In the intro, mention the increasing rivalry between China and the US.
In the body, mention the economic rise of China and its worsening relationship with the US and the assertive behaviour with the neighbouring countries. Also mention China’s strategy of using economic dependence for political gain and its impact on the global order. In the next part, mention how these changes are influencing India which is reflected in India’s decision to walk away from the RCEP, next mention the Quad and competition in the Indo-Pacific. In the approach for India suggest integration of financial, trade, technological, security and foreign policy.
Conclude by mentioning the need for approach which can help India adapt to the changes in the global order.
Unless the Court strives in every possible way to assure that the Constitution, the law, applies fairly to all citizens, the Court cannot be said to have fulfilled its custodial responsibility.
Landmark judgments
In the last few years, the Indian Supreme Court has delivered some judgments of far-reaching consequence.
It declared the right to privacy a fundamental right; decriminalized consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex; recognized transgender persons as the third gender; and outlawed triple talaq.
These decisions shore up the belief in republican values like liberty and equality reified in our Constitution.
Important cases pending in the Supreme Court
Constitutionality of CAA: Many petitions were filed before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, that provides non-Muslim communities from Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan a fast-track route to Indian citizenship.
More than two years later, the matter continues to languish in the apex court.
Dilution of Article 370: Innumerable petitions have been filed challenging the Presidential Order of August 5, 2019, that effectually diluted Article 370 of the Constitution.
To date, the court has done precious little to decide this vexed question of law.
Constitutionality of 103rd amendment: Petitions challenging the constitutionality of the Constitution(One Hundred and Third Amendment)Act,2019 that provides reservations in public educational institutions and government jobs for economically weaker sections are also languishing in the Supreme Court.
Challenges to the electoral bond scheme: The Supreme Court has failed to accord proper hearing in the last four years to the constitutional challenge to the electoral bonds scheme.
Conclusion
Unless the Court strives in every possible way to assure that the Constitution, the law, applies fairly to all citizens, the Court cannot be said to have fulfilled its custodial responsibility”.
Knowledge alone is not enough to clear UPSC Prelims. Elimination techniques alone are not enough to crack this exam. One needs both to clear UPSC Prelims from 2014 onwards. Since UPSC Prelims is the toughest exam out of Interview and Mains with over 9.5 lakh aspirants getting disqualified, it’s always better to think about increasing 20-30 marks with your existing knowledge using elimination techniques.
Why is that with the same syllabus, the same study materials and similar syllabus and similar study materials, most candidates score differently? For some, just a reading of the Spectrum book is enough to answer all the Modern History questions, but for others despite reading the same book this is what they face in exams —
If it’s about prelims exam performance, then aspirants fall into either of these four categories. Which category are you in currently?
1) Prelims score 0-40: They need to work on improving their knowledge first and then learn answering tricks 2) Prelims score 50-70: They have decent knowledge and decent answering tricks. But this is not enough to clear Prelims, they need to be an above average performer. Hence, they must focus on preparing for the topics they have scored less in their mock tests. 3) Prelims score 80-100: They have good knowledge but they need to develop answering tricks. They can do without learning elimination techniques as well, but if they wish to be on the same time learning elimination techniques will guarantee them success. 4) Prelims score 120+: They have excellent knowledge and know all the answering tricks.
Free Open to All Webinar by Parth Sir on UPSC Prelims Answering Tricks and Elimination Techniques
UPSC 2020 AIR 30 Topper & Civilsdaily Student Divyanshu Chaudhary says how elimination techniques are useful for UPSC Prelims
Knowledge of a topic precedes elimination techniques in Prelims exam. Without knowing much about a topic, if one uses elimination techniques, it will only backfire.
Clearing Prelims is all about Knowledge + Answering Tricks (Tikdams). And while you are studying hard to improve your knowledge, Parth sir will help you improve your answering techniques, for absolutely FREE!
The webinar will have live demonstration of few questions from Smash Prelims 2022 mock tests and how elimination technique can be used when one is not sure between two similar looking options. Let’s look at an example to understand how.
In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillion are remembered as
a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946 c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly d) Officers of the Indian National Army
If you have come across the names while reading, using elimination techniques will help you recollect exactly what you had read.
Parth sir will explain how you can answer these questions with smart techniques, even if you DON’T know the answer but have read the topic before.
This is your opportunity to learn the tricks that can help you score 120+ in your Prelims. Join Parth sir for a free webinar and this is what you can learn:
1. 10 Different types of elimination/intelligent guess techniques for hard to verify facts through solving previous year UPSC questions.
2. How to master the Elimination techniques, used by toppers.
3. Ideal strategy for the Last 120 days for UPSC prelims 2022.
4. Which are the tricky topics in the syllabus where one can use elimination techniques? Like for example information technology is a perfect topic where tricky questions can come from.
6.Open Q&A session with Parth sir
Webinar Details
We are inviting all serious aspirants to grab this FREE opportunity to learn the tricks that toppers use to score higher than everyone else.
There are limited slots available so we request you to enroll now!
Our Civilsdaily Mentor, Mr Parth has been mentoring students since 2017. He has an admirable experience of attending UPSC-CSE interview two times. Parth sir has always scored 400+ in all the 4 GS Mains Subjects. The secret of success according to him is consistency and time-management.
Knowledge alone is not enough to clear UPSC Prelims. Elimination techniques alone are not enough to crack this exam. One needs both to clear UPSC Prelims from 2014 onwards. Since UPSC Prelims is the toughest exam out of Interview and Mains with over 9.5 lakh aspirants getting disqualified, it’s always better to think about increasing 20-30 marks with your existing knowledge using elimination techniques.
Why is that with the same syllabus, the same study materials and similar syllabus and similar study materials, most candidates score differently? For some, just a reading of the Spectrum book is enough to answer all the Modern History questions, but for others despite reading the same book this is what they face in exams —
If it’s about prelims exam performance, then aspirants fall into either of these four categories. Which category are you in currently?
