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Type: Prelims Only

  • Webb Telescope Captures Weather on Exoplanet WASP-94A b

    Why in the news?

    Scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope observed weather patterns on the exoplanet WASP-94A b located nearly 700 light years away from Earth.

    Key Highlights

    • The study was published in the journal Science on May 21, 2026.
    • Scientists detected:
      • Cloud formation
      • Atmospheric circulation
      • Dynamic weather cycles on the exoplanet.
    • The exoplanet studied is:
      • WASP-94A b.

    About WASP-94A b

    • It is a Gas giant exoplanet.
    • Nearly Twice the size of Jupiter.
    • It has about half Jupiter’s mass.
    • Completes one revolution around its star in Four days.

    What are Hot Jupiters?

    • “Hot Jupiters” are Massive gas giant exoplanets orbiting very close to their host stars.
    • Characteristics:
      • Extremely high temperatures
      • Tidally locked rotation
      • One side permanently facing the star.

    Tidally Locked Planets

    A tidally locked planet has:

    • Rotation period equal to revolution period.
    • As a result:
      • One side remains permanently day side.
      • The other side remains permanently night side.

    Weather on WASP-94A b

    Scientists observed:

    • Morning side: Clouds of magnesium silicate, iron and magnesium sulphide.
    • Evening side: Relatively clear skies.

    Clouds form on the cooler night side and move towards the hotter day side through powerful winds before dissipating.

    How Were the Atmospheres Studied?

    Scientists used:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Transit method

    Spectroscopy

    • Light from the host star is split into wavelengths.
    • Atmospheric gases absorb specific wavelengths.
    • This helps identify chemical compounds present in the atmosphere.

    Transit Method

    • The exoplanet passes in front of its host star.
    • The atmosphere absorbs part of the starlight.
    • Scientists analyse these changes to study atmospheric composition.

    About the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

    • Launched: December 2021.
    • Joint project of:
      • NASA
      • ESA
      • CSA.
    • Purpose:
      • Study the early universe
      • Exoplanets
      • Infrared astronomy.

    About Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)

    • Being built by the European Southern Observatory.
    • Location: Northern Chile.
    • Importance: May help discover more Earth like exoplanets and planetary systems.

    [2017] What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

    [A] To detect neutrinos

    [B] To detect gravitational waves

    [C] To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

    [D] To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

  • Balance of Payments (BoP) Deficit & Dollar Outflow

    Why in the news?

    The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Annual Report for 2025-26 revealed that India’s Balance of Payments (BoP) stood at a major deficit of $30.8 billion, marking an alarmingly sharp, six-fold increase over the previous year’s deficit.

    Key Findings

    • The Deficit Surge: The overall BoP went from a surplus of $63.7 billion in 2023-24 to a deficit of $5 billion in 2024-25, before cascading further to a $30.8 billion deficit in 2025-26 (provisional data up to Dec 31).
    • Depletion of Forex: To plug this widening gap, the RBI had to draw directly from India’s foreign exchange reserves, causing a significant dent in national buffers.

    Understanding the Double Whammy: Current vs. Capital Account

    The sudden collapse of India’s BoP position is driven by structural slippages in both component accounts:

    1. Widening Current Account Deficit (CAD)

    • Status: Hit a three-year high of $30.2 billion in 2025-26.
    • The Core Mechanism: While the physical trade deficit (merchandise) actually improved slightly—dropping to $251.6 billion from $286.9 billion—the surplus from India’s “invisibles” (software, services, and remittances) shrank much faster (falling from $263.9 billion to $221.4 billion).
    • Result: The services sector could no longer cushion the trade deficit, causing CAD to expand.

    2. Near-Total Collapse of the Capital Account Surplus

    • Status: Shrank by an unprecedented 99.5%, collapsing down to a mere $72 million from $16.6 billion the year prior.
    • Driven by “Other Capital”: Hit a record deficit of $22.6 billion. This reflects delayed export receipts, advance payments for imports amidst geopolitical friction, and domestic funds being parked abroad.
    • Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) Flight: Reversing a two-year positive streak, FPIs turned into net sellers, pulling out $4.3 billion more from Indian markets than they put in.

