With 62 per cent of the population in the working-age group and 54 per cent below the age of 25, we have the advantage of leveraging the skill and ability of our youth to drive the nation forward through productive output and innovation.
Significance of startup ecosystem in the country
In 2021 alone, Indian startups have so far raised upward of $20 billion in funding.
Today, India is home to more than 40,000 startups and is building a robust tech and internet infrastructure.
The last decade-and-a-half has witnessed a significant change in the landscape — from the founding of new startups, to global investor interest, to the advances made in infrastructure and policies.
Global investors too are realising the potential upside in India’s huge, under-penetrated market as the country steadily makes a place for itself as a leading R&D hub for many Silicon Valley companies.
Amid the Covid-19 pandemic, Indian startups have rapidly innovated to provide indigenous, tech-enabled solutions to combat challenges from testing kits and ventilators to remote monitoring, and preventive technologies, as well as innovations in supply chain management, logistics, and education.
Factors driving startup economy in India
The steady rise of Indian IT companies in the 2000s, a large talent pool of a skilled workforce, increased expendable income, and rising capital inflows have collectively contributed in large part.
Young generation: Moreover, the ability of the young generation to take risks, move fast, and disrupt things without fear, has become our biggest asset today.
Increasing internet use: In the next five years and likely to have an estimated 850 million internet users by 2030, the country stands at the cusp of unprecedented economic growth.
How it helps economy
The proliferation of this startup economy has brought with it new business opportunities, innovation, tech-centric approaches and job creation across sectors.
A mature startup ecosystem, with seasoned entrepreneurs and technology-led solutions, paves the way for innovation and expanding its global footprint.
While value creation lies at the centre of entrepreneurship, Indian startups are also taking big strides in building synergies and partnerships with global entities, further demonstrating the evolution of the startup ecosystem and its appetite for innovation, collaboration and disruption.
In fact, one of the paradigm shifts brought about through technology during the pandemic has been systemic shift to online education and remote learning at scale.
Solutions built by Indian startups saw widespread adoption not just domestically but also on a global scale, firmly establishing the country as a cornerstone of tech and innovation in the world.
Suggestions
Educations and reskilling: In order to transition beyond the current capabilities and achieve the demographic dividend, education, and reskilling, and upskilling of our workforce is crucial.
Policy environment: Apart from the domestic policy environment, the global environment and technological advances are also changing, and it is imperative that India is prepared for this revolution.
Foster entrepreneurship: Apart from policy-level decisions that promote entrepreneurship, the onus is also on India’s corporate sector to foster entrepreneurialism, and create synergies to build impactful technology solutions, sustainable and resource-efficient growth.
Inclusion and sustainability: As country stands at the cusp of unprecedented economic growth, speed, inclusion, and sustainability are key elements in this mission.
Tap the potential of rural and semi-urban India: The collective future efforts of the public and private sectors to improve physical and digital connectivity will also help unlock the untapped potential of rural and semi-urban India to truly lead Industry 4.0 and beyond.
Focus on goals of national importance: In view of achieving this transformation at scale, the Indian startup ecosystem must focus on developing solutions that allow businesses in key sectors to meet goals of national importance.
Conclusion
Coupled with the nation’s focus on strengthening digital infrastructure in healthcare and education, and boosting employment in manufacturing, there is little doubt that India@100 will be a powerhouse of the global economy.
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The 60-member Nagaland Assembly now has no MLA in the Opposition.
Official Opposition
It is a term used in Parliament and State Legislatures to designate the political party which has secured the second largest number of seats in either upper or lower houses.
In order to get formal recognition in either upper or lower houses, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the house.
A single party has to meet the 10% seat criterion, not an alliance.
Many of the Indian state legislatures also follow this 10% rule while the rest of them prefer the single largest opposition party according to the rules of their respective houses.
Why study the Opposition?
The Rajya Sabha Chairman Venkaiah Naidu recently broke down when he condemned the violent ruckus that erupted in the Upper House very recently.
This has raised questions about the decency of the conduct of our elected representatives.
Role of the Opposition
The role of the opposition in the legislature is basically to check the excesses of the ruling or dominant party, and not to be totally antagonistic.
Their main role is to question the government of the day and hold them accountable to the public. This also helps to fix the mistakes of the Ruling Party.
The Opposition is equally responsible for upholding the best interests of the people of the country.
They have to ensure that the Government does not take any steps, which might have negative effects on the people of the country.
