GS4 (Ethics)
Is ethical conduct in personal life necessary for an honest public servant? Or are the two unrelated? Discuss with the help of examples.
Similar previous year question – Differentiate between personal and professional ethics. [CSM 2015]
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15 Nov 2016 | GS3 | A huge role was played by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the recent U.S. presidential elections by analysing large amounts of information about voters and predicting political preferences. What are some of the ways in which AI is affecting the world? Do we need regulation to control the technology?
GS3 (Science and Technology)
A huge role was played by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the recent U.S. presidential elections by analysing large amounts of information about voters and predicting political preferences. What are some of the ways in which AI is affecting the world? Do we need regulation to control the technology?
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15 Nov 2016 | GS2 | Recently a private member’s Bill was introduced which sought to give more powers for mayors. It also tried to introduce provisions for direct election of mayors. Why are these provisions important for providing better urban governance in India? What are some of the problems related with urban local bodies?
GS2 (Polity and Governance)
Recently a private member’s Bill was introduced which sought to give more powers for mayors. It also tried to introduce provisions for direct election of mayors. Why are these provisions important for providing better urban governance in India? What are some of the problems related with urban local bodies?
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15 Nov 2016 | GS1 | Heritage erosion has been seen as the greatest problem that undermines the socio-environmental stability and sustainability of India. To what extent it is serious and what suggestions can be made for its management.
GS1 (Indian Heritage and Culture)
Heritage erosion has been seen as the greatest problem that undermines the socio-environmental stability and sustainability of India. To what extent it is serious and what suggestions can be made for its management.
For understanding how to answer this questions, see these pointers by K Siddhartha.
Here is a video discussing the question.
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What is heritage erosion and how can we manage it?
Heritage erosion has been seen as the greatest problem that undermines the socio-environmental stability and sustainability of India. To what extent it is serious and what suggestions can be made for its management.
Answer direction
What is meant by heritage erosion – Heritage erosion refers to the degradation defacing and crumbling of sculptures, architectural pieces, stealth and duplication of paintings and art forms, defacing of monuments and their replacement by land use changes, and erosion of genetic wealth, smuggling of bio wealth, loss of geomorphic features and any other form of degradation that lessens the respect for language, skills, or psyches very unique to a niche place.
Extent & magnitude of the problem – Heritage erosion is visible in the form of breakage of columnar basalts in St Marys islands, pilferage of dinosaur eggs from Dahaud, Use of tors for granite mining etc.
How does it affect socio environmental stability & sustainability – What is meant by social instability and how is it determined?
- Loss of iconography resulting in loss of symbol of identity
- Loss of identity
- Apathy induced disenchantment from the symbols of history
- Reflects loss of values, loss of morality and reflects apathy.
- Pilferage of icon and vandalism will accompany gloom
- Increasing immunity and apathy towards aesthetic losses
- Environmental stability dependent on
- Existence of Natural and pristine Wealth in its pure state
- Increasing Interrelationship increasing interdependence between culture heritage economy & environment
- Environmental awareness
- Preservation of local wisdom
- Inability to change mindset
Suggestions
- Separation of heritage in Administrative form, Create a separate ministry.
- Curriculum modification – Identification and inclusion of heritage as an asset in school, Open departments of Heritage management on the lines of Ahmadabad University
- Introduction of a compulsory offline and online training for tourists willing to undertake ventures.
- Heritage promotion to include not only historical monuments and culture, but fossil parks topography parks, terrain, monsoon bursts and other theme pack
- Heritage depiction and promotion through immersive technology & augmented reality
- Change the promotion tags from tourism to heritage wherever applicable
- Restoring the historical sites in the form of festivals and inducing festivity link perceptions
- Re-Classify heritage and announce awards for people with exceptional heritage sense.
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15 Nov 2016 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions & Tikdams
Dear students,
When you submit your answer, if possible, give some reasoning & more info. along with the ABACAA format. Elaborate on what you know. This is going to help you retain & remember better.
NOTE: Prelims Daily compilation for October 2016 has been released for FREE – Click2Download
Q.1) Consider the following pairs:
Tiger reserves sometimes mentioned in the news In the affairs of
1. Sathyamangalam : Karnataka
2. Mudumalai : Tamil Nadu
3. Namdapha : Arunachal Pradesh
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 only
c) 2 and 3
d) 3 only
Q.2) Consider the following statements about ‘Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal project’.
1. The Satluj-Yamuna Link canal is meant to redirect some of River Satluj and its tributary Beas’ waters to the Yamuna canal.
