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  • GANHRI defers accreditation of India’s NHRC

    india nhrc ganhri

    Central Idea

    The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI), a UN-recognized organization, has deferred the accreditation of India’s National Human Rights Commission (NHRC-India) for the second time in a decade.

    GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)
    Purpose Promote and protect human rights globally
    Year Established 1993
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Members National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from various countries
    Key Functions – Promoting and strengthening NHRIs worldwide

    – Advocating for human rights at national, regional, and global levels

    – Facilitating cooperation and sharing of best practices among NHRIs

    – Providing capacity-building support to NHRIs etc.
    Organizational Structure – President: Elected from GANHRI members for a specified term

    – Bureau: Assists the President in overseeing GANHRI’s work

    – Sub-Committees: Focused on specific thematic or regional issues
    Key Documents – Paris Principles: Provide guidance for the establishment and operation of NHRIs

    – GANHRI Strategy: Outlines the organization’s strategic objectives and actions

     

    Reasons for India’s Deferment

    The GANHRI’s letter to the NHRC cited several reasons for the deferment of accreditation, including:

    • Political Interference: The NHRC-India faced objections related to political interference in appointments, compromising its independence.
    • Police Involvement: Involving the police in probes into human rights violations raised concerns about impartiality and fair investigations.
    • Lack of Cooperation: The NHRC’s poor cooperation with civil society was criticized, hindering its effectiveness in protecting human rights.
    • Lack of Diversity: The GANHRI highlighted the lack of diversity in staff and leadership positions within the NHRC.
    • Insufficient Protection of Marginalized Groups: The NHRC was found to have taken insufficient action to protect marginalized groups, contrary to the U.N.’s principles on national institutions (the ‘Paris Principles).

    Concerns highlighted against India

    • Many NGOs such as Amnesty International, Front Line Defenders etc. wrote a joint letter to GANHRI expressing their objections to NHRC India’s ‘A’ rank.
    • They highlighted the commission’s failure to protect marginalized communities, religious minorities, and human rights defenders.
    • The letter emphasized that the NHRC’s functioning has regressed since 2017, undermining its independence and adherence to the Paris Principles.

    Paris Principles and Accreditation Criteria

    The United Nations’ Paris Principles, adopted in 1993, serve as international benchmarks for accrediting National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs). The Paris Principles outline six main criteria that NHRIs must meet:

    • Mandate and Competence: NHRIs should have a clear mandate and the necessary expertise to protect human rights effectively.
    • Autonomy from Government: NHRIs must operate independently from government influence or control.
    • Independence: NHRIs should have their independence guaranteed by a statute or constitution.
    • Pluralism: NHRIs should ensure diversity and inclusivity in their staffing and leadership positions.
    • Adequate Resources: NHRIs should have sufficient resources to carry out their mandated functions effectively.
    • Powers of Investigation: NHRIs should possess adequate investigative powers to address human rights violations.

    Background of NHRC-India

    • The NHRC-India was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act enacted by Parliament in 1993.
    • It has held ‘A’ status accreditation since the beginning of the NHRI accreditation process in 1999, which it retained in 2006, 2011, and 2017, despite a previous deferment.
    • This status allows participation in the work and decision-making of GANHRI, the Human Rights Council, and other U.N. mechanisms

    Response from India

    • The NHRC clarified that the deferment by the Sub Committee on Accreditation (SCA) does not affect its current ‘A’ status accreditation and associated privileges.
    • The reaccreditation process is still ongoing, and the SCA has recommended advocating with the government and Parliamentarians for legislative amendments to improve compliance with the Paris Principles.
    • The NHRC assured that they have addressed most of the issues raised by the SCA and will submit a response shortly as part of the ongoing process.

    Way Forward

    To address the concerns raised by GANHRI and human rights organizations, the NHRC-India should take the following steps:

    • Strengthen Independence: Ensure that the NHRC operates independently without political interference, safeguarding its credibility and effectiveness.
    • Promote Diversity: Take measures to enhance diversity in staffing and leadership positions within the NHRC to ensure a broader representation of society.
    • Improve Protection of Marginalized Groups: Develop comprehensive strategies and policies to provide effective protection and support to marginalized communities, religious minorities, and human rights defenders.
    • Address Legislative Amendments: Actively engage with the government and Parliamentarians to advocate for necessary legislative amendments that align with the Paris Principles and enhance compliance with international human rights standards.

    Conclusion

    • By implementing these measures, the NHRC-India can strengthen its functioning, regain the confidence of GANHRI and human rights organizations, and ensure the effective protection of human rights in India.

     

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  • WTO reforms a top priority: India

    wto

    Central Idea

    • India has stressed the urgent need for prioritizing reforms within the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
    • India has been advocating for WTO reforms and improved dispute settlement mechanisms during G20 discussions.

    About WTO

    Functions and Principles
    Establishment 1 January 1995
    Functions
    • Negotiating trade agreements
    • Enforcing trade rules
    • Providing technical assistance and capacity building
    • Sharing trade-related information and conducting research
    Fundamental principles
    • Non-discrimination
    • Reciprocity
    • Transparency
    • Predictability and stability
    Membership 164 member countries representing over 98% of global trade
    Decision-making
    • Decisions made by consensus among member countries
    • General Council is the highest decision-making body

     

    Prioritizing WTO Reforms

    • India’s Push for Reforms: India has been actively advocating for reforms within the World Trade Organisation.
    • Better Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Alongside reforms, India is pushing for improved dispute settlement mechanisms within the WTO.
    • Reaffirming Foundational Principles: The discussions aim to reaffirm the principles enshrined in the Marrakesh Agreement and the multilateral trade agreements, emphasizing the importance of an open, fair, inclusive, and transparent WTO.

