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GS Paper: GS1

  • #AccessibleIndia: Can Mughal History Inspire Modern Inclusion?

    Accessible Tours of Agra and Fatehpur Sikri for Differently Abled Travelers | Alphonso Stories

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the importance of accessibility and inclusion for individuals with disabilities in public spaces, using personal experiences and examples from Fatehpur Sikri, a 16th-century monument, to underscore the need for adherence to international standards and the implementation of inclusive practices across India. It emphasizes the urgent need for prioritizing accessibility in the built environment, including ramps and other accommodations, to enable full participation and empowerment of all citizens, regardless of their physical limitations.

    Key Highlights:

    • Personal experiences at Fatehpur Sikri illustrate the significance of proper accessibility measures.
    • Lack of adherence to international standards poses challenges for individuals with disabilities in navigating public spaces.
    • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) is mentioned as a framework for promoting accessibility, but implementation lags.
    • Inclusive design is essential for ensuring equal access to public buildings, transport, and information technology.
    • The absence of accurate disability data in India raises questions about the extent of inclusivity and the need for targeted policies.

    Key Challenges:

    • Inconsistent adherence to international accessibility standards in public spaces.
    • Limited implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) despite its enactment.
    • Lack of accurate disability data hampers effective policy formulation and planning.
    • Heterogeneity of disabilities poses challenges in designing inclusive solutions.
    • Socioeconomic disparities contribute to unequal access to accessible infrastructure and support services.

    Main Terms:

    • Accessibility
    • Inclusion
    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD)
    • Universal design
    • Public accommodations
    • Built environment
    • International standards
    • Heterogeneity of disabilities
    • Socioeconomic disparities
    • Inclusive practice

    Accessible India Campaign| National Portal of India

    Important Phrases:

    • “International standard for a ramp slope”
    • “Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD)”
    • “Universal design”
    • “Built environment”
    • “Socio-economic background”
    • “Accurate disability data”
    • “Inclusive environment”
    • “Heterogeneity of disability”
    • “Accessibility of public accommodations and roads”
    • “Participation in civic and socio-economic life”

    Quotes:

    • “If a city built in 1569 AD can be made nearly 95 per cent wheelchair accessible, so can all public accommodations and roads.”
    • “Only by accomplishing this can we realise the full potential of our citizenry, empowering them to actively contribute their professional expertise and diverse skills for the optimal development of the country.”
    • “It is evident that our country has miles to go before genuine inclusivity can be celebrated.”
    • “The absence of ramps is just one example of why the disabled citizenry often finds it challenging to fully participate in civic and socio-economic life, potentially resulting in diminished self-esteem.”
    • “Every Indian deserves the freedom to experience our country’s rich history and heritage along with the rights accorded to all citizens.”

    Anecdotes:

    • The personal experience of the author’s brother tipping over in a wheelchair due to a steep ramp highlights the dangers posed by inadequate accessibility measures.
    • The contrast between the accessible ramps at Fatehpur Sikri and the inaccessible environments encountered in daily life underscores the importance of universal design in public spaces.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Implementing proper accessibility measures is a cost-effective investment in enhancing accessibility for individuals with physical limitations.”
    • “Inclusive design is essential for ensuring equal access to public buildings, transport, and information technology.”
    • “In pursuing true accessibility, involving multiple end-users in the design process is crucial for determining its success.”

    Examples and References:

    • Fatehpur Sikri as an example of successful accessibility implementation.
    • Comparison between international standards and the actual accessibility of public spaces in India.
    • Mention of UN-Habitat’s definition of an inclusive environment.
    • Reference to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) as a framework for promoting accessibility.
    • World Health Organization’s data on global disability prevalence versus India’s reported disability rates.

    Facts and Data:

    • Fatehpur Sikri is mentioned as being nearly 95% wheelchair accessible.
    • The World Health Organization estimates that 16% of the global population experiences significant disabilities.
    • India’s last Census in 2011 reported only 2.2% of the population as having disabilities.

