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Spartan club: Rigorous revision program for UPSC IAS prelims 2021| Science tech, Environment and Modern history in 2 weeks
Timetable and details given below.

Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir

Join free Spartan sessions on Habitat here

UPSC Prelims 2021 is around the corner and instead of freaking out, you must bring out the warrior within. The enormity of the challenge requires special efforts and for that Spartan club has been launched.

What is Spartan Club?

It is a rigorous timetable-based revision program whereby you will be covering the syllabus, revising, and discussing the topics under the strict guidance of Ravi sir.

Duration: 2 weeks (14 days)

Course fee: 1000 + GST = Rs 1180

Program inclusion:
1. Intensive revision based on the rigorous timetable, under the strict supervision of Ravi sir.
2. Subjects to be covered: Science Tech, Environment, Modern History
3. Planned daily target assignments and monitoring.
4. Daily Habitat sessions
  - 2 Mega sessions by Ravi sir – including Samadhan and Flurry sessions
  - 4 Mini Sessions to cross-check the accomplishment of the assigned syllabus
5. Mentorship by Ravi sir.
6. Daily MCQs -Based on the assigned syllabus daily MCQs
Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir

https://youtu.be/8dDHHF4lWw8

Subjects to be covered
- Science Tech
- Environment
- Modern History
How sessions are going to take place?

Habitat is a chat-based learning platform and here Ravi sir will be handholding and guiding you all through the course.

Daily six session (at the least) are planned in the manner as explained above.

Why to join Spartan club?
- A rigorous timetable will help you organize your syllabus coverage and revision.
- Strict enforcement by Ravi sir to ensure your accountability and target achievement.
- Personal guidance and mentorship by Ravi sir.
- Discussion and doubt sessions on Habitat.
- Innovative methods like Flurry and Samadhan.
All these will bring out the warrior within you to face the UPSC IAS prelims 2021 challenge successfully.

Daily Spartan’s rigour : 6 am to 12 midnight
- 6 am to 7:45 am – Study based on target assigned one day earlier
- 7:45 to 8:00 am – Habitat session (Discuss how many portions was covered)
- 8:30 to 12:30 pm – Study based on target assigned
- 12:30 pm – 12:45 pm – Habitat session
- 12:45 pm – 2:00 pm – Break
- 2:00 pm to 4:45 pm – Study based on assigned targets
- 4:45 pm to 5:00 pm – Habitat Session
- 5:00 pm to 5:30 pm – Enjoy your tea/Coffee with your favorite music
- 5:30 to 8 pm – Study based on target assigned
- 8:00 pm to 9:30 pm – Habitat session for revision of the entire day and rapid-fire round
- Dinner Break till 10:00 pm
- 10:00 pm to 12:00 am – Share your MCQs that you’ve solved today with others, raise your doubts, have some fun with other aspirants for cooling yourself down. If something is left then Cover it. Targets for the early morning will be assigned here.
How to attend Spartan sessions and join the Spartan club?

Click on Enroll button below. It will redirect you to the Club. Introduce yourself and use @ before raviranjan to tag Ravi sir. He will guide you from there on.

Enroll here: Spartan club by Ravi sir
April 7, 2021
Why police reform recommendations have not been implemented
The article discusses the status of implementation of the Supreme Court directives in the Prakash Singh case by the States.

Background of the Prakash Sing judgement
- Over the years, the National Police Commission made several recommendations for reform of the police force.
- But many of these were not implemented effectively.
- In 1996, two retired Directors General of Police, Prakash Singh and N. K. Singh, filed a public interest litigation (PIL) to know whether those recommendations had ever been implemented.
- A decade later in 2006 that the Court delivered its verdict in what is popularly referred to as the Prakash Singh case.
- In Prakash Singh v. Union of India, the SC relied on the eight reports of the National Police Commission (1979-1981) appointed by the Union.
Following are some of the recommendations and provision and status of their implementations.