    Reforms that India is seeking

    • Structural Reforms: There is an urgent need for reforms within the WTO to address issues such as transparency, shorter time frames, the establishment of a permanent panel body, and special and differential treatment for developing countries.
    • Benefit for Developing Countries: Developing countries, including India, can benefit from these reforms if proposals specific to their needs are accepted.
    • Trade Facilitation for Services: While the WTO has made progress with the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) concerning goods, there is a need for reforms in trade facilitation for services. India, as a major service provider, stands to benefit from improved cross-border movement of people.
    • Inclusivity: It is crucial to establish procedures and practices that are more inclusive, particularly for developing countries.
    • Peace Clauses: Adoption of “peace clauses” for developing countries’ implementation of current agreements can formalize commitments by major trading powers to allow grace periods and exercise due restraint.
    • Evolving Negotiation Modes: The single package approach used in the Uruguay Round is not effective in the Doha Round, necessitating the exploration of new negotiation modes.
    • Strengthened Dispute Settlement Mechanism: The dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO requires strengthening and expediting to enhance its effectiveness.
    • Separation of Political and Human Rights Issues: There is a need to separate political and human rights issues from trade disputes under Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) norms.

    Crossroads for WTO

    • Stalled Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The multilateral trade negotiations, including the Doha Round, have reached an impasse, with limited progress in overall rule-making.
    • Challenges from Alternative Trade Pacts: Alternative trade pacts, such as mega-regional arrangements, have emerged and posed challenges to the position of trade multilateralism.
    • Disagreements on Market Access and Protection: The impasse in the Doha Round primarily stems from differences between highly industrialized countries and large developing countries regarding market access and protection of vulnerable economic sectors.

    Importance of Addressing WTO Reforms

    • Vital Role of WTO: The Minister emphasized that addressing WTO reforms is of utmost importance as the organization plays a crucial role in ensuring fairness and transparency in global trade.
    • Backbone of Multilateral Trading System: The WTO forms the backbone of the multilateral trading system and its reforms are necessary to strengthen its functioning.

    India’s Aspirations in International Trade

    • Global Leadership Ambition: India has expressed India’s aspiration to emerge as a global leader in the international trade landscape.
    • E-commerce Market Potential: India is poised to become the world’s second-largest e-commerce market, reflecting its transformation driven by open markets, global integration, and a strong entrepreneurial spirit.

    Way Forward

    • The urgent need for WTO reforms necessitates concerted efforts and global attention to ensure the fairness, transparency, and effectiveness of the multilateral trading system.
    • India’s active participation in advocating for reforms, along with its ambition to become a global leader in international trade, reflects its commitment to fostering a thriving and inclusive global trade environment.
    • It is essential for countries to collaborate and engage in constructive dialogue to address the challenges and opportunities in the evolving global trade landscape.

    Back2Basics: WTO Agreements and Accords

    • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): The GATT is the predecessor to the WTO and was in effect from 1948 to 1994. It aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote international trade through negotiations and tariff concessions.
    • Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): This agreement aims to establish fair and market-oriented agricultural trading systems. It addresses issues such as market access, domestic support, and export subsidies related to agricultural products.
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): The TRIPS agreement sets minimum standards for protecting intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
    • Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): This agreement prohibits certain investment measures that restrict trade or are inconsistent with the GATT’s principles.
    • Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS): The SPS agreement sets out rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards to ensure that countries do not use sanitary and phytosanitary measures as unjustified trade barriers.
    • Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT): The TBT agreement aims to ensure that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.
    • Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM): The SCM agreement regulates the use of subsidies and provides a framework for countervailing measures to address unfair trade practices arising from the use of subsidies.
    • Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA): The TFA aims to simplify and streamline customs procedures, enhance transparency, and improve efficiency in international trade, with a focus on reducing trade costs and facilitating cross-border trade.

     

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  • CJI criticizes Forum Shopping Practice

    Central Idea

    • The CJI, DY Chandrachud expressed his disapproval of forum shopping, a practice in which litigants or lawyers deliberately choose a specific judge or court that they believe will provide a more favorable judgment.

    Understanding Forum Shopping

    • Forum shopping refers to the intentional selection of a court or judge by litigants or lawyers with the expectation of obtaining a favourable outcome.
    • It involves strategically moving a case to a particular jurisdiction based on a perception of better judgment.
    • Lawyers consider the appropriate forum as part of their litigation strategy, sometimes opting for higher courts like the Supreme Court to gain wider attention for their case.
    • However, deliberately avoiding a specific judge or manipulating the process to obtain favourable treatment is generally discouraged.

    Concerns and Criticisms

    The practice of forum shopping raises several concerns, including:

    • Injustice to the Other Party: Forum shopping can result in unfair treatment and injustice to the opposing party, as it undermines the principle of impartiality and equal access to justice.
    • Overburdening Certain Courts: Concentrating cases before specific judges or courts can overload their workload, causing delays and hindering the judicial process.
    • Interference with Judicial Process: Forum shopping interferes with the smooth functioning of the judicial system, as cases may be filed and refiled in multiple jurisdictions, leading to unnecessary duplication of efforts.

    Approaches in Common Law Countries

    • Countries following the common law tradition, including the US and UK, have criticized forum shopping and adopted measures to discourage or prohibit the practice.
    • One such measure is the principle of “forum non-conveniens,” which grants courts discretionary powers to refuse jurisdiction when another court or forum would be more appropriate to hear the case.
    • This allows the court to dismiss a case in the interest of justice and fairness, redirecting it to the appropriate venue.
    • The Supreme Court, in its ruling in ‘Chetak Construction Ltd. vs. Om Prakash (1988),’ emphasized that a litigant should not be allowed to choose the forum and called for stern action against any attempt at forum shopping.

    Supreme Court’s View on Forum Shopping

    • In a 2022 ruling, the Supreme Court reiterated its condemnation of forum shopping, citing its previous 2017 ruling in ‘Union of India & Ors. vs. Cipla Ltd.’
    • The court established a “functional test” to determine whether forum shopping is occurring.
    • The test considers the functional similarity between different courts or whether a litigant is employing subterfuge to manipulate the system.

