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  • What is the International Court of Justice?

    Ukraine has filed an application before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), instituting proceedings against the Russian Federation for committing Genocide.

    International Court of Justice

    • The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
    • It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
    • The court is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was brought into being through, and by, the League of Nations.
    • It held its inaugural sitting at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 1922.

    Its establishment

    • After World War II, the League of Nations and PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ respectively.
    • The PCIJ was formally dissolved in April 1946, and its last president, Judge José Gustavo Guerrero of El Salvador, became the first president of the ICJ.
    • The first case, which was brought by the UK against Albania over concerning incidents in the Corfu channel — the narrow strait of the Ionian Sea between the Greek island of Corfu and Albania.

    Seat and role

    • Like the PCIJ, the ICJ is based at the Peace Palace in The Hague.
    • It is the only one of the six principal organs of the UN that is not located in New York City.
    • The other five organs are:
    1. General Assembly
    2. Security Council
    3. Economic and Social Council
    4. Trusteeship Council
    5. Secretariat
    • The court as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
    • The judges of the court are assisted by a Registry, the administrative organ of the ICJ. English and French are the ICJ’s official languages.

    Jurisdiction of ICJ

    • All members of the UN are automatically parties to the ICJ statute, but this does not automatically give the ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
    • The ICJ gets jurisdiction only if both parties consent to it.
    • The judgment of the ICJ is final and technically binding on the parties to a case.
    • There is no provision of appeal; it can at the most, be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision.
    • However, the ICJ has no way to ensure compliance of its orders, and its authority is derived from the willingness of countries to abide by them.

    Judges of the court

    • The ICJ has 15 judges who are elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council, which vote simultaneously but separately.
    • To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes in both bodies, a requirement that sometimes necessitates multiple rounds of voting.
    • Elections are held at the UNHQ in New York during the annual UNGA meeting.
    • A third of the court is elected every three years.
    • The judges elected at the triennial election commence their term of office on February 6 of the following year.
    • The president and vice-president of the court are elected for three-year terms by secret ballot. Judges are eligible for re-election.

    India in ICJ

    • Four Indians have been members of the ICJ so far.
    • Justice Dalveer Bhandari, former judge of the Supreme Court, has been serving at the ICJ since 2012.
    • Former Chief Justice of India R S Pathak served from 1989-91, and former Chief Election Commissioner of India Nagendra Singh from 1973-88.
    • Singh was also president of the court from 1985-88, and vice-president from 1976-79.
    • Before him, Sir Benegal Rau, who was an advisor to the Constituent Assembly, was a member of the ICJ from 1952-53.

    Indian cases at the ICJ

    • India has been a party to a case at the ICJ on six occasions, four of which have involved Pakistan.
    • They are:
    1. Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India, culminated 1960);
    2. Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan, culminated 1972);
    3. Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India, culminated 1973);
    4. Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India, culminated 2000);
    5. Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India, culminated 2016); and
    6. (Kulbhushan) Jadhav (India v. Pakistan, culminated 2019).

    Back2Basics:

    BASIS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
    Relationship with the United Nations Independent; UN Security Council may refer matters to it Primary judicial branch of the UN.
    Members 105 members 193 members (all members of the United Nations).
    Derives authority from The Rome Statute Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
    Scope of work Criminal matters – investigating and prosecuting crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes Civil matters- settling legal disputes between the member-states and giving advisory opinions on international legal issues
    Jurisdiction Only the member nations of the ICC, which means around 105 countries. Can try individuals. All the member nations of the UN, which means 193 countries. Cannot try individuals and other private entities.
    Composition 1 prosecutor and 18 judges, who are elected for a 9-year term each by the member-states which make up the Assembly of State Parties with all being from different nations 15 judges who are elected for a 9-year term each and are all from different nations.
    Funding Funded by state parties to the Rome Statute and voluntary contributions from the United Nations, governments, individual corporations, etc. Funded by the UN.