Selection and minimum tenure of DGP
- The provision regarding the selection of and minimum tenure for the DGP post has had partial if any, effect.
- Corruption, politicking, and patronage-seeking at the top is so endemic that this provision has lost its sting.
- The Security Commission consisting of the Home Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, the Chief Secretary, the DGP and five independent members is likewise ineffective.
- How can one have at the apex of the reform system for the police those who have a vested interest in not reforming the police?
Separation between investigation and prosecution wings
- The Commission’s recommendation that there ought to be a separation between the investigation and prosecution wings, as is the system in many developed countries, required immediate enforcement by the judiciary.
- Doing so will help weed out the corruption in criminal investigations would get a second look by the prosecutorial wing.
- But, for that, it would require that this department be placed not under the Home Minister, but under the Ministry of Law and Justice.
- This was never done.
The Police Complaint Authority
- Obviously, for police criminality, one cannot expect the police or the home department to take action against themselves.
- An independent body was necessary.
- The commission recommended that there should be a PCA at the state level, headed by a retired judge of the SC or high court chosen out of a panel of names proposed by the chief justice of the state.
- A similar structure was envisaged for the PCA at the district level.
- In addition, the PCAs would be assisted by members selected by the state from panels prepared by the State Human Rights Commission, Lokayuktas and the State Public Service Commissions.
- The most important part of this decision was that the recommendations of the PCA would be binding on the state.
- However, affidavits filed in the SC showed that not a single state or UT has implemented the PCA provision.
- States have not constituted panels and appointed officials as chairpersons in the place of retired judges.
- In many states, the name Police Complaints Authority has been changed.
- For example, in Tripura and Mizoram, it is called The Police Accountability Commission, diverting attention away from the fact that the commission is for entertaining complaints against police persons.
Consider the question “What are the Supreme Court directives for police reform in the Prakash Singh vs. Union of India case? To what extent states have implemented these directives?”

Conclusion

On police reform, the recommendations exist, the SC order has been made but the Union remains defiant. Perhaps, now, after the Maharashtra fiasco, the SC may decide that this case pending for eight years merits listing.

Back2Basics: The SC directives in the Prakash Singh case

1) Limit Political Control
- Constitute a State Security Commission to:
- Ensure that the state government does not exercise unwarranted influence or pressure on the police.
- Lay down broad policy guidelines.
- Evaluate the performance of the state police.
2) Appointment based on merit
- Ensure that the Director General of Police is appointed through a merit–based, transparent process, and secures a minimum tenure of 2 years.
3) Fix minimum tenure
- Ensure that other police officers on operational duties (including Superintendents of Police in charge of a district and Station House Officers in charge of a police station) are also provided a minimum tenure of 2 years.
4) Separate police functions
- Separate the functions of investigation and maintaining law and order.
5) Set up fair and transparent systems
- Set up a Police Establishment Board to decide and make recommendations on transfers, postings, promotions and other service-related matters of police officers of and below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.
6) Establish a Police Complaints Authority in each state
- At the state level, there should be a Police Complaints Authority to look into public complaints against police officers of and above the rank of Superintendent of Police in cases of serious misconduct, including custodial death, grievous hurt or rape in police custody.
7) Set up a selection commission
- A National Security Commission needs to be set up at the union level to prepare a panel for selection and placement of chiefs of the Central Police Organizations with a minimum tenure of 2 years.
April 7, 2021
7th April 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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April 7, 2021
Ukraine urges NATO to speed up membership
Ukrainian President has urged NATO to speed up his country’s membership in the alliance, saying it was the only way to end fighting with pro-Russia separatists.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
- The NATO, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries.
- The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.
- NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
- NATO’s Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.
Its members
- Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 30.
- The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.
- NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and Ukraine as aspiring members.
- An additional 20 countries participate in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs.
Why NATO matters?
- The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global nominal total.
- Members agreed that their aim is to reach or maintain the target defence spending of at least 2% of their GDP by 2024.
Also read:

India & NATO
April 7, 2021
E9 Initiative for Digital Learning
Nine countries including India, China and Brazil will explore the possibility of co-creating and scaling up digital learning to achieve the UN sustainable goal on quality education under the E9 initiative.