    Way Forward

    To address the issue of forum shopping, it is essential to:

    • Create Awareness: Raise awareness among litigants, lawyers, and the general public about the negative consequences of forum shopping and the importance of upholding judicial integrity and fairness.
    • Strengthen Ethical Standards: Emphasize the ethical obligations of lawyers to uphold the integrity of the legal profession and discourage forum shopping practices.
    • Streamline Jurisdictional Rules: Develop clear guidelines and rules regarding jurisdictional issues to prevent unnecessary disputes and ensure cases are heard by the appropriate courts.
    • Judicial Training and Monitoring: Provide training and guidance to judges on identifying and addressing instances of forum shopping, while also monitoring court proceedings to detect any potential manipulation.

    Conclusion

    • By implementing these measures, the legal system can discourage forum shopping, uphold the principles of justice and fairness, and maintain the integrity of the judicial process.

     

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  • Historic ‘Sengol’ to be installed in new Parliament

    sengol

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister is set to install the ‘Sengol,’ a historical sceptre from Tamil Nadu, in the new Parliament building, which will be inaugurated on May 28, 2023.

    What is Sengol?

    • Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
    • Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance.
    • In the Chola era, the transfer of power from one king to another was sanctified with the sceptre being handed over as a symbol of authority and the responsibility to rule with fairness and justice.
    • It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence.

    History: Traditional Chola Practice and Symbolism

    • Historical Practice: The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
    • Symbol of Justice and Good Governance: The Sengol, a symbol of justice and good governance, holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.

    Sengol’s recent context and creation

    • Lord Mountbatten’s Question: Prior to Independence, Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, asked Nehru about the ceremony that should symbolize the transfer of power.
    • Inspiration from Chola Dynasty: Rajagopalachari, the last Governor-General of India, suggested a ceremony from the Chola dynasty, where the transfer of power was sanctified and blessed by high priests.
    • Manufacturing the Sengol: Rajagopalachari approached Thiruvaduthurai Atheenam, a renowned Shaivite mutt in Tamil Nadu’s Tanjore district, which commissioned the creation of the Sengol from Chennai-based jewellers, “Vummidi Bangaru Chetty.”
    • Craftsmanship: Vummidi Ethirajulu and Vummidi Sudhakar skillfully crafted the five-foot-long Sengol, featuring a symbolic ‘Nandi’ bull representing justice.

    Significance of the ‘Sengol’

    • Symbolic importance: Derived from the Tamil word “Semmai,” meaning “Righteousness,” the ‘Sengol’ represents a significant historical symbol of Independence.
    • Marks Transfer of Power: On August 14, 1947, Pandit Nehru, the first PM, received the ‘Sengol’ from the Adhinam of Tamil Nadu, marking the shift of power from the British to the Indian people.

    The Handover Ceremony

    • Arrival of the Sengol: Three individuals, including the deputy high priest of the Adheenam, a Nadaswaram player, and an Oduvar (singer), brought the newly made Sengol from Tamil Nadu.
    • The Ceremony: On August 14, 1947, the Sengol was handed over to Lord Mountbatten during a procession, and later taken to Jawaharlal Nehru’s house, where it was officially presented to him.
    • Sacred Song and Attendees: A special song composed by the 7th-century Tamil saint Tirugnana Sambandar, as specified by the high priest, accompanied the ceremony. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India’s first president, and other dignitaries were present during the event.

    Ceremonial Procession and Tamil Traditions

    • Grand Procession: The Sengol will be ceremoniously transported to the House in a grand procession.
    • Musical Ensemble: Traditional Nadaswaram musicians, playing Tamil Nadu’s iconic instrument, will lead the procession, and PM is expected to walk alongside them, embracing Tamil culture.
    • Adheenams and Sanctification: Adheenams, priests from Shaivite mutts in Tamil Nadu, will be present in the Lok Sabha’s Well. They will sanctify the Sengol with holy water after Prime Minister Modi greets them, honoring Tamil traditions.
    • Oduvars and Sacred Recitation: Tamil temple singers known as Oduvars will recite the “Kolaru Padhigam” lyrically, while the Nadaswaram musicians enchant with their soulful music.

    Conclusion

    • The Sengol continues to be revered as a representation of India’s independence and serves as a tangible reminder of the country’s rich cultural heritage and the values it upholds.
    • Its installation in the new Parliament building further emphasizes its importance and aims to educate and inspire people about this historical event and the principles it embodies.

     

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  • The Paradox of BRICS: Prospects for Expansion and Internal Imbalance

    Central Idea

    • Mysterious are the ways in which multilateral groupings prosper and wither away. The case of BRICS grouping is truly remarkable. Despite initial achievements, BRICS has started losing its sparkle due to various global and regional challenges. However, the paradox lies in the fact that numerous nations are eager to join the group, showcasing the continuing appeal of BRICS.

    BRICS’s Origins and Evolution

    • Conception of BRIC: The term BRIC was coined by economist Jim O’Neill in a 2001 research paper, identifying Brazil, Russia, India, and China as emerging economies with significant growth potential.
    • Formalization of BRIC: The first formal meeting of BRIC leaders took place in 2009 on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Russia, marking the group’s establishment as a platform for cooperation and dialogue.
    • Addition of South Africa: In 2011, South Africa was invited to join BRIC, expanding the group to BRICS. China advocated for South Africa’s inclusion, seeking broader representation in Africa and increasing the group’s diversity.
    • Economic Focus: Initially, BRIC was primarily an economic grouping, emphasizing the rising influence of these countries in the global economy due to their large populations, expansive territories, and rapid economic growth rates.
    • Geopolitical Cooperation: Over time, BRICS evolved to include geopolitical cooperation and joint positions on global issues. Leaders began discussing political matters and advocating for a more equitable international order.
    • Annual Summits: BRICS started holding annual summits where leaders from member countries gather to discuss and coordinate their positions on various global challenges and explore avenues for cooperation

    Key achievements of the BRICS

    • Economic Cooperation: BRICS has fostered economic cooperation among member countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and business opportunities. The group has launched initiatives to expand trade and investment cooperation, promoting economic growth and development.
    • New Development Bank (NDB): BRICS established the New Development Bank, also known as the BRICS Bank, which provides financial assistance for infrastructure projects and sustainable development initiatives in member countries and other emerging economies. The NDB has committed significant funds to various projects, contributing to infrastructure development and regional connectivity.
    • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): The CRA, established by BRICS, acts as a financial mechanism to provide liquidity support during times of financial stress and protect against global liquidity pressures. This arrangement has helped member countries mitigate potential financial crises and enhance financial stability.
    • Geopolitical Influence: BRICS has projected a non-western perspective on global and regional issues, strengthening the world’s march towards multipolarity and curbing the dominating influence of the West. The group has articulated common positions on various global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and global governance reform.

