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  • ASHA and Anganwadi Workers/Helpers in Ayushman Bharat Scheme

    asha

    Introduction

    • Following the Centre’s decision to extend health coverage under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme to Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Anganwadi workers and helpers, the Health Ministry has initiated the process of enrollment.
    • The Health Ministry has received Aadhaar details of 23 lakh Anganwadi workers and helpers and over three lakh ASHA workers from various states.

    About Ayushman Bharat Scheme

    Details
    Launch 2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
    Aim Achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by providing promotive, preventive, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative care.
    Funding Centrally Sponsored Scheme (expenditure shared between Central and State governments)
    Coverage Targets over 10 crore families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) based on SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census)
    Implementing Agency National Health Authority (NHA)
    Components
    1. Health and Wellness Centres (HWC) providing primary care services.
    2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) offering health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year.
    Coverage Details
    • Covers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
    • Includes pre-hospitalization and post-hospitalization expenses.
    • No restrictions on family size, age, or gender.
    Portability of Benefits Benefits are portable across the country, allowing cashless treatment at any empanelled public or private hospital in India.
    Digital Overture Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Launched in 2021 to provide Unique Digital Health IDs (UHID) for all Indian citizens, facilitating electronic access to health records.

    Significance of ASHA Program

    • Workforce: As of December 31, 2023, there were over 13 lakh Anganwadi workers and over 10 lakh Anganwadi helpers in the country, along with 9.83 lakh ASHAs in position.
    • Program Scale: India’s ASHA program is recognized as the world’s largest community volunteer program, operating across 35 states and union territories.
    • Role of ASHAs: The ASHA program serves as a vital component of community healthcare, facilitating access to care and playing a crucial role in the prevention and management of COVID-19.
    • Contribution Acknowledged: ASHAs have been recognized for their substantial contribution to improving access to care for communities and are integral to various community platforms under the National Health Mission.

    Ayushman Bharat Scheme Impact

    • Beneficiary Coverage: Currently, 55 crore individuals corresponding to 12 crore families are covered under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, with some states/UTs expanding the beneficiary base at their own cost.
    • Enrollment and Hospital Admissions: The government has issued approximately 28.45 crore Ayushman cards, authorizing over 6.11 crore hospital admissions amounting to ₹78,188 crores.
    • Hospital Empanelment: A total of 26,901 hospitals, including 11,813 private hospitals, have been empanelled under AB-PMJAY to provide healthcare services to scheme beneficiaries.
    • Gender Equity: The scheme ensures gender equity in access to healthcare services, with women accounting for approximately 49% of Ayushman cards created and 48% of total authorized hospital admissions.

    Back2Basics:

    [1] Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)

    Details
    Launch Year 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission.

    Later extended to urban areas with the National Urban Health Mission in 2013.
    Program Scope Largest community health worker program globally, serving as health care facilitators, service providers, and health awareness generators.
    Number of ASHAs Over 10.52 Lakh ASHAs across all states/UTs (except Goa) as of June 2022.
    Role Provide maternal and child health services, family planning, and services under National Disease Control Programme.
    Service Population Serve populations of approximately 1,000 in rural areas and 2,000 in urban areas, with local adjustments based on workload.
    Selection Criteria
    • Primarily women residents of the village, preferably aged 25 to 45.
    • Literacy preferred and relaxed standards for tribal, hilly, or desert areas.
    Employment Classification Considered honorary/volunteer positions rather than government workers.

     

    [2] Anganwadi Programme

    Details
    Initiation
    • Started by the Government of India in 1975
    • Part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
    Objective To combat child hunger and malnutrition
    Implementation Centrally sponsored scheme implemented by States/UTs
    Services Provided
    1. Supplementary nutrition
    2. Pre-school non-formal education
    3. Immunization
    4. Health check-up
    5. Nutrition and health education
    6. Referral services
    Beneficiaries Identified based on Aadhaar
  • Safeguarding Children Online: Addressing Tech Risks and Solutions

    Safeguarding Children Online: Addressing Tech Risks and Solutions

    Introduction

    • Recent Congressional hearings, including Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s public apology, shed light on the alarming rise of online child exploitation, prompting global concerns over children’s safety on social media platforms.
    • Tech giants face mounting pressure worldwide as parents and activists demand increased accountability and safer online environments for children, highlighting issues beyond privacy concerns to encompass broader security risks.