In the legislature, Opposition Party has a major role, which is:
Constructive criticism of the government.
Putting restriction of the arbitrariness of ruling party
Safeguarding liberty and right of people
Preparation to form a government
Expression of public opinion
Leader of the Opposition
They are the politicians who lead the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India.
The LoP is the parliamentary chairperson of the party with the most seats after the government party.
S/He is given the status of a minister in recognition of his importance.
The LoP received statutory recognition through the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977.
The Supreme Court has challenged the government to produce material showing its reasons for introducing the Tribunal Reforms Bill of 2021, which abolishes nine appellate tribunals and revives provisions of an ordinance struck down by the Supreme Court, in the Parliament.
What are Tribunals?
Tribunals are specialist judicial bodies that decide disputes in a particular area of law.
They are institutions established for discharging judicial or quasi-judicial duties.
The objective may be to reduce the caseload of the judiciary or to bring in subject expertise for technical matters.
Do you know?
The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal was established as the first Tribunal in India back in 1941.
Creation of Tribunals
In 1976, Articles 323A and 323B were inserted in the Constitution of India through the 42nd Amendment.
Article 323A: This empowered Parliament to constitute administrative Tribunals (both at central and state level) for adjudication of matters related to recruitment and conditions of service of public servants.
Article 323B: This specified certain subjects (such as taxation and land reforms) for which Parliament or state legislatures may constitute tribunals by enacting a law.
In 2010, the Supreme Court clarified that the subject matters under Article 323B are not exclusive, and legislatures are empowered to create tribunals on any subject matters under their purview as specified in the Seventh Schedule.
SC stance on Tribunals
The Supreme Court has ruled that tribunals, being quasi-judicial bodies, should have the same level of independence from the executive as the judiciary.
Key factors include the mode of selection of members, the composition of tribunals, and the terms and tenure of service.
In order to ensure that tribunals are independent of the executive, the Supreme Court had recommended that all administrative matters be managed by the law ministry rather than the ministry associated with the subject area.
Later, the Court recommended the creation of an independent National Tribunals Commission for the administration of tribunals.
These recommendations have not been implemented.
Issues with tribunals
Pendency: Whereas the reasoning for setting up some tribunals was to reduce the pendency of cases in courts, several tribunals are facing the issue of a large caseload and pendency.
No appointment: With over 240 vacancies in key tribunals where thousands of cases were pending, not a single appointment had been made by the government in any of these tribunals till date.
A three-judge Bench led by CJI has put the government on the dock about the complete absence of material justifying the Bill and also the lack of proper debate in the Parliament.
The provisions regarding conditions of service and tenure of Tribunal Members and Chairpersons were struck down by the Supreme Court.
However, the same provisions re-appeared in the Tribunal Reforms Bill recently passed.
The court has also noted its reservations against the complete dissolution of some tribunals.
What happens to cases pending before the tribunals are dissolved?
These cases will be transferred to High Courts or commercial civil courts immediately. Legal experts have been divided on the efficacy of the government’s move.
While on the one hand, the cases might get a faster hearing and disposal if taken to High Courts, experts fear that the lack of specialization in regular courts could be detrimental to the decision-making process.
For example, the FCAT exclusively heard decisions appealing against decisions of the censor board, which requires expertise in art and cinema.
Observations made by the Court
With over 240 vacancies in key tribunals where thousands of cases were pending, not a single appointment had been made by the government in any of these tribunals to date.
The CJI repeated his question of whether the government was moving towards closing down the tribunals.
A new flashpoint between Executive and Judiciary
The verdict discussed the possibility of legislation overriding the court’s directions.
In other cases, too, the SC and Parliament have been at loggerheads on the issue of rationalization of tribunals.
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Banks have been informing customers about making mandatory, the positive pay system, a process of reconfirming the key details of high-value cheques.
What is the Positive Pay System?
The Positive Pay System, developed by the National Payments Corporation of India, is a process of reconfirming the key details of large value cheques.
Under this system, a person issuing the high-value cheque submits certain essential details of that cheque like date, name of the beneficiary/payee amount etc. to the drawee bank.
The details can be submitted through electronic means such as SMS, mobile app, internet banking, ATM etc.
The details are cross-checked while issuing the cheque and any discrepancy is flagged.
Try answering this PYQ:
Q.Which one of the following links all the ATMs in India? (CSP 2018)
(a) Indian Banks’ Association
(b) National Securities Depository Limited
(c) National Payments Corporation of India
(d) Reserve Bank of India
(Note: You need to sign-in to answer this PYQ)
Post your answers here.