    Facts for prelims

    New Development Bank (NDB)

    • Establishment: The NDB was established by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) in 2014.
    • Headquarters: The NDB’s headquarters are located in Shanghai, China.
    • Objectives: The bank aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in emerging economies and developing countries.
    • Authorized Capital: The initial authorized capital of the NDB is set at $100 billion.
    • Governance Structure: The NDB operates on the principle of equal representation, with each member country having an equal say in decision-making. It is governed by a Board of Governors, a Board of Directors, and a President.
    • Funding: The NDB’s funding comes from the contributions of its member countries. Each BRICS member contributes an equal share to the bank’s capital.
    • Sustainability Focus: The NDB places a strong emphasis on sustainability and green finance. It aims to allocate a significant portion of its lending portfolio to projects that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

    Internal Imbalance and Challenges withing BRICS

    • Diverse Economic Systems: BRICS member countries have diverse economic systems, ranging from state-controlled economies to market-based economies. These differences in economic models can lead to variations in policy priorities, approaches to trade and investment, and economic challenges, creating potential frictions within the group.
    • Varying Levels of Development: BRICS member countries represent a wide spectrum of development stages. While China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, other members like Brazil, India, Russia, and South Africa face developmental challenges and socioeconomic disparities. These differing levels of development can result in differing priorities and resource allocation, potentially straining cooperation within BRICS.
    • Geopolitical Ambitions and Rivalries: BRICS member countries have their individual geopolitical ambitions and interests. As emerging powers, they may compete for influence and resources in certain regions, leading to potential rivalries or divergent approaches to geopolitical issues. These geopolitical dynamics can complicate decision-making and alignment within BRICS.
    • Political and Governance Differences: BRICS comprises countries with varying political systems and governance structures. While some members uphold democratic values, others have different approaches to governance and human rights. These differences can result in divergent perspectives on political and human rights issues, potentially creating challenges in reaching consensus on certain matters.
    • Economic Vulnerabilities: BRICS member countries are susceptible to economic vulnerabilities, including structural issues, external shocks, and fluctuations in commodity prices. Economic challenges, such as high inflation, fiscal imbalances, and currency volatility, can strain the economic cooperation and stability within BRICS.
    • Coordination and Decision-Making Processes: BRICS operates as a consensus-based grouping, requiring agreement among member countries on various issues. Coordination and decision-making can be complex due to the diverse interests, priorities, and institutional frameworks of member countries. Reaching consensus on critical matters can be time-consuming and challenging.
    • Institutional Development: The institutional development within BRICS, such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, requires effective governance structures, operational frameworks, and decision-making processes. Establishing and managing these institutions while addressing the diverse needs and interests of member countries can pose institutional challenges.

    The demand for expansion in BRICS

    • Global Influence: Many countries see BRICS as a prominent grouping that holds influence on the global stage. Joining BRICS would provide an opportunity for countries to enhance their global influence and have a voice in shaping global agendas.
    • Economic Opportunities: BRICS represents a significant portion of the world’s population and economy. Joining the group could potentially provide countries with access to a large market and increased economic cooperation, including trade and investment opportunities among member countries.
    • Limited Options: Some countries may see BRICS as an attractive option for collaboration and engagement, particularly if they face limited opportunities to join other major multilateral groupings or regional blocs.
    • South-South Cooperation: BRICS is seen as a platform for South-South cooperation, promoting dialogue and collaboration among countries in the Global South. Joining BRICS allows countries to strengthen ties with like-minded nations and contribute to a collective voice for the interests of developing countries.
    • Counterbalance to Western Influence: The demand for expansion in BRICS can also stem from a desire to counterbalance the dominance of Western powers in global affairs. By joining BRICS, countries may seek to align themselves with a grouping that projects a non-western perspective and advocates for a more equitable international order.

    Prospects for expansion of BRICS and the criteria for new member admission

    1. Prospects for Expansion:
    • There is a growing interest from several countries in joining BRICS, indicating the perceived significance and appeal of the group.
    • As of now, 19 countries, including Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, UAE, and Bangladesh, have expressed their desire to become members of BRICS.
    • The interest in expansion stems from various factors such as the desire to enhance global influence, the fear of missing out on membership in a prominent group, limited options for joining other groupings, and the aspiration to create a substantial forum for the Global South.
    1. Criteria for New Member Admission
    • Economic Size and Potential: Potential new members should have a significant and growing economy, demonstrating the potential to contribute to the group’s economic strength and cooperation.
    • Regional Representation: BRICS has aimed to have diverse regional representation, as seen with the inclusion of South Africa to represent Africa. New members could be considered based on their regional representation and the desire to ensure a broader geographic scope.
    • Political Stability and Compatibility: Political stability and compatibility with the values and principles of BRICS, including democracy, human rights, and governance, could be important considerations in the admission process.
    • Commitment to Cooperation: Prospective members should demonstrate a genuine commitment to international cooperation, multilateralism, and the principles and objectives of BRICS.
    • Mutual Benefits: The admission of new members should be mutually beneficial for both the existing members and the prospective members, contributing to enhanced economic cooperation, geopolitical influence, and the achievement of common goals.
    • Consensus Among Existing Members: Consensus among the existing BRICS member countries would be crucial in determining the admission of new members. The existing members would need to agree on the expansion and the specific countries to be admitted.