    [2014] With reference to Balance of Payments, which of the following constitutes/constitute the Current Account?
    1.Balance of invisibles
    2.Special Drawing Rights
    3.Balance of trade
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below;

    [A] 1 only

    [B] .2 and 3 only

    [C] .1 and 3 only

    [D] 1, 2 and 3

  • SkyCast System

    Why in the news?

    Jitendra Singh inaugurated India’s first SkyCast System at Indira Gandhi International Airport under Mission Mausam.

    What is SkyCast?

    SkyCast is an advanced integrated aviation weather monitoring and forecasting system that provides:

    • Real-time weather intelligence
    • Fog monitoring
    • Turbulence detection
    • High-impact weather forecasting

    Key Features

    • Helps reduce:
      • Flight delays
      • Diversions
      • Cancellations
    • Provides short-term weather alerts to pilots and air traffic controllers
    • Monitors atmosphere up to nearly 3 km above airport

    Technologies Used

    SkyCast integrates:

    • Radar Wind Profiler
    • SODAR
    • Microwave Radiometer
    • Ground-based Fog Aerosol Spectrometer (GFAS)
    • Lidar-based Ceilometer

    [2025] GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation. Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?
    I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.
    II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.
    III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    [A] I, II and III

    [B] II and III only

    [C] I only

    [D] I and II only

  • BSF Border Security Infrastructure in Gujarat

    Why in the news?

    Amit Shah inaugurated the G-7 and G-13 Border Out Posts (BOPs) in Bhuj, Gujarat, and highlighted plans to strengthen border security through advanced technology and CISF-style security grids.

    Key Highlights

    • New BOPs inaugurated along the India-Pakistan border in Gujarat
    • Focus on:
      • Technological fencing
      • Smart border security
      • Territorial security concept
      • Leak-proof security grid

    About BSF (Border Security Force):

    • India’s “First Line of Defence”
    • Comes under the Ministry of Home Affairs
    • Guards borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh
    • Operates in extreme conditions from:
      • Desert regions
      • Marshlands
      • Forests
      • High-altitude areas

    Strategic Areas

    Sir Creek

    • The marshy disputed region between India and Pakistan
    • Security-sensitive coastal area

    Harami Nala

    • Creek area near Sir Creek
    • Vulnerable to infiltration and smuggling

    [2023] Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in sea level, giving rise to present-day extensive marshland?

    [A] Bhitarkanika Mangroves

    [B] Marakkanam Salt Pans

    [C] Naupada Swamp

    [D] Rann of Kutch

  • NFHS-6 (2023-24)

    Why in the news?

    The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare released the National Family Health Survey-6 (NFHS-6), showing major improvements in maternal health, child nutrition, immunisation, and financial protection.

    About NFHS

    • Conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai
    • Covers population, health, nutrition, and family welfare indicators
    • NFHS-6 surveyed about 6.79 lakh households across 715 districts

    Key Findings

    Maternal and Child Health

    • (Hospital) Institutional deliveries increased: 88.6% → 90.6%
    • ANC coverage: 92.6% → 95.9%
    • Four or more ANC visits: 58.5% → 65.2%
    • Skilled birth attendance: 89.4% → 91.3%

    Child Immunisation

    • Full immunisation: 83.8% → 87.1%
    • Over 96% children received at least one vaccine
    • Rotavirus vaccine coverage: 36.4% → 85.4%
    • 95.6% vaccinations delivered through public health facilities

    Nutrition Indicators

    • Stunting reduced: 35.5% → 29.3%
    • Severe wasting reduced: 7.7% → 5.2%
    • Breastfeeding within one hour of birth: 41.8% → 50.1%

    Family Planning

    • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): 2.0
    • Contraceptive prevalence: 66.7% → 69.1%

    Health Insurance Coverage

    • Household coverage under health insurance schemes: 41.0% → 60.2%
    • Reflects expansion of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)

    Women’s Empowerment

    • Women using the internet: 33.3% → 64.3%
    • Women operating their own bank accounts: 78.6% → 89.0%
    • Women owning mobile phones: 53.9% → 63.6%

    [2022] The total fertility rate in an economy is defined as:

    [A] the number of children born per 1000 people in the population in a year.

