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  • Lottery, gambling, betting taxable under GST Act

    The Supreme Court has held that lottery, gambling and betting are taxable under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Act.

    Try this question from CSP 2018:

    Q.Consider the following items:

    1. Cereal grains hulled
    2. Chicken eggs cooked
    3. Fish processed and canned
    4. Newspapers containing advertising material

    Which of the above items is/are exempt under GST (Goods and Services Tax)?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    What did the court say?

    • A three-judge Bench led by Justice Ashok Bhushan said the levy of GST on lotteries does not amount to “hostile discrimination”.
    • The court held that lottery, betting and gambling are “actionable claims” and come within the definition of ‘goods’ under Section 2(52) of the Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017.
    • Lottery, betting and gambling are well known concepts and have been in practice in this country since before Independence and were regulated and taxed by different legislations.

    Parliament to decide

    • The court said that the Parliament had an absolute power to go for an “inclusive definition” of the term ‘goods’ to include actionable claims like lottery, gambling and betting.
    • The court accepted the government’s stand that the Parliament has the competence to levy GST on lotteries under Article 246A (inserted after GST Act) of the Constitution.
    • The power to make laws as conferred by Article 246A fully empowers the Parliament to make laws with respect to GST and expansive definition of goods given in Section 2(52).

    Must read:

    Goods and Services Tax

  • Surveyor-2 Spacecraft

    NASA has confirmed that the Near-Earth Object called 2020 SO is the rocket booster that helped lift the space agency’s Surveyor spacecraft toward the Moon in 1966.

    Try this PYQ:

    Consider the following phenomena:

    1. Size of the sun at dusk
    2. Colour of the sun at dawn
    3. Moon being visible at dawn
    4. Twinkle of stars in the sky
    5. Polestar being visible in the sky

    Which of the above are optical illusions?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 3, 4 and 5

    (c) 1, 2 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 5

    What is Surveyor-2?

    • The Surveyor-2 spacecraft was supposed to make a soft landing on the Moon’s surface in September 1966, during which time one of the three thrusters failed to ignite.
    • As a result of this the spacecraft started spinning and crashed on the surface.
    • The aim of the mission was to reconnoiter the lunar surface ahead of the Apollo missions that led to the first lunar landing in 1969.
    • While the spacecraft crashed into the Moon’s surface, the rocket booster disappeared into an unknown orbit around the Sun.

    How was the object determined to be the rocket booster?

    • Astronomers track asteroids using telescope to determine if there are potentially hazardous asteroids that pose a threat to the planet.
    • Therefore, it is also important for them to be able to distinguish between natural and artificial objects that orbit around the Sun.
    • The rocket booster has come “somewhat close” to the Earth in the past few decades.
    • One approach to the Earth in late 1966 was so close that the object was thought to have originated from Earth.
    • In September, the NASA-funded telescope detected it.

  • Arecibo Radio Telescope

    A massive radio telescope at Puerto Rico’s Arecibo Observatory — one of the world’s largest — collapsed on after sustaining severe damage, following 57 years of astronomical discoveries.

    Try this PYQ:

    Which of the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidence for the continued expansion of the universe?

    1. Detection of microwaves in space
    2. Observation of redshirt phenomenon in space
    3. Movement of asteroids in space
    4. Occurrence of supernova explosions in space

    Codes:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1, 3 and 4

    (d) None of the above can be cited as evidence.

    Arecibo Telescope

    • The Arecibo Observatory, also known as the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), was an observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico owned by the US National Science Foundation (NSF).
    • It was the world’s largest single-aperture telescope for 53 years, surpassed in July 2016 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China.
    • The second-largest single-dish radio telescope in the world, it had withstood many hurricanes and earthquakes since it was first built in 1963.