What is the limit on the amount for the system?
RBI has told banks to enable the facility for all account holders issuing cheques for amounts of ₹50,000 and above.
It has also been said that while availing of the facility is at the discretion of the account holder, banks may consider making it mandatory in case of cheque values of ₹5 lakh and above.
Why is this system important for customers?
Some banks have been telling customers that if the details of large-value cheques are not pre-registered, the cheque will be returned.
On issuance of a high-value cheque, customers should ensure that details are provided within the timeframe prescribed by the banks for hassle-free clearance.
RBI has said only cheques that are registered in the Positive Pay System will be accepted under the dispute resolution mechanism.
Customers would get an SMS on whether the cheque is accepted or rejected for any reason.
What are the details of the cheque that must be submitted?
Account number, cheque number, date of the cheque, amount, transaction code, beneficiary name, MICR CODE.
How can these details be submitted?
These details can be submitted through the respective bank’s website, internet banking, or mobile banking.
In case a customer does not use electronic banking services, they can submit the details by visiting bank branches.
The Union Agriculture Minister has inaugurated the world’s second-largest refurbished gene bank at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources.
National Gene Bank
The National Gene Bank was established in the year 1996 to preserve the seeds of Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) for future generations.
It has the capacity to preserve about one million germplasm in the form of seeds.
Presently it is protecting 4.52 lakh accessions, of which 2.7 lakh are Indian germplasm and the rest have been imported from other countries.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is meeting the need of in-situ and ex-situ germplasm conservation through Delhi Headquarters and 10 regional stations in the country.
Key facilities provided
The NGB has four kinds of facilities to cater to long-term as well as medium-term conservation namely:
Seed Gene bank (- 18°C),
Cryo gene bank (-170°C to -196°C),
In-vitro Gene bank (25°C), and
Field Gene bank
It stores different crop groups such as cereals, millets, medicinal and aromatic plants, and narcotics, etc.
What is the latest update?
This is the world’s second-largest gene bank located in the national capital.
It has the capacity to preserve about one million germplasm in the form of seeds.
Presently, it is protecting 4.52 lakh accessions, of which 2.7 lakh are Indian germplasm and the rest have been imported from other countries.
The Earth faces a looming crisis. Globally, temperatures are rising. Heatwaves, droughts, ocean acidification, and rising sea levels are on the horizon. Around 90% of the world lives in the northern hemisphere with major population centers in the tropical and subtropical regions. These regions will be severely affected.
Let us look at this issue in detail.
What is permafrost?
Permafrost is ground that remains completely frozen at 0 degrees Celsius or below for at least two years and is defined solely based on temperature and duration.
It is composed of rock, sediments, sand, dead plant and animal matter, soil, and varying degrees of ice and is believed to have formed during glacial periods dating several millennia.
It is mainly found near the polar zones and regions with high mountains covering parts of Greenland, Alaska, Russia, Northern Canada, Siberia and Scandinavia.
Its thickness reduces progressively towards the south and is affected by a number of other factors, including the Earth’s interior heat,snow and vegetation cover, presence of water bodies, and topography.
How does permafrost form?
Just as a puddle of water freezes on a frigid winter night, water that is trapped in sediment, soil, and the cracks, crevices, and pores of rocks turns to ice when ground temperatures drop below 32°F (0°C).
When the earth remains frozen for at least two consecutive years, it’s called permafrost. If the ground freezes and thaws every year, it’s considered “seasonally frozen.”
What is the composition of permafrost?
Permafrost is made of a combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice. The soil and ice in permafrost stay frozen all year long.
Near the surface, permafrost soils also contain large quantities of organic carbon—a material leftover from dead plants that couldn’t decompose, or rot away, due to the cold.
Lower permafrost layers contain soils made mostly of minerals.
A layer of soil on top of permafrost does not stay frozen all year. This layer, called the active layer, thaws during the warm summer months and freezes again in the fall.
Permafrost thawing
When permafrost thaws, water from the melted ice makes its way to the caves along with ground sediments, and deposits on the rocks.
In other words, when permafrost thaws, the rocks grow and when permafrost is stable and frozen, they do not grow.
Why thawing?
The link between the Siberian permafrost and Arctic sea ice can be explained by two factors:
One is heat transport from the open Arctic Ocean into Siberia, making the Siberian climate warmer.