1) Prelims score 0-40: They need to work on improving their knowledge first and then learn answering tricks 2) Prelims score 50-70: They have decent knowledge and decent answering tricks. But this is not enough to clear Prelims, they need to be an above average performer. Hence, they must focus on preparing for the topics they have scored less in their mock tests. 3) Prelims score 80-100: They have good knowledge but they need to develop answering tricks. They can do without learning elimination techniques as well, but if they wish to be on the same time learning elimination techniques will guarantee them success. 4) Prelims score 120+: They have excellent knowledge and know all the answering tricks.
Free Open to All Webinar by Parth Sir on UPSC Prelims Answering Tricks and Elimination Techniques
UPSC 2020 AIR 30 Topper & Civilsdaily Student Divyanshu Chaudhary says how elimination techniques are useful for UPSC Prelims
Knowledge of a topic precedes elimination techniques in Prelims exam. Without knowing much about a topic, if one uses elimination techniques, it will only backfire.
Clearing Prelims is all about Knowledge + Answering Tricks (Tikdams). And while you are studying hard to improve your knowledge, Parth sir will help you improve your answering techniques, for absolutely FREE!
The webinar will have live demonstration of few questions from Smash Prelims 2022 mock tests and how elimination technique can be used when one is not sure between two similar looking options. Let’s look at an example to understand how.
In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillion are remembered as
a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946 c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly d) Officers of the Indian National Army
If you have come across the names while reading, using elimination techniques will help you recollect exactly what you had read.
Parth sir will explain how you can answer these questions with smart techniques, even if you DON’T know the answer but have read the topic before.
This is your opportunity to learn the tricks that can help you score 120+ in your Prelims. Join Parth sir for a free webinar and this is what you can learn:
1. 10 Different types of elimination/intelligent guess techniques for hard to verify facts through solving previous year UPSC questions.
2. How to master the Elimination techniques, used by toppers.
3. Ideal strategy for the Last 120 days for UPSC prelims 2022.
4. Which are the tricky topics in the syllabus where one can use elimination techniques? Like for example information technology is a perfect topic where tricky questions can come from.
6.Open Q&A session with Parth sir
Webinar Details
We are inviting all serious aspirants to grab this FREE opportunity to learn the tricks that toppers use to score higher than everyone else.
There are limited slots available so we request you to enroll now!
Our Civilsdaily Mentor, Mr Parth has been mentoring students since 2017. He has an admirable experience of attending UPSC-CSE interview two times. Parth sir has always scored 400+ in all the 4 GS Mains Subjects. The secret of success according to him is consistency and time-management.
Knowledge alone is not enough to clear UPSC Prelims. Elimination techniques alone are not enough to crack this exam. One needs both to clear UPSC Prelims from 2014 onwards. Since UPSC Prelims is the toughest exam out of Interview and Mains with over 9.5 lakh aspirants getting disqualified, it’s always better to think about increasing 20-30 marks with your existing knowledge using elimination techniques.
Why is that with the same syllabus, the same study materials and similar syllabus and similar study materials, most candidates score differently? For some, just a reading of the Spectrum book is enough to answer all the Modern History questions, but for others despite reading the same book this is what they face in exams —
If it’s about prelims exam performance, then aspirants fall into either of these four categories. Which category are you in currently?
1) Prelims score 0-40: They need to work on improving their knowledge first and then learn answering tricks 2) Prelims score 50-70: They have decent knowledge and decent answering tricks. But this is not enough to clear Prelims, they need to be an above average performer. Hence, they must focus on preparing for the topics they have scored less in their mock tests. 3) Prelims score 80-100: They have good knowledge but they need to develop answering tricks. They can do without learning elimination techniques as well, but if they wish to be on the same time learning elimination techniques will guarantee them success. 4) Prelims score 120+: They have excellent knowledge and know all the answering tricks.
Free Open to All Webinar by Parth Sir on UPSC Prelims Answering Tricks and Elimination Techniques
UPSC 2020 AIR 30 Topper & Civilsdaily Student Divyanshu Chaudhary says how elimination techniques are useful for UPSC Prelims
Knowledge of a topic precedes elimination techniques in Prelims exam. Without knowing much about a topic, if one uses elimination techniques, it will only backfire.
Clearing Prelims is all about Knowledge + Answering Tricks (Tikdams). And while you are studying hard to improve your knowledge, Parth sir will help you improve your answering techniques, for absolutely FREE!
The webinar will have live demonstration of few questions from Smash Prelims 2022 mock tests and how elimination technique can be used when one is not sure between two similar looking options. Let’s look at an example to understand how.
In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillion are remembered as
a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946 c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly d) Officers of the Indian National Army
If you have come across the names while reading, using elimination techniques will help you recollect exactly what you had read.
Parth sir will explain how you can answer these questions with smart techniques, even if you DON’T know the answer but have read the topic before.
This is your opportunity to learn the tricks that can help you score 120+ in your Prelims. Join Parth sir for a free webinar and this is what you can learn:
1. 10 Different types of elimination/intelligent guess techniques for hard to verify facts through solving previous year UPSC questions.
2. How to master the Elimination techniques, used by toppers.
3. Ideal strategy for the Last 120 days for UPSC prelims 2022.
4. Which are the tricky topics in the syllabus where one can use elimination techniques? Like for example information technology is a perfect topic where tricky questions can come from.
6.Open Q&A session with Parth sir
Webinar Details
We are inviting all serious aspirants to grab this FREE opportunity to learn the tricks that toppers use to score higher than everyone else.
There are limited slots available so we request you to enroll now!
Our Civilsdaily Mentor, Mr Parth has been mentoring students since 2017. He has an admirable experience of attending UPSC-CSE interview two times. Parth sir has always scored 400+ in all the 4 GS Mains Subjects. The secret of success according to him is consistency and time-management.