    Its contributions

    • Being the most powerful radar, scientists employed Arecibo to observe planets, asteroids and the ionosphere.
    • It made several discoveries over the decades, including finding prebiotic molecules in distant galaxies, the first exoplanets, and the first millisecond pulsar.
    • In 1967, Arecibo was able to discover that the planet Mercury rotates in 59 days and not 88 days as had been originally thought.
    • In the following decades, it also served as a hub in the search for extraterrestrial life, and would look for radio signals from alien civilizations.
    • In 1993, scientists Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on the observatory in monitoring a binary pulsar.
    • It provided a strict test of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity and the first evidence for the existence of gravitational waves.

  • Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP)

    A powerful new telescope ASKAP, in Australia has mapped vast areas of the universe in record-breaking time, revealing a million new galaxies and opening the way to new discoveries.

    Note all important telescopes in news and their features. Some of them are – Thirty Meter Telescope, Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, Spitzer, Chandra etc.

    What is ASKAP?

    • ASKAP is a telescope designed over a decade ago and located about 800 km north of Perth.
    • It became fully operational in February 2019 and is currently conducting pilot surveys of the sky before it can begin large-scale projects from 2021 onward.
    • ASKAP surveys are designed to map the structure and evolution of the Universe, which it does by observing galaxies and the hydrogen gas that they contain.
    • One of its most important features is its wide field of view, because of which it has been able to take panoramic pictures of the sky in great detail.
    • The telescope uses novel technology developed by CSIRO- the Australian space agency, which is a kind of a “radio camera” to achieve high survey speeds and consists of 36 dish antennas, which are each 12m in diameter.
    • The survey team has been able to observe over 83 per cent of the sky visible from ASKAP’s site in Western Australia.

    Significance of the results

    • The present Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) taken by the ASKAP telescope is like a “Google map” of the Universe.
    • Mapping the Universe on such a scale enables astronomers to study the formation of stars and how galaxies and their supermassive black holes evolve and interact with each other.
    • Significantly, the images the telescope has taken are on average deeper and have better spatial resolution compared to those taken during other surveys of the sky.
    • The aim of the RACS survey is to generate images that will aid future surveys undertaken using the telescope.

  • 4th December 2020| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

    Important Announcement:  Topics to be covered on 7th December

    GS-1 Indian Society and Diversity of India.

    GS-4 Case Studies.

    Question 1)

    The share of the elderly in the population is expected to increase to 20 per cent of the population by 2050. Thus to ensure a life of dignity, social security and safety, enabling them to actively participate in economic development and the process of nation building is an absolute necessity. Discuss. 10 marks

    Question 2)

    The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020 seeks to prevent illegal religious conversions. However, several provisions of the ordinance have raised concerns. What are the concerns with the ordinance? 10 marks

    Question 3)

    In terms of connections to the rest of the world, it is less clear what the right policy mix should be. Do you agree with the view that focus on simultaneously managing the exchange rate and domestic inflation while maintaining an open capital account would help in the revival of India’s economic growth? 10 marks

    Question 4)  

    The success of persuasion depends on three factors: source, message and target. Comment. 10 marks

    Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check  here: Click2Join

  • Adapt to the expectations of UPSC, bury old ways of preparation | Fill Samanvaya for IAS 2021/2022 to know how.

    Adapt to the expectations of UPSC, bury old ways of preparation | Fill Samanvaya for IAS 2021/2022 to know how.

    Do you know what UPSC expects from an aspirant? IAS Pre 2020 can be taken as a watershed moment. If you feel you’re at the crossroads this is for you.

    Fill Samanvaya form here to schedule a free one-on-one mentorship session (given at the bottom)

    The Prelims 2020 in many ways was a watershed moment for IAS aspirants. It shocked veterans and baffled the first-timers. If anything this paper has taught is that you need to adapt to the expectations of UPSC and adopt a new approach.

    UPSC is changing. No more is it about isolating yourself and just doing current affairs, static, attending random classes, or reading a plethora of books. It’s time to bury the old ways for IAS preparation, for good.

    How to prepare for UPSC mains 2021 ? How to write answers?

    We’ve had a discussion with around 2700 IAS aspirants (beginners and veterans) last month and all of them had doubts related to either sources and books or answer writing and even essays and interviews.