    Critical Analysis: The article effectively combines personal anecdotes with broader observations to highlight the challenges and importance of accessibility and inclusion in India. It critiques the lack of adherence to international standards and the limited implementation of legislative frameworks, emphasizing the need for concrete action to address these issues. However, it also acknowledges the complexities involved, such as the heterogeneity of disabilities and socioeconomic disparities, which require nuanced approaches to ensure meaningful inclusivity.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize accessibility and inclusion as national priorities, possibly under a dedicated “mission.”
    • Ensure consistent adherence to international standards in the design and construction of public spaces.
    • Improve implementation of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) and enhance data collection on disability prevalence.
    • Promote inclusive design practices and involve end-users in the planning and development of accessible infrastructure.
    • Raise awareness and advocate for the rights of individuals with disabilities to foster a more inclusive society.
  • In news: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s Tomb

    In news: Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s Tomb

    Introduction

    • A digital twin of the Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah’s tomb was unveiled by a reality technology company, Hexagon in Hyderabad.

    Who was Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah?

    • Parentage: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was born on April 4, 1565, as the third son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali and his Hindu mother Bhagirathi.
    • Literary Talent: He was not only an able administrator but also a skilled poet who composed verses in Persian, Telugu, and Urdu.

    Contemporaries of Quli Qutb Shah

     

    • Akbar (1556–1605): Mughal Emperor known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms.
    • Rani Durgavati (1550–1564): Queen of the Gondwana Kingdom in central India, renowned for her bravery in resisting Mughal expansion.
    • Maharana Pratap (1572–1597): Rajput ruler of Mewar, famous for his defiance against Mughal Emperor Akbar and his valor in battles.
    • Chand Bibi (1550–1599): Regent of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in Deccan, known for her role in defending Ahmadnagar against Mughal forces.
    • Guru Ram Das (1574–1581): Fourth Sikh Guru who established the city of Amritsar and contributed significantly to Sikhism’s growth.
    • Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545): Founder of the Sur Empire in North India, celebrated for his administrative reforms and construction of the Grand Trunk Road.

    Key Accomplishments

    [A] Reign and Accomplishments

    • Ascension to the Throne: Muhammad Quli succeeded his father in 1580 at the age of 15 and ruled for 31 years.
    • Military Campaigns: Despite facing rebellions, he effectively led troops and quelled disturbances, ensuring stability in his realm.

    [B] Foundation of Hyderabad

    • Urban Planning: Concerned about overcrowding in Golkonda, Muhammad Quli initiated the construction of Hyderabad in 1591.
    • Land Selection: While folklore suggests a romanticized version of land selection, Muhammad Quli’s vision for Hyderabad’s development aimed at relieving congestion and promoting growth.

    [C] Architectural Marvels and City Planning

    • Charminar: As the architectural centrepiece, Charminar was built under Muhammad Quli’s patronage, symbolizing the city’s grandeur.
    • City Layout: Hyderabad was meticulously planned with a gridiron layout, featuring significant landmarks like Darulshafa, Mecca Masjid, and Badshahi Ashurkhana.

    [D] Support for Arts and Literature

    • Calligraphic Art: Under Muhammad Quli’s rule, calligraphy flourished, with various scripts adorning buildings such as the Mecca Masjid.
    • Literary Contributions: Muhammad Quli’s poetic works in Urdu and Dakhni languages reflected his diverse interests and cultural appreciation.
    • Taraqqi: He was a poet himself and composed poetry in Persian and Telugu under the pen name “Taraqqi”.

    [E] Medical and Literary Contributions

    • Intellectual Hub: Hyderabad became a centre for medical and literary pursuits, with scholars producing notable works during Muhammad Quli’s reign.
    • Preservation of Culture: Muhammad Quli’s literary legacy, including his Diwan, is preserved in institutions like the Salar Jung Museum, showcasing his contribution to cultural heritage.