The leaders of five nuclear-weapons States — the US, Russia, China, the UK, and France, also known as the P5 issued a joint statement on preventing nuclear war and avoiding the ongoing global arms race.
Overview of the P5 statement
It is not a binding resolution and reiterates some of the core obligations of the NPT.
The P5 statement reaffirms that a “nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought” because of its “far-reaching consequences”.
The statement also expresses a commitment to the group’s Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) obligations and “to prevent the unauthorized or unintended use of nuclear weapons”.
Declaring that an arms race would benefit none and endanger all, the P5 have undertaken to:
(1) work with all states to create a security environment more conducive to progress on disarmament with the ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons.
(2) continue seeking bilateral and multilateral diplomatic approaches to avoid military confrontations, strengthen stability and predictability, increase mutual understanding and confidence”.
(3) pursue “constructive dialogue with mutual respect and acknowledgment of each other’s security interests and concerns”.
Bold action on 6 measures
Bold action on six fronts is necessary.
1) Chart a path for nuclear disarmament: That member states should chart a path forward on nuclear disarmament.
2) Transparency and dialogue: They should agree to new measures of “transparency and dialogue”.
3) Address nuclear crises: They should address the “simmering” nuclear crises in the Middle East and Asia.
4) Strengthen global bodies: They should strengthen the existing global bodies that support non-proliferation, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
5) Peaceful use of nuclear technology: They should promote the peaceful use of nuclear technology.
6) Elimination of nuclear weapons: they should remind “the world’s people that eliminating nuclear weapons is the only way to guarantee that they will never be used.
Peace education and the right to peace
Peace is necessary for rights, freedom, equality, and justice, and for that reason, we need what Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. called “education in the obvious”— namely, peace education.
This is required at multiple levels, ranging across the planetary, global, supranational, regional, national, and local levels of social cognition and action.
UN Resolution 39/11 (November 12, 1984) proclaims that the peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace and equally solemnly declares that the “preservation of the right of peoples to peace and the promotion of its implementation constitute a fundamental obligation of each State”.
The subsequent UN Resolution 53/243 B, declaring a program of action for a culture of peace (1999) also owes a great deal to Gandhi’s legacy and mission.
Conclusion
The statement is politically significant given the unimaginable danger posed by the 13,000 nuclear weapons currently believed to be held by a handful of countries, and the growing specter of loose nukes, which may be deployed by armed terrorist groups for nefarious purposes.
As India returns to a high growth path after a slowdown in the last decade, its geopolitical salience in the world will continue to rise.
India’s growth story
Today, India’s GDP is $3.1 trillion and could cross, according to some estimates, $8 trillion by the end of this decade.
India’s total trade, which was about $38 billion in 1991-92, is expected to touch $1.3 trillion this year.
This is about 40 percent of India’s GDP and underlines the fact that India is more deeply tied to the world than ever before.
The world itself is in a geo-economic churn making the transition to $8 trillion a challenging one.
Geo-economic and geopolitical changes in the global order
Geo-economic changes
It was Edward Luttwak, the well-known American strategist, who triggered a global discourse on the idea of geoeconomics in a seminal article in 1990 amidst the end of the Cold War.
Using economic dominance for political gain: The rapid economic rise of China in the last three decades and Beijing’s success in leveraging its growing economic clout for political gain is widely seen as a classic example of geoeconomics.
Economic interdependence: Luttwak’s warning against illusions of economic interdependence and globalization have been borne out by major changes in US-China relations in recent years.
The dramatic expansion of economic interdependence between China and America over the last four decades — what some called “Chimerica” — was the principal evidence for the thesis that geopolitics and ideology no longer mattered.
Chimerica was held up as an efficient economic fusion that underscored the virtues of economic globalization.
However, economic nationalism has re-emerged in both countries today.
The US is also strengthening domestic research and industrial capabilities to compete more effectively with China.
China too has adopted the economic strategy of “dual circulation” that focuses on strengthening domestic capabilities and reducing exposure to external factors.
How geopolitical and geoeconomic changes are influencing India’s free trade policies
At the end of 2019, India has walked out from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) suggesting that the costs of joining a China-centered regional economic order are unacceptable.
Deepening engagement with complementary economies: India’s move towards free trade agreements with countries like Australia, Britain, UAE, and Israel.
Domestic orientation: Much like the US and China, India is now taking a number of initiatives to promote domestic manufacturing in a range of sectors under the banner of “Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
Way forward for India
Until now, India had the luxury of treating its foreign, economic, and strategic policies as separate domains.
An integrated approach to policies: Adapting to the current global geo-economic churn demands that Delhi finds better ways to integrate its financial, trade, technological, security, and foreign policies.
Above all India needs a strategy that can respond to the imperatives of building domestic capabilities, developing geo-economic partnerships, and constructing geopolitical coalitions with like-minded countries.
Consider the question “How the current geo-political and geo-economic policies are shaping India’s trade policies? Suggest the approach India need to adapt to the structural changes taking place in the global order?”
Conclusion
India’s selective trade arrangements and the policies to promote domestic manufacturing have drawn much criticism. While those arguments must continue, they must be related more closely to the structural changes in the international economic order.
Smash Prelims Program is back after a thumping success in Prelims 2021. Out of 25 students Santosh sir has mentored, 15 have cleared prelims this time.Our students were kind enough to take time out of their hectic Mains preparation and let us know how Santosh sir’s mentorship benefitted them in the exams. We wish them all the very best for the upcoming Mains exam from 7th January onwards!
https://youtu.be/oTRUMSOQEY4
Why Your Focus for Next 5 Months Must be About Scoring Above Cut-Off Marks in UPSC-CSE Prelims? Isn’t the last 1 Month Enough for This?
Every year, the competition for UPSC-CSE is increasing while vacancies are decreasing drastically. This year there are only 712 vacancies as against 2019 which had 927 vacancies. However, atleast 10 lakh students will attempt the prelims exam. This is why right now, it’s important to start having an Olympic Athlete mindset. You need to daily focus on scoring above the cut-off marks in your test series.
