Author: Explains

What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology refers to the industrial use of micro-organism, living plant and animal cells to produce substances useful to the people. It includes the manufacture of antibiotics, vitamins, vaccines, toxic waste disposal systems using microbes etc.

Biotechnology sector in India

1. Indian biotechnology sector has crossed the $ 3 billion milestones and is growing at the rate of more than 30% over the last few years.  
2. There is also a general perspective that India could even achieve the target of attaining $20 billion by 2020.

Applications of Biotechnology in India

Agriculture

1. Biotechnology revolutionized research activities in agriculture which include tissue culture in plants, the creation of new transgenic plants and animals which eventually used as bio-reactors to produce the drug from their milk, food etc.
2. Genetic engineering accelerates improvements in plants by increasing the diversity of the gene pool. It has also helped in the production of plants that have

• a short maturing period
• higher yield
• potential to promote food production even in adverse conditions like drought, salinity etc.

Indian scientists have also come up with an inexpensive algal bio-fertilizer technology for rice.

Animal husbandry

1. Biotechnology is used in the production of the physiological system, embryos transfer, health and well-being of animals.
2. Indian scientists have developed a procedure for producing several identical buffalo by using the nuclear transfer technique.

Human health

1. Biotechnology has enabled the production of human insulin through microbes, human growth hormone etc.
2. Diagnostic kits to diagnose viral infections, hepatitis B etc.

Industry

1. In the Industrial sector biotechnology has been used for the production of high fructose corn syrup, sweetening agent for soft drinks, improving the production of alcohol, production of the chemical from agricultural waste etc.

Environment

1. Biotechnology applications have been successfully made in the treatment of wastes.
2. An important achievement was made when the Indian borne Anand Chakraborty designed a bacterium Pseudomonas putida that could feed on oil which is of great economic and environmental importance in the battle against oil slicks.

Measures taken

1. The Indian government has been very supportive to the Biotech sector and the National Biotechnology Development Strategy has been approved.
2. A new patent regime is in place and the regulatory system is being beefed up.
3. The public involvement in biotech investments has been strengthened through the small business innovation research initiative of the Department of Biotechnology.
4. The Department of Biotechnology has also committed to spending 30% of its budget on public-private partnership programmes in Biotechnology.  
5. Biotechnology has also been promoted through emphasizing on higher education, establishing 16 new national level universities, 8 new Indian Institute of Technology and 4 new Indian Institutes of Science, Education and Research etc.
6. Several new interface programmes to connect academic with industry in order to bridge the knowledge to the market chain.

Challenges

1. Companies have not been able to launch new products at a significant pace because of bureaucratic red-tape and multiple regulatory bodies.
2. Innovative companies face funding constraints since the investors have shied away from early-stage ventures.
3. Another issue is the lack of trained manpower. While India has a considerable number of graduates and postgraduates in biotechnology and related fields, they are not employable. Thus companies have to invest heavily in their training before incorporating them into the business.
4. India also suffers from brain drain. Top global biotech companies are able to poach the brightest Indian minds with attractive job profiles and good remuneration.
5. Lack of manufacturing capacity. Several biotech parks (established through PPPs) are solely focused on providing biotech services and diagnostics rather than pure biotech manufacturing.

Way forward

1. India is already facing tough competition from China, Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia in terms of attracting investments. Therefore, it is high time that India should enable better technological and scientific competence, better infrastructure, tax and duty exemptions, better course structure, and easier regulatory procedures in order to remain competitive and spur growth in the industry.
2. The biotech industry should come up with a concrete action plan to effectively utilize the available infrastructure and resources and focus on strengthening innovation to take the biotech industry to new heights.
3. The government must promote the domestic biotech industry through steps like venture capital, industry-academia link, entrepreneurship incubation centres etc.

Practice question

1. Discuss the various applications of Biotechnology in India and analyse its growth potential with reference to initiatives taken by the government regarding the same

Double Burden of Malnutrition

• The increasing income differences have widened the gap between the rich and poor and thus has put India in a position in which it was not before.
• Malnutrition in India has always been synonymous with undernutrition.
• But obesity among adults is nearly as big a problem in the country as under-nutrition.
• Even as under-nutrition continues to remain extraordinarily high in the poorer parts of the country, obesity has reached endemic levels in some of the richer parts of the country
• Thus the present situation is a perfect example of the paradoxical situation, popularly known as the Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM).
• A study by medical journal Lancet has raised concern about this double burden of malnutrition in India.
• At the same time, a report was also released by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to understand the current nutritional status of urban population in India.
• India has the second highest number of obese children in the world after China.
• At the same time, India has the highest number of moderately and severely underweight children and adolescents in the world.
• The twin problem of high malnutrition and growing obesity may have a common cause: a high proportion of low birth weight babies in India.
• The stark nutritional divide across the country mirrors the uneven growth and development across the country.