    Legacy and Influence

    • Cultural Integration: Muhammad Quli’s reign represents a period of cultural fusion, blending Hindu and Islamic traditions in the Deccan region.
    • Symbol of Unity: His efforts to promote harmony and coexistence endure as a testament to the inclusive ethos of his administration.

  • A global alliance to bridge the gender equity gap

    India scripts breakthrough at Davos on global gender equality; Minister Irani stitches mega alliance

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights India’s commitment to gender equity and equality, emphasizing initiatives taken by both the government and industry to advance women’s empowerment. It discusses key achievements, challenges, and the launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ to drive inclusive development globally.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s dedication to equality and inclusion as pillars of development, evidenced by initiatives like the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and the Women’s Reservation Bill.
    • Increase in female participation in various sectors, including politics, education, and entrepreneurship.
    • Launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ at the World Economic Forum, aiming to accelerate socio-economic progress on a global scale.
    • India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech, healthcare, and entrepreneurship, reflected in the Alliance’s goals.
    • The Alliance’s partnership with stakeholders like the CII, Ministry of Women and Child Development, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, along with support from the World Economic Forum.

    Key Challenges:

    • Addressing persistent gender disparities in various sectors despite progress.
    • Ensuring effective implementation of policies and initiatives to promote gender equity.
    • Overcoming societal and cultural barriers that hinder women’s advancement.
    • Mobilizing resources and sustaining momentum for inclusive development efforts.
    • Encouraging broader global participation and collaboration to drive meaningful change.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender equity: Fair treatment and opportunities for all genders.
    • Gender equality: Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders.
    • Women’s empowerment: Enhancing women’s ability to access resources and participate fully in society.
    • Inclusive development: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, including marginalized groups.
    • Stakeholders: Individuals or organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue or initiative.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Women-led development”: Development initiatives driven by and focused on women’s empowerment.
    • “Mainstreaming gender equality”: Integrating gender considerations into all aspects of policymaking and development efforts.
    • “Shared direction”: Collaborative approach towards addressing gender-related challenges and promoting inclusion.
    • “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”: Indian philosophy emphasizing the interconnectedness of all beings and the world.
    • “Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas”: Indian motto promoting inclusive development for all.

    Quotes:

    • “Equality and inclusion are the cornerstones of India’s development journey.”
    • “The enthusiasm around the We-Lead Lounge… saw global interest and curiosity.”
    • “India’s abiding commitment to ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future’.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Success stories in space exploration, sports, entrepreneurship, and UN peacekeeping operations highlight India’s achievements and influence.
    • The We-Lead Lounge at Davos served as a platform for meaningful discussions on inclusive development.

    Useful Statements:

    • “The Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality aims to drive collective actions to augment women empowerment.”
    • “India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech and healthcare makes it a key contributor to global development efforts.”
    • “Industry has an opportunity to invest in proven programs and initiatives to advance gender inclusion in the workspace.”

    Examples and References:

    • Passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill and increased female labor force participation rates.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.
    • India’s digital prowess and leadership in healthcare, highlighted through initiatives like the Alliance for Global Good.

    Facts and Data:

    • Increase in India’s female labor force participation rate from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23.
    • Allocation of nearly $27 billion under the gender budget in 2023-24.
    • Female enrollment in STEM courses at 43%.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article showcases India’s progress in promoting gender equity but also acknowledges ongoing challenges.
    • It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government, industry, and other stakeholders to drive meaningful change.
    • While highlighting achievements, it also recognizes the need for sustained efforts to address persistent gender disparities.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity and inclusion.
    • Continued investment in programs and initiatives to support women’s empowerment across various sectors.
    • Enhancing global collaboration and partnerships to drive inclusive development efforts.
    • Addressing societal and cultural barriers through awareness campaigns and education.
    • Monitoring and evaluation of progress to ensure accountability and sustainability in gender-related initiatives.

  • Launched on International Day For Girls and Women in Science, will SWATI break old habits?