Civilsdaily Student and 2019 UPSC-CSE AIR 8 Topper Abhishek Saraf had practiced nearly 6000+ MCQs under us to clear prelims!
What makes prelims tough? It’s because the paper is unpredictable. If this year, science questions are a breeze then the next year you will have to answer advanced concept-based questions. Unlike Mains, Prelims has negative markings.
Toppers like Pranav Vijayvergiya (AIR 65) andSwati Sharma(AIR 17) have found Prelims to be tougher than Mains. In fact, Pranav failed to clear Prelims thrice. But, in his fourth attempt he took Civilsdaily mentorship and cleared Prelims, Mains and Interview in one shot!
Are you feeling low that you are unable to get the required cut-off marks in your test series. Worry not, for about 65% of the UPSC toppers have said that they scored below cut-off marks till December. But by June, they were able to boost their marks to get through the prelims hurdle. It’s time to be like them now.
One has to be good at elimination methods to choose the right option amongst two similar ones. Our Smash Prelims Program started as a pilot project last year with an aim to introduce step-wise improvement in our chosen 25 aspirants. Over a period of 2 months, Santhosh sir inculcated confidence in aspirants who were either newbies or gave too many attempts. This year, we achieved a remarkable 60% success ratio. Next year, we have set our eyes on 100%. Yes, we are ambitious and aspirational just like any other UPSC aspirant.
Why is Mentorship Required for UPSC-CSE Prelims in Every Step – From Test Series, to Study Materials, Classes to Doubt Resolution?
If you are appearing for UPSC-CSE 2022 exams, you might have completed your entire prelims and mains syllabus right now. So what are your main priorities right now? To succeed in UPSC-CSE Prelims 2022, you have to check all these boxes in terms of preparation—
You need clear strategy for next 150 days.
You need to revise effectively to remember whole syllabus at the eve of exam.
You need to practice lots of tests to score accurately, to understand elimination techniques and reduce exam anxiety.
You need to revise current affair of 1.5 years that you have been studying daily.
You need a mentor to fill the critical gaps that have been ignoring till now as you had no one to address them for you.
Santhosh Sir’s Weekly Zoom Session
Do you want to have a mentor who conducts and evaluates medium to advanced test series regularly? A mentor explains to you the different kinds of elimination techniques after you have taken a test series. Before attending a test do you want the mentor to discuss with you the study materials required for the test and provide the right notes with integrated current affairs? While studying a subject, you might have umpteen number of questions. Having someone who responds quickly and explains the topics in simple terms saves your time. And, after a test do you want an experienced mentor to discuss the right answers and motivate you? Do you want the mentor to provide you classes on static+dynamic prelims topics? If yes, then this is the right program for you! The registrations are open for all UPSC 2022 aspirants
Self Preparation with Mentorship: What do Civilsdaily Students think of Santosh Sir’s Mentorship for UPSC-CSE Prelims?
Santhosh Sir, Core Civilsdaily Mentor. He has attended Interview Thrice & Cleared Prelims 6/6 times with above 145 marks.
We asked Santosh sir’s students about their opinion on mentorship — if it was something that saved their time or wasted their time in studies and this is what they had to say:
Kamini: “If I can say in one word, then Santosh sir’s mentorship is unique. Before I joined his program, I used to score 90 marks in Full Length Test Series. Santhosh sir had done in depth analysis of my test papers and suggested ways to reduce the negatives. Right now I am able to score 100+ in advanced test series of not only Civilsdaily but other institutes. He is always available to clear my doubts and solve my issues on call or phone. No issue is too big enough for Santosh sir. He has always told me after you finish a test series, read the same topics again and take another test series the same day to see if your marks improve. From Santosh sir’s polity and economic survey notes, we got questions in 2021 Prelims. I always feel its better to do self studies with mentorship than join coaching institutes and get spoon fed with information.”
Sweetie Raj: “I am a banking professional, living with a joint family. Attending coaching classes is out of question because I won’t have time to read the books myself. Santosh sir helps me self-study by providing me mentorship daily. I study daily from 9PM to 3AM. Santosh sir has been available for 1 hour strategy calls even during this time. No other teacher would have wanted me to succeed as much as he wants me to. I can understand concepts by myself and don’t need help in that. I want someone who pushes me to complete the target modules, checks if I did my mains answer writing for the day and analyses the previous year question papers with me. Because of Santosh sir, I understood that its just not enough reading one book but at the same time I dont have to waste time reading many books. He tells me the topic-wise sources to refer. Also he has designed a study plan for me that I can follow every week. Once, I told Santhosh sir I was missing test series discussion classes as it was conducted at 7PM. Immediately, he provided me recorded videos and kept the session at 8.30PM.”
Specific Features of Smash Prelims 2022 by Santosh Sir
Sincere aspirants who are scoring in the range of 80-90 marks must not attend last minute crash courses right now. They should instead focus on self revision, test series practice and guided mentorship to qualify for UPSC Prelims 2022. Here are the features of Prelims Focused Program by Civilsdaily —
Pillar-1
PRELIMS TESTS:
40 Full Length Tests(12 Basic + 6 Advanced + 10 CA tests + 8 Full tests + 4 CSAT).
In addition to this, in the month of January, we will have 60 sectional tests for practice. This will have 50 questions each. Hence, totally 100 Test Papers (40 FLTs + 60 Sectional Test Papers)
CHECK OUT THE TEST SERIES PROGRAM ON FEBRUARY 15TH & REGISTER ASAP.
VALUE ADDITIONS NOTES AND CLASSES BY VETERAN CIVILSDAILY MENTORS like SUDHANSHU SIR, SAJAL SIR & SUKANYA MA’AM
Polity: Sudhanshu sirwill conduct two sessions covering all the Polity Fundamentals, a session analyzing past year papers, another session on important current affairs related to polity this year and will discuss your test solutions.