    Risks to Children’s Online Safety

    • UNICEF Report Findings: A UNICEF report titled ‘The Metaverse, Extended Reality and Children’ underscores significant risks associated with virtual environments, including exposure to explicit content, cyberbullying, and data privacy violations, which could have profound impacts on children’s well-being.
    • Emerging Dangers: Virtual environments and games, while not fully immersive yet, present dangers such as exposure to inappropriate content and exploitation, raising questions about the ethical implications of children’s digital interactions.

    Issues Faced by Children Online

    • Exposure to Inappropriate Content: Children may inadvertently encounter violent, pornographic, or hate speech content while navigating the internet.
    • Online Predators and Grooming: Children face the risk of encountering online predators who exploit social media and gaming platforms to form relationships and groom them for exploitation.
    • Cyberbullying: Children can fall victim to cyberbullying, which entails using digital technology to harass, intimidate, or humiliate others.
    • Privacy Concerns: Due to a lack of awareness about privacy settings, children may unintentionally disclose personal information online.
    • Addictive Behavior: Excessive screen time and prolonged use of digital devices can foster addictive behaviors, impacting children’s mental and physical well-being, academic performance, and social interactions.

    Challenges Posed by Generative AI

    • Potential Benefits and Pitfalls: Generative AI offers opportunities for creativity and learning but also poses risks, including the spread of disinformation and harmful content that could influence children’s cognitive development adversely.
    • Vulnerability to Misinformation: Children, with developing cognitive abilities, are particularly susceptible to misinformation propagated through AI-generated content, raising concerns about the impact on their perceptions and behaviors.

    Measures in India: DPDP Bill, 2023

    • Definition of Minors: The DPDP Bill defines individuals under the age of 18 as minors. This definition acknowledges that children are particularly vulnerable and deserve additional safeguards for their personal data.
    • Data Processing Obligations: The bill places three specific conditions on data processing entities when handling children’s data:
    1. Obtaining verifiable parental consent: As mentioned above, entities must ensure they have proper consent from a parent or guardian before processing a child’s data.
    2. Not causing harm to children: Data processing activities should not harm or exploit children in any way.
    3. Not tracking or targeting ads at children: Entities are prohibited from tracking children’s online behavior for targeted advertising purposes.
    • Exemptions: The bill allows the government to exempt certain entities from the requirement of parental consent and tracking and targeting ads for specific purposes. However, such exemptions must be for the best interests of a child.

    Way Forward

    • Corporate Responsibility: Tech companies must prioritize ‘safety by design,’ integrating measures to protect children’s well-being and privacy into their platforms, guided by principles outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
    • Regulatory Intervention: Governments play a crucial role in periodically assessing and updating regulatory frameworks to address emerging challenges in child safety online, including combating harmful content and behavior.
    • Community Engagement: Upholding existing rules and norms that protect children offline should extend to the digital realm, fostering a collective responsibility among stakeholders to create a safer online environment for children.

    Conclusion

    • Addressing the multifaceted risks to children’s safety online requires collaborative efforts from tech companies, governments, and communities, guided by a shared commitment to uphold children’s rights and well-being in the digital age.

  • Understanding Brumation in Reptiles

    brumation

    Introduction

    • Imagine seeing an alligator resting quietly underwater, with only its snout visible. Is it alive or dead? There’s another possibility: brumation.

    What is Brumation?

    • Definition: Brumation is a period of dormancy or slowed activity in reptiles, similar to hibernation in mammals. It occurs during colder months when temperatures drop and food becomes scarce.
    • Purpose: Reptiles enter brumation to conserve energy and survive adverse environmental conditions.
    • Habitat: They may retreat to underground burrows, rock crevices, or other sheltered areas where temperatures are stable.
    • Metabolic Slowdown: During brumation, their metabolism significantly slows, allowing them to go weeks or months without eating.
    • Reduced Activity: Reptiles minimize their resource requirements and conserve energy during this period of reduced activity.