The second is moisture transport from open seawater into Siberia, leading to thicker snow cover that insulates the ground from cold winter air, contributing to its warming.
This is drastically different from the situation just a couple of decades ago when the sea ice acted as a protective layer, maintaining cold temperatures in the region and shielding the permafrost from the moisture from the ocean.
If sea ice (in the summer) is gone, permafrost starts thawing.
How much of the earth’s surface is permafrost?
In the northern hemisphere, permafrost covers an estimated 9 million square miles—nearly the size of the United States, China, and Canada combined. However, that footprint is rapidly shrinking.
While global warming is upping temperatures around the world, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as anywhere else—and faster than it has in the past 3 million years.
And when surface air temperatures rise, below-ground temperatures do, too, thawing permafrost along the way.
Scientists estimate there is now 10 percent less frozen ground in the northern hemisphere than there was in the early 1900s. With every additional 1.8°F (1°C) of warming, an additional 1.5 million square miles of permafrost could eventually disappear.
Even if we meet the climate targets laid out during the 2015 Paris climate talks, the world may still lose more than 2.5 million square miles of frozen turf.
Associated issues with the Thawing of Permafrost
Worsen the effects of the climate crisis
In the Arctic, temperatures are rising twice as fast in other parts of the world. As a result, the thick layer of soil called permafrost that has remained frozen throughout the year is thawing.
The Permafrost contains vast amounts of carbon. Roughly about 60% of the world’s soil carbon is held in just 15% of the global soil area. This is estimated to be about 1.5 trillion metric tons of carbon.
The thawing of permafrost will worsen the effects of the climate crisis, because stored carbon will be released in the process.
Likewise, the loss of sea ice and ice sheets covering land will accelerate the rise in temperatures. White ice reflects sunlight keeping the planet cooler, whereas darker seawater absorbs heat.
Experts believe this process may have already begun. Giant craters and ponds of water (called ‘thermokarst lakes’) formed due to thawing have been recorded in the Arctic region. Some are so big that they can be seen from space.
Scientific estimates suggest that the Arctic Ocean could be largely sea ice-free in the summer months by as early as 2030, based on observational trends, or as late as 2050, based on climate model projections.
A study has shown that every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature can degrade up to 39 lakh square kilometer due to Permafrost thawing ( the ice inside the permafrost melts, leaving behind water and soil).
Higher latitudes will face challenges hitherto faced by tropical areas
Increase of average temperatures is modifying the environment in other ways too.
Diseases that have typically afflicted the equatorial belt are spreading up into higher latitudes. Mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects spread many of these diseases.
The West Nile virus causes hundreds of deaths every year in the United States, where it was first reported in 1999. With rising temperatures, West Nile will become more prevalent in Canada, including parts of the Arctic.
Warming temperatures are also causing changes in the habitats of wild birds such as ducks and geese that can carry avian flu.
Earlier this year, Russia reported the first case of the H5N8 avian flu passing from birds to humans. Changes in habitats of other wild animals such as foxes might also increase the geographic distribution of rabies.
Rise of viruses and bacteria
Scientists are also concerned about the rise of viruses and bacteria from thawing permafrost and ice. In the summer of 2016, there was an outbreak of anthrax in a remote part of Siberia.
Dozens of people were infected, and a young boy was killed. Around 2,300 reindeer perished in the outbreak.
Spread:
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by bacteria that can remain dormant as spores. Spores of anthrax can remain viable for at least a few decades in frozen soil and ice.
A plausible idea of how the outbreak started is that record temperatures that year caused a frozen reindeer carcass infected with anthrax spores to thaw.
And as carcasses of other animals (including those of extinct mammoths) thaw, we might see more disease outbreaks.
Potential to cause epidemics
Another concern is the emergence of viruses and bacteria with the potential to cause epidemics. These disease-causing microbes might be dormant for hundreds or even thousands of years.
Genetic material from the H1N1 influenza virus that caused the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918, as well as that of smallpox have been recovered from permafrost.
The reemergence of a virus like smallpox (which is the only human disease to have been eradicated) would be disturbing since humans are no longer routinely vaccinated.
Infectious viruses and bacteria can be resurrected from frozen ice, soil, animal carcasses, and human corpses.
In 2014, researchers reported the discovery of giant viruses that had been dormant in Siberian permafrost for around 30,000 years.
Tibetan Plateau and the virus samples
These conditions are not restricted to the Arctic alone either. Glacial ice that has persisted for thousands of years is melting.