    The Future of BRICS: Key aspects

    • Economic Collaboration: BRICS has the potential to deepen economic collaboration and promote intra-BRICS trade and investment. By leveraging their collective market size and resources, member countries can explore new areas of economic cooperation, such as digital economy, technology, sustainable development, and infrastructure investment.
    • Institutional Development: The New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) are key institutions established by BRICS. The group can focus on further developing and expanding the role of these institutions to effectively address financial challenges and support sustainable development projects.
    • Geopolitical Influence: By coordinating their positions on global governance, security, and geopolitical issues, member countries can amplify their collective voice and influence international discussions and decision-making processes. BRICS can also foster South-South cooperation and advocate for the interests of developing countries in global forums.
    • Expansion and Outreach: The interest from other countries to join BRICS presents an opportunity for expansion and outreach. The group can carefully consider the admission of new members, ensuring that the expansion aligns with the group’s objectives, principles, and criteria. By including new members, BRICS can broaden its geographic representation and potentially strengthen its collective influence.
    • Innovation and Technology Cooperation Member countries can collaborate in areas such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, space exploration, and digital governance. Sharing expertise, research, and best practices can propel the group’s technological advancement and foster mutual growth.
    • Adaptation to Global Challenges: BRICS should collectively address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and sustainable development. By coordinating efforts, sharing knowledge, and pooling resources, the group can contribute to finding solutions and shaping global agendas on critical issues.

    Conclusion

    • The paradox of BRICS lies in its diminishing allure while attracting numerous nations eager to join. Despite facing internal tensions, BRICS has made significant contributions to the world’s multipolarity and economic cooperation. By addressing internal imbalances, seizing opportunities for growth, and staying responsive to global dynamics, BRICS can continue to play a significant role in shaping the international order and promoting the interests of emerging economies and the Global South.

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    Also read:

    Understanding the “China’s BRICS” game

     

  • Unraveling Social Fabric: The Impact of Social Media on Public Discourse

    Central Idea

    • The recent wave of violence in Manipur serves as another grim reminder of the deterioration of our social fabric. The Finance Minister’s recent expression of sorrow over the lack of personal regard among politicians despite ideological differences resonates with many of us. We reminisce about a time when meaningful conversations and differing opinions could coexist without animosity. However, in today’s landscape, we find ourselves drifting apart from those with whom we disagree and nurturing a deep aversion towards them.

    The phenomenon of polarization

    • Ideological Divisions: Polarization refers to the growing ideological divisions within societies. It is characterized by an increasing separation of people into distinct ideological camps, often with extreme views and a lack of willingness to engage with opposing perspectives.
    • Us vs. Them Mentality: Polarization fosters an us vs. them mentality, where individuals identify strongly with their own group and view those outside their group as adversaries. This mentality fuels hostility, animosity, and a deep sense of distrust towards those who hold different beliefs or opinions.
    • Echo Chambers: Polarization is exacerbated by the prevalence of echo chambers, which are created by social media and other platforms. Echo chambers are virtual spaces where like-minded individuals reinforce each other’s beliefs and shield themselves from differing viewpoints. This reinforces preexisting biases and prevents exposure to alternative perspectives.
    • Confirmation Bias: Polarization is fueled by confirmation bias, whereby individuals seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and dismiss or ignore contradictory evidence. This selective exposure to information further entrenches people in their ideological positions and prevents the formation of nuanced opinions.
    • Emotionalization of Issues: Polarization often leads to the emotionalization of issues, where discussions become heated and personal. Emotions such as anger, fear, and resentment drive the discourse, making it difficult to engage in rational and constructive conversations.
    • Loss of Civil Discourse: Polarization erodes civil discourse and respectful disagreement. Rather than engaging in meaningful dialogue, individuals tend to resort to personal attacks, demonization, and dehumanization of those with differing views. This breakdown of civility undermines the foundations of a healthy democratic society.
    • Political Gridlock: Polarization can result in political gridlock, where the inability to find common ground hinders policy-making and governance. As political parties become more polarized, finding compromises and reaching consensus becomes increasingly challenging, leading to a stalemate in decision-making processes.
    • Social Fragmentation: Polarization contributes to social fragmentation, dividing communities and societies along ideological lines. It undermines social cohesion, trust, and cooperation, making it harder to address common challenges and work towards collective goals.
    • Threat to Democracy: Polarization poses a significant threat to democratic processes. It undermines the principles of compromise, inclusivity, and consensus-building that are essential for a functioning democracy. When polarization intensifies, it can lead to social unrest, political instability, and a breakdown of democratic institutions.
    • Implications for Social Well-being: Polarization has negative consequences for societal well-being. It can contribute to heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation. It impedes constructive problem-solving, stifles innovation, and hampers social progress.

    Impact of Social Media

    1. Positive Impact:
    • Connectivity and Communication: Social media platforms have revolutionized communication, allowing individuals to connect and stay in touch with friends, family, and communities across geographical boundaries.
    • Information Sharing: Social media provides a platform for the rapid dissemination of information, enabling users to access news, updates, and educational content from various sources.
    • Amplification of Voices: Social media empowers marginalized individuals and communities by providing them with a platform to share their stories, experiences, and perspectives, thereby amplifying their voices and fostering inclusivity.
    • Business and Entrepreneurship Opportunities: Social media platforms offer businesses and entrepreneurs the ability to reach a global audience, market their products or services, and build brand awareness at a relatively low cost.
    • Awareness and Activism: Social media plays a crucial role in raising awareness about social and environmental issues, mobilizing communities, and facilitating social and political activism.
    1. Negative Impact:
    • Spread of Misinformation: Social media platforms are susceptible to the rapid spread of misinformation, fake news, and rumors, which can lead to confusion, polarization, and manipulation of public opinion.
    • Cyberbullying and Online Harassment: Social media platforms have provided a platform for cyberbullying, hate speech, and online harassment, causing emotional distress and harm to individuals, especially young people.
    • Privacy and Data Security Concerns: Social media platforms collect and store vast amounts of user data, raising concerns about privacy breaches, data misuse, and unauthorized access to personal information.
    • Impact on Mental Health: Excessive use of social media has been linked to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and low self-esteem, as individuals compare themselves to others and seek validation through online interactions.
    • Erosion of Civil Discourse: The anonymity and distance provided by social media can lead to the erosion of civil discourse, with conversations turning hostile, polarized, and lacking empathy and respect for diverse opinions.
    • Addiction and Time Management Issues: Social media addiction can disrupt daily routines, affect productivity, and lead to an excessive focus on virtual interactions at the expense of real-life relationships and activities.