    Observations

    • Species Affected: Researchers have observed brumation in various reptilian species across habitats.
    • Examples: Box turtles and painted turtles burrow into the mud at the bottom of ponds or lakes. Snakes seek refuge in underground dens or caves, while lizards hide under rocks or within vegetation.

    Significance of Brumation

    • Survival Strategy: Brumation is crucial for reptiles to survive cold climates and endure challenging environmental conditions.
    • Re-emergence: It allows reptiles to conserve energy until they can re-emerge to feed and reproduce in more favorable conditions.
  • India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    Introduction

    • Weather forecasting is vital for disaster management and decision-making in India, where extreme weather events like rain, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts pose significant challenges.
    • The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) specializes in predicting weather patterns using sophisticated observation, modelling, and interpretation techniques.

    About the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

    Details
    About
    • National Meteorological Service of India;
    • Principal government agency for meteorology and allied subjects
    Ministry Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
    Objectives
    1. Provide meteorological observations and forecasts
    2. Warn against severe weather phenomena
    3. Provide meteorological statistics
    4. Conduct and promote research in meteorology
    Evolution
    • Established in 1875 after devastating cyclones;
    • Started with just one individual
    Advancements
    • Significant progress in understanding monsoons;
    • Enhanced cyclone forecasting post-1999 Odisha super cyclone
    Diversified Roles
    • Expanded services beyond weather forecasting;
    • Provides specialized services for various sectors
    Global Recognition
    • Recognized as Regional Climate Centre for South Asia;
    • Contributes to UN’s ‘Early Warning for All’ programme
    Major Initiatives
    1. National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
    2. Mausam App
    3. Doppler Weather Radars

    Challenges in Weather Forecasting

    • Variability in Tropical Regions: Tropical countries like India face inherently higher weather variability.
    • Hurdles: Despite advancements, IMD forecasts still encounter inaccuracies, particularly during winter and summer monsoons.
    • Insufficient Ground Stations: The limited number of ground stations hinders accurate monitoring, with only around 800 automatic weather stations (AWS) and 37 doppler weather radars (DWR) against the required thousands.

    Transition to Modern Technologies

    • Prediction Software: Current forecasting software relies on global forecasting and weather research models, which are not the most modern.
    • Emerging Technologies: Start-ups are adopting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for predictions, necessitating an integrated data system to fill existing gaps.

    Initiatives for Improvement

    • WINDS Program: The Weather Information Network and Data System (WINDS) aim to install over 200,000 ground stations (AWS and ARG) to enhance weather data utilization and promote wider applications in agriculture and other sectors.
    • Air Quality Monitoring: Make in India initiatives facilitate the production of low-cost, reliable sensor-based air quality monitoring systems, aiding in quick installations, particularly in urban areas.

    Addressing Air Pollution Challenges

    • Fog and Air Pollution: Dense fog exacerbates air pollution issues, trapping pollutants and posing health risks. Initiatives to manufacture affordable air quality sensors and establish nationwide networks are underway.
    • Role of AI/ML: Integrated AI/ML-based models leveraging data from new sensors can improve fog prediction and aid in timely decision-making regarding transportation and health impacts.

    Towards a Comprehensive Infrastructure

    • Advancements: India is on track to establish a robust air quality and weather information network.
    • Integration and Collaboration: Seamless data sharing and system integration among stakeholders are crucial for achieving this national infrastructure.
    • Potential Impact: A unified information gateway will play a vital role in addressing climate and environmental challenges.

    Conclusion

    • India’s strides in weather forecasting and air quality monitoring underscore its commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability.
    • With concerted efforts and technological advancements, India is poised to establish a world-class infrastructure crucial for tackling climate-related issues.

  • CSIR-NAL unveils High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)

    haps

    Introduction

    • The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India, recently conducted the inaugural test flight of a solar-powered High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) vehicle, marking a significant stride in indigenous HAPS technology.
    • India now joins a select group of nations, including China, South Korea, and the UK, pioneering the development of HAPS for diverse applications.

    Test Flight Details of India’s HAPS

    • Prototype Description: NAL’s test featured a small-scale HAPS weighing 23 kilograms, boasting a wingspan of 12 meters.
    • Location: Engineers conducted the successful trial at the Challakere testing facilities in Karnataka state, soaring to an altitude of approximately 3 kilometers and sustaining flight for 8.5 hours.
    • Progress: Despite its scaled-down size, the prototype’s performance exceeded expectations, paving the way for future full-scale models.