    Govt launches online portal on women in science and technology

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the efforts of Indian science academies to address the gender gap in STEM fields, focusing on initiatives such as the launch of the SWATI portal. It highlights the evolution of these efforts, challenges faced, and the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Key Highlights:

    • Launch of SWATI portal by Indian science academies to create a database of women in science.
    • Evolution of initiatives starting from the INSA report in 2004, highlighting discrimination and proposing solutions.
    • Efforts like Lilavati’s Daughters compendium and national conferences to address gender gap issues.
    • Gendered perceptions uncovered by sociologists and scientists regarding women leaving academia.
    • Critique of initiatives focusing solely on “fixing” women instead of addressing systemic issues.
    • Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopting more progressive language and inclusive approaches.
    • Concerns about the effectiveness and sustainability of new initiatives like SWATI.

    Key Challenges:

    • Deep-rooted discrimination based on gender, caste, transgender identity, and disability.
    • Lack of accountability for addressing systemic issues within the scientific community.
    • Need for rules and laws to ensure gender equity and address unique challenges faced by marginalized groups.
    • Risk of new initiatives losing momentum and failing to deliver on promises.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender gap: Disparity between men and women in STEM fields.
    • Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on gender, caste, or other factors.
    • Gender equity: Fair treatment regardless of gender.
    • Inclusive policies: Strategies that consider diverse identities and experiences.
    • STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Gender gap in STEM”
    • “Discrimination in the workplace”
    • “Systemic issues”
    • “Inclusive group”
    • “Gendered perceptions”

    SWATI' Portal- Empowering women in STEMM |ForumIAS

    Quotes:

    • “It is the females who need to be ‘fixed.’”
    • “Equity is not just a women’s issue.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Launch of SWATI portal on International Day for Girls and Women in Science.
    • Announcement of promises by then Science and Technology Minister Kapil Sibal at a national conference in 2008.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Initiatives focusing solely on ‘fixing’ women overlook systemic issues.”
    • “Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopt more progressive language.”

    Examples and References:

    • Indian National Science Academy (INSA) report in 2004.
    • Lilavati’s Daughters compendium by the Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc).
    • Launch of SWATI portal in 2024.

    Facts and Data:

    • Collaboration between scientists and social scientists in the INSA report in 2004.
    • Survey of about 800 scientists revealing gendered perceptions in academia.
    • Announcement of promises for women scientists by Kapil Sibal in 2008.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a comprehensive overview of efforts to address the gender gap in Indian STEM fields, highlighting both progress made and persistent challenges. It critiques initiatives that focus solely on individual women without addressing systemic issues and emphasizes the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Way Forward:

    • Implement and monitor policies that address discrimination and promote gender equity.
    • Engage diverse stakeholders, including marginalized groups, in policy development and implementation.
    • Ensure transparency and accountability in initiatives like SWATI to maintain momentum and effectiveness.
    • Foster a culture of inclusivity and support within the scientific community to retain and empower women in STEM.
  • India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    India set to transition to Hyperlocal Extreme Weather Forecasting

    Introduction

    • Weather forecasting is vital for disaster management and decision-making in India, where extreme weather events like rain, cyclones, heatwaves, and droughts pose significant challenges.
    • The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) specializes in predicting weather patterns using sophisticated observation, modelling, and interpretation techniques.

    About the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

    Details
    About
    • National Meteorological Service of India;
    • Principal government agency for meteorology and allied subjects
    Ministry Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India
    Objectives
    1. Provide meteorological observations and forecasts
    2. Warn against severe weather phenomena
    3. Provide meteorological statistics
    4. Conduct and promote research in meteorology
    Evolution
    • Established in 1875 after devastating cyclones;
    • Started with just one individual
    Advancements
    • Significant progress in understanding monsoons;
    • Enhanced cyclone forecasting post-1999 Odisha super cyclone
    Diversified Roles
    • Expanded services beyond weather forecasting;
    • Provides specialized services for various sectors
    Global Recognition
    • Recognized as Regional Climate Centre for South Asia;
    • Contributes to UN’s ‘Early Warning for All’ programme
    Major Initiatives
    1. National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
    2. Mausam App
    3. Doppler Weather Radars

    Challenges in Weather Forecasting

    • Variability in Tropical Regions: Tropical countries like India face inherently higher weather variability.
    • Hurdles: Despite advancements, IMD forecasts still encounter inaccuracies, particularly during winter and summer monsoons.
    • Insufficient Ground Stations: The limited number of ground stations hinders accurate monitoring, with only around 800 automatic weather stations (AWS) and 37 doppler weather radars (DWR) against the required thousands.