    How Social media amplifies narcissistic tendencies?

    • Social media has the potential to amplify narcissistic tendencies and prioritize personal opinions over the feelings of others in several ways:
    • Self-Centric Nature: Social media platforms often encourage users to present curated versions of their lives, focusing on self-presentation and self-promotion. This self-centric nature can fuel narcissistic tendencies, as individuals seek validation, attention, and admiration from their online peers.
    • Selective Self-Presentation: Social media allows individuals to carefully select and highlight aspects of their lives that project a positive image. This selective self-presentation can contribute to a self-centered mindset, where individuals prioritize their own opinions and perspectives without fully considering or empathizing with the feelings and experiences of others.
    • Validation through Likes and Followers: Social media platforms often employ metrics such as likes, followers, and shares as measures of popularity and social validation. This can incentivize users to prioritize personal opinions and content that garners attention and positive feedback, further reinforcing self-centered behavior and disregarding the impact on others.
    • Echo Chambers and Confirmation Bias: Social media algorithms create echo chambers, where individuals are exposed to content that aligns with their existing beliefs and perspectives. This reinforces confirmation bias, leading users to seek out and engage with content that supports their own opinions.
    • Disinhibition and Online Anonymity: Social media platforms often provide a sense of anonymity and detachment from real-life consequences. This can lead to disinhibition, where individuals feel freer to express their opinions without the social norms and inhibitions present in face-to-face interactions.
    • Limited Non-Verbal Cues: Social media communication lacks non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, which are crucial for understanding others’ emotions and maintaining empathy. The absence of these cues can make it easier for individuals to prioritize their own opinions without fully recognizing or acknowledging the impact their words may have on others.

    Way forward: A Citizen-Led Solution

    • Critical Media Consumption: Develop critical media literacy skills to discern reliable information from misinformation or fake news. Be vigilant about verifying information before sharing it and actively seek out diverse perspectives to avoid falling into echo chambers.
    • Mindful Social Media Usage: Be mindful of your social media usage and the impact it has on your well-being. Set boundaries, allocate specific times for social media engagement, and prioritize real-life interactions and relationships over virtual ones.
    • Responsible Sharing: Before sharing content on social media, consider the accuracy, credibility, and potential impact of the information. Share content responsibly, ensuring that it contributes positively to public discourse and avoids the spread of misinformation or hate speech.
    • Promote Civil Discourse: Engage in respectful and constructive discussions online. Foster empathy and understanding, even when encountering differing opinions. Be open to listening and learning from others, while maintaining a respectful tone.
    • Support Digital Literacy Initiatives: Advocate for and support initiatives that promote digital literacy and critical thinking skills. Encourage educational institutions, policymakers, and community organizations to prioritize digital literacy programs that equip individuals with the skills needed to navigate the digital landscape responsibly.
    • Advocate for Responsible Platform Practices: Encourage social media platforms to prioritize responsible content moderation practices, transparency, and user privacy. Support efforts that combat hate speech, misinformation, and cyberbullying on these platforms.
    • Engage in Positive Online Activism: Use social media as a platform for positive activism and constructive dialogue. Support causes, campaigns, and initiatives that promote inclusivity, tolerance, and social justice. Share stories and content that uplift and inspire others.
    • Foster Digital Empathy: Cultivate empathy in online interactions by considering the perspectives and feelings of others. Treat online interactions as you would face-to-face conversations, with respect, kindness, and consideration for others’ emotions.
    • Promote Offline Connections: Encourage offline interactions and relationships. Invest time in meaningful face-to-face conversations, community engagement, and real-world connections. Strengthening offline relationships can help balance and reduce dependence on social media.
    • Advocate for Ethical Tech Practices: Support efforts to regulate and hold social media companies accountable for their practices. Advocate for ethical tech practices, user privacy protection, and responsible use of user data.

    Conclusion

    • The impact of social media on public discourse and the unraveling of our social fabric cannot be underestimated. It is imperative that individuals take responsibility and break free from the addictive allure of social media platforms. By prioritizing genuine human connections, engaging with diverse perspectives, and rebuilding our social bonds, we can mitigate the threats posed by social media and restore a healthier, more respectful public discourse.

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    Also read:

    Social Media: Prospect and Challenges

     

  • Delhi Governance New Ordinance

    ordinance

    Central Idea

    • The central government issued an Ordinance on May 19, overturning a unanimous Supreme Court verdict.
    • The Ordinance grants the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi authority over services, challenging the elected government’s control over officials’ transfer and posting.
    • This raises constitutional concerns about the balance of power between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor.

    Issues with this ordinance

    • The Ordinance bestowed power over services to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.
    • It established the “National Capital Civil Service Authority,” consisting of the Chief Minister and two senior IAS officials, to decide matters by majority vote.
    • This provision potentially allows the elected Chief Minister’s viewpoint to be overruled.

    Key issues with the current model of Governance of Delhi

    • Undermining the elected government: The LG, who will be the government, is under no obligation to implement any law passed by the assembly or carry out the directions of the house as he is not responsible to the assembly.
    • Lack of Executive Accountability: The Lieutenant Governor, who is the head of government, is not accountable to the assembly, which undermines the principle of executive accountability.
    • Against the privilege of legislature: Framing the rules to conduct its proceedings is thus a part of the privilege each house of a legislature enjoys.
    • Delay in decision-making: The requirement for LG’s approval for many decisions has led to delays in decision-making, which has impacted the development and governance of the city.
    • Accountability issues: The division of responsibilities between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor has led to difficulties in fixing responsibility for actions and decisions.
    • Against Co-operative Federalism: The Act not only negates cooperative federalism but also upturns the fundamental principles laid down by the Supreme Court in Government of NCT Delhi vs Union of India case (2018).
    • Control over Services Department: Governance has always been a contentious issue since Delhi is not a full state and the Services department comes under the L-G.

    What is Ordinance?