     

     

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  • [Burning Issue] India and Latin America Relations

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    Context

    Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the islands of the Caribbean whose inhabitants speak a Romance language such as Spanish, Portuguese, and French.

    History of Indo-Latin American Ties

    • India’s ties with certain Latin American nations are longstanding and Mexico was the first Latin American country to recognize India after its independence in 1947.
    • When Fidel Castro ousted the Batista regime in Cuba in 1959, India was one of the first countries to recognize the new government, set-up an embassy in Havana and establish diplomatic relations.
    • However, relations between India and Latin America did not gather momentum throughout most of India’s post-independence history.
    • India and Latin American nations were both colonies of European powers. After achieving independence, both adopted socialist policies, which did little to enhance relations.
    • Many Latin America and the Carribbean (LAC) countries joined the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
    • India also supported LAC countries against United States (US) interventions in the United Nations (UN) and other multilateral gatherings, but this did not address the deficit in relationship.

    Why does Latin America Matter?

    • Energy demand is rising: In a view of India’s growing demand for energy and its interest in seeking overseas investments, Latin America attracts New Delhi’s interest. After all, the region is rich in extractive resources.
    • Important markets: Given that three G20 economies, i.e. Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina are in Latin America, Indian businesses are keen to tap its expansive market.
      • During the last two decades, India’s trade with Latin American countries has grown substantially and its investments are diversified in sectors such as Information Technology (IT) and manufacturing.
      • Moreover, the region has emerged as an important market for the Indian pharmaceutical and automobile industries.
    • China’s emergence in the region: Analysts within India’s strategic community are of the view that China is fast emerging as Latin America’s economic and strategic partner, and that India must begin expanding its own footprint in the region.
    • India’s Soft Power is making difference: To its advantage, India’s status as a rising power, its economic growth, as well as its soft power in the form of its cultural and civilizational practices such as yoga have gained traction in Latin America.

    Why Indo-Latin American Ties did not grow?

    • Relations between India and Latin America did not gather momentum owing mainly to the geographical distance between the two regions, and differing domestic and international priorities.
    • Thousands of miles away, Latin America played a small role in New Delhi’s strategic and geopolitical considerations.
    • There has also been a lack of cultural, linguistic and diaspora connections between the two regions in the past.

    Current Trade Relations with the LAC Region

    • Following liberalisation of the Indian economy, Latin American governments and their private sectors saw opportunities in India’s growing market.
    • Indian industries also discovered that some, middle-income countries of Latin America offered better markets than those of North America and Western Europe.
    • Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, and Panama are currently India’s top ten trading partners in the LAC.
    • There has been an upward swing in the relations between India and Mexico after Prime Minister’s visit to Mexico in June 2016, when both countries decided to upgrade bilateral relations to the level of ‘strategic partnership’.
    • India is currently Mexico’s ninth most important global trading partner, after the US, India is Mexico’s largest supplier of automobiles.
    • Brazil has historically been the cornerstone of India’s relations with Latin America, but recently there is a dip in bilateral trade.
    • However, India has invested billions of dollars in Brazil’s hydrocarbon reserves and crude imports.

    Significance of Indo-Latin American Ties

    • India also exports a billion dollars’ worth of generic medicines to Latin America, which has helped these countries reduce the cost of healthcare.
    • The entry of Indian generic pharmaceuticals in Latin America over the last two decades has also put pressure on local and multinational companies to reduce their prices.
    • Latin American firms have invested about a billion dollars in India in areas such as soft drinks, multiplexes, theme parks, and auto parts.
    • Latin American software firms have also established development and delivery centres in India, employing over a thousand Indian software engineers
    • Latin America has also emerged as a key contributor to India’s energy security.
      • India now imports 20% of its crude oil from Brazil, Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela
      • In 2012, India overtook China as the largest Asian buyer of Venezuelan oil.
    • India also constitutes one of the largest suppliers of IT services to Latin America
      • Over 35,000 Latin Americans are employed in Indian IT companies operating in the region
      • New Delhi is also actively promoting official policies intended to further expand Indian IT services in Latin America.