    To borrow from the parable of ‘blind men and the elephant’ almost all of these aspirants were trying to make sense of UPSC but unable to look at the whole picture. You need to tackle that ‘elephant in the room’. Look at the holistic picture. First, understand what it stands for, what expectations do they have from you, then understand how to fulfill them, then plan and move forward.

    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020

    Broadly, six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam and the most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC and according to that planning and strategizing; other being Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

    But how to do that?

    Talk to senior mentors from Civilsdaily: Click here and fill Samanvaya form for IAS 2021-22

    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020

    Talk to senior mentors from Civilsdaily: Click here and fill Samanvaya form for IAS 2021-22

    Failing to tackle any one of them, feeds into a vicious cycle. Without guidance or mentoring, understanding where the problem lies in and how to rectify it becomes problematic.

    This is where our 3 tier mentoring comes in:

    1. First step starts with this Samanvaya call: Once you fill in the form, our senior mentors get on a 30-40 minute call with you to understand your prep level, working/ study constraints, current strategies, and create a step by step plan for next week, next month and so on.

    2. You are given access to our invite-only chat platform, Habitat where you can ask your daily doubts, discuss your test-prep questions and have real-time, live sessions on news and op-eds, and find your optional groups.

    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020
    Daily target monitoring.

    3. The third and the most personalized tier is the 1 on 1 mentor allotment who stays with you through the course of your UPSC preparation – always-on chat and on scheduled calls to help you assess, evaluate, and chart the next milestone of your IAS 2021/2022 journey.

    Clear UPSC in first attempt

    Let’s talk. Fill this Samanvaya form (click here)

    (Civilsdaily’s mentor will call you within 24 hours.)

    Who are you?

    1. Working Junta? If you are preparing for IAS 2021/2022 and working simultaneously, we can help you strategize and decipher the IAS exam and design a timetable that fits right in your hectic schedule.
    2. First-time prep? If you are in the last year of college or thinking of dropping a year and preparing for IAS 2021/2022 full time, we can help you pick the right books and craft a practical & personal strategy.

    You just have to take 5 minutes out and fill this form: Samanvaya For IAS 2021/2022

    Once done, we will call you within 24 hours or so.

    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020 Abhishek Saraf rank 8 Civilsdaily
    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020

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  • Issues related to disability

    Legal provisions not turning into reality through their implementation adds to the difficulties faced by persons with disabilities. The article deals with the idea of enabling persons with disability to contribute to society.

    Context

    • December 3 is the annual International Day of Persons with Disabilities, it is also a stark reminder of how far we in India need to go in meeting the needs of the disabled.

    Lack of implementation of provisions

    • The World Bank estimates that there may be well over 40 million Indians living with disabilities.
    • The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act was passed in 2016 but our country is still largely devoid of ramps on its footpaths or government buildings.
    • The law promises them equality of opportunity and accessibility. Our practices deny them what the law promises.

    Challenges faced by persons with disabilities

    • Indians with disabilities are far more likely to suffer from poor social and economic development.
    •  45 per cent of this population is illiterate, making it difficult for them to build better, more fulfilled lives.
    • This is compounded by the community’s lack of political representation:
    • In our seven decades of independence, we have had just four parliamentarians and six state assembly members who suffer from visible disabilities.
    • This lack of representation, and these general attitudes, translate directly into policy that undermines the well-being of people with disabilities.
    •  Last year, for example, the government inexplicably decided to depart from convention and render people suffering from cerebral palsy ineligible for the Indian Foreign Service.

    Initiatives and steps taken by the government

    • The government has had some admirable initiatives to improve the lot of Indians with disabilities, such as the ADIP scheme for improving access to disability aids.
    • The Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan, or Accessible India Campaign, has aimed to make public transport, buildings and websites more accessible.
    • In 2017, the Mental Healthcare Act recognised and respected the agency of persons with mental-health conditions, expanding the presence of mental-health establishments across the country, restricted the harmful use of electroshock therapy, clarified the mental-health responsibilities of state agencies such as the police, and effectively decriminalised attempted suicide.
    •  In 2007, the UN passed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
    • India is a state party to the convention.