    HAPS Technology Overview

    • Definition: HAPS represents a class of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate autonomously in the stratosphere.
    • Features: These aircraft incorporate solar cells and batteries, enabling extended flights resembling satellite persistence without the need for costly rocket launches.

    Capabilities and Applications

    • Altitude and Endurance: HAPS can autonomously operate at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers for months or even years, offering persistent aerial monitoring and surveillance capabilities.
    • Strategic Uses: These platforms hold potential for applications such as border surveillance, disaster response, and communication network restoration.

    Future Development Goals

    • Milestone Objectives: NAL aims to achieve continuous flight for 24 hours in upcoming trials, further validating the aircraft’s energy storage and solar recharging capabilities.
    • Operational Deployment: India anticipates deploying refined HAPS technology for practical defense by 2027 purposes, particularly in border monitoring.

    Benefits and Challenges

    • Cost benefits: HAPS operate closer to Earth than satellites and do not require expensive rocket launches for deployment.
    • Flight Duration: Advanced HAPS can remain airborne for months or years with solar cell-powered battery recharging.
    • Advantages: HAPS offer advantages over traditional satellites, including lower deployment costs, modular payloads, and increased flexibility in targeting and redirection.
    • Obstacles: Challenges include navigating minimal stratospheric flight regulations and addressing unpredictable weather conditions at high altitudes.

  • Celebrating Darwin Day: Understanding Evolution

    Darwin

    Introduction  

    • February 12 is celebrated globally as Darwin Day to honor the birth of naturalist Charles Darwin and his contributions to evolutionary theory.
    • Darwin’s seminal work, ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,’ published in 1859, revolutionized our understanding of evolution.

    Who was Charles Darwin (1809–1882)?

    Description
    Early Life Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
    Education Studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh but later shifted focus to natural history at the University of Cambridge
    Famous Work “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” published in 1859, outlining his theory of evolution by natural selection
    Scientific Contributions
    • Theory of evolution by natural selection
    • Extensive studies on the Galápagos Islands
    • Contributions to the fields of geology, botany, and zoology, research on barnacles
    Research Expeditions Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831-1836), a significant expedition during which Darwin collected specimens and made observations that influenced his theories
    Death April 19, 1882, at Down House, Downe, Kent, England
    Legacy Considered one of the most influential figures in scientific history, his work laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology

    Evolutionary Insights

    • Contributions of Darwin and Wallace: Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, sparking a paradigm shift in biology.
    • Scientific Advancements: Darwin Day serves as an occasion to highlight recent scientific advancements in evolutionary biology and promote public engagement with science.
    • Impact on Modern Biology: Darwin’s ideas continue to shape modern biology, providing a framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.

    Key Propositions by Darwin

    [A] Understanding Genetic Variations

    • Role in Adaptation: Genetic diversity within populations facilitates adaptation to changing environments, as observed in the process of natural selection.
    • Example: Genetic variants conferring heat tolerance in a population become advantageous in warmer climates, leading to their increased prevalence through natural selection.
    • Mechanisms of Variation: Mutation, recombination, and gene flow contribute to the generation and maintenance of genetic diversity within populations.

    [B] Mechanisms of Evolution

    • Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection explains how advantageous traits become more common in populations over successive generations.
    • Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, can lead to significant changes in small populations.
    • Gene Flow: Migration and gene flow between populations can introduce new genetic variations and prevent genetic divergence.

    Universal Principles of Evolution

    • Biodiversity and Evolution: Evolutionary processes have shaped the rich biodiversity observed on Earth, spanning billions of years.
    • Conservation Implications: Understanding evolution informs conservation efforts aimed at preserving species and ecosystems.
    • Ecological Interactions: Evolutionary dynamics influence ecological interactions, including predator-prey relationships, competition, and mutualism.

    Human Evolution and Genetic Diversity

    • Human Origins: Humans share a common ancestry with other great apes and have undergone genetic divergence over millennia.
    • Genetic Variation: Every individual carries unique genetic variations, contributing to the diversity within human populations.
    • Cultural Evolution: Human societies have evolved culturally and genetically, contributing to the global pool of knowledge and skills.