History: Santosh Gupta sir will conduct a session on Sectoral Developments in Modern History, a session analyzing past year papers, and test discussion.
Economy: Sajal sir will conduct sessions on economic survey, trend analysis, discussion of most important economic current affairs, past year paper analysis, and economy final test discussion.
Geography: Santosh sir will conduct sessions on the most difficult aspects like Geography Mapping, Economic Geography, and Indian Agriculture.
Environment:Sukanya Ma’amwill cover sessions on Environment innovatively. Key concepts like vegetation and biome, Indian wildlife, conventions and protocols, national parks and sanctuaries, agriculture and sustainable development, and environment current affairs will be covered.
Science & Technology: This year’s prelims paper questioned on the basic concepts of science. Keeping this in mind, Santosh Gupta sir will conduct 2 sessions on One basic concept and current affairs of science and technology.
2. Civilsdaily Current Affairs Magazines for 1 year
3. Civilsdaily compilations of Yojna, Kurukshetra, PRS and RS TV.
4. Civilsdaily Budget And Economic Survey Summary.
5. Handouts on key subject-wise static topics to remember the terms and definitions for Prelims 2022.
Pillar-3
Santosh Gupta sir’s mentorship program
1. Introductory mentor call to every aspirant immediately upon commencement of program.
2. Weekly zoom strategy session by Santosh sir for doubt clearance and continuous improvement.
3. 1-1 mentor calls after 3-4 tests by mentor. After every test series, zoom sessions will be conducted by Birendra sir with all members of the batch for test discussion.
4. Support from mentors on the Habitat Group.
5. Frequent sessions with toppers for support and guidance. will have these special features for aspirants.
6. Mentor will guide on the FCE Approach i.e the Factual and Conceptual Methods of Elimination.
7. Mentor call as per request and mandatory check up call by mentor once a month.
Toppers’ Speak: How Civilsdaily Mentorship Helped Me Clear UPSC?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSwO38weHAA
About Santosh Gupta Sir
Santosh sir has scored above 140 twice in UPSC prelims and 120 plus in all 6 attempts. He has written all 6 mains and has appeared for Interviews 3 times. He has qualified UPSC EPFO and BPSC 56-59th also. As the Prelims coordinator at Civilsdaily, he has helped 15 out of 25 students clear the prelims examination this year.
The Economic Survey 2021-22 has called for a standardized framework for cross-border insolvency as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) at present does not have an instrument to restructure firms involving cross-border jurisdictions.
What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?
The IBC, 2016 is the bankruptcy law of India that seeks to consolidate the existing framework by creating a single law for insolvency and bankruptcy.
It is a one-stop solution for resolving insolvencies which previously was a long process that did not offer an economically viable arrangement.
The code aims to protect the interests of small investors and make the process of doing business less cumbersome.
Cross-border insolvency proceedings
Cross-border insolvency proceedings are relevant for the resolution of distressed companies with assets and liabilities across multiple jurisdictions.
A framework for cross border insolvency proceedings allows for:
Location of such a company’s foreign assets
Identification of creditors and their claims
Establishing payment towards claims and
Process for coordination between courts in different countries
Current status of foreign stakeholders and courts in other jurisdictions under IBC
Foreign creditors can make claims against a domestic company.
However, the IBC currently does not allow for automatic recognition of any insolvency proceedings in other countries.
Current provisions do not allow Indian courts to address the issue of foreign assets of a company being subjected to parallel insolvency proceedings in other jurisdictions.
What is the UNCITRAL Model?
The UNCITRAL model is the most widely accepted legal framework to deal with cross-border insolvency issues.
It has been adopted by 49 countries, including the UK, the US, South Africa, South Korea, and Singapore.
It is designed to assist States in reforming and modernizing their laws on the arbitral procedure so as to take into account the particular features and needs of international commercial arbitration.
Key provisions
This law works on four main principles: access, recognition, cooperation and coordination:
Direct access to foreign insolvency professionals and foreign creditors to participate in or commence domestic insolvency proceedings against a defaulting debtor.
Recognition of foreign proceedings & provision of remedies.
Cooperation between domestic and foreign courts & domestic and foreign insolvency practitioners.
Coordination between two or more concurrent insolvency proceedingsin different countries: The main proceeding is determined by the concept of Centre of Main Interest (COMI).
Implications for India
The framework for cross-border insolvency adopted in India may like in the case of some other countries require reciprocity from any country which seeks to have its insolvency proceedings recognised by Indian courts.
This would allow Indian proceedings for foreign corporate debtors to be recognised in foreign jurisdictions.
How is IBC different from the model law?
Many countries that adopt the UNCITRAL model law do make certain changes to suit their domestic requirements.
The Indian cross-border insolvency framework excludes financial service providers from being subjected to cross-border insolvency proceedings.
This is because many countries exempt businesses providing critical financial services, such as banks and insurance companies, from the provisions of cross-border insolvency frameworks.
Back2Basics: UNCITRAL
It is an affiliate organization to the UN made up of business and legal professionals.
This group develops model standards and procedures for dealing with issues affecting international business.
Perhaps most notably, UNCITRAL promulgated the Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG).
The CISG is a model law commonly used as the governing provisions in contracts between parties from different nations.
India has invited applications from 100 domestic companies, startups, and small and medium enterprises to become a part of the design-linked incentive (DLI) scheme.
What is the DLI scheme?
Aims to provide financial and infrastructural support to companies setting up fabs or semiconductor making plants in India.
It aims to attract existing and global players as it will support their expenditures related to design software, IP rights, development, testing, and deployment.
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), a scientific society operating under MeitY, will serve as the nodal agency for the implementation of the DLI scheme.
Components of the scheme
It has three components which are
Chip Design infrastructure support: C-DAC will set up the India Chip Centre to host the state-of-the-art design infrastructure (viz. EDA Tools, IP Cores, and support for MPW (Multi Project Wafer fabrication) & post-silicon validation) and facilitate its access to supported companies.