    Conclusion

    It is critical that the government work with civil society and individuals with disabilities to craft an India where everyone feels welcome and treated with respect, regardless of their disabilities. Only then can we welcome the next International Day of Persons with Disabilities without a sense of shame.

  • Implications of UP’s ‘love jihad’ ordinance for freedom of conscience

    The U.P. government’s ordinance seeking the prevention of illegal conversion has several provisions that go against the Constitution and restricts the freedom of conscience. 

    Objective of the ordinance

    • The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020 seeks to prevent “love jihad” in the state
    • The ordinance makes it a criminal offence for a person to convert another by coercion, misrepresentation, fraud etc, which is unobjectionable.
    • A marriage solemnised for the “sole purpose” of unlawfully converting the bride or the groom is required to be declared void by the competent court.
    • There can be no objection to ordinance’s premise that converting somebody by fraud or misrepresentation is wrong.
    • In fact, though the members of the Constituent Assembly included the right to “propagate” one’s religion they considered it a “rather obvious doctrine” that this would not include forcible conversions.
    • However, the UP ordinance goes beyond this principle and does something quite strange.

    Unconstitutional provisions and issues with the ordinance

    1) Lack of clarity

    • The ordinance makes it a criminal offence to convert a person by offering her an “allurement”.
    • The term “allurement” is defined very broadly, to include even providing a gift to the person who is sought to be converted.
    • The use of the words “or otherwise” in the definition of allurement is puzzling.
    • The essential prerequisite of a criminal law is that it has to be precise.
    • A person cannot be put behind bars for doing something that a penal law does not clearly and unequivocally prohibit.
    • On this touchstone, the definition of “allurement” leaves much to be desired.

    2) Reconversion to a person’s previous religion is not illegal

    • It says that “reconversion” to a person’s previous religion is not illegal, even if it is vitiated by fraud, force, allurement, misrepresentation and so on.
    • In other words, if a person converts from Religion A to Religion B of her own volition, and is then forced to reconvert back to Religion A against her will, this will not constitute “conversion” under the ordinance at all.

    3) Unfairly treating all women in the same way

    • Illegal conversion under the ordinance attracts a punishment of 1-5 years in prison.
    • However, if the victim of the illegal conversion is a minor, a member of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or, strangely, a woman, the punishment is doubled — at 2-10 years behind bars.
    • In other words, it does not matter who the woman is, if somebody converts her against her will, the punishment can go up to 10 years in prison.
    • The ordinance unfairly paints all women with the same brush — assuming that all women are gullible, vulnerable and especially susceptible to illegal conversion.

    4) Buden of proof

    • The burden of proof in criminal cases is on the prosecution, and the presumption is that a person accused of committing an offence is innocent until proven guilty.
    • The Uttar Pradesh ordinance turns this rule on its head.
    • Every religious conversion is presumed to be illegal.
    • The burden is on the person carrying out the conversion to prove that it is not illegal.
    • The offence of illegal conversion is also “cognisable” and “non-bailable”, meaning that a police officer can arrest an accused without a warrant, and the accused may or may not be released on bail, at the discretion of the court.

    Time to revisit the past judgement

    • In Rev Stainislaus v State of Madhya Pradesh (1977), the Supreme Court held that the fundamental right to “propagate” religion does not include the right to convert a person to another religion.
    • In that case, the court had upheld anti-conversion statutes enacted by the states of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.

    Conclusion

    The ordinance puts an incredible chilling effect on the freedom of conscience and state must reconsider it.

  • Ethics New Batch (03) on Habitat | Starting 5th December

    Click here for Ethics group on Habitat

    Hello Students,

    It’s often mentioned by IAS Toppers that a good score in the ethics paper can shoot up your rank and can also determine the service that you might get. This year’s marks in GS-4 is proof.