    Countering Chinese Expansion in the Region

    • Although India has steadily expanded its footprint in Latin American countries over the past several years, it is still dwarfed by China’s immense presence in the region.
    • Many Latin Americans governments resent Chinese imports, which flood their markets at the cost of local businesses. They are also worried by their growing dependence on Chinese investments.
    • By contrast, India’s modest trade and investments are welcomed with virtually no opposition. This gives New Delhi an unexpected, long-term competitive advantage over China.

    India’s interests in Latin America

    (1) Economic

    • Latin America is also very rich in minerals such as copper, lithium, iron ore, gold and silver. It gives India an opportunity to increase investments for their extraction as well as for their imports at cheaper rates.
    • India’s exports to Latin America increased by 9.6% in 2018-19 (April to March) reaching $13.16 billion from $12 billion in 2017-18.

    (2) Strategic 

    • The region is very important for India in order to achieve its global ambitions such as in order to pursue its membership of the UNSC, the NSG and at various other negotiations like climate change, terrorism, trade, etc
    • India is cooperating with Brazil at platforms like BRICS, IBSA which has provided an alternative platform for developing countries and reduces their dependence on existing institutions controlled by west.

    (3) Energy security

    • Currently India sources 15% of its crude oil from Latin America countries.
    • Latin America is also an important partner in the India led International Solar Alliance.

    (4) Food security

    • Latin America region is five times that of India and only has half as much population.
    • India is importing pulses and oil seeds from many of African and Southeast Asian countries at very high costs.

    Why India should expand ties with Latin American countries

    • Growth prospect: With a collective GDP of more than $6 trillion, and a combined population of more than 600 million, half of which is under the age of thirty, Latin America constitutes a dynamic, growing and resource-rich part of the world with huge economic prospects for India.
    • Food Security: Latin America can also contribute towards food security. The region is five times the size of India and has only half the population. India is currently importing pulses and oilseeds from other countries at high costs.
    • Cheaper imports: Latin America is also very rich in minerals such as copper, lithium, iron ore, gold and silver, and could give India an opportunity to increase investments for their extraction as well as for their import at cheaper rates.

    Way Forward

    • Bringing India and Latin America together will require effective institutional framework as well as businesses and people-to-people networks.
    • India must also promote Latin American studies, invest in shipping industries, and conclude preferential trade agreements and free trade agreements at the earliest.
    • Latin American languages must be encouraged in India to incentivise Indian professionals to take jobs in these countries, and to promote trading ties.
    • The commerce ministry should revive its ‘Focus:LAC’ programme, which has previously helped encourage and support Indian exporters to explore business opportunities in the region.

    Conclusion

    • Latin America is being increasingly considered as an important investment destination due to its growing industrial and manufacturing strength.
    • India offers immense opportunities for collaboration, trade and investment for partner countries from Latin America. Latin American nations have long been seeking more diplomatic representation from India.
    • Despite recent improvements on many fronts, however, both India and the LAC countries face some formidable challenges.
    • They still have some of the highest inequality indices in the world, as well as serious deficiencies in infrastructure, technology, innovation and competitiveness.
    • India and the LAC region could approach these challenges as opportunities to forge new partnerships to promote growth and development through increased trade and investment.

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  • [pib] International Monsoons Project Office (IMPO)

    Union Minister of Science & Technology has launched the International Monsoons Project Office (IMPO).

    International Monsoons Project Office (IMPO)

    • IMPO will be hosted at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, an institution under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt of India, initially for five years.
    • Setting up the IMPO reiterates the importance of monsoons for the national economy.
    • It would encompass activities and connections related to international monsoon research that would be identified and fostered under the leadership of the World Climate Research Programme.
    • Both the World Climate Research Programme and World Weather Research Programme are international programmes coordinated by the United Nations World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).