Product Design Linked Incentive: Reimbursement of up to 50% of the eligible expenditure subject to a ceiling of Rs. 15 Crore per application will be provided as financial support to the approved applicants who are engaged in semiconductor design.
Deployment Linked Incentive: An incentive of 6% to 4% of net sales turnover over 5 years subject to a ceiling of Rs. 30 Crore per application will be provided to approved applicants whose semiconductor design for Integrated Circuits (ICs), Chipsets, System on Chips (SoCs), Systems & IP Cores and semiconductor linked design are deployed in electronic products.
Why need such a scheme?
Ans. Growing semiconductor demand in India
The semiconductor industry is growing fast and can reach $1 trillion dollars in this decade. India can grow fast and reach $64 billion by 2026 from $27 billion today.
Mobiles, wearables, IT, and industrial components are the leading segments in the Indian semiconductor industry contributing around 80% of the revenues in 2021.
The mobile and wearables segment is valued at $13.8 billion and is expected to reach $31.5 billion in 2026.
A boost to semiconductor manufacturing
The sudden surge in demand for chips and semiconductor components has underpinned the need to establish a robust semiconductor ecosystem in India.
Several sectors, including auto, telecom, and medical technology suffered due to the unexpected surge leading to the scarcity of chips manufactured by only a few countries.
The inception of new companies will help in meeting the demand and supply and encourage innovation in India.
What are other countries doing to be dominant in the race of chip-making?
Currently, semiconductor manufacturing is dominated by companies in the U.S., Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Israel, and the Netherlands.
They are also making efforts in solving the chip shortage problem.
The US wants to bring manufacturing back to America and reduce the country’s reliance on a small number of chipmakers based largely in Taiwan and South Korea.
These chipmakers produce up to 70% of the world’s semiconductors.
Challenges in India
No incubation: In India, more than 90% of global companies already have their R&D and design centers for semiconductors but never established their fabrication units.
Strategic sector: Although India has semiconductor fabs in Mohali and Bangalore, they are purely strategic for defense and space applications only
Capitalrequirement: Setting up fabs is capital intensive and needs investment in the range of $5 billion to $10 billion.
Lack of supportive policies: Lack of investments and supportive government policies are some of the challenges to setting up fabs in India.
Geopolitical limitations: A combination of capital and the geopolitical situation comes into play to build new fabs.
Way forward
Further incentivization: Schemes like the DLI are crucial to avoid high dependencies on a few countries or companies.
Raw material supply: Several gases and minerals which are a part of the global semiconductor supply chain are produced in India.
Large talent pool: Availability of highly-skilled engineers for semiconductor manufacturing.
Conclusion
The 21st century will be an era of Digital revolution signifying an increased use of mobile phones and computer devices. This enhanced usage can be met only with a robust availability of semiconductor chips that sustains their functioning. Therefore India needs to focus on the indigenous development of semiconductors in order to realize its digital potential and emerge as a strong power in the present era.
President Ram Nath Kovind quoted a couplet from Thirukkural while addressing the joint Houses of Parliament for Budget Session.
What did the President quote?
‘Karka Kasadara Karpavai Kattrapin Nirka Atharku Thaka’ was the couplet chosen by him to reiterate the importance of the New Education Policy.
The couplet insists on thorough and flawless learning and adhering to what one has learnt.
What is Thirukkural?
The Tirukkuṟaḷ (meaning ‘sacred verses’), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each.
The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue (aram), wealth (porul) and love (inbam), respectively.
Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, it is known for its universality and secular nature.
Three major parts of the book
Aram : Book of Virtue (Dharma), dealing with moral values of an individual and essentials of yoga philosophy
Porul : Book of Polity (Artha), dealing with socio-economic values, polity, society and administration
Inbam: Book of Love (Kama), dealing with psychological values and love
Who authored it and when?
Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar.
The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE.
The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period.
Cultural significance of Thirukkural
The Kural is traditionally praised with epithets and alternative titles, including “the Tamil Veda” and “the Divine Book.”
Written on the foundations of ahimsa, it emphasizes non-violence and moral vegetarianism as virtues for an individual.
In addition, it highlights truthfulness, self-restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, goodness, duty, giving, and so forth.
It covers a wide range of social and political topics such as king, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of army and soldier’s honor.
It emphasizes death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, abstinence from alcohol and intoxicants.
It also includes chapters on friendship, love, sexual unions, and domestic life.
Read these quotes and bookmark them. They can be used in essays:
Nothing is impossible for those who act after wise counsel and careful thought.
Real kindness seeks no return.
The only gift is giving to the poor; All else is exchange.
Friendship with the wise gets better with time, as a good book gets better with age.
Worthless are those who injure others vengefully, while those who stoically endure are like stored gold.
Among a man’s many good possessions, A good command of speech has no equal. Prosperity and ruin issue from the power of the tongue. Therefore, guard yourself against thoughtless speech.
A fortress is of no use to cowards.
Even the ignorant may appear very worthy, If they keep silent before the learned.
The Hoysala Temples of Belur, Halebid and Somnathapura in Karnataka have been finalized as India’s nomination for consideration as World Heritage for the year 2022-2023.
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
The sacred ensembles of the Hoysalas are extraordinary expressions of spiritual purpose and vehicles of spiritual practice and attainment.
The sacred ensembles of the Hoysalas at Belur and Halebid are the finest, most exquisite, and most representative examples of the artistic genius and cultural accomplishments of the Hoysalas remaining today.
[I] Belur: Chennakeshava Temple Complex
The Chennakeshava temple complex was at the center of the old walled town located on the banks of the Yagachi River.
The complex itself was walled in a rectangular campus with four rectilinear streets around it for ritual circumambulation of the deity.
Construction of the temple commenced in 1117 AD and took a 103 years to complete.
The temple was devoted to Vishnu.
The richly sculptured exterior of the temple narrate scenes from the life of Vishnu and his reincarnations and the epics, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.