Recently, the journal Microbiome reporting 15,000-year-old-viruses (including 28 different kinds identified for the first time) that they found in glacial ice from the Tibetan Plateau.
The threat to infrastructure
Thawing permafrost is also ominous for man-made structures overhead.
The Russian oil leak occurred recorded temperatures in Siberia at more than 10 degrees Celsius above average, and called them “highly anomalous” for the region where the power plant is located.
As temperatures rise, the binding ice in permafrost melts, making the ground unstable and leading to massive potholes, landslides, and floods.
The sinking effect causes damage to key infrastructure such as roads, railway lines, buildings, power lines and pipelines.
These changes also threaten the survival of indigenous people, as well as Arctic animals.
Altered landscapes
Thawing permafrost alters natural ecosystems in many ways as well. It can create thermokarsts, areas of sagging ground and shallow ponds that are often characterized by “drunken forests” of askew trees.
It can make soil—once frozen solid—more vulnerable to landslides and erosion, particularly along coasts.
An aerial view of the forest fire in the Nulato Hills in Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge Alaska
As this softened soil erodes, it can introduce new sediment to waterways, which may alter the flow of rivers and streams, degrade water quality (including by the introduction of carbon), and impact aquatic wildlife.
Wetlands also deteriorate along with permafrost, as the water sinks further underground without a frozen buffer to keep it in place.
This can create drier terrain more susceptible to wildfires, which expose even more permafrost to warming.
How Can We Stop Permafrost from Thawing?
Greenhouse gas emissions need to be arrested
In order to curtail climate change and save the permafrost, it is indispensable that global CO2 emissions be reduced by 45% over the next decade, and that they fall to zero after 2050.
To mitigate climate change, there is a need to take a global collective action. If one country cuts its emissions, that is going to be of little use if the others do not follow suit.
Slow down erosion
The scientific journal Nature suggested building a 100-metre-long dam in front of the Jakobshavn glacier (Greenland), the worst affected by Arctic melting, to contain its erosion.
Refreeze the Arctic
Indonesian architect has won an award for his project Refreeze the Arctic, which consists of collecting water from melted glaciers, desalinating it and refreezing it to create large hexagonal ice blocks.
Thanks to their shape, these icebergs could then be combined to create frozen masses.
Strengthening their consistency
Some researchers propose a solution to manufacture more ice. Their proposal consists of collecting ice from below the glacier through pumps driven by wind power to spread it over the upper ice caps, so that it will freeze, thus strengthening the consistency.
People’s awareness and policy intervention
The tundra and the permafrost beneath it may seem far away, but no matter where we live, the everyday choices we make contribute to climate change.
By reducing our carbon footprint, investing in energy-efficient products, and supporting climate-friendly businesses, legislation, and policies, we can help preserve the world’s permafrost and avert a vicious cycle of an ever-warming planet.
Conclusion
For most of us, the tundra and the permafrost beneath it may seem a million miles away. But no matter where we live, the everyday choices we make that contribute in some small way to climate change collectively can add up to a big impact on the world’s coldest climes.
By reducing our carbon footprint, investing in energy-efficient products, and supporting climate-friendly businesses, legislation, and policies, we can help preserve the world’s permafrost and avert a vicious cycle of an ever-warming planet.
To be clear, the chances of an epidemic originating from microbes originating from permafrost or ice is low. But as the Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated, even low probability events with major consequences need to be taken seriously.
The Kadavur hills in central Tamil Nadu’s Karur district are home to the Kadavur Reserve Forest. These forests are home to the shy and reclusive slender loris, a species of primate.
Slender Loris
Slender loris (Loris tardigradus) is secretive and has nocturnal habits. It usually travels from the canopy of one tree to another. But, at times, it also comes down to bushes at the ground level to feed.
It is also found in the adjoining forest areas on the eastern, southern and western slopes of the Kadavur hills.
It sleeps by day in the foliage or in a hole or crevice. It comes out at dusk in search of prey.
They are fond of lantana berries and also eat insects, lizards, small birds, tree frogs, tender leaves and buds.
They are usually solitary but sometimes found in pairs.
Conservation
The slender loris has been listed as ‘Endangered’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
It has been brought under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 in order to provide the highest level of legal protection.
Threats
As it is believed that these animals have some medicinal properties, they are captured and sold.
Since there is great demand for keeping these animals as pets, they are illegally smuggled.
Habitat loss, electrocution of live wires, and road accidents are other threats that have caused its populations to dwindle.