    Promoting Equality and Diversity

    • Inclusive Society: Recognizing genetic diversity underscores the importance of equality and inclusion across all aspects of society.
    • Cultural Diversity: Embracing cultural diversity enriches human experience and promotes mutual understanding and cooperation.
    • Addressing Biases: Understanding the genetic basis of traits can help address biases and stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, and identity.

    Challenges and Conservation

    • Habitat Degradation: Human activities pose threats to biodiversity, necessitating conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity.
    • Climate Change: Rapid environmental changes, such as climate change, can impact the adaptive potential of species, highlighting the importance of evolutionary resilience.
    • Community Engagement: Collaborative conservation efforts involving local communities and stakeholders are essential for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

    Conclusion

    • Continued Learning: Advancements in evolutionary biology deepen our understanding of life’s complexities and guide efforts towards a sustainable future.
    • Celebrating Diversity: Embracing genetic, cultural, and ecological diversity enriches human experience and promotes harmony in a rapidly changing world.

  • M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna

    Bharat Ratna

    Introduction

    • The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
    • This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.

    About the Bharat Ratna Laureates

    [1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
    • Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
    • Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
    Career Highlights
    • Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
    • Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
    • Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
    • Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
    Green Revolution Contributions
    • Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
    • Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
    Challenges and Advocacy Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns.
    Legacy and Recognition
    • Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
    • Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
    • Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.

     

    [2] PV Narasimha Rao

    Details
    Early Life
    • Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
    • Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
    Education
    • Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
    • Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
    Political Career
    • Started in the Indian National Congress.
    • Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
    • Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
    Economic Reforms (1991)
    • Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
    • Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
    Foreign Policy
    • Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
    • Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
    South Asian Diplomacy
    • Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
    • Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
    Political Legacy
    • Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
    • Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
    • Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.

     

    [3] Choudhary Charan Singh

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
    • Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
    Political Career
    • Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
    • Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
    • Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
    • Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
    • Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
    • Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
    Legacy
    • Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
    • Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
    • His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
    • Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.

     

    Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna

    Details
    Nature
    • Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
    History and Evolution
    • Instituted in 1954.
    • Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
    • Criteria expanded in December 2011.
    First Recipients C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954.
    Key Aspects
    • Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
    • Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
    • Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
    • Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
    • Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
    • No monetary grant accompanies the award.
    Article Reference
    • Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
    • Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.

  • Is Polygamy more prevalent among Muslims?

    Introduction

    Polygamy in India

    • In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
    • Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.

    Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community

    • Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
    • Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
    • Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.

    polygamy

    Limitations in Data Assessment

    • Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
    1. Christians (2.1%)
    2. Muslims (1.9%) and
    3. Hindus (1.3%)
    • IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.

    Insights from Census and NFHS Data

    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.

    Laws in India banning Polygamy

    • Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
    • Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.

    Judicial Precedents against Polygamy

    • Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
    • State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
    • Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.

    Why it should be banned?

    • Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
    • Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
    • Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
    • Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
    • Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
    • Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
    • Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.

    Conclusion

    • Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
    • Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
    • Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”3ncznt3mwb” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • Supreme Court’s Inquiry into Amending the Preamble

    preamble

    Introduction

    • A public interest litigation filed by former Rajya Sabha MP Dr. Subramanian Swamy seeks to delete the words “Socialist” & “Secular” from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.
    • The case questions the validity of the insertion of these words via the 42nd Constitution Amendment of 1976 during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure.
    • It argues that the amendment was beyond the amending power of the Parliament under Article 368.

    Why discuss Preamble?

    • Original Draft: The Preamble was adopted on November 26, 1949, by the Constituent Assembly of India, setting out the Constitution’s guiding purpose and principles.
    • 1976 Amendment: The 42nd Constitution Amendment introduced the words “Socialist” and “Secular” to the Preamble, altering its initial declaration.
    • Legal Implications: The insertion faces scrutiny over its legality and alignment with the Constitution’s foundational principles.