    Transition to Modern Technologies

    • Prediction Software: Current forecasting software relies on global forecasting and weather research models, which are not the most modern.
    • Emerging Technologies: Start-ups are adopting artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for predictions, necessitating an integrated data system to fill existing gaps.

    Initiatives for Improvement

    • WINDS Program: The Weather Information Network and Data System (WINDS) aim to install over 200,000 ground stations (AWS and ARG) to enhance weather data utilization and promote wider applications in agriculture and other sectors.
    • Air Quality Monitoring: Make in India initiatives facilitate the production of low-cost, reliable sensor-based air quality monitoring systems, aiding in quick installations, particularly in urban areas.

    Addressing Air Pollution Challenges

    • Fog and Air Pollution: Dense fog exacerbates air pollution issues, trapping pollutants and posing health risks. Initiatives to manufacture affordable air quality sensors and establish nationwide networks are underway.
    • Role of AI/ML: Integrated AI/ML-based models leveraging data from new sensors can improve fog prediction and aid in timely decision-making regarding transportation and health impacts.

    Towards a Comprehensive Infrastructure

    • Advancements: India is on track to establish a robust air quality and weather information network.
    • Integration and Collaboration: Seamless data sharing and system integration among stakeholders are crucial for achieving this national infrastructure.
    • Potential Impact: A unified information gateway will play a vital role in addressing climate and environmental challenges.

    Conclusion

    • India’s strides in weather forecasting and air quality monitoring underscore its commitment to enhancing disaster preparedness and environmental sustainability.
    • With concerted efforts and technological advancements, India is poised to establish a world-class infrastructure crucial for tackling climate-related issues.

  • M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna

    Bharat Ratna

    Introduction

    • The Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and Choudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer S. Swaminathan.
    • This will add to the two awardees already announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani.

    About the Bharat Ratna Laureates

    [1] Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency.
    • Pursued higher education in zoology and agricultural science.
    • Passed away on 23rd September, 2023 at the age of 98.
    Career Highlights
    • Conducted research on combating potato crop parasites during a UNESCO fellowship (1949-1954).
    • Earned a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1954.
    • Served as Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979-1982).
    • Appointed as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in 1982.
    Green Revolution Contributions
    • Pioneered high-yielding variety seeds and improved irrigation methods.
    • Collaborated with Dr. Norman Borlaug to develop high-yielding wheat varieties (1965-1970).
    Challenges and Advocacy Advocated for fair Minimum Support Prices for farmers and highlighted ecological concerns.
    Legacy and Recognition
    • Received numerous international accolades and civilian awards from India and other nations.
    • Honored with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972), and Padma Vibhushan (1989) awards in India.
    • Awarded over 80 honorary doctorates from universities worldwide.

     

    [2] PV Narasimha Rao

    Details
    Early Life
    • Born on June 28, 1921, in Karimnagar district, Hyderabad State (now Telangana, India).
    • Passed away on December 23, 2004, in New Delhi.
    Education
    • Bachelor of Arts degree from Osmania University.
    • Higher studies at the University of Bombay and Nagpur University.
    Political Career
    • Started in the Indian National Congress.
    • Served as MLA in undivided Andhra Pradesh.
    • Held ministerial positions, including Minister of External Affairs and Minister of Defence.
    Economic Reforms (1991)
    • Initiated significant economic reforms in response to the 1991 crisis.
    • Reforms included dismantling the License Raj, opening up the economy, and initiating privatization.
    Foreign Policy
    • Strengthened ties with the United States and other major powers.
    • Initiated the “Look East Policy” to enhance engagement with Southeast and East Asia.
    South Asian Diplomacy
    • Handled the situation in Jammu and Kashmir and initiated dialogue with Pakistan.
    • Deployed peacekeeping forces to Sri Lanka as part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).
    Political Legacy
    • Credited with laying the foundation for India’s economic liberalization and globalization.
    • Recognized for pragmatic leadership during a critical period in India’s history.
    • Remembered as a statesman who shaped India’s economic and foreign policies.