    Significance of IMPO

    • Setting up the IMPO in India would mean expanding an integrated scientific approach to solve the seasonal variability of monsoons, enhancing the prediction skill of monsoons and cyclones.
    • It would promote knowledge sharing and capacity building in areas of monsoon research crucial for agriculture, water resources and disaster management, hydropower and climate-sensitive socio-economic sectors.
    • It is a step towards making India a global hub for monsoon research and coordination in a seamless manner for addressing common and region-specific aspects of the monsoons around the world.

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    Back2Basics:

    Various terms related to Indian Monsoon

  • [pib] Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP)

    National Logistics Portal (NLP) is set to be integrated with Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP) to make the multi-modal logistics ecosystem more efficient.

    Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP)

    • ULIP is designed to enhance efficiency and reduce the cost of logistics in India by creating a transparent, one window platform that can provide real-time information to all stakeholders.
    • It was also emphasized that the solution should have the visibility of multi-modal transport, and all the existing systems of various ministries, governing bodies, and private stakeholders should be integrated with the ULIP system.
    • This will create a National Single Window Logistics Portal which will help in reducing the logistics cost.
    • ULIP will provide real-time monitoring of cargo movement while ensuring data confidentiality with end-to-end encryption, comprehensive reduction in logistic cost resulting in competitive costing.

    There are three key components which are defining the ULIP platform:

    • Integration with existing data sources of ministries: As authorization, compliance and clearance are some of the critical activities of Logistics; the integration with data points of ministries shall enable a holistic view and interlink the handshaking points.
    • Data exchange with private players: To enable the private players, logistics service providers, and industries to utilize the data available with ULIP and at the same time share their data (transportation, dispatch, delivery, etc.) with ULIP, thereby streamlining the processes to bring better efficiency through data exchange.
    • Unified document reference in the supply chain: To enable a single digitized document reference number for all the documentation processes in a single platform.

     

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  • Reporting cyber attacks

    Context

    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology is likely to come out with new cyber security regulations which will put the onus on organisations to report any cybercrime that may have happened against them, including data leaks.

    Damages inflicted by the cyber crimes

    • Apart from private firms, government services, especially critical utilities, are prone to cyber attacks and breach incidents.
    • The ransomware attack against the nationwide gas pipeline in 2021 in the U.S. virtually brought down the transportation of about 45% of all petrol and diesel consumed on the east coast.
    • If it were measured as a country, then cyber crime — which is predicted to inflict damages totalling $6 trillion globally in 2021 — would be the world’s third-largest economy after the U.S. and China.

    Provision for reporting the cybercrime

    • Clause 25 in the Data Protection Bill 2021 says that data fiduciaries should report any personal and non-personal data breach incident within 72 hours of becoming aware of a breach.
    • Clause in EU GDPR: Even the golden standard for data protection, namely the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR), has a clause for reporting data breach incidents within a stringent timeline.
    •  This, in principle, is likely to improve cyber security and reduce attacks and breaches.

    Why reporting cybercrime is important

    • Alerting other organisations: If incidences are reported, the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team and others can alert organisations about the associated security vulnerabilities.
    • Precautionary measures: Firms not yet affected can also take precautionary measures such as deploying security patches and improving their cyber security infrastructure.
    • Why firms are reluctant to notify the crime? Any security or privacy breach has a negative impact on the reputation of the associated firms.
    • An empirical study by Comparitech indicates that the share prices for firms generally fall around 3.5% on average over three months following the breach.
    • So, firms weigh the penalties they face for not disclosing the incidents versus the potential reputational harm due to disclosure, and decide accordingly.

    Possible solutions

    • Periodic cyber security audits:  How will the regulator come to know when a firm does not disclose a security breach?
    • It can be done only through periodic cyber security audits.
    •  Unfortunately, the regulators in most countries including India do not have such capacity to conduct security audits frequently and completely.
    • Empanel third-party auditors: The government can empanel third party cyber security auditors for the conduct of periodical cyber security impact assessments, primarily amongst all the government departments, both at the national and State level, so that security threats and incidents can be detected proactively and incidents averted.
    • Evaluation and Certification of cyber security: The Ministry, as part of cyber security assurance initiatives of the Government of India, to evaluate and certify IT security products and protection profiles, has set up Common Criteria Testing Laboratories and certification bodies across the country.
    • These schemes can be extended towards cyber security audits and assessments as well.
    • Security command centre:  Much like IBM, which set up a large cyber security command centre in Bengaluru, other large firms can also be encouraged to set up such centres for protection of their firms’ assets.