    [B] the number of children born to a couple in their lifetime in a given population.

    [C] the birth rate minus death rate.

    [D] the average number of live births a woman would have by the end of her child-bearing age.

  • NeSDA 2025 Portal

    Why in the news?

    The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) launched the National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment (NeSDA) 2025 Portal to strengthen digital governance and assess online public service delivery across India.

    What is NeSDA?

    NeSDA (National e-Governance Service Delivery Assessment) is:

    • A biennial assessment framework
    • Developed by DARPG
    • Based on the UN Online Service Index (OSI)
    • Customized for India’s federal structure

    Note: The UN Online Service Index (OSI) is a key component of the UN E-Government Development Index (EGDI) published by the United Nations. It measures the quality and availability of digital government services provided by countries through online platforms.

    Objective

    To assess:

    • Availability
    • Accessibility
    • Quality
    • Maturity of online government services

    Across:

    • States
    • Union Territories
    • Selected Central Ministries

    Key Features of NeSDA 2025

    Portal Categories

    • Government Portals
    • Service Delivery Portals

    Sectors Covered

    • Finance, Education, Labour & Employment, Agriculture, Health, Transport, Tourism, Public Grievance, Environment, Local Governance, and Corporate Affairs

    [2022] Consider the following:
    1. Aarogya Setu
    2. COWIN
    3. DigiLocker
    4. DIKSHA
    Which of the above are built on to open-source digital platforms?

    [A] 1 and 2 only

    [B] 2, 3 and 4 only

    [C] 1, 3 and 4 only

    [D] 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • Anti-Dumping Duties on Chemicals

    Why in News?

    Indian chemical industry associations and several ministries have sought a pause on anti-dumping investigations due to rising chemical prices and shortages caused by the West Asia conflict.

    What are Anti-Dumping Duties?

    • Anti-dumping duties are tariffs imposed on imported goods sold below fair market value to protect domestic industries from unfair competition.

    Key Issues Raised

    Rising Input Costs

    • Anti-dumping duties increase prices of chemical intermediates.
    • Impacts downstream sectors such as:
      • Textiles
      • Footwear
      • Packaging
      • Auto components
      • Paints

    Supply Chain Disruptions

    • West Asia conflict has caused shortages and price volatility in petrochemicals.

    Government Response

    • Duty Exemptions: Government of India exempted import duty on 40 petrochemical products till June 30.

    Indigenous Manufacturing Push

    The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) asked industry to explore domestic production of over 200 highly import-dependent petrochemical items.

    WTO Trade Policy Review Findings

    • 51% of India’s anti-dumping measures relate to chemicals and allied industries.
    • China is the main target of these investigations.

    India’s Chemical Trade Scenario

    • Chemical imports: about $75 billion
    • Chemical exports: about $44 billion
    • Trade deficit: around $31 billion

    [2020] With reference to the international trade of India at present, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1.India’s merchandise exports are less than its merchandise imports.
    2.India’s imports of iron and steel, chemicals, fertilisers and machinery have decreased in recent years.
    3.India’s exports of services are more than its imports of services.
    4.India suffers from an overall trade/current account deficit.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    a) 1 and 2 only
    b) 2 and 4 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1, 3 and 4 only

  • CISF Oversight for Fishing Harbours

    Why in News?

    The Ministry of Home Affairs plans to bring fishing harbours and landing centres under the security oversight of the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) to strengthen coastal security.

    Key Highlights

    • Around 1,200 fishing harbours and landing sites to come under CISF supervision.
    • India has:
      • 1,547 notified fish landing centres and fishing harbours
      • Spread across 13 coastal States and Union Territories
    • CISF will:
      • Design security protocols
      • Guide local administration
      • Develop uniform security architecture

    Why is this Important?

    Because of large India’s coastline:

    • Extends about 7,516 km
    • Involves multiple agencies:
      • Local police
      • Indian Coast Guard
      • Indian Navy

    Lessons from 26/11 Mumbai Attacks

    • Terrorists entered Mumbai through the sea route after hijacking a fishing vessel, exposing vulnerabilities in coastal surveillance.

