adopts milestone Cybercrime Treaty

    Why in the News?

    The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted a legally binding treaty on cybercrime, marking the culmination of a five-year effort by Member States. This is the first international criminal justice treaty negotiated in over 20 years.

    About UN Convention against Cybercrime: Important Facts

    • The UN Convention against Cybercrime is a legally binding treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2024.
    • Its primary aim is to prevent and combat cybercrime, enhance international cooperation, and protect human rights in cyberspace.
    • The convention was finalized after five years of negotiations and unanimously adopted by all 193 UN member states.
    • A signing ceremony is scheduled for 2025 in Hanoi, Vietnam.
    • Key Provisions:
    1. Addressing Cybercrime:
      • Targets crimes like terrorism, human trafficking, financial fraud, drug smuggling, and data theft facilitated by ICT platforms.
    2. Victim-Centric Approach:
      • Focuses on protecting victims, particularly vulnerable groups, and ensuring they receive justice.
    3. International Cooperation:
      • Promotes evidence-sharing, joint investigations, and capacity-building among Member States.
    4. Safeguarding Human Rights:
      • Balances the need for cybersecurity with the protection of freedom of expression, privacy, and access to information.
    5. Adaptability:
      • Allows for additional protocols to address emerging cyber threats, ensuring the convention remains relevant.
    6. Capacity-Building:
      • Provides support to develop cybercrime legislation, build infrastructure, and enhance law enforcement capabilities in Member States.
    7. Public Awareness:
      • Encourages global education campaigns and proactive measures to prevent cyber offenses.

    Significance:

    • Landmark in International Law: Marks the first international criminal justice treaty in over 20 years, representing a global commitment to cybersecurity.
    • Strengthening Cybersecurity: Offers tools and mechanisms to mitigate ICT-enabled threats that undermine global security and economies.
    • Protecting Vulnerable Groups: Emphasizes justice and protection for marginalized communities affected by online crimes.
    • Economic and Social Benefits: Preserves global economies, promotes investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, and safeguards individuals.
    • Flexibility for Future Threats: Incorporates provisions for additional protocols to handle new challenges, such as AI-driven cyber threats.

    PYQ:

    [2022] What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy.

  • In the Pegasus case, a stark difference in the efficiency of law enforcement in India and the US

    Why in the News?

    The US court ruling found the maker of Pegasus spyware guilty of hacking WhatsApp, while in India, the investigation ended quietly without any results.

    What are the implications of the US court ruling against NSO Group?

    • Legal Accountability Established: The US District Court’s ruling that NSO Group is liable for hacking WhatsApp users marks a significant legal precedent. It affirms that private companies engaged in illegal surveillance can be held accountable in a court of law, which may encourage other jurisdictions to take similar actions against such entities.
    • Protection of Privacy Rights: The ruling underscores the importance of user privacy and proprietary technology protection. It emphasizes that courts can act decisively to safeguard individual rights against corporate malfeasance, setting a standard for privacy protection that could influence global norms.
    • Pressure on NSO Group: The verdict amplifies economic and operational pressures on NSO Group, potentially leading to stricter regulations and oversight of surveillance technology firms worldwide. This could deter similar future actions by other companies in the industry.

    Why has India’s inquiry into the Pegasus allegations been ineffective?

    • Government Evasion: The Indian government’s refusal to confirm or deny the use of Pegasus spyware has significantly hampered any meaningful investigation. This silence has been framed as a matter of national security but is perceived as a deliberate evasion of accountability.
    • Lack of Cooperation: The Supreme Court’s appointed committee faced challenges due to the government’s lack of cooperation.
      • Key stakeholders like WhatsApp and Apple were not compelled to provide evidence or testimony, limiting the committee’s ability to draw conclusive findings.
    • Judicial Delays and Inaction: India’s judicial system is plagued by delays and inefficiencies, which have further stalled inquiries into Pegasus. Parliamentary debates have devolved into unproductive exchanges, failing to generate actionable outcomes.

     

    What are the legislations related to spyware attacks in India?

    • Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act):
      • Section 43: Criminalizes unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, making hacking a punishable offense.
      • Section 66: Addresses cybercrime and provides penalties for violations of computer-related laws.
      • Section 69: Allows government agencies to intercept data on grounds of national security but does not authorize the installation of spyware like Pegasus on devices without proper oversight.
    • Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception, Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules, 2009: These rules require that no interception can occur without the direction and approval of a competent authority, aiming to provide some level of oversight.
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA): Recently passed in 2023, this act has faced criticism for allegedly providing legal cover for state surveillance while lacking robust protections for individual privacy rights. Critics argue that its vague language allows for arbitrary government.

    What should be the next steps for Indian authorities following the US verdict? (Way forward)

    • Reinitiate Investigations: Indian authorities should consider reopening investigations into Pegasus with renewed vigour, leveraging insights from the US court ruling. This includes calling for transparency from technology companies involved in the case.
    • Engage with Stakeholders: Authorities should actively engage with WhatsApp, Apple, and other relevant parties to gather comprehensive evidence regarding the spyware’s use in India. This collaboration is crucial for establishing accountability.
    • Legislative Reforms: There is an urgent need for systemic reforms in surveillance laws and practices in India. Authorities should work towards creating robust frameworks that protect citizens’ privacy rights and establish clear guidelines for state surveillance activities.
    • Public Disclosure: To rebuild public trust, it is essential for the government to disclose findings from previous inquiries and commit to transparency moving forward. This includes making reports from technical committees publicly available

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC IAS/2020)