2. The Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal project is meant to re-allocate water from Punjab to Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.3) Consider the following statements with respect to ‘nullification clause’ of India-Japan Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement.
1. Nullification clause sought automatic cancellation of the agreement if India resorts to nuclear testing in the future.
2. Smiling Buddha was the code name of India’s first successful nuclear bomb test on 1974.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.4) Consider the following pairs with reference to ports:
1. Gwadar Port : Pakistan
2. Chabahar Port: Iran
3. Port of Tucson: France
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 only
c) 2 and 3
d) 3 only
Q.5) Consider following statements regarding Ken and Betwa river interlinking project.
1.It will transfer surplus water from the Uttar Pradesh section of the Ken to the Betwa in Madhya Pradesh
2.The project might affect the tigers and vultures of Satpura tiger reservoir
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q.6) The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the (CSP-2016)
A. Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership
B. Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership
C. Rajya Sabha by a Simple majority of its total membership
D. Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its member present and voting
Q.7) With reference to the agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015,which of the following statements is / are correct? (CSP-2016)
1.The agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2.The agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of the century does not exceed 2 Celsius or even 1.5 celsius above pre-industrial levels.
3.Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibilities in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climatic change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Q.8) Recently which of the following states has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel? (CSP 2016)
A. Andhra Pradesh
B. Chhatisgarh
C. Karnataka
D. Rajasthan
IMPORTANT STUFF:
1. These questions are mostly derived from our daily newscards. Reading daily news from Civilsdaily’s App (click here) or website + solving these questions will help you reinforce the basics.
2. For a comprehensive preparation of IAS Prelims 2017 – consider joining one of the three Prelims Modules by CD – prelims.civilsdaily.com
3. Solutions will be uploaded at 8 p.m. Click here for the solution.
4. For attempting previous Prelims Daily Questions – Click here
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The Changing Earth: Phenomena of Weathering and Erosion
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The landscape is continuously being worn away by two processes:
- Weathering
- Erosion
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Understanding Weathering
- Weathering involves 2 processes that often work in concert to decompose rocks.
- Both processes occur in place.
- No movement is involved in weathering.
Chemical weathering involves a chemical change in at least some of the minerals within a rock.
Mechanical weathering involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
It’s important to keep in mind that weathering is a surface or near-surface process. As you know, metamorphism also produces chemical changes in rocks, but metamorphic chemical changes occur at depth where either the temperature and/or pressure are significantly higher than conditions found on the Earth’s surface.
As soon as a rock particle (loosened by one of the two weathering processes) moves, we call it erosion. Mass wasting is simply movement down slope due to gravity. Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting. We call it erosion if the rock particle is moved by some flowing agent such as air, water or ice.
So, the mantra is:If a particle is loosened, chemically or mechanically, but stays put, call it weathering. Once the particle starts moving, call it erosion.
Understanding Erosion and Its Agents
Erosion: As mentioned earlier, it is the wearing away of landscape by different agents like wind, water and ice. The eroded material is carried away or transported by water, wind, etc. and eventually deposited. Different landforms are created on the earth’s surface because of erosion and deposition.
A. Role of water in erosion/ deposition:
#1. River: The running water of the river erodes the landscape.
#2. Waterfall:
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- Waterfalls often form in the upper stages of a river where it flows over different bands of rock.
- It erodes soft rock more quickly than hard rock and this may lead to the creation of a waterfall.
- Formation of a waterfall: The soft rock erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard rock.
#3. Ox Bow Lake:
- An oxbow lake is a lake that forms when a meander in a river is cut off from the rest of the river.
- It is shaped like a crescent, or the bow of an oxen yoke.
- A river meanders because of obstacles and patterns of erosion and deposition of sediments.
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- As the river enters the plain, it twists and turns forming large bends called meanders.
- Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.
- When this happens, over a course of time, the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut – off lake
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#4. Floodplain:
- Flood plains are made by a meander eroding sideways as it travels downstream.
- When a river breaks its banks and floods, it leaves behind layers of alluvium (silt).
- These gradually build up to create the floor of the flood plain.
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#5. Leeves:
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- In times of flood a river may overflow its banks and spread over the flood plain.
- As it does so it loses energy and deposits its material across the flood plain.
- As it takes more energy to carry larger particles, these are deposited first and therefore build up along the banks of the river to form a natural embankment which are called levees.
- The levee will become higher every time the river floods.
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#6. Delta:
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- When the river approaches the sea, it becomes very slow in its flow and begins to break up into a number of streams called distributaries.