    Consider the question “Reporting cyber security breaches is important. Yet, firms are reluctant to report the breaches. Examine the reasons for reluctance on part of the firms and suggest the way forward.”

    Conclusion

    Such measures will also pass the muster of the EU GDPR, thereby moving India closer to the set of countries that have the same level of cyber security and data protection as that of EU, for seamless cross-border data flow.

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  • Antonov AN-225: World’s largest aircraft

    Amid Moscow’s assault on Ukraine, the world’s largest cargo aircraft, the Antonov AN-225 or ‘Mriya’, was destroyed by Russian troops during an attack on an airport near Kyiv.

    Antonov AN-225

    • With a wingspan of over 290-feet, the unique Antonov AN-225 was designed in what was then the Ukrainian USSR during the 1980s amid a tense race to space between the US and the Soviet Union.
    • The plane, nicknamed ‘Mriya’ or ‘dream’ in Ukrainian, is very popular in aviation circles, and is known to attract huge crowds of fans at air shows around the world.
    • It was initially designed as part of the Soviet aeronautical program to carry the Buran, which was the Soviet version of the US’ Space Shuttle.
    • After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, when the Buran program was cancelled, the aircraft was instead used to transport massive cargo loads.

    Its manufacturing

    • Only one AN-225 was ever built by the Kyiv-based Antonov Company, the defence manufacturers who originally designed the plane.
    • It is essentially a large version of another design by the Antonoc Company — the four-engine An-124 ‘Condor’, which is used by the Russian Air Force.
    • The aircraft first took flight in 1988 and has been in use ever since.
    • In the recent past, it has been used for delivering relief supplies during calamities in neighbouring nations.

     

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    For the past 1 year, you might be learning in a way where you know there are gaps but you are unable to bridge them. It is possible that you have revised the syllabus 5-10 times, it is also possible that you have solved 1000s of MCQs and it is quite possible that you have given 2-3 attempts. Yet you are scoring in the 90s and failed to qualify for Prelims by a whisker.

    It’s now all about fast tracking your learning and making the best use of these 100 days to change your prelims result altogether.

    Did you know that a score of 85 can be increased to 110 with just 10 correct questions? Only 10 correct questions can help you get 26.66 marks!

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    What will you Learn in this Free Live Webinar by Santosh Sir

    1. What is the 5-point strategy to keep in mind for Prelims 2022? It’s never to late to implement them even if you have missed these for long.

    2. What are the Prelims Specific Focus topics for 2022? Know the static + current affairs topics under each subject with maximum weightage.

    3. What is the 3-step process for 5 revisions till prelims? In case you have only done few revisions till now, know how to squeeze two more revisons for all subjects.

    4. How to maintain consistency for the next 100 days? Have 4 study slots in a day.

    5. Surprise questions from current affairs. Based on Previous Year Papers, what were the surprise questions in the preceding years and what can be expected this year?

    6. Last minute notes for last minute revision. How to make quick-shorthand notes which you can revise a day before exam?

    7. What are the difficult topics in every subject which can negatively affect your Prelims score? Know the sources to refer to improve your conceptual clarity.

    The last 15 minutes of the session will be in Q&A format and all participants are welcome to clear their doubts with Santosh Sir.

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    Webinar Details

    Prelims might only be the first stage of UPSC, but it’s undoubtedly the toughest one. Sometimes, staying focused and knowing in-and-out of the exam is the only way to remain optimistic and confident.