    • Under Article 123 of the Constitution, the President possesses law-making powers through the issuance of ordinances during the recess of Parliament.
    • Article 213 grants the Governor of a state the authority to issue ordinances when the state legislative assembly or either of the two Houses (in states with bicameral legislatures) is not in session.
    • However, there are limitations to this authority:
    1. Issuance during Recess: The President can only promulgate an ordinance when one or both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
    2. Immediate Action: An ordinance can only be issued when the President deems it necessary for immediate action.
    3. Justiciability: The President’s intentions to issue ordinances can be subject to judicial review if mala fide intentions are proven.

    Features of Ordinances

    Several characteristics and provisions are associated with ordinances:

    • Retrospective Effect: An ordinance can have a retrospective application, meaning it can be enacted prior to its approval.
    • Nullity during Parliamentary Session: An ordinance issued while Parliament is in session is considered null and void.
    • Time Limit for Approval: An ordinance must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly. Failure to do so leads to its expiration.
    • Continuation of Acts and Laws: Acts, laws, and events resulting from the ordinance remain in effect until its expiration.
    • Limits on Legislative Authority: Ordinances can only be passed on subjects within the legislative competence of the Indian Parliament.
    • Protection of Fundamental Rights: Ordinances cannot be used to revoke the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. Their enforcement would render them null and void if both Houses pass a resolution opposing them.

    Issues with the Ordinances

    The use of ordinances has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse and circumvention of democratic processes. Some key concerns are:

    • Bypassing the Legislature: Deliberate bypassing of the legislature to avoid debate and deliberation on contentious legislative proposals undermines democratic principles.
    • Repromulgation of Ordinances: Repromulgation without placing the ordinance before the legislature subverts democratic legislative processes and the separation of powers.
    • Presidential Satisfaction: The satisfaction of the President as a requirement for issuing an ordinance provides scope for potential misuse.
    • Ignoring Supreme Court’s Judgments: Instances of ordinances being promulgated despite Supreme Court judgments highlighting their conditional and exceptional nature raise concerns about adherence to constitutional principles.

    Judicial Safeguards to avoid re-promulgation of ordinances

    1. Supreme Court in RC Cooper vs. Union of India (1970) held that the President’s decision to promulgate ordinance could be challenged on the grounds that ‘immediate action’ was not required, and the ordinance had been issued primarily to bypass debate and discussion in the legislature.
    2. It was argued in DC Wadhwa vs. the State of Bihar (1987) that the legislative power of the executive to promulgate ordinances is to be used in exceptional circumstances and not as a substitute for the law-making power of the legislature.
    3. Supreme Court in Krishna Kumar Singh v. the State of Bihar held that the authority to issue ordinances is not an absolute entrustment, but is “conditional upon satisfaction that circumstances exist rendering it necessary to take immediate action”.

    Way ahead

    • Every ordinance issued must be laid before both the Houses of Parliament or state legislature within six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament or state legislature and it ceases to exist if it is not approved within six weeks of reassembly.
    • 44th Constitutional Amendment has reiterated that the satisfaction of the President to promulgate ordinance could be challenged in case an ‘immediate action’ was not required.
    • Our Constitution has provided for the separation of powers among the legislature, executive and judiciary where enacting laws is the function of the legislature.
    • The executive must show self-restraint and should use ordinance making power only in unforeseen or urgent matters and not to evade legislative scrutiny and debates.

    Conclusion

    • The recent Ordinance and its constitutional implications highlight the need for a balanced distribution of powers between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor in Delhi.
    • It is essential to uphold democratic principles and ensure that legislative functions are carried out by the appropriate constitutional authorities.
    • A comprehensive review of the governance framework in Delhi may be necessary to address these concerns and ensure effective and harmonious governance in the capital city.

     

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  • Highlights of the proposed Digital India Act, 2023

    Central Idea

    • The Digital India Bill, a comprehensive overhaul of Internet laws, will be unveiled in June 2023. This bill represents a significant update since the Information Technology Act of 2000.

    What is the Digital India Bill?

    • DIA will consist of 4 parts:
    1. Digital Personal Data Protection Bill,
    2. DIA rules,
    3. National Data Governance Policy, and
    4. Indian Penal Code amendments

    Need for such legislation

    • India has 850 million internet users, making it the world’s largest “digitally connected democracy.”
    • The IT Act, created for the pre-digital era, lacks provisions for user rights, trust, safety, and modern cyber threats.
    • Growing cyber crimes, disinformation, and privacy concerns necessitate an updated legislation.

    Goals of the Digital India Bill 

    • Evolvable digital law: Flexible rules adaptable to changing technological trends.
    • Adjudicatory mechanism: Accessible mechanism for resolving online civil and criminal offenses.
    • Principles and rules-based approach: A legislative framework based on overarching governing principles.

    Key components of the DIA

    • Open Internet: Promotes choice, competition, diversity, fair market access, and ease of doing business, preventing the concentration of power.
    • Online Safety and Trust: Safeguards users against cyber threats, revenge porn, defamation, cyberbullying, and moderates fake news. Advocates for digital rights and protects minors.
    • KYC Requirements: Mandates Know Your Customer (KYC) for privacy-invading devices like spy camera glasses.
    • Monetization Rules: Overhauls rules for platform and user-generated content to align with the DIA.

    Key feature: Reconsideration of Safe Harbour

    • The government is reconsidering a key aspect of cyberspace — ‘safe harbour’.
    • Safe harbour is the principle that so-called ‘intermediaries’ on the internet are not responsible for what third parties post on their website.
    • This is the principle that allows social media platforms to avoid liability for posts made by users.
    • Safe harbour has been reined in in recent years by regulations like the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which require platforms to take down posts when ordered to do so by the government, or when required by law.

    Way Forward

    • The detailed timeline is undisclosed, but the government aims to conduct a comparative study of global laws and consult with experts, industry, the public, and relevant forums.
    • The draft Bill will undergo consultation, followed by a draft Cabinet note before the final version is released.