- The speed of the river water is so less that it starts depositing its load.
- Each distributary forms its own mouth.
- A collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta
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Why do rivers have deltas?
The three main types of Deltas are:
#7. Sea Waves:
The erosion and deposition by water in the form of sea waves leads to the formation of coastal landforms. Some coastal landforms are as follows:
- Sea Caves
- Sea Arches
- Stacks
- Sea Cliff
- Beaches
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- Seawaves continuously strike at the rocks. This leads to cracks. The cracks become larger and wider overtime. Thus hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves.
- As these cavities become bigger and bigger, only the roof of the caves remains, hence forming sea arches.
- The erosion further breaks the roof and only the walls remain. These wall like features are called stacks.
- Sea cliff is the steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water. The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forming beaches.
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B. Role of ice in erosion/ deposition:
Glaciers are ‘rivers’ of ice that too erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below. They create:
#1. Deep hollows
#2. Lakes in mountains: These are formed when the ice melts and the deep hollows get filled up with water
#3. Glacial moraines: These are formed by the deposition of the material carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt.
A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock) that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth (i.e. a past glacial maximum), through geomorphological processes.
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Different types of moraine:
- Terminal moraines are found at the terminus or the furthest (end) point reached by a glacier.
- Lateral moraines are found deposited along the sides of the glacier.
- Medial moraines are found at the junction between two glaciers.
- Ground moraines are disorganised piles of rocks of various shapes, sizes and of differing rock types.
B. Role of wind in erosion/ deposition:
An active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts is the wind. The landforms in the desert are:
#1. Mushroom Rocks:
- In deserts, we can see rocks in the shape of mushrooms called mushroom rocks.
- The mushroom has a narrow base and a wider top.
- These rocks also have such a shape because the winds erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part.
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#2. Sand Dunes:
- When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another.
- When it stops blowing the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill – like structures called sand dunes.
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#3. Loess:
- When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry it over very long distances.
- When such sand is deposited in large areas, it is called loess.
- Large deposit of loess is found in China.
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NOTE: This lesson forms a part of the series on Physical Geographic Lectures – Click to read the collection
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The 8 Major Types of Farming Systems in India
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Based primarily on nature of land, climatic characteristics and available irrigational facilities, the farmers in India practise different types of farming.
1. Subsistence Farming:
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- Majority of farmers in the country practise subsistence farming.
- It is characterised by small and scattered land holdings and use of primitive tools.
- As the farmers are poor, they do not use fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds in their fields to the extent they should do.
- Facilities like electricity and irrigation are generally not available to them.
Features of Subsistence Farming:
- The whole family works on the farm
- Most of the work is done manually
- The farms are small
- Tradition methods of farming are followed
- Yield is not very high
- Most of the yield is consumed by the family with very little surplus for the family
2. Shifting Agriculture:
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- In this type of agriculture, first of all a piece of forest land is cleared by felling trees and burning of trunks and branches.
- After the land is cleared, crops are grown for two to three years and then the land is abandoned as the fertility of the soil decreases.
- The farmers then move to new areas and the process is repeated.
- Dry paddy, maize, millets and vegetables are the crops commonly grown in this type of farming.
This practice is known by different name in different regions of India like:
- Jhum in Assam,
- Ponam in Kerala,
- Podu in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and
- Bewar masha penda and Bera in various parts of Madhya Pradesh.
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As far as possible governments have tried to discourage this practice of cultivation by tribals due to wasteful nature such as soil erosion caused by it, when soil erosion caused by it, when soils are not under cultivation.
3. Plantation Agriculture:
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- Plantation farming is bush or tree farming. It was introduced by the British in the 19th century.
- It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruit crops like apples, grapes, oranges, etc.
- It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilisers, irrigation, and transport facilities.
- Plantation agriculture is an export-oriented agriculture. Most of the crops grown in plantation agriculture have a life cycle of more than two years.
- Natural rubber, coconuts, oil palm, tea, cocoa, and coffee are all tree crops and take years to mature, but afterwards they are productive for long periods.
- Plantation agriculture is confined within tropical areas, i.e., both sides of the equator. Plantations exist on every continent possessing a tropical climate.
Some of the plantations like tea, coffee and rubber have a processing factory within the farm itself or close to it.
This type of agriculture has developed in hilly areas of north-eastern India, sub-Himalayan West Bengal and in Nilgiri, Anamalai and Cardamom hills in peninsular India.