    Date: 28 February, 2022

    Time: 7 PM

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  • Registrations Closing in 1 Hr, Starting Today @ 7PM|| Free Live Webinar on 100 Days Action Plan for Prelims-2022|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Santosh Sir Who Cleared Prelims 6/6 Times with Above 145 Marks|| Don’t Let Prelims Take You By Surprise|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Registrations Closing in 1 Hr, Starting Today @ 7PM|| Free Live Webinar on 100 Days Action Plan for Prelims-2022|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Santosh Sir Who Cleared Prelims 6/6 Times with Above 145 Marks|| Don’t Let Prelims Take You By Surprise|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    register here to attend the free live webinar by santosh sir

    For the past 1 year, you might be learning in a way where you know there are gaps but you are unable to bridge them. It is possible that you have revised the syllabus 5-10 times, it is also possible that you have solved 1000s of MCQs and it is quite possible that you have given 2-3 attempts. Yet you are scoring in the 90s and failed to qualify for Prelims by a whisker.

    It’s now all about fast tracking your learning and making the best use of these 100 days to change your prelims result altogether.

    Did you know that a score of 85 can be increased to 110 with just 10 correct questions? Only 10 correct questions can help you get 26.66 marks!

    Now that you are convinced that it’s not all that hard to score above 120+ in Prelims, Santosh sir will tell you how can you see this improvement in the next 100 days.

    What will you Learn in this Free Live Webinar by Santosh Sir

    1. What is the 5-point strategy to keep in mind for Prelims 2022? It’s never to late to implement them even if you have missed these for long.

    2. What are the Prelims Specific Focus topics for 2022? Know the static + current affairs topics under each subject with maximum weightage.

    3. What is the 3-step process for 5 revisions till prelims? In case you have only done few revisions till now, know how to squeeze two more revisons for all subjects.

    4. How to maintain consistency for the next 100 days? Have 4 study slots in a day.

    5. Surprise questions from current affairs. Based on Previous Year Papers, what were the surprise questions in the preceding years and what can be expected this year?

    6. Last minute notes for last minute revision. How to make quick-shorthand notes which you can revise a day before exam?

    7. What are the difficult topics in every subject which can negatively affect your Prelims score? Know the sources to refer to improve your conceptual clarity.

    The last 15 minutes of the session will be in Q&A format and all participants are welcome to clear their doubts with Santosh Sir.

    REGISTER HERE TO ATTEND THE FREE LIVE WEBINAR BY SANTOSH SIR

    Webinar Details

    Prelims might only be the first stage of UPSC, but it’s undoubtedly the toughest one. Sometimes, staying focused and knowing in-and-out of the exam is the only way to remain optimistic and confident.

    Date: 28 February, 2022

    Time: 7 PM

    REGISTER HERE TO ATTEND THE FREE LIVE WEBINAR BY SANTOSH SIR

  • The significance of EU-India partnership in the Indo-Pacific

    Context

    Europe and its key Indo-Pacific partners are joining forces to deliver a positive agenda for the region at the ministerial Forum to be held in Paris.

    Importance of Indo-Pacific for EU

    • The issues at stake in this crucial region, including security challenges, are of concern to all EU countries.
    • EU unveiled EU Strategy for Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific,  in September 2021.
    •  Europe can offer the countries of the region a sustainable, transparent model for preserving their sovereignty, and an alternative to other models, such as China’s.
    • Addressing the connectivity and infrastructure need: There are immense connectivity and infrastructure needs in the Indo-Pacific.
    • But these needs should not force the countries of the region into unsustainable dependencies.
    • The EU’s Global Gateway initiative unveiled in December 2021 hopes to address this by pooling the resources of the EU’s institutions and its 27 member states to raise 300 billion euros to build sustainable links.
    • India’s role: The EU and India have already concluded a Connectivity Partnership (last May in Porto), which can be a pillar of this wider initiative.
    • The Indo-Pacific is a crucial region for tackling global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity protection and health resilience. 
    • At the Forum, the EU will present the support it can provide to countries of the region, including in terms of green finance, to achieve their ecological transitions in a just manner.
    • The ministers will also discuss concrete steps to strengthen health sovereignty and promote the “One Health” approach to the pandemic response.