     

    [3] Choudhary Charan Singh

    Aspect Details
    Early Life
    • Born on December 23, 1903, in Noorpur village near Hapur, India.
    • Entered politics during the national movement and was elected to the United Provinces Assembly from Chhaprauli in 1937.
    Political Career
    • Advocated for village economy issues and fought against the exploitation of peasants by big landlords.
    • Served as Revenue Minister in UP’s first Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant’s cabinet, instrumental in implementing zamindari abolition and land ceiling laws.
    • Emerged as a popular leader among North Indian farmer communities and Muslims.
    • Became UP’s first non-Congress Chief Minister in 1967, forming a coalition government.
    • Won the 1977 Lok Sabha elections on the Janata Party ticket, became Deputy PM under Morarji Desai’s government.
    • Formed the Janata Party (Secular) in 1979, briefly served as PM with support from Indira Gandhi.
    Legacy
    • Championed the cause of peasants and created a new political class representing farming communities in North India.
    • Influenced the shift of farmer communities from Congress and Jan Sangh to parties specifically representing them.
    • His son, Ajit Singh, formed the Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD), continuing the family’s political legacy.
    • Charan Singh remains hailed as one of India’s tallest Jat leaders.

     

    Back2Basics: Bharat Ratna

    Details
    Nature
    • Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India.
    History and Evolution
    • Instituted in 1954.
    • Originally limited to achievements in arts, literature, science, and public services.
    • Criteria expanded in December 2011.
    First Recipients C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman were the first recipients in 1954.
    Key Aspects
    • Not mandatory to be awarded every year.
    • Can be awarded to non-Indian citizens.
    • Recommendations made by the Prime Minister to the President.
    • Restricted to a maximum of three awards per year.
    • Recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) and a medallion.
    • No monetary grant accompanies the award.
    Article Reference
    • Cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name, but can be indicated in biodata/letterhead/visiting card as “Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President” or “Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award”.
    • Article 18(1) of the Constitution states that the award cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.

  • Is Polygamy more prevalent among Muslims?

    Introduction

    Polygamy in India

    • In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
    • Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.

    Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community

    • Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
    • Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
    • Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.

    polygamy

    Limitations in Data Assessment

    • Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
    1. Christians (2.1%)
    2. Muslims (1.9%) and
    3. Hindus (1.3%)
    • IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.

    Insights from Census and NFHS Data

    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.

    Laws in India banning Polygamy

    • Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
    • Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.

    Judicial Precedents against Polygamy

    • Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
    • State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
    • Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.

    Why it should be banned?

    • Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
    • Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
    • Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
    • Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
    • Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
    • Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
    • Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.

    Conclusion

    • Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
    • Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
    • Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

     

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  • Mandal, Mandir, and now Market

     

    Mandal Commission: An Analysis. The promulgation of the Mandal… | by The Education Growth Summit | TEGS | Medium

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the three pivotal forces that shaped contemporary India – Mandal, Mandir, and Market, which were unleashed between August 1990 and August 1991. It highlights the significance of these forces in defining India’s trajectory and how they continue to influence the country’s politics, economy, and society today. Furthermore, it focuses on the forgotten legacy of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, who played a crucial role in implementing economic reforms and reshaping India’s foreign policy during his tenure from 1991 to 1996. The article underscores the importance of trusting society over the state, the necessity of liberalization for welfare schemes, and the harmony embedded in Indian civilization, as exemplified by Narasimha Rao’s approach.