The E9 is the first of its kind global collaboration for digital learning. Note the participating countries.

E9 Initiative
- It is the first of a three-phased process to co-create an initiative on digital learning and skills, targeting marginalised children and youth, especially girls.
- The initiative aims to accelerate recovery and advance the Sustainable Development Goal 4 agenda by driving rapid change in education systems.
- It is spearheaded by the UN, the E9 countries – Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria and Pakistan.
- It will have the opportunity to benefit from this global initiative and accelerate progress on digital learning, according to UNESCO.
Various functions
- The initiative will discuss the co-creation of the Digital Learning initiative by the nine countries.
- This Consultation will highlight progress, share lessons and explore opportunities for collaboration and scale-up to expand digital learning and skills.
- In addition, a Marketplace segment, for public-private partnership will focus on promising local and global solutions and opportunities for digital learning to strengthen local ecosystems.
April 7, 2021
Mahendragiri Hills
The Odisha government has proposed a second biosphere reserve in the southern part of the state at Mahendragiri, a hill ecosystem having a rich biodiversity.

The 5,569-square kilometre Similipal Biosphere Reserve is Odisha’s first such reserve and was notified May 20, 1996.

Mahendragiri Hills
- Mahendragiri is a mountain in the Rayagada subdivision of the district of Gajapati, Odisha, India.
- It is situated amongst the Eastern Ghats at an elevation of 1,501 metres.
- The hill and its surrounding areas are recognized as a biodiversity hot spot due to numerous medicinal plants and other species that are found here.
- Mahendragiri is inhabited by the Soura people, a particularly vulnerable tribal group as well as the Kandha tribe.
Try this PYQ:

Q.From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats? (CSP 2018)

(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve

(b) Nallamala Forest

(c) Nagarhole National Park

(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

Why designate it as a biosphere reserve?
- The area of the proposed Mahendragiri Biosphere Reserve is around 470,955 hectares and is spread over Gajapati and Ganjam districts in the Eastern Ghats.
- The hill ecosystem acts as a transitional zone between the flora and fauna of southern India and the Himalayas, making the region an ecological estuary of genetic diversities.
- The rich flora in Mahendragiri represents 40 per cent of the reported flora of Odisha, with around 1,358 species of plants.
Back2Basics: Biosphere Reserves
- A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind’s impact on the environment.
- Each reserve aims to help scientists and the environmental community figure out how to protect the world’s plant and animal species while dealing with a growing population and its resource needs.
- To carry out the complementary activities of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, biosphere reserves are traditionally organized into 3 interrelated zones, known as:
  1. the core area
  2. the buffer zone and
  3. a transition zone or ‘area of cooperation
April 7, 2021
Xenobots: Robots developed from stem cells of frogs
Researchers have developed robots from stem cells of frogs called Xenobots.

Xenobots, the name itself suggests its peculiarity.

Xenobots
- Xenobots, named after the African clawed frog are synthetic organisms that are automatically designed by computers to perform some desired function and built by combining together different biological tissues.
- They are less than a 1 millimeter (0.039 inches) wide and composed of just two things: skin cells and heart muscle cells, both of which are derived from stem cells harvested from early (blastula stage) frog embryos.
- They can self-heal after damage, record memories and work together in groups.
- These biological robots can record information about their surroundings and move using cilia – minute hair like particles present on their surface.
Its applications
- These soft-body living machines can have several applications in biomedicine and the environment.
- They could be made from a human patient’s own cells, which would bypass the immune response challenges of other kinds of micro-robotic delivery systems.
- Such xenobots could potentially be used to scrape plaque from arteries and with additional cell types and bioengineering, locate and treat disease.
April 7, 2021
[pib] What are Wolf–Rayet Stars?
Indian astronomers have tracked a rare supernova explosion and traced it to one of the hottest kind of stars called Wolf–Rayet stars or WR stars.