4. Intensive Farming:
In areas where irrigation has been possible, the farmers use fertilisers and pesticides on large scale. They have also brought their land under high yielding variety of seeds. They have mechanised agriculture by introducing machines in various processes of farming.
Also known as industrial agriculture, it is characterized by a low fallow ratio and higher use of inputs such as capital and labour per unit land area. This is in contrast to traditional agriculture in which the inputs per unit land are lower.
Remember Intensive Agriculture Development program?
Intensive Agriculture Development program (IADP) was the first major experiment of Indian government in the field of agriculture and it was also known as a “package programme” as it was based upon the package approach.
The programme was launched in 1961 after the Community Development Programme lost sheen. The core philosophy was to provide loan for seeds and fertilizers to farmers. Intensive Agriculture Development program was started with the assistance of Ford Foundation.
The IADP was expanded and later a new Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP) was launched to develop special harvest in agriculture area.
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The IADP was expanded and later a new Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP) was launched to develop special harvest in agriculture area.
5. Dry Agriculture:
Dry farming or dry-land farming may be defined as a practice of growing crops without irrigation in areas which receive an annual rainfall of 750 mm – 500 mm or even less.
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Key elements of effective combat with perils of Dryland agriculture
- Capturing and Conservation of Moisture
- Effective Use of Available Moisture
- Soil Conservation
- Control of Input Costs
Dryland agriculture is subject to high variability in areas sown, yields and output. These variations are the results of aberrations in weather conditions, especially rainfall. Alternate crop strategies have been worked out for important regions of the country:
6. Mixed and Multiple Agriculture:
- Mixed farming is referred to cultivation of crops and raising of animals simultaneously.
- The multiple farming is used to denote the practice of growing two or more crops together.
- In such case a number of crops having varying maturing periods are sown at the same time.
- This practice is followed is areas having good rainfall or facilities of irrigation.
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7. Crop Rotation:
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This refers to growing of number of Crops one after the other in a fixed rotation to maintain the fertility of the soil. The rotation of crops may be complete in a year in some of the areas while it may involve more than one year’s time is others.
- Pulses or any leguminous crop is grown after the cereal crops.
- Legumes have the ability of fixing nitrogen to the soil.
- Highly fertilizer intensive crops like sugarcane or tobacco are rotated with cereal crops.
- The selection of crops for rotation depends upon the local soil conditions and the experience and the understanding of the farmers.
Good time to re-visit the nitrogen cycle again!
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8. Terrace Cultivation:
- The hill and mountain slopes are cut to form terraces and the land is used in the same way as in permanent agriculture.
- Since the availability of flat land is limited terraces are made to provide small patch of level land.
- Soil erosion is also checked due to terrace formation on hill slopes.
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Questions from Previous Year’s Prelims
1. Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’? [UPSC 2012]
A. Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
B. Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
C. Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
D. None of the above.Ans: C
2. With reference to Indian agriculture, which one of the following statements is correct? [UPSC 2002]
A. About 90 per cent of the area under pulses in India is rainfed.
B. The share of pulses in the gross cropped area at the national level has double in the last two decades
C. India accounts for about 15 per cent of the total area under rice in the world
D. Rice occupies about 34 per cent of the gross cropped area of IndiaAns: A
3. Which one of the following agricultural practices is eco-friendly ? [UPSC 1999]
A. Organic farming
B. Shifting cultivation
C. Cultivation of high-yielding varieties
D. Growing plants in glass-housesAns: A
4. What can be the impact of excessive/ inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? [UPSC 2015]
1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur.
2. increase in the acidity of soil can take place.
3. Leaching of nitrate to the groundwater can occur.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3Ans: C
5. In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? [UPSC 2015]
1.Terrace cultivation
2. Deforestation
3. Tropical climate
Select the correct answer using the code given below.A. I and 2 only
B. 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3Ans: B
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[Official] Geography Optional | IAS Mains | Daily Initiative 2
Seeing the awesome response in all the other optional threads, I think it would be a good idea to have a kind of daily initiative for geography optional people to supplement the self study/ classes/ test series.
Please comment here if you want an official thread for geography.
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Govt. is repealing some old laws of Pharma. What are they and what about similar issues with IPC
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This is part of the government’s move to remove outdated laws which don’t serve any definitive purpose. It’s basically to make the legal system more contemporary.
The Law Commission panel had recommended repealing 252 laws over four reports submitted from September to November 2014. The two-member committee created by the PMO identified 1,741 central laws for repeal, out of a total 2,781 Acts
What are these 3 laws?