    But, wait! what is the best approach to cover Ethics for the UPSC exam? How much time and effort should I give for paper 4? Well, can’t say about the best but we’re redefining the way Ethics has to be prepared. We learn from each other. We learn from other’s mistakes, from their experience, their wisdom. It makes it easier for us to come to better decisions.

    Teaching is Learning, this is our motto for the month. So, do join us for very different learning experiences and yet enriching where your peers will put up the teaching hat. The idea is to boost peer to peer discussions.

    Also, since it is the month leading to your mains examination, we will take up 2018 and 2019 previous year paper’s answer writing and discussion in our daily activities.

    It is our immense pleasure to announce the commencement of the Batch(03) from 5th December 2020 on habitat. It is our ardent belief that students will find these discussions as useful as the previous one.

    Watch Sukanya ma’am discuss Ethics topics on Habitat

    For complete detailed syllabus wise coverage, you can join the Ethics masterclass course. This course consists of lecture series covering the whole syllabus along with a mini test series to practice answer writing.

    Enroll for Ethics MasterClass 2021 (Click here)

    Click here for Ethics group on Habitat

    Instructions for joining Habitat

    1. Click here: Link for Habitat.
    2. Click on ‘Register a new account’ and enter your details.
    3. Choose a username.
    4. That is it. Welcome to Habitat.

    For access through the Mobile app:

    1. Install the Mobile application (click here) from your Appstore.
    2. Use the same email id and password as you used above.

    Should you encounter any issue in this process or you have a query, reach out to us at +91 89299 87787 or hello@civilsdaily.com

  • Looming heath crisis in the form of antimicrobial resistance

    Rapidly rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses the threat of the next health crisis if not addressed with urgency. The article examines the severity of the issue.

    The severity of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

    • Globally, about 35% of common human infections have become resistant to available medicines.
    • About 700,000 people die every year because available antimicrobial drugs — antibiotics, antivirals, antiparasitic and antifungals — have become less effective at combating pathogens.
    • Resistance to second- and third-line antibiotics — the last lines of defence against some common diseases — are projected to almost double between 2005 and 2030.
    • In India, the largest consumer of antibiotics in the world, this is a serious problem.

    Responsible factors

    •  Microorganisms develop resistance to antimicrobial agents as a natural defence mechanism.
    • Human activity has significantly accelerated the process.
    • The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials for humans.
    • Livestock and agriculture but other factors also contribute.

    Research points  to role of environment and pollution

    • Once consumed, up to 80% of antibiotic drugs are excreted un-metabolised, along with resistant bacteria.
    • Their release in effluents from households and health and pharmaceutical facilities, and agricultural run-off, is propagating resistant microorganisms.
    • Wastewater treatment facilities are unable to remove all antibiotics and resistant bacteria.
    • In India, there is capacity to treat only about 37% of the sewage generated annually.
    • Water, then, may be a major mode for the spread of AMR, especially in places with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
    • Wildlife that comes into contact with discharge containing antimicrobials can also become colonised with drug-resistant organisms.

    Initiative to tackle the AMR

    • The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) identified antimicrobial resistance as one of six emerging issues of environmental concern in its 2017 Frontiers Report.
    • UN agencies are working together to develop the One Health AMR Global Action Plan (GAP) that addresses the issue in human, animal, and plant health and food and environment sectors.
    • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) issued draft standards which set limits for residues of 121 antibiotics in treated effluents from drug production units.
    • The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and MoEF&CC constituted the inter-ministerial Steering Committee on Environment and Health, with representation from WHO and UNEP.

    Way forward

    • The Centre and State governments in India can strengthen the environmental dimensions of their plans to tackle antimicrobial resistance.
    • It is important to promote measures that address known hotspots such as hospitals and manufacturing and waste treatment facilities.

    Consider the question “Being the largest consumer of antibiotics in the world, India faces a grave threat from growing anti-microbial resistance. What are the factors responsible for it? Suggest the ways to deal with it.”

    Conclusion

    We saw how quickly a pandemic can spread if we are not ready. This is an opportunity to get ahead of the next one.

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