     

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  • 73% projects completed under Smart Cities Mission

    Smart Cities Mission

    Central Idea

    • The Union Urban Affairs Ministry announced that significant progress has been made under the Smart Cities Mission, with more than 90% of the allocated funds being utilized and 73% of the projects already completed.

    Why discuss this?

    • The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city.
    • However, in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone.

    What is Smart Cities Mission?

    • The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched by PM on June 25, 2015.
    • Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
    • Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.

    How does it work?

    • Each smart city has created a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) responsible for planning, appraising, approving, releasing funds, implementing, and managing, operating, monitoring, and evaluating development projects.
    • The SPV is led by a full-time CEO and includes nominees from the Central and State governments, as well as the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) on its Board.

    Monitoring and Reporting

    • The implementation of the SCM is overseen by an Apex Committee, led by the Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
    • The committee utilizes the Real Time Geographical Management Information System (GMIS) to provide regular reports on project progress.

    Features of the mission

    • Smart Infrastructure: Upgrading urban systems, including transportation, water, and waste management.
    • E-Governance: Digital platforms for transparent government services and citizen engagement.
    • Smart Solutions: Integration of IoT and data analytics to optimize urban systems.
    • Sustainability: Green initiatives, renewable energy, and eco-friendly practices.
    • Social and Economic Development: Affordable housing, healthcare, and fostering entrepreneurship.
    • Data-Driven Decision Making: Utilizing data for evidence-based planning and resource allocation.

    Progress status

    (1) Funds Utilization

    • As of May 1, a total of ₹38,400 crore was released for the Smart Cities Mission.
    • Out of this amount, ₹35,261 crore has already been utilized for various projects.
    • The utilization of funds accounts for over 90% of the allocated budget.

    (2) Project Completion

    • The Smart Cities Mission encompasses approximately 7,800 projects, valued at ₹1.8 lakh crore.
    • Among these projects, more than 5,700, valued at ₹1.1 lakh crore, have been completed.
    • The remaining projects are expected to be completed by June 30, 2024.
    • Currently, only 22 out of the 100 designated cities have successfully concluded all projects under the mission.

    Conclusion

    • By emphasizing effective funds utilization and project completion, the government intends to transform cities into smarter, more sustainable, and citizen-centric urban spaces.

     

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  • In news: Krishna Water Dispute

    krishna

    Central Idea

    • The dispute over the water share of the Krishna River between Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Telangana has remained unresolved for nine years since the bifurcation of the combined state.

    About Krishna River

    Explanation
    Origin Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra
    Length Approximately 1,400 km
    States swept Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh
    Tributaries Tungabhadra, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Musi
    Significance Irrigation, hydropower, drinking water
    Basin Approximately 2,59,000 sq km
    Dams Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, Almatti, Koyna
    Delta Forms fertile delta in Bay of Bengal

     

    What is Krishna Water Dispute?

    • The dispute dates back to the formation of AP in November 1956.
    • Before the formation of AP, a Gentlemen’s Agreement was signed in February 1956 by four senior leaders from different regions of Andhra.
    • The agreement aimed to protect Telangana’s interests and ensure equitable distribution of water resources based on global treaties.
    • However, the focus on irrigation facilities favored Andhra, which had existing systems developed by the British at the expense of drought-prone areas in Telangana.

    Resolution achieved till now

    (1) Bachawat tribunal

    • In 1969, the Bachawat Tribunal (KWDT-I) was established to settle the water share dispute among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and AP (before bifurcation).
    • The Tribunal allocated 811 tmcft (thousand million cubic feet) of dependable water to AP.
    • The water was later divided in a 512:299 tmcft ratio between Andhra and Telangana, respectively, based on the command area developed by each region.
    • The Tribunal recommended diverting water from the Tungabhadra Dam to the drought-prone Mahabubnagar area of Telangana, but this recommendation was not implemented, leading to discontent.

    (2) Water-sharing arrangement after bifurcation

    • The AP Reorganisation Act, 2014, did not mention water shares, as the KWDT-I Award was still in force and had not specified region-wise allocations.
    • In 2015, the two states agreed to an ad hoc arrangement of sharing water in a 34:66 ratio (Telangana: Andhra) during a meeting convened by the Ministry of Water Resources.
    • The arrangement was supposed to be reviewed annually.
    • The Act focused on the establishment of the Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) and the Godavari River Management Board (GRMB) for water resource management.

    Claims by each state

    • Telangana argues that it is entitled to a minimum of 70% share in the allocation of the 811 tmcft based on global practices and basin parameters.
    • Telangana highlights how AP diverts around 300 tmcft of water from within the basin, affecting drought-prone areas in Telangana.
    • AP also claims a higher share of water to protect the interests of already developed command areas.

    Centre’s position

    • The Centre convened two meetings of the Apex Council in 2016 and 2020, involving the Union Minister and Chief Ministers of Telangana and AP, but no substantial progress was made.
    • In 2020, following a suggestion by the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), Telangana withdrew its petition from the Supreme Court with the assurance that the matter would be referred to a Tribunal.
    • However, the Centre has not taken any action on the issue for over two years, while the two states continue to engage in ongoing disputes.

    Way Forward

    Considering the prolonged dispute and the failure to reach a resolution, it is crucial for all stakeholders to take proactive steps. The following measures could be considered:

    • Mediation: Appoint an independent body or mediator to facilitate negotiations between the two states and assist in finding a fair and mutually agreeable solution.
    • Scientific assessment: Conduct a comprehensive scientific assessment of the basin parameters, water requirements, and the impact of existing water utilization practices to inform the allocation of water shares.
    • Public awareness: Raise public awareness about the importance of water conservation, efficient utilization, and sustainable practices to reduce the overall demand for water resources.
    • Implementation of recommendations: Act upon the recommendations of previous tribunals and committees to ensure equitable distribution of water resources and address the grievances of both states.
    • More deliberations: Foster a spirit of cooperation and collaboration between AP and Telangana to jointly manage and sustainably utilize the Krishna River water resources for the benefit of both regions.

    It is crucial for the central government to play an active role in facilitating dialogue, providing necessary support, and expediting the resolution process to ensure a fair and just outcome for all parties involved.

     

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