Space science-related terms these days are often focused on Gravitational waves, Black holes etc. But basic terminologies are very important and need to be taken care of. For example, a layman may hardly find any difference between Novae-Supernovae, Neutron star, Nebula etc. UPSC often tries to bust you with such basic differences.

Wolf–Rayet Stars
- Wolf-Rayet stars represent a final burst of activity before a huge star begins to die.
- These stars, which are at least 20 times more massive than the Sun, “live fast and die hard”.
- Wolf-Rayets stars are divided into 3 classes based on their spectra, the WN stars (nitrogen dominant, some carbon), WC stars (carbon dominant, no nitrogen) and WO where oxygen is in dominant quantities.
- The average temperature of a Wolf-Rayet star is greater than 25,000 Kelvin, and they can have luminosities of up to a million times that of the Sun.
What have Indian researchers studied?
- Indian astronomers have conducted the optical monitoring of one such stripped-envelope supernova called SN 2015dj hosted in the galaxy NGC 7371 which was spotted in 2015.
- They calculated the mass of the star that collapsed to form the supernovae as well as the geometry of its ejection.
Their findings
- The scientists found that the original star was a combination of two stars – one of them is a massive WR star and another is a star much less in mass than the Sun.
- Supernovae (SNe) are highly energetic explosions in the Universe releasing an enormous amount of energy.
- Long-term monitoring of these transients opens the door to understand the nature of the exploding star as well as the explosion properties.
- It can also help enumerate the number of massive stars.
April 7, 2021
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April 7, 2021
Address the silent crisis of India’s gender deficit
The recently released Gener Gap Report paints a grim picture for India. The deal with this issue.

Where India Stands
- The World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2021 was released last week.
- The report lays bare our silent crisis of gender inequality, aggravated by the covid pandemic.
- India has slipped 28 places to 140th position among 156 countries on the WEF’s Global Gender Gap Index.
- The country is now 37.5% short of an ideal situation of equality, by its index, last year it was a 33.2% deficit on the whole.
- Back in 2006, we were almost 40% short, but even the slight progress made over the past 15 years has been highly uneven.
- Gains were made on the education and political empowerment of women, we slid sharply on health and economic parameters.
Factors to consider
- Though pandemic has been responsible for the decline to a significant extent, many of our deficiencies are pre-covid.
- Some of the drop in India’s international rank over the past two years, for example, has to do with regression in the field of political power.
- The proportion of women ministers more than halved to 9.1% of the total, though our count of female Parliamentarians did not budge from its long stagnancy.
- Our performance over the past decade-and-a-half has been poor on women’s economic opportunities and participation.
- Indian workforce has been turning more predominantly male.
- Senior managerial positions in the corporate sector have not seen sufficient female appointees.
- At the aggregate level, our income disparity is glaring.
- Women earn only a fifth of men, which puts India among the world’s worst 10 on this indicator.
- We fare worse on women’s health and survival, with India beaten to the last rank only by China.
Why proportionally fewer Indian women in jobs?
- One explanation is that sociocultural attitudes go against women going out to work, unless the family lacks sustenance, and deprivation has been in decline for decades.
- Another is that families prefer educated mothers to invest time in teaching their kids.
- Both these motives are said to be influenced by upward income mobility and a quest for better lives.
- Yet, the covid setback to both family incomes and gender progress would suggest the reasons are mostly attitudinal.
Way forward
- If the reasons are attitudinal, tax incentives and other schemes are unlikely to get women taking up more jobs.
- What we need are new forms of social persuasion, which must go with credible assurances of gender equity in every sphere.
Conclusion

A country’s economic progress is inextricably linked to empowered women. So, India needs to act on the silent crisis of India’s gender deficit to move up the economic ladder.
April 6, 2021

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