Lancet Report

• According to the Lancet, India has the highest number of moderately and severely underweight children and adolescents in the world.
• In the report, it showed that the prevalence of mild to severe underweight under-20s in India is 22.7% among girls and 30.7% among boys.
• The number of obese children and adolescents rose from 11 million in 1975 to 124 million in 2016 globally.  
• In this trend, India will have more obese than underweight children by 2022.  
• In India deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rising alarmingly.  
• One in 12 deaths can be prevented with 30 minutes of physical activity 5 days a week.

NNMB report of India  

• The states having highest obesity rates are: Rajasthan, Kerala, Gujarat, New Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry
• Cases of hypertension, high cholesterol levels, diabetes in urban population are rising.
• Kerala has the highest prevalence of hypertension as well as high cholesterol in urban men and women while Puducherry has highest prevalence of diabetes.  
• Only 57% of children between the ages of 1-3 years & 68% of those between 4-6 years consumed adequate amounts of proteins and calories.  
• 34% of men and 44% of women are overweight in India.
• 13% of men & 11% of women are underweight in India.  
• 16% of children were born with low birth weight (LBW) in Urban areas which puts them at risk for infections and even early death.

Impact of Double Burden of Malnutrition

• The double malnutrition trap can be particularly dangerous for India, where urban populations are rising, and where people increasingly face a sedentary lifestyle.
• The World Bank estimated that the annual cost of malnutrition to the world economy is approximately $80 billion.
• The direct cost to the Indian economy is around $10 billion, and the total costs, direct and indirect, at 2-3% of GDP.
• It would affect the working conditions of the people.
• With every case of obesity or malnutrition in children, India is being dragged back in its growth trajectory.
• The government would need to spend more on health sector which may led to affect other welfare programs.
• DBM will put pressure on already fragile health systems in India by posing a high risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and some cancers (clubbed together as non-communicable diseases, or NCDs).
• At the same time, we will be losing out on a healthy and well nourished workforce.

Obesity in India

Reasons for Obesity

• Not taking recommended daily intake (RDI) despite improvement in nutritional status  
• Although cereal consumption has reduced in compared to 3 decades ago but intake of fat, sugar and oil have increased.
• 63% of men and 72% of women work for 8 hours per day but they lead a sedentary life.  
• No proper regime of eating, sleeping & doing physical activity is followed.
• Traditional foods are being replaced with packed & processed foods.  
• Only 28% of men & 15% of women exercised in the surveyed states.
• Increasing tobacco & alcohol consumption in men & women.

Issues related to child obesity 

• Identification of obesity – in early years is not done as the obese child is often thought of as a healthy child by parents.  
• Unawareness – about the diet patterns, physical activity habits etc. which leads to developing of an unhealthy environment around children.  
• Increased income and urbanization – leads to a rise in the consumption of foods high in fats, sugar and salt and low physical activity.  
• Poor sleep patterns – It also intensifies the effects of genetic risk for obesity  
• Moderate wasting and stunting – These are also potential risk factors for children becoming overweight or obese.  
• Major risk of NCDs – such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, premature death, as well as physical and psychological consequences in childhood.  
• Economic cost – The annual cost of treating the consequences of obesity will reach a staggering $13 billion in India and $1.2 trillion globally by 2025.

What Do WHO Guidelines Say:

• Height-weight measurement – The weight-for-height and their nutritional status of all infants and children aged less than 5 years at primary health-care facilities should be determined to enable comparing with WHO child growth standards.  
• Counselling – If identified as overweight, counselling should be provided to parents and caregivers on nutrition, eating habits and physical activity including promotion for breastfeeding.  
• Obesity management plan – If identified as obese, an appropriate management plan should be developed after further assessment by the health worker at the primary health-care level or an adequately trained professional at a referral clinic or local hospital.  
• Focus on prevention – and not on providing formulated supplementary foods on a routine basis to children who are moderately wasted or stunted until there is a more definitive evidence base.  
• Tackle obesogenic environment – By preventing high energy intake and inactive behavior and change the social norms in relation to food and physical activity.
• Improving Public policy formulation such as Hungary does heavy taxation on high salty foods.
• Regulation of marketing and promotion of unhealthy foods particularly those targeted at children that are high in salt, sugar and fat  
• Labelling – the role of positive front of pack and standardized global nutrient labelling on packaged foods may help in promotion of healthy foods and lifestyle.