However, some of the representations of Shiva are also included.
Consecrated on a sacred site, the temple has remained continuously worshipped since its establishment and remains until today as a site of pilgrimage for Vaishnavites.
[II] Halebid: Hoysaleshwara Temple
At the zenith of the Hoysala empire, the capital was shifted from Belur to Halebid that was then known as Dorasamudhra.
The Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebidu is the most exemplary architectural ensemble of the Hoysalas extant today.
Built in 1121CE during the reign of the Hoysala King, Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleshwara.
The temple, dedicated to Shiva, was sponsored and built by wealthy citizens and merchants of Dorasamudra.
The temple is most well-known for the more than 240 wall sculptures that run all along the outer wall.
Halebid has a walled complex containing of three Jaina basadi (temples) of the Hoysala period as well as a stepped well.
[III] Somnathpur: Kesava Temple
The Keshava temple at Somanathapura is another magnificent Hoysala monument, perhaps the last.
This is a breathtakingly beautiful Trikuta Temple dedicated to Lord Krishna in three forms – Janardhana, Keshava and Venugopala.
Unfortunately, the main Keshava idol is missing, and the Janardhana and Venugopala idols are damaged.
Still this temple is worth a visit just to soak in the artistry and sheer talent of the sculptors who created this magnificent monument to the Divine.
Knowledge alone is not enough to clear UPSC Prelims. Elimination techniques alone are not enough to crack this exam. One needs both to clear UPSC Prelims from 2014 onwards. Since UPSC Prelims is the toughest exam out of Interview and Mains with over 9.5 lakh aspirants getting disqualified, it’s always better to think about increasing 20-30 marks with your existing knowledge using elimination techniques.
Why is that with the same syllabus, the same study materials and similar syllabus and similar study materials, most candidates score differently? For some, just a reading of the Spectrum book is enough to answer all the Modern History questions, but for others despite reading the same book this is what they face in exams —
If it’s about prelims exam performance, then aspirants fall into either of these four categories. Which category are you in currently?
1) Prelims score 0-40: They need to work on improving their knowledge first and then learn answering tricks 2) Prelims score 50-70: They have decent knowledge and decent answering tricks. But this is not enough to clear Prelims, they need to be an above average performer. Hence, they must focus on preparing for the topics they have scored less in their mock tests. 3) Prelims score 80-100: They have good knowledge but they need to develop answering tricks. They can do without learning elimination techniques as well, but if they wish to be on the same time learning elimination techniques will guarantee them success. 4) Prelims score 120+: They have excellent knowledge and know all the answering tricks.
Free Open to All Webinar by Parth Sir on UPSC Prelims Answering Tricks and Elimination Techniques
UPSC 2020 AIR 30 Topper & Civilsdaily Student Divyanshu Chaudhary says how elimination techniques are useful for UPSC Prelims
Knowledge of a topic precedes elimination techniques in Prelims exam. Without knowing much about a topic, if one uses elimination techniques, it will only backfire.
Clearing Prelims is all about Knowledge + Answering Tricks (Tikdams). And while you are studying hard to improve your knowledge, Parth sir will help you improve your answering techniques, for absolutely FREE!
The webinar will have live demonstration of few questions from Smash Prelims 2022 mock tests and how elimination technique can be used when one is not sure between two similar looking options. Let’s look at an example to understand how.
In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillion are remembered as
a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946 c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly d) Officers of the Indian National Army
If you have come across the names while reading, using elimination techniques will help you recollect exactly what you had read.
Parth sir will explain how you can answer these questions with smart techniques, even if you DON’T know the answer but have read the topic before.
This is your opportunity to learn the tricks that can help you score 120+ in your Prelims. Join Parth sir for a free webinar and this is what you can learn:
1. 10 Different types of elimination/intelligent guess techniques for hard to verify facts through solving previous year UPSC questions.
2. How to master the Elimination techniques, used by toppers.
3. Ideal strategy for the Last 120 days for UPSC prelims 2022.
4. Which are the tricky topics in the syllabus where one can use elimination techniques? Like for example information technology is a perfect topic where tricky questions can come from.
6.Open Q&A session with Parth sir
Webinar Details
We are inviting all serious aspirants to grab this FREE opportunity to learn the tricks that toppers use to score higher than everyone else.
There are limited slots available so we request you to enroll now!
Our Civilsdaily Mentor, Mr Parth has been mentoring students since 2017. He has an admirable experience of attending UPSC-CSE interview two times. Parth sir has always scored 400+ in all the 4 GS Mains Subjects. The secret of success according to him is consistency and time-management.
The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs has presented the Economic Survey 2021-22 in Parliament.
What is the Economic Survey?
The Economic Survey is a report on the state of the economy in the past one year, the key challenges it anticipates, and their possible solutions.
One day before the Union budget, the Chief Economic Adviser (CEA) releases the Economic Survey.
The document is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) , Ministry of Finance.
Once prepared, the Survey is approved by the Finance Minister.
The first survey was presented in 1950-51. Until 1964, the document was presented along with the Budget.
Why is the Economic Survey significant?
The Economic Survey is a crucial document as it provides a detailed, official version of the government’s take on the country’s economic condition.
It can also be used to highlight some key areas of focus — for example, in 2018, the survey presented by the then CEA Arvind Subramanian was pink in colour, to stress on gender equality.
Is it binding on the government?
The government is NOT constitutionally bound to present the Economic Survey or to follow the recommendations that are made in it.
If the government so chooses, it can reject all suggestions laid out in the document.
But while the Centre is not obliged to present the Survey at all, it is tabled because of the significance it holds.
Highlights of the Economic Survey 2021-22
[1] State of the Economy
Economic growth: Indian economy estimated to grow by 9.2 percent in real terms in 2021-22 (as per first advanced estimates) subsequent to a contraction of 7.3 percent in 2020-21.
GDP growth: GDP projected to grow by 8- 8.5 percent in real terms in 2022-23.