    Key Highlights:

    • Mandal, Mandir, and Market as defining forces in contemporary India.
    • Significance of the Ram temple movement and the Mandal Commission report.
    • P.V. Narasimha Rao’s pivotal role in liberalizing India’s economy and reorienting its foreign policy.
    • Lessons from Narasimha Rao’s leadership: trusting society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony in Indian civilization.

    Key Challenges:

    • Balancing economic liberalization with social welfare and inclusive growth.
    • Addressing religious and social tensions in a diverse society.
    • Overcoming political opposition and vested interests to implement reforms.

    Main Terms:

    • Mandal: Refers to the implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs.
    • Mandir: Symbolizes the movement for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya.
    • Market: Represents the liberalization of India’s economy, opening it up to globalization and private sector participation.
    • Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian honor.
    • Liberalization: The process of reducing government restrictions and regulations in the economy.
    • Globalization: Integration of economies and societies through international trade, investment, and technology.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Mandal, Mandir, and Market continue to define India.”
    • “Narasimha Rao actively plotted to open India’s economy to the world.”
    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
    • “Harnessing the harmony embedded in Indian civilization.”

    Quotes:

    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “My model is not Margaret Thatcher but Willy Brandt.”
    • “Why are there only Western examples being given where violence — on some pretext or the other — is the basic propensity.”

    Mandal Commission And Its Top 13 Interesting Facts | Background , Criticism, Procedure And Reccomendation, Janata Party | Indira Sawhney Case- 13angle

    Anecdotes:

    • L.K. Advani’s rath yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya symbolized BJP’s alignment with the Ram temple movement.
    • Narasimha Rao’s astute political maneuvering to implement economic reforms despite opposition from within his own party.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Narasimha Rao’s reforms were not confined to economics alone.”
    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”

    Examples and References:

    • Implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs following the Mandal Commission report.
    • L.K. Advani’s rath yatra as a symbol of BJP’s support for the Ram temple movement.
    • Narasimha Rao’s economic reforms leading to increased tax revenue, enabling government spending on welfare schemes.

    Facts and Data:

    • P.V. Narasimha Rao served as Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996.
    • The Ram temple movement gained momentum in the early 1980s.
    • Economic liberalization measures were initiated in mid-1991.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India’s trajectory since the early 1990s, focusing on both political and economic dimensions. It highlights the role of leaders like Narasimha Rao in driving significant reforms despite facing numerous challenges. However, it also acknowledges the shortcomings and failures of political leadership, particularly in handling religious and social tensions. The emphasis on trust in society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony reflects a nuanced understanding of India’s complex socio-political landscape.

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasize continued trust in society over excessive state intervention.
    • Prioritize economic liberalization to enable inclusive growth and welfare schemes.
    • Promote harmony and understanding among diverse religious and cultural communities.
    • Encourage political leadership to learn from past successes and failures to navigate future challenges effectively.

  • Cameroon adopts Nagoya Protocol

    Introduction

    • Cameroon’s recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol marks a significant step towards harnessing its rich biodiversity for sustainable development.

    Cameroon’s Biodiversity Wealth

    • Biodiversity Hotspot: Cameroon hosts approximately 11,000 species, offering immense genetic resources for research and development.
    • Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities possess invaluable traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, contributing to bioprospecting (search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.).
    • Bioprospecting Potential: Bioprospecting projects, such as those focusing on species like Irvingia wombulu, present opportunities for sustainable resource utilization.