1) The Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 1959 (24 of 1959),
2) The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational and Research (Amendment) Act, 2002 (28 of 2002), and
3) The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational and Research (Amendment) Act, 2007 (19 of 2007)
The area of concern around these old laws
1) There is an overlapping of laws enacted during the British Rule with new laws that have been enacted subsequently
2) Though such laws may not have been used for a long time, as the Law Commission found in many such cases, the possibility of these being misused is always there
Examples of some of the old laws in the book which make little sense
The Treasure Troves Act, 1878 that made it mandatory for any one finding anything worth Rs 10 “hidden below the soil” to hand it over to the government failing which “share of such treasure … shall vest in Her Majesty.”
The Sarais Act, 1867: Under this Act, a sarai has to offer passers-by free drinks of water. This law has been misused to harass hotel owners and in one instance, a Delhi five-star hotel was harassed under the clause, though not prosecuted, for not doing so.
It is important to note that we have a Companies Act that makes CSR compliance mandatory. These activities can be obligated under CSR activities.
The Indian Post Office Act, 1898 is another one in this category that provides that only the federal government has the “exclusive privilege of conveying by post, from one place to another” most letters. The law says only the government is responsible for sending ‘most letters’. In order to circumvent this law, the courier companies operating in India do not send ‘letters’ but ‘documents’. This Act is out of tune with the modern time when courier services have become the preferred mode of sending documents etc.
Indian Law Reporter Acts, 1875 which provides that in the courts of law, only citations published in the Indian Law Reporter series can be used and considered valid. However, in today’s time, there are various private publications which are relied by the courts including the Supreme Court and readily available.
Foreign Recruiting Act, Act 4 of 1874: This law gave the government the power to issue orders to prevent recruitment of Indians by a foreign state. However, the Law Commission in its 43rd report already said that such a power if wielded could violate the constitutional guarantee for freedom of occupation under Article 19.
Examples of overlapping laws
1) The Elephant Preservation Act of 1879 that makes it an offence to kill elephants is subsumed by the Wildlife Act, 1972 and provides for stringent measure for such killings, has lost its relevance but is yet to be repealed.
2) The Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853 is one of the earliest laws relating to water pollution and was meant to regulate dumping of industrial waste into the sea empowering the Collector to take steps to remove such debris etc. to give unhindered passage to ships. This law has lost its relevance in view of the various rules framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and has not been used for a long time.
The furore around repealing of Section 124A of IPC
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There is a growing demand for the repeal of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code. Do you support this demand?
The controversy at JNU and invoking of Sedition charges against JNU Student’s Union President brought back the debate between Sedition and Dissent.
Interestingly, the sedition law was not part of the original IPC. It was dropped by Britishers while enacting the Act, but then they realised its importance in censuring dissenting voices from Indian media, intellectuals, and freedom fighters. It was later introduced by the British in 1870, 10 years after the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was introduced.
One of the prominent convictions include freedom fighter Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who was convicted and sent to prison in Mandalay, Burma in 1908. <Recall the consequences of Surat Split and passivity in the Indian freedom struggle for a long period> Interestingly, the country which gave India its sedition law, the United Kingdom, repealed the act in 2009.
To know more about this law and debate + to answer the question put above with meaningful points, read this backgrounder (click here)
Other issues with the IPC and call for modernisation
Sedition law, inserted in 1898: It is legitimate to ask whether we need a law on sedition that we ourselves condemned during the Raj. Learn more about sedition law here
Section 295A, The offence of blasphemy: It should have no place in a liberal democracy <act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence for God or religious things>
Criminal conspiracy: It can be invoked merely when two people agree to commit an offence without any overt act following the agreement. It was added in 1913 by the colonial masters to deal with political conspiracies. Kehar Singh etc were convicted and sentenced to death under the offence of conspiracy ,<assassination of Indira Gandhi>, though none of them participated in the actual crime or were present at the scene of the crime.
Section 149, Unlawful assembly: The principle of constructive liability under this law is pushed to unduly harsh lengths. Mere membership of the assembly without any participation in the actual crime is sufficient for punishment. Several persons have been sentenced to death and hanged though they were not even present near the scene of the actual crime.
The distinction between “culpable homicide” and “murder” is criticised as the “weakest part of the code”, as the definitions are obscure
Sexual offences under the code reveal patriarchal values and Victorian morality.
Section 377: Unnatural sexual offences (LGBT right). Want to know about argument of Delhi high court in decriminalizing homosexuality, click here to read about Naz Foundation case