Agriculture and allied sectors: They are expected to grow by 3.9 percent; industry by 11.8 percent and services sector by 8.2 percent in 2021-22.
[2] Fiscal Developments
Revenue receipts: These have gone up by 67.2 percent (YoY) as against an expected growth of 9.6 percent in the 2021-22 Budget Estimates.
Gross Tax Revenue: It registered a growth of over 50 percent during April to November, 2021 in YoY terms.
Borrowings: With the enhanced borrowings on account of COVID-19, the Central Government debt has gone up from 49.1 percent of GDP in 2019-20 to 59.3 percent of GDP in 2020-21/
[3] External Sectors
India’s merchandise exports and imports rebounded strongly and surpassed pre-COVID levels during the current financial year.
Net capital flows: These were higher at US$ 65.6 billion in the first half of 2021-22, on account of continued inflow of foreign investment, revival in net external commercial borrowings, higher banking capital and additional special drawing rights (SDR) allocation.
India’s external debt: It rose to US $ 593.1 billion at end-September 2021, from US $ 556.8 billion a year earlier, reflecting additional SDR allocation by IMF, coupled with higher commercial borrowings.
Foreign Exchange Reserves: It touched US $ 633.6 billion in Dec 2021 making India the fourth largest forex reserves holder in the world after China, Japan and Switzerland.
[4]Monetary Management and Financial Intermediation
Repo was maintained: The liquidity in the system remained in surplus. Repo rate was maintained at 4 per cent in 2021-22.
GSAP: RBI undertook various measures such as G-Sec Acquisition Programme and Special Long-Term Repo Operations to provide further liquidity.
NPAs declined: The Gross Non-Performing Advances ratio of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) declined from 11.2 per cent at the end of 2017-18 to 6.9 per cent at the end of September, 2021.
[5] Prices and Inflation
Control over food inflation: The decline in retail inflation was led by easing of food inflation. Proactive measures were taken to contain the price rise in pulses and edible oils.
Supply constraints eased: Effective supply-side management kept prices of most essential commodities under control during the year.
Fuel price reduction: Reduction in central excise and subsequent cuts in Value Added Tax by most States helped ease petrol and diesel prices.
[6] Sustainable Development and Climate Change
Sustainable development: India’s overall score on the NITI Aayog SDG India Index and Dashboard improved to 66 in 2020-21 from 60 in 2019-20 and 57 in 2018-19.
Rise in forest cover: India has the tenth largest forest area in the world. In 2020, India ranked third globally in increasing its forest area during 2010 to 2020. In 2020, the forests covered 24% of India’s total geographical, accounting for 2% of the world’s total forest area.
Plastic waste management (PWM): In August 2021, the PWM Amendment Rules, 2021, was notified which is aimed at phasing out single use plastic by 2022.
Extended Producer Responsibility for plastic: Draft rules for plastic packaging was notified.
Pledge on Net-Zero Emissions: The PM participated at COP-26 in Glasgow. He announced ambitious targets to achieve net-zero by 2070.
[7] Agriculture and Food Management
Minimum Support Price (MSP) policy: It is being used to promote crop diversification.
Allied sector growth: Allied sectors including animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries are steadily emerging to be high growth sectors and major drivers of overall growth in agriculture sector.
Food security: Government has further extended the coverage of food security network through schemes like PM Gareeb Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY).
Income Support: Timely release of PM-KISAN Funds.
[8]Industry and Infrastructure:
Index of Industrial Production (IIP): It grew at 17.4 percent (YoY) during April-November 2021 as compared to -15.3 percent in April-November 2020.
Extent of road construction per day: This has increased substantially in 2020-21 to 36.5 Kms per day from 28 Kms per day in 2019-20 – a rise of 30.4 percent.
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: It gave a major boost to infrastructure-both physical as well as digital.
[9] Services Sector
Growth despite pandemic: Overall service Sector GVA is expected to grow by 8.2 percent in 2021-22.
Opening up of space sector to private players: Major government reform.
India becomes start-up hub: India has become 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world after US and China.
Unicorns in India: 44 Indian start-ups have achieved unicorn status in 2021 taking overall tally of unicorns to 83, most of which are in services sector.
[10] Social Infrastructure and Employment
Universal vaccination: 157.94 crore doses of COVID-19 vaccines administered (as on 16th January 2022).
Employment recovery: As per the quarterly Periodic Labour Force Survey (PFLS) data up to March 2021, employment in urban sector affected by pandemic has recovered almost to the pre-pandemic level.
Expenditure on social services (health, education and others): This expenditure by Centre and States as a proportion of GDP increased from 6.2 % in 2014-15 to 8.6% in 2021-22.
National Family Health Survey-5:
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) came down to 2 in 2019-21 from 2.2 in 2015-16
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), under-five mortality rate and institutional births have improved in 2019-21 over year 2015-16
Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Under this, 83 districts have become ‘Har Ghar Jal’ districts.
Continuance of MGNREGS: Increased allotment of funds to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) to provide buffer for unorganized labour in rural areas during the pandemic.
GS-1 Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
GS-2 Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
GS-3 Government Budgeting
GS-4 Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?
Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.
A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.
You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.
Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.
Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.
If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th February is uploaded on 11th February then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis
If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th February is uploaded on 13th February , then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.
We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.
*In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*.
In the introduction, define attitude and mention some factors shaping it.
In the body, first, briefly mention role of attitude in development of a human being.
Next, mention ways to build a suitable attitude needed for a civil servant- imbibing ethical values, practical approach to problem-solving, being compassionate etc
In the intro, mention the budgeted estimate of Rs. 2.43 lakh crores for food subsidy.
In the body, mention the factors such as low issue price, large population coverage, high economic cost to FCI, weak PDS governance etc. In the implictions mention leakage and water export from India. In the suggestion mention, reducing coverage, increasining issue price, cash transfer etc.
Conclude by mentioning the need for changes in the subsidy to make it more efficient.