    About Nagoya Protocol

    Details
    Purpose Implements access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
    Adoption October 2010
    Entry into Force October 12, 2014
    Legal Status Legally binding global agreement
    Objective Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources
    Membership India is a member
    Benefits
    • Establishes a framework for accessing genetic resources for research
    • Provides certainty for investment in biodiversity-based research
    • Ensures fair sharing of benefits from resource use
    • Recognizes the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
    Scope
    • Genetic resources covered by the CBD
    • Benefits arising from their utilization
    • Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their utilization

     

    Key Facts about Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):

    Description
    Adoption Date Opened for signing in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro
    Objectives Conservation of biological diversity,

    Sustainable use of biological diversity,

    Fair and equitable benefit sharing
    Membership 196 contracting parties
    Scope Covers biodiversity conservation at all levels:

    Ecosystems, Species, and Genetic resources
    Decision-Making Body Conference of the Parties (COP)
    Secretariat Based in Montreal, Canada
    Supporting Agreements
    • Cartagena Protocol (2000) for regulating LMOs movement,
    • Nagoya Protocol (2010) for access and benefit sharing

  • Charting a path for the population committee

    News18 on X: "Take a look at India's demographic dividend #population #india #worldpopulation https://t.co/h2oZM74V1n" / X

    Central Idea:

    The article emphasizes the importance of addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities presented by India’s rapidly changing demographic landscape through strategic policies and investments in health, education, employment, and data infrastructure.

    Key Highlights:

    • Introduction of a high-powered committee to address challenges arising from rapid population growth.
    • Need for interdisciplinary approach involving experts from various fields.
    • Importance of data analysis and monitoring demographic trends.
    • Emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders for effective policy implementation.
    • Highlighting demographic shifts and their implications for economic growth.
    • Focus on maximizing the demographic dividend through investments in human capital.
    • Challenges in healthcare, education, and employment sectors.
    • Importance of evidence-based decision making and data infrastructure.
    • Collaboration with international organizations for best practices and funding opportunities.

    Key Challenges:

    • Limited public spending on healthcare and education.
    • Persistent challenges in nutritional deprivation and access to quality education.
    • Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Lack of accurate and timely demographic data.
    • Need for modernization of data infrastructure and capacity building.
    • Ensuring reliability and accuracy of population data.
    • Bridging the gap between skill development initiatives and industry requirements.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Demographic transition
    • Population committee
    • Interdisciplinary approach
    • Demographic dividend
    • Evidence-based policy
    • Data infrastructure
    • Human capital
    • Skill development
    • Stakeholder collaboration
    • Economic growth

    Case Studies and Best Practices:

    • The successful implementation of the National Rural Health Mission in improving primary healthcare in rural areas.
    • The Mid-Day Meal Scheme ensuring access to nutritious meals for school children, contributing to improved health and educational outcomes.
    • The Aadhaar initiative in India, which has streamlined government services and facilitated targeted interventions in various sectors, including healthcare and education.
    • The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), a skill development initiative aimed at providing industry-relevant training to youth, enhancing their employability.
    • The ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) survey providing valuable insights into the quality of education in rural India and informing policy decisions for improvement.

    Key Quotes and Anecdotes:

    • “India’s demographic landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for the country’s socio-economic development.”
    • “Investments in health, education, and skill development are crucial to realizing India’s demographic dividend.”
    • “Collaboration with international organizations can provide access to global best practices and technical expertise.”

    Key Statements and Examples:

    • India’s population committee aims to formulate policies addressing challenges like family planning and socio-economic development.
    • The demographic dividend offers an opportunity for accelerated economic growth but requires investments in human capital.
    • Limited public spending on healthcare and education underscores the need for policy prioritization in these sectors.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • India’s population is projected to reach 1.46 billion by 2030.
    • Public spending on health has remained around 1% of GDP.
    • Nearly 47% of Indian youth may lack necessary education and skills for employment by 2030.
    • Over 250 million children were forced out of school due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article effectively highlights the interconnectedness of demographic factors with economic and social development.
    • It underscores the importance of evidence-based policymaking and the challenges in data availability and reliability.
    • The emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations reflects a comprehensive approach to addressing demographic challenges.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize investments in health, education, and skill development.
    • Modernize data infrastructure and improve data collection methodologies.
    • Strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations.
    • Implement policies that promote transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.
    • Focus on bridging the gap between existing initiatives and industry requirements to enhance employment opportunities.