    About the Central Industrial Security Force

    • The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is a premier paramilitary organization under India’s Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Established in 1969, it safeguards the nation’s critical industrial and infrastructure assets—including airports, seaports, power plants, and major public sector undertakings—playing a central role in India’s internal security architecture.

    [2025] With reference to the Government of India, consider the following information:
    Organization Some of its functions It works under
    I.Directorate of EnforcementEnforcement of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018Internal Security Division- I, Ministry of Home Affairs
    II.Directorate of Revenue IntelligenceEnforces the Provisions of the Customs Act, 1962Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
    III.Directorate General of Systems and Data ManagementCarrying out big data analytics to assist tax officers for better policy and nabbing tax evadersDepartment of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
    In how many of the above rows is the information correctly matched?

    [A] Only one

    [B] Only two

    [C] All the three

    [D] None

  • NATO Baltic Command Centre

    Why in the news?

    Germany and the Netherlands announced the establishment of a joint NATO tactical headquarters in the Baltic region to strengthen deterrence against Russia.

    Key Highlights

    • The joint command centre is called:
      • 1GNC (German-Netherlands Corps)
    • Will operate mainly in:
      • Estonia
      • Latvia
    • Can command up to 50,000 troops

    Functions of 1GNC

    • Planning military exercises
    • Operational command during conflicts
    • Strengthening NATO’s eastern flank
    • Rapid military response capability

    About the German-Netherlands Corps

    • Established in 1995
    • Headquarters located in Münster
    • Germany and Netherlands rotate leadership
    • Supported by personnel from 14 NATO countries

    Note: The Baltic region in Northern Europe comprises the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. It is most commonly divided into the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), alongside neighboring nations like Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Russia.

    [2025] Consider the following countries:
    I. Austria
    II. Bulgaria
    III. Croatia
    IV. Serbia
    V. Sweden
    VI. North Macedonia
    How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

    [A] Only three

    [B] Only four

    [C] Only five

    [D] All the six

  • Subsurface Lunar Ice Discovery (Chandrayaan-2)

    Why in the news?

    Scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) used data from Chandrayaan-2’s Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) to discover strong evidence of subsurface water-ice near the Moon’s South Pole.

    Key Findings

    • Target Location: Four “doubly shadowed craters” located inside Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) at the lunar south pole.
    • Extreme Thermal Environment: These locations are permanently shielded from solar radiation, maintaining temperatures around 25 Kelvin (-248°C), acting as ideal cold traps to preserve volatiles.
    • The Prime Candidate: A 1.1 km diameter micro-crater located within the larger Faustini Crater showed the highest probability of containing clean subsurface ice.

    Geomorphological Evidence

    • Lobate-Rim Morphology: The highly-evident 1.1 km crater exhibits flow-like, lobed patterns along its rim.
    • Geological Meaning: This indicates that the initial meteoroid impact likely penetrated a layer of subsurface ice, melting it briefly to create a slurry-like, fluid ejecta pattern before re-freezing.

    About Chandrayaan-2 & DFSAR

    • Mission Context: Launched in July 2019; while its Vikram lander failed to make a soft landing, the orbiter remains fully functional in lunar orbit.
    • DFSAR Instrument: Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar.
    • Capabilities: It is the first fully polarimetric radar sent to the Moon, operating across L-band and S-band microwave frequencies to penetrate deep into the lunar regolith.

    Significance

    • In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): Essential for future crewed bases (such as Artemis or India’s planned lunar base) to harvest local water for life support and rocket fuel production.
    • Strategic Mapping: Provides high-fidelity targeting data for future landing and excavation missions, including India’s upcoming Chandrayaan missions.

    Challenges

    • Accessing Cold Traps: Operating mechanical equipment in permanent darkness at 25 Kelvin presents immense engineering challenges.
    • Regolith Depth Overburden: The ice is subsurface, requiring specialized drilling and extraction systems rather than surface scraping.

    [2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of

    [A] Observation and understanding of the Universe

    [B] Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

    [C] Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

    [D] Origin and evolution of living organisms on the earth