Malnutrition in India

Reasons for Malnutrition

• Extremely low incomes – Many of the rural poor survive at incomes, which are not more than Rs 30 a day. they are unable to afford even two square meals a day.
• Artificially inflated food prices – The market prices of essential food items are way above actual production costs, primarily on account of supply chain inefficiencies and practices like black marketing, hoarding.
• Lack of storage facility at centre as well as state level is below standard as a result of which almost 40% of fruits/vegetables and 20% of grains get damaged.
• With less food in market .the price goes up and the poor finds it difficult to afford it.
• Neglect of female nutrition – In rural societies, patriarchal norms continues unabated. Thus, young girls, newly married women are overworked and denied access to food, which affects their health and that of their newborns.
• Failure of government sector schemes – Despite massive government interventions through NFSA, PDS, the benefits have not reached the needy due to leakages, corruption and mistargeting of subsidies.

Impact of malnutrition

• Undernourished children have significantly lower chances of survival than children who are well-nourished.
• They are much more prone to serious infections and to die from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea, measles, malaria, pneumonia, and HIV and AIDS.
• The risk of death increases with the severity of the undernutrition.
• Nutrition is important to ensure proper brain formation and development, which starts in the womb: development of the brain goes on during early childhood.
• Evidence suggests that children who are stunted often enrol late in school, complete fewer grades and perform less well in school.
• This, in turn, affects their creativity and productivity in later life. Iodine deficiency is known to affect a child’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ) adversely.
• It has also been established that children with deficient growth before age two are at an increased risk of chronic disease as adults, especially if they gain weight rapidly in the later stages of childhood.
• A low birth weight baby, who is stunted and underweight in its infancy and gains weight rapidly in childhood and adult life, is much more prone to chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Steps Government is taking to tackle malnutrition

• Expanded the safety net through ICDS to cover all vulnerable groups (children, adolescent girls, mothers, expectant women).
• Fortify essential foods with appropriate nutrients (e.g., salt with iodine and/or iron).
• Popularise low cost nutritious food.
• Mid-day Meal Programme.
• Ensure food security through increased production of food grains
• Improve dietary pattern by promoting production and increasing per capita availability of nutritionally rich food
• Affecting income transfers (improve purchasing power of landless, rural and urban poor; expand and improve public distribution system)
• Recently Government has launched the National nutrition mission

What more is needed

• Promotion of appropriate infant and young child feeding habits along with timely immunisation.
• Empower women because they are the best caretakers when it comes to nutrition of their children and they know exactly what is the nutritional requirement of the child.
• Use of biotechnology with proper safeguards like fortification of grains and promotion of coarse grains and pulses
• Prevention of anaemia in adolescent girls and pregnant women through nutritional programmes with iron and folic acid and deworming
• Capacity building of anganwadi workers
• Child specific growth monitoring cards
• Introduction of BMI and other index for assessing nutritional status at the anganwadi levels.
• National health and sanitation committees to monitor nutrition programmes by conducting national health and nutrition days

Conclusion

• Tackling obesity benefits the economy and the environment, as healthy and sustainable diets are good for productivity levels and the planet
• While tackling undernutrition through assurance of adequate nutrition (usually interpreted as dietary calories), we need to ensure that it is also about appropriate nutrition (the right balance of nutrients)
• Our policy response has to move from “food security” to “nutrition security”.

There is the need to revisit the existing nutrition action plans to simultaneously address undernutrition and these emerging non-communicable diseases related to obesity

India is fortunate to have these indicators included in the national health surveys, at a disaggregated enough level to initiate local actions to understand and address this major health challenge

These guidelines will support achieving the SDGs, the global targets set by the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition, and the Global strategy for women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health 2016–2030.

About AARDO

1. AARDO was formed in 1962 as an autonomous inter-governmental organization and has 33 members from Asia and Africa.
2. It is headquartered in New Delhi.
3. The main objectives of AARDO are

• Developing understanding among members for better appreciation of each other’s problems
• To collectively explore opportunities for coordination of efforts in promoting welfare and eradication of thirst, hunger, illiteracy, disease, and poverty amongst rural people.

1. AARDO also promotes collaboration with various international organizations for the economic and social welfare of the rural community.
2. It enjoys observer status in FAO, IFAD, UNCTAD, UNESCO, ICA, CIRDAP and UNDP.

Functions of AARDO

1. To hold regional and international conferences, workshops, seminars and meetings to enable the exchange of ideas and experiences among the member countries and to find new areas of collaboration.
2. To organize and facilitate the conduct of regional, international and in-country training programmes to strengthen the institutional capacity of member countries in sustainable agriculture and rural development and promote networking among these countries.
3. To initiate research and studies of common interest and disseminate data/statistics and information to member countries.
4. To provide technical and financial support to its member countries for undertaking pilot projects for experimentation and replication.
5. To promote dissemination of information on agriculture and rural development through the multi-media approach.
6. To pursue environment and climate changes in the context of rural development.