    Amending the Preamble

    • Judicial Inquiry: During the hearing, Justice Datta remarked on the amendability of the Preamble. He pondered if the Preamble could have been amended earlier (by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976) to include the words Socialist and Secular while retaining the date of adoption (November 29, 1949).
    • Discussion on Academic Grounds: The judge prompted counsels to consider, academically, the feasibility of amending the Preamble while preserving its original adoption date.
    • Historical Context: Justice Datta noted that the Preamble, unique with its specified adoption date, underwent changes, but the inclusion of “Socialist” and “Secular” was a notable amendment.
    • Legal Challenge: The petition challenges the constitutionality of the insertion, arguing that it contradicts the Constitution’s original intent and undermines the citizens’ right to choose their political ideologies.
    • Kesavananda Bharti Precedent: The inquiry draws upon the landmark Kesavananda Bharti case (1973) where the Supreme Court held that the Preamble was an integral part of the Constitution and subject to amendment, provided it didn’t violate the Constitution’s basic structure.

    Addition of “Socialist” and “Secular”

    • The 42nd Amendment: During the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1976, the terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
    • Indira Gandhi’s Agenda: Indira Gandhi’s government aimed to emphasize a socialist and pro-poor image, aligning with slogans such as “garibi hatao” (Eradicate poverty). The addition of “socialist” highlighted socialism as a fundamental goal of the Indian state.
    • Distinctive Indian Socialism: The Indian version of socialism did not endorse complete nationalization but emphasized selective nationalization of essential sectors.

    Understanding “Secular”

    • Religious Diversity: India is home to diverse religious beliefs and practices. The term “secular” was added to the Preamble to promote unity and fraternity among people of various faiths.
    • State Neutrality: Secularism in the Indian context implies that the state maintains neutrality and impartiality towards all religions. It does not favor any particular religion as a “state religion.”
    • Secularism as Law: Articles 25-28 of the Constitution secure the secular nature of the Indian state.
    • Inherent in the Constitution: The philosophy of secularism was inherent in the Constitution even before the 42nd Amendment.

    Debates Surrounding “Socialist” and “Secular”

    • Consensus on Secularism: The concept of secularism was already part of the Constitution’s philosophy. The insertion of the word “secular” in the Preamble simply made explicit what was implicit in various provisions.
    • Constituent Assembly Discussions: The Constituent Assembly debated including these words in the Preamble but decided against it.
    • Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Perspective: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar argued that issues related to the state’s policy, organization, and economic aspects should be determined by the people, not dictated by the Constitution itself.
    • Ongoing Debates: Over the years, there have been petitions and discussions regarding the removal of “socialist” and “secular” from the Preamble. Some argue that these terms were added arbitrarily during the Emergency.

    Conclusion

    • The Supreme Court’s inquiry into the amendment of the Preamble reflects a critical examination of constitutional principles.
    • The case raises fundamental questions about the scope of parliamentary amending power and the preservation of constitutional integrity.
    • The outcome of this legal challenge will have significant implications for the interpretation of the Constitution’s core values and the balance of power between Parliament and the judiciary.

  • 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)

    Indian Ocean Conference

    Introduction

    • The 7th Edition of Indian Ocean Conference (IOC) is being held in Perth, Australia.

    About Indian Ocean Conference (IOC)

    • IOC started in 2016, serving as the premier consultative forum for countries in the Indian Ocean region on regional affairs.
    • The first edition of the Conference was held in Singapore in 2016.
    • It is organised by India Foundation in partnership with other organizations in the region.
    • It aims to bring together critical states and maritime partners to discuss regional cooperation under the concept of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).

    What is SAGAR?

    • SAGAR stands for ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ and was initiated by PM Narendra Modi in 2015 at Mauritius.
    • It aims to leverage the blue economy and maintain strategic partnerships with littoral states in Asia and Africa.
    • It seeks to provide leadership in capacity building and capability enhancement programs transparently, aligning with other maritime initiatives like Act East Policy, Project Mausam, and Blue Economy.

    Key Statements by Dignitaries this Year

    • Challenges to International Rule of Law: EAM S. Jaishankar highlighted challenges to international rule of law from the Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific, implicitly targeting China’s actions.
    • Call for Conflict Reduction: Australian Foreign Minister emphasized the necessity of reducing conflict in the region amid growing tensions.
    • Veiled References to China’s Actions: Jaishankar made indirect references to China’s troop buildup at the Line of Actual Control and actions in the South China Sea, stressing the importance of adhering to internationally negotiated regimes.