    Role of France and India in the region

    • France, itself a nation of the Indo-Pacific, has a long-standing commitment to upholding the law of the sea in the region, particularly through our permanent naval presence and joint exercises, such as our annual “Varuna” drills with India.
    • In the fields of biodiversity protection and plastic pollution, France and India can act together to spur multilateral action, as exemplified by India’s decision to join the France-initiated international coalition to protect 30 per cent of the land and seas by 2030 (High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People).
    • Cooperation between France and India on protected areas and national parks can also be expanded at the Indo-Pacific scale.
    • At the forum, France will propose the creation of an Indo-Pacific health campus, to be established in India, to bring together India’s pharmaceutical prowess and Europe’s technological capacity for the benefit of the region.

    Conclusion

    In a world of growing tensions, the core goal of France’s EU Presidency is to strengthen Europe’s sovereignty and its ability to decide its own fate. This endeavour matches India’s fundamental aspiration for strategic autonomy.

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  • Registrations Closing in 3 Hrs, Starting Today @ 7PM|| Free Live Webinar on 100 Days Action Plan for Prelims-2022|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Santosh Sir Who Cleared Prelims 6/6 Times with Above 145 Marks|| Don’t Let Prelims Take You By Surprise|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Registrations Closing in 3 Hrs, Starting Today @ 7PM|| Free Live Webinar on 100 Days Action Plan for Prelims-2022|| By Civilsdaily Mentor Santosh Sir Who Cleared Prelims 6/6 Times with Above 145 Marks|| Don’t Let Prelims Take You By Surprise|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    register here to attend the free live webinar by santosh sir

    For the past 1 year, you might be learning in a way where you know there are gaps but you are unable to bridge them. It is possible that you have revised the syllabus 5-10 times, it is also possible that you have solved 1000s of MCQs and it is quite possible that you have given 2-3 attempts. Yet you are scoring in the 90s and failed to qualify for Prelims by a whisker.

    It’s now all about fast tracking your learning and making the best use of these 100 days to change your prelims result altogether.

    Did you know that a score of 85 can be increased to 110 with just 10 correct questions? Only 10 correct questions can help you get 26.66 marks!

    Now that you are convinced that it’s not all that hard to score above 120+ in Prelims, Santosh sir will tell you how can you see this improvement in the next 100 days.

    What will you Learn in this Free Live Webinar by Santosh Sir

    1. What is the 5-point strategy to keep in mind for Prelims 2022? It’s never to late to implement them even if you have missed these for long.

    2. What are the Prelims Specific Focus topics for 2022? Know the static + current affairs topics under each subject with maximum weightage.

    3. What is the 3-step process for 5 revisions till prelims? In case you have only done few revisions till now, know how to squeeze two more revisons for all subjects.

    4. How to maintain consistency for the next 100 days? Have 4 study slots in a day.

    5. Surprise questions from current affairs. Based on Previous Year Papers, what were the surprise questions in the preceding years and what can be expected this year?

    6. Last minute notes for last minute revision. How to make quick-shorthand notes which you can revise a day before exam?

    7. What are the difficult topics in every subject which can negatively affect your Prelims score? Know the sources to refer to improve your conceptual clarity.

    The last 15 minutes of the session will be in Q&A format and all participants are welcome to clear their doubts with Santosh Sir.

    REGISTER HERE TO ATTEND THE FREE LIVE WEBINAR BY SANTOSH SIR

    Webinar Details

    Prelims might only be the first stage of UPSC, but it’s undoubtedly the toughest one. Sometimes, staying focused and knowing in-and-out of the exam is the only way to remain optimistic and confident.

    Date: 28 February, 2022

    Time: 7 PM

    REGISTER HERE TO ATTEND THE FREE LIVE WEBINAR BY SANTOSH SIR

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