India and AARDO

1. India is one of the founder members of AARDO and is the largest contributor in terms of membership contribution.
2. India also provided funds for building for AARDO secretariat in Delhi and also significant financial assistance for maintenance of the building.
3. It also offered 70 fully paid training scholarships for human resource development programme for AARDO under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC) to the organization.
4. In 2016, India and AARDO signed MoU under which capacity building programmes for AARDO member countries for the triennium 2015-2017 had been undertaken.
5. Recently India and AARDO held a workshop in Kochi that focussed on food security, agriculture, and fisheries.

Way forward

Considering the growing competition between India and China in the African continent, an effective coordination and cooperation with AARDO will prove to be an effective driver in bringing the mutually beneficial relationship with several African countries and ensure sustainable development for both.

Practice Questions

1. Give a brief account on African Asian Rural Development Organisation (AARDO) and evaluate the relationship between India and AARDO.

Introduction

1. For most of human history, homosexuality has been considered a sin across religions and was punished severely.
2. While earlier perceived as a psychological problem, a dominant view emerged  in the 20th century, that homosexuality was inborn and therefore not immoral, and it was not a disease.
3. However, even in the 21st century, there is still no unanimity on the issues and resistance persists, despite it being decriminalised in many countries.
4. In India, its Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, a biblical provision of law in 1861, criminalized sexual activities “against the order of nature”, including homosexual activities.

Section 377 of the IPC

1. It reads – Unnatural offences: Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.
2. The terms “carnal intercourse” and “against the order of nature” are not defined precisely anywhere in the code.

Delhi HC exclusion: Naz Foundation Vs. Govt of NCT of Delhi

1. In a landmark judgement in 2009, the Delhi high court excluded acts of carnal intercourse by consenting adults in private from the purview of Sec 377.
2. The court found Section 377 to be inconsistent with the fundamental rights under Article 13(1) of the Constitution.
3. Additionally, it was found to be in violation of the right to privacy and dignity (Article 21), freedom of expression and right to equality (Article 19 (1) and Articles 14 and 15)

SC upholds the validity of 377 in 2013: Kaushal Kumar vs. Naz Foundation

1. It set aside the 2009 judgement of the Delhi High Court stating that judicial intervention was not required in this issue. This in effect recriminalized sexual intercourse “against the order of nature”.
2. The bench took a literal and technical view rather than the wider sweep that the Delhi high court had applied.

NALSA judgement, 2014

The SC held that-

1. ‘Transgenders’, even though insignificant in numbers, are entitled to human rights.
2. Sec 377 had been an instrument of harassment and abuse.
3. Advocated the adoption of the Yogyakarta Principles (norms on gender identity and sexual orientation adopted by human rights experts in 2006)
4. It was unreasonable to advance the view that constitutional protection is available to a group based on its size.

SC favours Individual Privacy: Puttaswamy vs. Union of India Case

1. In review petition, the SC ruled that “sexual orientation” is an essential attribute of “identity” and “privacy”.
2. It termed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation as “deeply offensive to the dignity and self-worth of the individual”.
3. It recognised that the rights of India’s sexual minorities are founded on “sound constitutional doctrine” effectively making Section 377 unsustainable.
4. In principle, it maintains that sexual orientation must be protected and lies at the heart of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution under Articles 14, 15 and 21.

Should Sec 377 be repealed?

Yes, because

1. It is discriminatory. It violates rights granted under Art. 14, 15 and 21 of the constitution.
2. A person’s freedom and natural inclination cannot be atrophied unless the restrictions are determined as reasonable.
3. Public health evidence indicates a clear relationship between lack of social acceptance and legal rights with substance abuse, violence, isolation, and mental illness. This violates a person’s right to a healthy and dignified life.
4. It causes great humiliation and harassment. LGBTs face a constant threat of blackmail (by acquaintances) and arrest. Life becomes humiliating, as the LGBT are socially ridiculed and mocked at.
5. Global trends show that many countries, including France, Spain, Canada, the US, Britain, Nepal etc have decriminalised homosexuality. India is among the conservation group including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia etc.

No, because

1. It is against the law of nature, which supports sexual intimacy only between a male and a female.
2. Many child rights activists claim that Sec 377 is a deterrent against sexual abuse of children.
3. It violates the moral code of most religions.
4. Public display of (homosexual) affection can cause great unease in conservative societies like India.

Way Forward

1. The argument against Sec 377 must, ideally, be based on the right to equality (and non-discrimination) and not just on the right to privacy.
2. A rights-based framework is intricately tied up with India’s quest for social and economic development. LGBTs must have equal rights in a democracy. They deserve a dignified life.
3. Public display of affection should be tempered by reasonable restrictions.
4. Judiciary needs to expand the ambit of this discussion to include other issues such as the right to form partnerships, inheritance, employment equality, protection from gender-identity-based discrimination etc.
5. The norms on gender identity and sexual orientation adopted by human rights experts in 2006 in Indonesia, known as Yogyakarta Principles should be adopted.